IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 44, NO.

4, JULY/AUGUST 2008

1259

Control of an Open-Winding Machine in a

Grid-Connected Distributed Generation System
Mu-Shin Kwak, Student Member, IEEE, and Seung-Ki Sul, Fellow, IEEE

AbstractIn this paper, a grid-connected distributed generation system, which consists of enginegenerator, dc link with
multiple energy sources, and inverter, is proposed. All six of
the stator leads of the generator, which is the surface-mount
permanent-magnet machine, are brought out to the terminal of
the generator. Three leads are connected to the inverter, and the
others are connected to the utility grid. In this proposed system,
the power from the enginegenerator and the power from dc link
can be controlled simultaneously by only one three-phase power
converter. Furthermore, the inductance of the generator functions
also as the reactor of acdc converter. A control algorithm for the
system is developed and verified by experimental results.
Index TermsDistributed generation
generator, open-winding machine.

system,

engine

I. I NTRODUCTION

ECENTLY, engine generation systems are widely used in

distributed generation systems or microgrid systems. The
microgrid system is defined as a small power system which
is able to supply a generating power to the entire local load
and have the ability to work in grid-connected or in islanded
modes [1][3]. This distributed generation system is motivated
to diversify the nature of energy sources and to improve the
reliability, power quality, and the cost effectiveness of the
system [4], [5].
If this microgrid system is to include the wind power system
or photovoltaic system, an additional power converter is also
required to set up dc-link voltage, since the generated power is
usually in dc, as shown in Fig. 1. An open-winding machine
has been used for high-power ac-drive systems [6] and can also
be used in propulsion systems where dc-link voltage is limited
[7]. However, the previous study of open-winding machines has
been focused only on the electric-machine control to increase
the input power or to increase the input voltage. In this paper,
the open-winding surface-mount permanent-magnet machine
(SMPMM) is used as generator and also as series inductor
for acdc converter. A new generation system including openwinding SMPMM is described. A new idea of the vector

Paper IPCSD-07-091, presented at the 2006 Industry Applications Society

Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL, October 812, and approved for publication in
the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS by the Industrial
Power Converter Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. Manuscript submitted for review November 21, 2006 and released for publication
November 25, 2007. Published July 23, 2008 (projected).
The authors are with the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151 742, Korea (e-mail:
kms0912@eepel.snu.ac.kr; sulsk@plaza.snu.ac.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2008.926298

control and the power control with an open-winding machine

connected to the grid is proposed, and its operation principle is
verified by experiment results.
II. P ROPOSED S YSTEM S TRUCTURE
Fig. 1 shows the conventional engine generation systems
with dc link tied to several power sources [8]. In the system
shown in Fig. 1(a), the engine power (Peng ) is converted to
dc power by using the left-side converter and to the ac power,
again, by the right-side inverter. This system is comparatively
expensive, because two converters are used for engine generation power, and the efficiency of generation is poor due to the
double power conversions. In the system shown in Fig. 1(b),
the engine power can be directly supplied to the grid without
any power conversions. However, it is quite difficult to use a
permanent-magnet machine as a generator, because it is hard to
control the power of the generator under the synchronous operation with the grid due to the lack of a field winding. Therefore,
an induction machine, which has lower efficiency as compared
to a permanent-magnet machine, has been usually used as a
generator in this configuration, exploiting the possibility of
the slip.
Fig. 2 shows the proposed generation system with only one
inverter for the generation control and the converter control
while performing the same functions with those systems in
Fig. 1. All six of the stator leads are brought out to the terminal
of the SMPMM. The generator can be easily controlled to
operate at constant speed all the time for synchronization to
the grid. Furthermore, the component of the system such as ac
reactors and an additional inverter can be saved by using an
open-winding permanent-magnet machine as a generator.
In order to control both of the power from dc link and the
generated power from enginegenerator by only one inverter,
first of all, the modeling of the open-winding machine should
be clearly derived and analyzed. Then, the control strategy can
be proposed based on the derived power equation.
The voltage equations of an open-winding SMPMM connected to an inverter and utility grid are
Vabcs = rs iabc + pabc + eabc
(1)

Vas
rs + pLs
ia
0
0
Vbs =
ib
0
0
rs + pLs
Vcs
ic
0
0
rs + pLs

f cos r 
E sin(
e t) 


+ p f cos r 23  + E sin e t 2
3 
2
2
E sin e t + 3
f cos r + 3

0093-9994/$25.00 2008 IEEE

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Fig. 1. Conventional generation systems with multiple power sources. (a) Engine generation system connected to a grid in cascade. (b) Engine generation system
directly connected to a grid.

