R

Spectrometer - Goniometer

PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10
D-37079 Gttingen
Telefon (0551) 604-0
Telefax (0551) 604-107

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35635.02

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Operating instructions
The instument is used for the investigation of spectra, for
determining the angle of minimum deviation and the refractive
index of prisms. It can also be used as a grating spectrometer. lt ist recommended for use in educational institutes and
laboratories.

has a slit at its free end i.e. the end facing away from the
prism table. The width and the height of the slit can be adjusted with slit adjustment screw (9) and with a slider. By releasing the adjustment screw of the collimator (10), you can slide
the tube of the slit along the collimator tube, thus changing the
length of the collimator. The lens is situated at the other end
of the collimator tube (collimator lens f = 160 mm). The
distance between the lens and the slit can be adjusted such
that it equals the focal length of the collimator lens.

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Collimeter-tube
Ocular-tube
Prism table
Flint glass prism in prism holder
Graduated disc
Vernier scale
Magnifying glasses
Slit
Slit adjustment screw
Fine adjustment screw of collimeter
Eyepiece with built-in reticule
Stopping screw of graduated disc
Leveling screw for prism
Adjustment screw of ocular-tube
Height adjustment screw of collimeter-tube
Height adjustment screw of ocular-tube
Point-bearings of collimeter- and ocular-tube
Fine-displacement screw of oculartube and Vernier
scale
19 Holder for Rowland-grid
20 Tripod base

Prism table (3) can be aligned horizontally with the leveling

screws (13). The flint glass prism included with the instrument
should be placed onto the prism table in the prism holder (4).
All other prisms ar set up on the prism table without a holder.
The prism table can be secured in position by means of an
adjustment screw. Like the collimator tube, the ocular tube
has three point bearings. When mounting the tubes, care
should be taken that the lateral point bearings (17) engage in
the borings provided in the walls of the tubes.
The ocular tube is mounted to an arm which rotates around
the axis of the stand and can be locked into specific positions
by means of an adjustment screw on the side. On the end
facing the prism table, it has a lens of focal length f = 160 mm
and on its free end, it has an adjustable eyepiece(11). Once
the ocular tube is locked into position, you can proceed with
a fine adjustment of the ocular tube arm with fine displacement screw (18).

The spectrometer - goniometer consists of the following

essential components: the collimator tube (1), the ocular tube
(2), the prism table (3) and the graduated disc (5). Whereas
the collimator tube is fixed to the stand, the graduated disc,
the prism table and the ocular tube can be rotated independently around the axis of the stand.
The collimator tube which, as mentioned, is fixed to the stand
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The vernier, designed for a precise reading of the angle of the

graduated disc to the minute, is fixed to the ocular tube (6).
The magnifying glass (7) is used for the reading.
The disc (5) graduated from 0 to 360 can be rotated around
the axis of the stand. It can be locked into any position desired with stopping screw (12).
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The prism with holder (4) can be replaced by the holder for
the Rowland grating (19). The holder for the Rowland grating
is included with the instrument. The Rowland grating itself can
be ordered under Order-No. 35675.00.

3. SAMPLE EXPERIMENTS
A spectrometer - goniometer precisely and carefully adjusted
as described in Point 2 is the prerequisite for the following
experiments.

2. ADJUSTMENT - A FEW GENERAL REMARKS

In order to be able to carry out precise measurements with the
spectrometergoniometer, great care must be exercised in
adjusting the instrument. The slit and the eyepiece reticule
must be in the focal planes of the respective lenses (telescopic beam path). Moreover, the slit and the refractive edge of
the prism must be parallel to the axis of rotation.

3.1 Determining the Refractive Index from the Angle of

Minimum Deviation
When a parallel light beam passes symmetrically through a
prism, minimum deviation occurs. In this case, the following
relation between the angle of refraction of the prism, the
angle of deviation and the refractive index n of the prism
material (for the wavelength of the light being used) is valid:

2.1 Adjusting the Ocular Tube

To adjust the ocular tube, point the horizontally aligned ocular
tube towards a far distant object. First slide the eyepiece in
the ocular tube (11) to bring the built-in reticule into focus.
Then slide the ocular tube using adjustment screw (14) until
the far distant object - superimposed on the scale - is in focus.

If is known (for the flint glass prism included with the instrument, for example, it is 60), then to determine refractive
index n, you will only have to measure .

2.2 Adjusting the Collimator Tube

Without changing the eyepiece setting, rotate the ocular tube
into the axis of the horizontally aligned collimator tube such
that the center of the image of the slit coincides with the center point of the reticule (50). Unscrew adjustment screw (10)
and slide the tube of the slit until the image of the slit is in
focus, then turn the collimator tube to simultaneously align the
slit vertically. When retightening adjustment screw (10), make
sure that the position of the slit does not change.

To measure , place the prism in the beam path such that the
angle of incidence at the air/glass interface ist not too small.
This is to ensure that the refracted ray can exit from the prism.
For flint glass with an refractive index of n = 1.62 and for an
angle of refraction of 60, the smallest possible angle of incidence is about 37; for crown glass with a refractive index of
n = 1.52 and an angle of refraction of 60, the smallest possible angle of incidence is about 31. Rotate the arm of the ocular tube so that the spectral line for which the refractive index
is to be determined is visible in the center point of the reticule. Then slowly turn the prism (you might have to readjust the
ocular tube) until the spectral line just passes through a reversal point. This is the position of minimum deviation. Keep the
prism in this position and lock the ocular tube into position.
Use fine displacement screw (18) to set the center point of the
reticule precisely to the center of the spectral line and read
the degree on the vernier.

