MSE 230

Assignment 4 Solutions

Fall 2014

1.* Find all <110> and <211> in (111) . Confirm your answers using the dot product.
<110>
11 0

<211>
11 2

[ ]
[ 1 1 0]
[ 0 1 1]
[ 0 11 ]
[ 1 0 1]
[1 0 1]

[ ]
[ 1 1 2]
[ 2 11]
[2 1 1]
[1 2 1]
[1 2 1]

z
(111) showing <110>

(111) showing <211>

y
x

y
x

2. a) The key to doing this problem is to recognize that the lattice parameter is always the same
even though the interplanar spacing changes for different sets of planes.
Use the (200) peak (found in both FCC and BCC) to calculate the lattice parameter.

= 2dsin

d=

0.154nm
= 0.157nm
2sin(58.7 2)

Since the crystal structure is cubic:

a = d 2 2 + 0 2 + 0 2 = 0.314 nm

If the metal has a FCC structure the peaks at 40.5 and 73.8 two theta will have Millers indicies
of (111) and (220) respectively (h,k,l all odd or all even). If the metal has a BCC structure the
Millers indicies will be (110)
and (211) (h+k+l=even).
For the peak at 40.5 two theta: d =

0.154nm
= 0.222nm
2sin( 40.5 2)

For FCC, a = d 12 + 12 + 12 = 0.385 nm , for BCC, a = d 12 + 12 + 0 2 = 0.315 nm

Since the lattice parameter matches for a (110) Millers index, the metal has a BCC structure and
the peaks at 40.5 and 73.8 two theta have Millers indicies of (110) and (211) respectively.

b) From above, a=0.314 nm. For a BCC crystal structure the relationship between the lattice
3a
parameter and the atomic radius is: r =
= 0.136 nm . This means that the unknown metal is
4
molybdenum.
2a
= 0.111 nm . Since this does not match any of
4
the metals, it should be a tip that there was a problem with your conclusion above.

If you chose a FCC crystalstructure above, r =

3)* (a) From the tabulated data, we are asked to compute M , the number- average molecular weight.
n
This is carried out below.

Molecular wt
Range

Mean M

8,000-16,000

xM
i i

12,000

0.05

600

16,000-24,000

20,000

0.16

3200

24,000-32,000

28,000

0.24

6720

32,000-40,000

36,000

0.28

10,080

40,000-48,000

44,000

0.20

8800

48,000-56,000

52,000

0.07

3640

____________________________

_
M

= x M = 33,040 g/mol
i i

_
(b) From the tabulated data, we are asked to compute M

, the weight- average molecular weight.

Molecular wt.
Range

Mean M

8,000-16,000

12,000

0.02

240

16,000-24,000

20,000

0.10

2000

24,000-32,000

28,000

0.20

5600

32,000-40,000

36,000

0.30

10,800

40,000-48,000

44,000

0.27

11,880

48,000-56,000

52,000

0.11

5720

wM
i i

___________________________

_
M

= w M = 36,240 g/mol
i i

4. Make a qualitatively correct of the molecular weight distributions for two batches of
polyethylene that were polymerized under different conditions. Batch 1 was polymerized such
that Mw >> Mn and Batch 2 was polymerized such that Mw Mn .

Mn
Mw

See Figure 14.4 in Callister. As we discussed in class, when shorter and longer polymer chains are
mixed together, the longer polymer chains skew the weight average molecular weight ( M w ) to the right
compared to the number average molecular weight ( M n ) . Therefore, when there is a broad molecular
weight distribution, as on the left, Mw >> Mn . When all of the chains are of similar length, Mw Mn
, and the molecular weight distribution is relatively narrow.

5)* 14.22 The tendency of a polymer to crystallize decreases with increasing molecular weight because
as the chains become longer it is more difficult for all regions along adjacent chains to align so as to
produce the ordered atomic array.

6)* (a) We are asked to compute the densities of totally crystalline and totally amorphous polyethylene
[ and from Equation (14.8)]. From Equation (14.8) let C = (% crystallinity)/100, such that
c
a

(
(

c s a
s c a

C =

)
)

Rearrangement of this expression leads to

c Cs s + c a C s a = 0
in which and are the variables for which solutions are to be found. Since two values of and
c
a
s
C are specified in the problem, two equations may be constructed as follows:

c C1 s1 s1 + c a C 1 s1 a = 0

c C2 s2 s2 + c a C 2 s2 a = 0

In which

s1

3
= 0.965 g/cm ,

s2

= 0.925 g/cm

3,

C = 0.768, and C = 0.464. Solving the above

1
2

two equations leads to

a =

And

s1s2 C1 C 2
C1 s1 C 2 s2

(0.965 g/cm3 ) ( 0.925 g/cm3 ) ( 0.768 0.464)

(0.768)(0.965 g/cm3 ) (0.464)(0.925 g/cm3 )

= 0.870 g/cm3

c =

(
)
1) - s1 (C1 1)

s1 s2 C2 C1

s2 C2

( 0.965 g/cm3 ) ( 0.925 g/cm3 ) (0.464 0.768)

(0.925 g/cm3 ) (0.464 1.0) ( 0.965 g/cm3 ) (0.768 1.0)

= 0.998 g/cm3

3
(b) Now we are to determine the % crystallinity for = 0.950 g/cm . Again, using Equation (14.8)
s
c s a
% crystallinity =
x 100

(
s( c

(0.998 g/cm3 ) ( 0.950 g/cm3

(0.950 g/cm3 ) ( 0.998 g/cm3

)
a)

) x 100
0.870 g/cm3 )
0.870 g/cm3

= 65.7%

7.

x = 85 MPa, y = 140 MPa, z = 0, = 0.33 E(Al) = 70 GPa = 70 x 103 MPa

First we need to determine the elastic strain in the x, y and z directions. We can then take these
strains and determine: a) the change in the circle diameter in the y-direction by multiplying the
diameter by the strain in the y-direction, b) the change in the circle diameter in the x-direction by
multiplying the diameter by the strain in the x-direction, c) the change in the plate thickness by
multiplying the plate thickness by the strain in the z-direction, and d) determine the change in the
plate volume by taking the original volume (40x40x2 cm3) and subtracting it from the volume of
the plate under the applied stress.
y

x = x
z
E
E
E
=

& 140 MPa (

85 MPa
0.33
0
' 70,000 MPa)
70,000 MPa

x = 0.0005543
y =

x z
E
E
E

y = 0.0016

z =

y
z

x
E
E
E

z = -0.001061
a)

AB = y (25 cm) = 0.04 cm

b)

CD = x (25 cm) = 0.0139 cm

c)

thickness = z (2 cm) = -0.0021 cm the plate gets thinner during elastic deformation.

d)

Vo = 40 cm x 40 cm x 2 cm = 3200 cm3

Vf = [ 40 cm + x (40 cm)]x 40 cm + y (40 cm) x[2 cm + z (2 cm)]

= [40 + 0.0005543 (40)]x[40 + 0.0016 (40)]x[2 0.001061 (2)]
Vf = [ 40.0222 cm]x[40.064 cm]x[1.99788 cm]
Vf = 3203.5 cm3
V = 3.5 cm3
Note that volume is not conserved during elastic deformation for = 0.33. If you redid the
calculation for = 0.33 you should find that V0 and Vf are the same.