Fig. 2. Proposed open-winding generator system capable of generator control and converter control.

Fig. 3. Definitions of rotor and synchronous angles of grid voltage, r and e . (a) Definition of rotor angle r . (b) Definition of voltage angle of grid e .

where r is the rotor angle of SMPMM and e is the voltage

angle of grid, as shown in Fig. 3. The rotor angle r is
defined as the difference between d-axis angle and a-phase
angle. If the voltage angle of grid is defined as shown in
Fig. 3(b), the grid voltage eabc can be expressed as the last
term in (2), where E is the peak value of the utility-grid
phase voltage and e is the angular velocity of the voltage
angle e . In (2), rs , Ls , and f are the phase resistance, the
phase inductance, and the magnet flux linkage of the generator,
respectively.
Based on this phase voltage equation, the dq voltage equation on stationary and rotor reference frames can be calculated

as follows:


 s 
rs + pLs
ids
0
isqs
0
rs + pLs
 


E sin e
r f sin r
+
+
r f cos r
E cos e
 r  
 r 
Vds
r + pLs r Ls
ids
= s
r
Vqs
r Ls
rs + pLs
irqs




sin(e r )
0
+E
+
r f
cos(e r )
s
Vds
s
Vqs

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KWAK AND SUL: CONTROL OF OPEN-WINDING MACHINE IN GRID-CONNECTED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM

where r is the angular velocity of the rotor angle r . The

convention of dq reference frame used in this paper is shown
in Fig. 3(a).
From these voltage equations, the instantaneous power equation at the inverter terminals can be derived as (5). Pt , Peng ,
and Pe are the powers shown in Fig. 2. Peng is the input power
from an engine, and Pe is the total converted power to the grid
and load. Pt is the power including Peng , Pe , copper loss, and
variation of inductively stored energy. In (5), the first term with
rs is the copper loss of the stator winding, and the second term
with Ls is the variation of inductively stored energy. The third
term in (5) is the power to the mechanical shaft of the generator,
which is the power to the engine. The last term in this power
equation is the power to the grid and load, which is the function
of currents and the angle difference, e r . The torque of the
generator is proportional to the q-axis current on rotor reference
frame as in (6)

3 r r
r r
Vds ids +Vqs
iqs
2


1
1
3 r2 r2
3
3
r2
r2
Ls ids + Ls iqs + r f irqs
= rs ids +iqs + p
2
2
2
2
2

Pt =



3
+ E(irds sin e r )+ irqs cos(e r )
2
= (copper loss)
+ (variation of inductively stored energy)

Te =

Peng +Pe

(5)

3P
f irqs .
22

(6)

Usually, the loss of an electric-machine drive system is composed of the inverter (switching and conduction losses), copper,
iron (hysteresis and eddy-current losses), windage, and friction
losses. In power equation (5), however, only the copper loss is
included, because loss is not a matter of concern in this paper.
In particular, the iron loss is negligible in this system, because
there is no rotor winding in SMPMM, and the frequency of the
current is always less than that of grid voltage, 60 Hz.
These dq voltage and power equations earlier are based
on the rotor reference (r ) frame with superscript r. The
equations on grid-voltage reference (e ) frame can also be
derived with superscript e like this


e
Vdqs


rs +pLs e Ls e
=
i
e Ls
rs +pLs dqs
 


0
sin(e r )
+
+r f
E
cos(e r )

(7)


3 e e
e e
Vds ids +Vqs
iqs
2


3 1
3 2
1
3
2
2
2
= rs ieds +ieqs + p
Ls ieds + Ls ieqs + Eieqs
2
2
2
2
2


3
+ r f ieds sin(e r )+ieqs cos(e r )
2

1261

= (copper loss)
+ (variation of inductively stored energy)
+ Pe Peng .