2.3 Setting Up and Aligning the Prism

First raise prism table (3) by means of the leveling screws
(13) to the level of the collimator tube and the ocular tube and
align it by sight parallel to the graduated disc (5). Then place
the prism with the holder onto the prism table such that the
axis of rotation passes through the angle bisectors of refractive angle and the light beam from the collimator strikes the
refracting surface of the prism completely. Now secure the
prism table. To align the refracting edge of the prism exactly
parallel to the axis of rotation respectively to the slit, proceed
as follows:

Then remove the prism from the prism table, release the lock
on the ocular tube and align it directly to the collimator so that
the center of the slit image is in the center point of the reticule. With the ocular tube in this position, once again read the
degree on the vernier. These two degree readings yield angle
of deviation .

With the slit illuminated, rotate the ocular tube around the
prism table so that the light beam reflected on front AC of the
prism (see Fig. 2) enters the ocular tube.
With the leveling screws (13) for the prism table, adjust the
prism table so that the center of the image of the slit lies in the
center point of the reticule. Lock the ocular tube into this position. Then, without touching the prism, rotate the prism table
until the light beam reflected on the other prism surface BC
enters the ocular tube and adjust again as before with the
leveling screws (13).

3.2 Determining the Wavelengths of Spectral Lines with

the Grating Spectrometer
Replace the prism in the prism holder with the grating holder
with the Rowland grating (Rowland grating 35675.00). Clamp
the Rowland grating into the grating holder and place it on the
locked prism table so that the grating face (treated side facing
the collimator tube) is perpendicular to the axis of the collimator tube. Now the following relation exists between grating
constant G (the characteristic distance between two adjacent
elements of the periodic structure), the order numbere n of
the diffraction pattern, angle n at which the nth order diffraction pattern appears and wavelength of the spectral line
being measured.

Repeat these adjustments alternately until no further correction is required. Now the refracting edge of the prism is aligned parallel to the axis of rotation.

To illuminate the slit, we recommend a spectral lamp. If grating constant G is known, then to determine the wavelength,
you will have to measure angle n between the nth order diffraction pattern and the undeviated image of the slit. As the
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diffraction patterns are symmetrical on both sides of the undeviated image of the slit, it is most practical to determine angle
2 . n which is formed by the two nth order diffraction patterns
to the right and to the left of the undeviated image of the slit.

4.

GENERAL INFORMATION ON SET-UP AND

MAINTEPANCE
The ocular tube and the collimator tube of the spectrometer goniometer are packed separately for shipment. Unpack them
with care and mount them in the point bearings provided
using screws 17.

With the ocular tube, locate the diffraction patterns of the

same order to the left and to the right of the undeviated image
of the slit and set the center of each diffraction pattern exactly to the center of the reticule. In both cases, read the degree
on the vernier. The angular difference corresponds to 2 . n.

In general, it is possible to observe the built-in reticule by the

light from the spectrum being investigated.
If necessary, you can increase the width of the slit slightly or
work in a room which has not been completely darkened.
Use a lint-free cloth - a leather cloth is ideal - to clean the slit.

3.3 Determining Grating G of a Diffraction Grating

Just as in Experiment 3.2, the angle n respectively 2 . n, is
determined in order to determine the grating constants. The
grating constant follows from the equation:

Set the light source to be investigated up in front of the instrument such that it is in the optical axis of the collimator. Light
sources with a sufficiently large illumination area (for example
spectral lamps) should be set up several cms in front of the
slit. It is essential that the slit aperture and the collimator lens
are completely illuminated. You can attain this with point sources by using a condenser to illuminate the slit. Now set the
appropriate slit width using slit adjustment screw 9. The resolving power increases with decreasing slit width (resolving
power for adjacent wavelengths) but there is a simultaneous
decrease in the brightness of the spectrum. With very narrow
slits, horizontal lines appear in the spectrum. These are caused by minute irregularities on the edge of the slit, for example, dust particles.

3.4 Recording the Dispersion Curve of a Grating

Illuminate the slit with a spectral lamp. Insert the Rowland
grating into the grating holder. Proceed as described in 3.2
and determine the angle of deviation (n for each nth order of
the grating spectrum and for each clearly visible spectral line.
If the wavelengths of the individual spectral lines are known,
then you can plot a graphic representation of the measured
angle of deviation n as a function of the corresponding
wavelength . Connecting the measurement points established for the nth order yields the dispersion curve of the grating
for the grating spectrum of the nth order.
3.5 Determining the Fine Structure Splitting of the
Sodium D-Line In Approximation
The wavelengths of the spectral line of sodium are determined with the spectrometer - goniometer.
In the second order (n = 2), the sodium D-line splits. The center of the reticule of the ocular tube is positioned on the
second line (2nd order) of the sodium D-line and locked into
position there. Using fine displacement screw 18, the center
point of the reticule is displaced from the second line to the
first line and the corresponding number of minutes read on
the vernier. If 2 is the angle of diffraction of the second line
(2nd order) and is the angular difference read on the vernier between the first and the second line, then the wavelength difference can be calculated from the equation:

Note:
can only be determined in approximation by this method
as the precision of each angular measurement is 1.

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