Input Output (IO)

Organisasi Sistem Komputer

Priyanto
E-mail : priyanto@uny.ac.id
Program Studi Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika
Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika
FT UNY 2014

IO controller

IO devices
Storage

Device mana yang paling lambat?

2

 I/O devices serve two main purposes

To communicate with outside world
To store data

I/O controller acts as an interface between the systems

bus and I/O device
Relieves the processor of low-level details
Takes care of electrical interface

I/O controllers have three types of registers

Data
Command
Status

 Basic I/O hardware

ports, buses, devices and controllers

I/O Software
Interrupt Handlers, Device Driver, DeviceIndependent Software, User-Space I/O Software

Important concepts
Three ways to perform I/O operations
Polling, interrupt and DMAs

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

 Storage devices (disk, tapes)

Transmission devices (network card, modem)
Human interface devices (screen, keyboard,
mouse)
Specialized device (joystick)
Barcode reader

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

 I/O units typically consist of

A mechanical component: the device itself
An electronic component: the device controller or
adapter.

Interface between controller and device is a very low

level interface.
Example:
Disk controller converts the serial bit stream, coming
off the drive into a block of bytes, and performs error
correction.

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

 Device-specific code to control an IO device, is usually written

by device's manufacturer
disk driver has to know about sectors, tracks, heads, etc).

A device driver is usually part of the OS kernel

Compiled with the OS
Dynamically loaded into the OS during execution

Each device driver handles

one device type (e.g., mouse)
one class of closely related devices (e.g., SCSI disk driver to handle
multiple disks of different sizes and different speeds.).

Categories:
Block devices
Character devices
Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

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Cadangan

Cadangan

5120
5119
Input Output
4096
4095

Memory

Cadangan

5120
5119
4096
4095

Memory
Input Output
0

Memory Mapped

1023

IO Mapped (Isolated IO)

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Data
Address
Write
Read

Main
Memory

Memiliki 2
instruksi
sekaligus untuk
Memori dan IO

CPU

Write
Read

IO Port 1

IO Port 2

IO Device 1

IO Port 3

IO Device 2

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Data
Address
M Write

IO Write
IO Read

M Read

Main
Memory

Memiliki 4
instruksi
untuk memori
dan IO

CPU

M Write
M Read
IO Write
IO Read

IO Port 1

IO Port 2

IO Device 1

IO Port 3

IO Device 2

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Programmed IO
Interrupt Driven
Direct Memory Access
(DMA)

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Mulai
Baca Status
Lakukan tugas
lain
Tidak

Periksa Status

Divais
Siap?
Ya

Layani Divais
15

Connections between devices and interrupt controller actually

use interrupt lines on the bus rather than dedicated wires
Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

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 Menangguhkan eksekusi program yang sedang

berlangsung
Menyimpan statusnya
Melompat ke interrup service routine (ISR)
Kembali untuk melanjutkan eksekusi program
yang diinterupsi

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 Permasalahan programmed I/O

Waktu CPU terbuang untuk polling, contoh:
Menunggu keyboard ditekan
Menunggu keyboard dilepas

Tidak memenuhi untuk batasan waktu yang berkaitan

dengan beberapa divais:
Membaca dan menulis ke disk

DMA Membebaskan prosesor dari tanggung jawab

transfer data

DMA is implemented using a DMA controller

DMA controller
Acts as slave to processor
Receives instructions from processor
Example: Reading from an I/O device
Processor gives details to the DMA controller

I/O device number

Main memory buffer address
Number of bytes to transfer
Direction of transfer (memory I/O device, or vice
versa)

Contoh DMA untuk Disk

CPU memprogram DMAC: men-set register untuk
menentukan alamat sumber/tujuan, jumlah byte,
dan informasi kontrol (read atau write)
DMAC melanjutkan untuk mengoperasikan bus
memori secara langsung tanpa bantuan CPU utama
Disk controller mentransfer data ke memori utama

Disk controller acks transfer to DMA controller

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

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Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

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A d d r e s s /d a ta
bus
a n d r e a d /w r ite
c o n tr o l s ig n a l

D a ta

M e m o ry

C o n tr o l
S ta tu s
P ro g ra m m e d
I/O in te r fa c e

CPU

I/O d e v ic e

(a )

A d d r e s s /d a ta
bus
a n d r e a d /w r ite
c o n tr o l s ig n a l

D a ta
C o n tr o l
S ta tu s

M e m o ry

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P ro g ra m m e d
I/O in te r fa c e

CPU

I/O d e v ic e

(a )

A d d r e s s /d a ta
bus
a n d r e a d /w r ite
c o n tr o l s ig n a l

D a ta
C o n tr o l

M e m o ry

S ta tu s
In te r r u p t s ig n a l

CPU

P ro g ra m m e d
I/O in te r fa c e

I/O d e v ic e

(b )
A d d r e s s /d a ta
bus
a n d r e a d /w r ite

D a ta

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CPU

I/O in te r fa c e

I/O d e v ic e

(b )
A d d r e s s /d a ta
bus
a n d r e a d /w r ite
c o n tr o l s ig n a l

D a ta

M e m o ry

C o n tr o l
S ta tu s
In te r r u p t s ig n a l

CPU

P ro g ra m m e d
I/O in te r fa c e

D M A s ig n a l
I/O d e v ic e

(c )

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 There are many standards for I/O buses and

interfaces
Standards allow open architectures
Many vendors can provide peripheral (I/O) devices
for many different systems

Most systems support several I/O buses and

I/O interfaces

Expansion buses or slots

Disk interfaces
External buses
Communications interfaces

 These are slots on the motherboard

Examples

ISA Industry Standard Architecture

PCI Personal Component Interconnect
EISA Extended ISA
SIMM Single Inline Memory Module
DIMM Dual Inline Memory Module
MCA Micro-Channel Architecture
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
VESA Video Electronics Standards Association
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association (not just memory!)

3 ISA
slots

5 PCI slots

Pentium CPU

6 SIMM
slots

2 DIMM
slots

Expansion buses or slots

Disk interfaces
External buses
Communications buses

 ATA AT Attachment (named after IBM PC-AT)

IDE Integrated Drive Electronics (same as ATA)
Enhanced IDE
Encompasses several older standards (ST-506/ST-412, IDE, ESDI,
ATA-2, ATA-3, ATA-4)

Floppy disk
SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface
ESDI Enhanced Small Device Interface (mid-80s, obsolete)
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association)
SATA Serial AT Attachment

 High-speed serial connection between motherboard

and drive
Serial cables can be longer than parallel ones
Cables are easier to work with
Speeds of 150MB/sec and higher possible

Expansion buses or slots

Disk interfaces
External buses
Communications buses

Parallel sometimes called LPT (line printer)

Serial typically RS232C (sometimes RS422)
PS/2 for keyboards and mice
USB Universal Serial Bus
IrDA Infrared Device Attachment
FireWire new, very high speed, developed by
IEEE
FireWire kalah dengan USB di pasaran.

Expansion buses or slots

Disk interfaces
External buses
Communications buses

For connecting systems to systems

Parallel/LPT
special purpose, e.g., using special software
(Laplink) to transfer data between systems

Serial/RS232C
To connect a system to a voice-grade modem

Ethernet
To connect a system to a high-speed network

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