(8)

If the rotor reference frame is taken, the power from engine

to the generator (Peng = (3/2)r f irqs ) and the torque of
generator can be calculated or controlled simply as in (5) and
(6). On the other hand, if the voltage reference frame is used,
the power to the grid and load (Pe = (3/2)Eieqs ) can be easily
calculated as in (8).
It is assumed that the zero phase current or the sum of the
three phase currents are zero, which is true in most cases.
III. P ROPOSED C ONTROL A LGORITHM
There are three kinds of operating modes in this proposed
system as far as the operation of the open-winding machine is
concerned. Those three operating modes are as follows:
1) operating mode when the engine is not running;
2) operating mode when the engine is accelerating from zero
speed to the synchronous speed;
3) operating mode when the engine speed is synchronized to
the frequency of grid voltage.
According to the operating mode of the enginegenerator,
the control algorithm of the open-winding machine varies. In
any case, the power from the dc link and engine to the grid or
load should be controlled as desired through the open-winding
machine. In addition, the dc-link voltage should also be
regulated as desired.
A. Control Algorithm When Engine Stopped
Sometimes, the engine should not be running for some
reason. For example, if the cost of generating power from the
engine is higher than that of the grid power at night, then the
engine should be stopped, and the power to the load can be
supplied from the grid [8].
If the engine is stopped, the generator functions as threephase inductor between inverter and grid. The inductance of the
machine can function as an ac reactor to reduce the pulsewidthmodulation (PWM) current ripple of the acdc converter. Usually, the inductance value for addc converter and that of
electric machine affects the dynamics of current control and the
PWM current ripple. Generally, the inductance of SMPMM is
adequate for the reactor of the acdc converter if the voltage
ratings of these two systems are almost the same, which will be
revealed in experimental results.
In this mode, the rotor speed of the generator is zero
r = 0.

Pt =

(9)

If the voltage-angle reference frame is taken and the rotor

speed is zero, (7) and (8) will be rewritten as

e
Vdqs
=

rs + pLs
e Ls

 

0
e Ls
iedqs +
E
rs + pLs

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Fig. 4. Control block diagram when engine stopped (conventional converter-control method).


3 e e
e e
Vds ids + Vqs
iqs
2

3 2
2
= rs ieds + ieqs
2


1
3
1
3
e2
e2
+ p
Ls ids + Ls iqs + Eieqs
2
2
2
2

Pt =

= (copper loss)
+ (variation of inductively stored energy) + Pe .
(11)
As expected, the power (Peng ) from the engine becomes zero
if the rotor speed is zero.
The voltage equation (10) and power equation (11) lead to
the widely used conventional acdc converter equations. The
inductance of the reactor in a conventional converter system
is replaced with the inductance inside of the generator. The
conventional converter-control method can be used as shown
in Fig. 4.
The reference frame is the grid-voltage reference frame using
e as shown in Fig. 4, not the rotor reference frame. This voltage
angle is estimated by using a conventional phase-locked-loop
(PLL) block while the phase voltage of the grid is measured,
and then, this angle is used to transform the three-phase variable

to the dq variable. The q-axis current command ieqs is used

to regulate the dc-link voltage, because the power from the dc
link to the grid is proportional to the q-axis current. If the dclink voltage is regulated to a constant value, the power from
alternative energy sources such as wind power or solar power
is automatically transferred to the grid and load. The d-axis

current command ieds can be used to enhance the power factor

at the grid by compensating the reactive power to the load.
The d-axis current does not contribute to the active power. The

torque command to the engine Tm

is set to zero, because the
engine is stopped. The conventional structure of the powerfactor controller, PLL, and voltage regulator in Fig. 4 are well
described in previous papers [9], [10].
B. Control Algorithm When Engine Is Accelerating
In order to supply the power from the engine to the load,
the rotational frequency of the enginegenerator must be synchronized to the frequency of the grid voltage. If it is not
synchronized, the power cannot be converted with fundamental
frequency of current. During this transitional mode from zero

speed to the synchronous speed (less than a couple of seconds),

the dc-link voltage should still be regulated in order to maintain
the controllability after the generator reaches the synchronous
speed and to protect the power devices across the dc link
against over voltage. Furthermore, the power from alternative
power sources must be supplied to the load even while the
engine is accelerating to the synchronous speed; this requires
the regulation of the dc-link voltage. In order to control the dclink voltage by control of inverter power (Pt ), the voltage-angle
reference frame is taken as the dq reference frame. Then, the
voltage equation and the power equation on this reference frame
become



rs + pLs e Ls
ie
e Ls
rs + pLs dqs
 


0
sin(e r )
+
+ r f
(12)
E
cos(e r )


3 1
3 e2
1
3
e2
e2
e2
Ls ids + Ls iqs + Eieqs
Pt = rs ids + iqs + p
2
2
2
2
2


3
+ r f ieds sin(e r ) + ieqs cos(e r )
(13)
2
 3
3 e e
eds ids + eeqs ieqs = Eieqs
Pe =
(14)
2
2

e
Vdqs
=

where eeds and eeqs are the dq value of the three-phase voltage
at grid. In voltage equation (12), additional voltage is added
as compared to the voltage equation (10), which is valid when
the engine is stopped. This last term in (12) is proportional
to the engine speed, and it is a sinusoidally pulsating value
with respect to the angle difference (e r ). This pulsating
term is caused by the rotation of generator. The power (Pt )
from the dc link to the generator terminal contains also additional oscillating term as compared to the power equation (11).
The angle difference (e r ) is a time-varying value when
the engine is accelerating, and the frequency of this value is the
difference of e and r . The third term in (13) is the power
to the grid or load as indicated in (14). The last pulsating
term in (13) is also caused by the rotation of the generator,
which is the function of engine speed, dq current, and angle
difference.
The dc-link voltage can be regulated by controlling the
inverter power (Pt ) as stated earlier. If the first and second
terms in (13) are neglected, it can be known that the inverter
power (Pt ) can be directly controlled by control of the q-axis

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KWAK AND SUL: CONTROL OF OPEN-WINDING MACHINE IN GRID-CONNECTED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM

1263

that the dq voltage to control the current is enough, the d-axis

current can be controlled to be zero or to any other value for
some purposes. That will be shown in the experimental results.
C. Control Algorithm When Engine Is Synchronized

Fig. 5.

Magnitude of dq voltage when zero current.

current (ieqs ), because the average value of the last term in (13)
is zero. If the generator speed and dq axis current are assumed
to be constant during one cycle of angle difference (e r ),
the average value of the last term in (13) becomes zero. This
control method stated earlier is the same as when the engine
is stopped. This, however, gives rise to a practical problem.
The dq voltage required to control the current is higher as
compared to the engine-stop mode.
The magnitude of dq voltage when dq current is zero can
be expressed in this manner

Vmag = (r f sin(di ))2 + (E + r f cos(di ))2
where

di = e r . (15)

Fig. 5 shows this voltage magnitude as a function of angle

difference.
From this equation and graph, it can be known that the voltage required to control the current is higher than that required
when engine is stopped, because r is not zero. In particular,
the required voltage is much higher when the angle difference
is around zero, as shown in Fig. 5. The voltage magnitude is
increased mainly because the q-axis voltage is high when the
angle difference is around zero as in

Once the generator speed is synchronized to the frequency

of the grid voltage, the power from the engine and alternative
power sources can be controlled and supplied to the load or
to the grid. The speed of the generator and the dc-link voltage
should be controlled in order to do this. If the speed of the
engine is controlled by the inverter, the engine output power
can be controlled by changing the torque command of the

engine Tm
.
To keep the speed of the generator to the synchronous speed,
the torque of the generator should be controlled. The rotor
reference frame is of great advantage in controlling the torque
of the generator. The voltage, power, and torque equations on
the rotor reference frame are
 r  
 r 
Vds
rs + pLs r Ls
ids
=
r
Vqs
r Ls
rs + pLs
irqs




sin(e r )
0
+E
+
(18)
r f
cos(e r )

3 r r
r r
Vds ids + Vqs
iqs
2


3 1
3 2
1
2
2
2
= rs irds + irqs + p
Ls irds + Ls irqs
2
2
2
2

Pt =

3
3
+ r f irqs + E
2
2


irds sin(e r ) + irqs cos(e r )
= (copper loss)

e
Vqs
= (rs + pLs )ieqs + e Ls ieds + E + r f cos(e r ).
(16)

This q-axis voltage, however, can be reduced by negative

d-axis current when the angle difference is around zero due to
the cross-couple term in (16), e Ls ieds . This control method can
be expressed as follows:

ieds

= Is max cos(di ),

ieds = 0,

when

di
2
2

otherwise.

(17)

Fig. 6 shows the control block diagram when the engine

is accelerating, as explained earlier. Compared to Fig. 4, the

modification is made on the d-axis current command (ieds ) to

reduce the required voltage. The current-commander block in

Fig. 6 is made as (17). The torque command Tm

is just the
starting torque of the engine.
If the gating signal of the inverter is not controlled and
the inverter operates as three-phase diode rectifier, the
dc-link
capacitor would
be
charged
to
the
maximum
value
of
3Vmag ,

which is 3(E + r f ). This voltage might be too high so

that the power devices across the dc link are endangered. On
the other hand, if the designed dc-link-voltage level is so high

+ (variation of inductively stored energy)

Te =

Peng + Pe

(19)

3P
f irqs .
22

(20)

The torque of the generator can be easily controlled as in (20)

by control of the q-axis current on the rotor reference frame.
The power from dc link to the generator, however, cannot be
controlled as simply as the torque. In (19), the power is the
function of dq axis current, and at the same time, it depends
on the angle difference. Even though the frequency difference
(e r ) is zero at synchronous speed, the angle difference
(e r ) can be a degree of freedom in control.
To decouple the role of d- and q-axis current, four cases can
be considered as follows:
If di = e r = 0


rs + pLs r Ls
r
Vdqs =
ir
r Ls
rs + pLs dqs


0
+
r f + E

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Fig. 6. Control block diagram when engine is accelerating.

Pt =

3
3 r2
2
rs ids + irqs + p
2
2

1
1
2
2
Ls irds + Ls irqs
2
2

3
+ (r f + E)irqs .
2

(22)

In this case, the power cannot be controlled independently,

because the q-axis current is supposed to be determined proportional to the torque of the generator.
If di = e r =




rs + pLs r Ls
0
r
r
Vdqs =
i +
r f E
r Ls
rs + pLs dqs

Pt =

3
3
2
rs irds + irqs + p
2
2

3
+ (r f E)irqs .
2

1
1
2
2
Ls irds + Ls irqs
2
2

(23)

(24)

Similarly, the power cannot be controlled independently,

because the q-axis current is determined to control the torque
of the generator.

If di = e r =
2




r + pLs r Ls
E
r
Vdqs
= s
irdqs +
(25)
r f
r Ls
rs + pLs


3 1
3 r2
1
r2
r2
r2
Ls ids + Ls iqs
Pt = rs ids + iqs + p
2
2
2
2
3
3
+ r f irqs + Eirds .
2
2

(26)

The power can be independently controlled by d-axis current

while the generator torque command determines the q-axis
current command. However, the required voltage to control the
current becomes higher if the q-axis current is negative, which
will be proved in the experimental results.
If di = e r =




rs + pLs r Ls
E
irdqs +
(28)
r f
r Ls
rs + pLs


3 1
3 r2
1
r2
r2
r2
Ls ids + Ls iqs
Pt = rs ids + iqs + p
2
2
2
2

r
=
Vdqs

(27)

3
3
+ r f irqs Eirds .
2
2

(29)

The power can be independently controlled by d-axis current

(irds ), while the q-axis current (irqs ) is used to control the torque
(Te ) of the generator as (20). The angle difference (di ) can
be maintained to the stated value by controlling the torque
of the generator. The control method is shown in Fig. 7. The
angle-regulator block contains conventional position and speed
controllers. The voltage-regulator block is similar to that used
in Fig. 6. The desired engine output power (Peng ) can be
supplied by controlling the engine torque (Tm ), because the
speed of the engine (r ) is being controlled by an inverter to
the synchronous speed. As a result, this choice (di = /2)
is the best solution among those four cases. Therefore, this
strategy is adopted for the synchronous operating mode in this
paper.
If the engine speed approaches close to the synchronous
speed after the start, the control mode should be changed
to this method (Fig. 7) from the previous accelerating mode
(Fig. 6).
IV. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
To verify the feasibility of the proposed idea, an 11-kW openwinding SMPMM is used as a generator and another 11-kW ac
machine is used for emulating the engine as shown in Fig. 8.
Alternative energy sources such as wind power and solar power
are replaced with a three-phase diode rectifier connected to
the grid through a variable transformer. The control board is
composed of a TMS320VC33 (Texas Instrument, 32-b Digital Signal Processor), position-sensing circuit, current-sensing
circuit, dc-link-voltage-sensing circuit, and PWM gating out.
The performance of the DSP is 75 million instructions per
second. The necessary computing power for this system is
almost the same as the conventional system, because just a

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KWAK AND SUL: CONTROL OF OPEN-WINDING MACHINE IN GRID-CONNECTED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM

Fig. 7.

Control block diagram when engine speed is synchronized.

Fig. 8.

Configuration of experimental setup of grid-connected generation system.

1265

TABLE I
SPECIFICATION OF TESTED OPEN-WINDING MACHINE

couple of calculation lines are additionally added to implement

the proposed control algorithm.
The specification of the open-winding machine is listed in
Table I. It is an 11-kW SMPMM.
Fig. 9 shows the motorgenerator set composed of an 11-kW
open-winding SMPMM and 11-kW interior permanent-magnet

Fig. 9. Open-winding SMPMM for generator and IPMM for engine

emulation.

machine (IPMM) for engine emulation. All of the six stator

leads are bought out to the external terminal of SMPMM, as
shown in this figure.

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Fig. 10. DC-link voltage when engine accelerates without the control of
inverter (rectifier mode).

Fig. 10 shows the dq current and dc-link voltage when

the engine accelerates from zero speed to the synchronous
speed, while the inverter is not controlled. The line voltage,
like the following equation, is applied to the three-phase diode
rectifier

Vline = (r f sin(di ))2 +(E +r f cos(di ))2 3.

(30)
Before the engine
start (r = 0), the charged dc-link voltage
is about 320 V ( 3E), which is expected from (30). As the
engine speed goes
up, the charged dc-link voltage becomes
about 380 V ( 3(E + r f )) if the frequency of the angle
difference is not so low. If the frequency of the angle difference
is very low, about several hertz, the dc-link voltage follows (30)
as the angle difference varies, because the charged voltage is
slowly discharged, as shown in Fig. 10. The result in Fig. 10
means that the required dc-link voltage to control the current
in this system is higher than 380 V. If the dc-link-voltage
command in Fig. 6 is 320 V and the d-axis current is zero, then
the dq voltage is not enough to control the current. For this
reason, the dq current regulation is poor; hence, the dc-linkvoltage error is not negligible, as shown in Fig. 11. Once the
d-axis current command is applied as (17), the current error is
decreased so that the dc-link-voltage regulation is enhanced. In
this test shown in Fig. 11, when the engine is accelerating, the
dc-link-voltage command was intentionally set to be too low to
show the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.
Fig. 12 shows the test results on the entire operating mode.
Before the engine start and without the converter control, the
dc-link voltage is about 320 V, which is rectified value of
the grid voltage. At first, dc-link-voltage control is applied
while the engine is still stopped. The voltage command is set
to 380 V to guarantee the dq voltage after the engine start.
After that, the engine starts accelerating to the idle speed. The
control method used during this accelerating mode is actually
the same method as the engine-stop mode, since the dc-link
voltage is high enough to control the current. If the dc-link
voltage is low to do that, the control algorithm proposed in
Section III-B should be applied as shown in Fig. 11. Once
the engine speed reaches around the synchronous speed, the

Fig. 11. Effect of d-axis current control on dc-link-voltage regulation when

= 320 V).
engine starting (Vdc

Fig. 12.
voltage.

Experimental result of entire operating modecurrent and dc-link

inverter starts to control the currents as proposed in the previous

section so as to control the angle difference and dc-link voltage.
Then, external dc power was supplied to the dc link for about
3 s, as shown in the figure. As dc power is supplied, it can
be seen that the d-axis current (irds ) varies to regulate dclink voltage, which means that the power from dc source is
transferred to the load or grid in Fig. 2. After that, the engine
torque is stepped up to show the controllability of the power
from the enginegenerator. As the engine torque increases, the
q-axis current (irqs ) is also increased in the negative direction to
keep the angle difference to the constant value /2. As shown
in this figure, the d-axis current is regulated so as to keep the
dc-link voltage constant at all times. This shows that the engine

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KWAK AND SUL: CONTROL OF OPEN-WINDING MACHINE IN GRID-CONNECTED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM

1267

control and the conventional generation control are available

with one inverter by applying this proposed control method.
Compared to the conventional system, the proposed configuration can improve the efficiency of the power conversion from
the engine to the grid, and it can be expected to reduce the
system cost. The operation principle has been verified by the
experimental results.
R EFERENCES

Fig. 13. Power-control result when engine synchronized. Pt : power from

inverter to generator. Peng : power from engine to generator. Pe : power from
generator to grid and load.

power is directly supplied to the grid or load. If the dc power

is supplied again while the engine power is being supplied,
then the d-axis current is increased to pass the dc power to the
grid or load. By adjusting the magnitude and the polarity of
d- and q-axis current, the power flow from the engine
generator, dc link, and grid can be controlled bidirectionally.
Therefore, the power generation from multiple energy sources
can be optimally coordinated.
Fig. 13 shows the power flow in this system after the synchronization. If dc power is supplied from alternative energy sources
to the dc link, the power from the dc link to the generator (Pt ) is
increased, and it is passed to the grid or load (Pe ), because the
dc-link voltage is being controlled to the constant value. After
that, if engine power (Peng ) is supplied to the generator, the
same amount of power is transferred to the grid or load (Pe ).
The dc power, supplied together with engine power at the same
time, is also transferred to the grid or load.
In this paper, the grid line is assumed to be the infinite bus
(ideal voltage source). In order to include the uninterruptiblepower-supply function or to improve the power quality at load,
an additional three capacitors should probably be added to the
grid line, and a more sophisticated control algorithm should
additionally be developed. Then, the system can be more faulttolerant such as in regard to the sudden load changes in a weak
grid and to the loss of one phase connection.
V. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, a new generation system with open-winding
machine has been proposed. This system is composed of an
engine, open-winding generator, dc link, inverter, and grid.
The open-winding machine functions as a generator coupled
to the engine and also, at the same time, as an ac reactor for
acdc converter. The power control algorithm for this system is
also proposed in this paper. The conventional acdc converter

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Mu-Shin Kwak (S02) was born in Korea in 1976.

He received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees
in electrical engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 2000, 2002, and 2007,
respectively.
He is currently with the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National
University. His research interests include highperformance ac-machine drives and control-board
design.

Seung-Ki Sul (S78M80SM98F00) was born

in Korea in 1958. He received the B.S., M.S., and
Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Seoul
National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1980, 1983,
and 1986, respectively.
From 1986 to 1988, he was an Associate Researcher with the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin,
Madison. From 1988 to 1990, he was a Principal Research Engineer with Gold-Star Industrial Systems
Company. Since 1991, he has been a member of the
faculty with the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul
National University, where he is currently a Professor. His current research
interests include power-electronic control of electric machines, electric-vehicle
drives, and power-converter circuits.

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