THE INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT AND STUDIES

Course curriculum

Water Management
&
Water Treatment Technologies
To be launched
In the Session

2012-13
Under the umbrella of British Council, Queens University, UK,
Bengal Engineering and Science University, Kolkata and
Institute of Environmental Management and Studies,
Jamshedpur
With

Support from National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur,

R&D and Scientific Services, Tata Steel Ltd., and Jamshedpur
Utility Services Company Ltd., Tata Motors, Tinplate Co. of
India Ltd., and industries in and around Jamshedpur

WORLD WATER SCENARIO

Global fresh water resources

Fresh water constitutes 2.5% of the total water on the planet. Half
of the fresh water reserves supports 86% of the population.
Out of the total water availability
97.5% salt water
2.5% fresh water
Out of 2.5% fresh water
68.7% Glaciers and
30.1% is ground water
Total Global water resources is 1400 MM Tr. Liters of which fresh
water consists of only about 35 MM Tr. Liter.
Ground water and surface water which together constitutes 30.5%
of the fresh water reserves (0.76% of the total water on the
planet) are the most easily accessible and used sources of water.
Every year 0.11 MM trillion liters of precipitation falls on land and
92% of this is lost due to surface runoff, evaporation etc.

Global population distribution Vs fresh water resources

North and Central America
Europe
Asia
South America
Africa
Australia Oceania

8% of Global Population
15% of Global available fresh water reserves.
13% Global population
8% Global available fresh water reserves.
60% of Global population
30% of Global available fresh water reserves.
6% of Global population
26% of Global available fresh water reserves.
13% of Global population
11% of Global available fresh water reserves
1% of Global population
5% of Global available fresh water reserves.

By 2025-an estimates 3 bn people would be living below the water

stress threshold.
1

India facing water crisis

Indias per capita availability of water on the basis of the 2011
population census, has fallen below the global threshold, signaling that
the country will have to address conservation needs more seriously
and a growing population and an expanding economy.
Indias per capital availability has been pegged at 1545 cubic meter a
year including non-personal consumption, such as irrigation according
to an estimate of the water resources ministry ---------- notches
below the international threshold of 1700 cubic meter a year.
According to the UN adopted Falkenmark water stress indicator, per
capita availability indicates water stress conditions.
India is home to 17% of the world population but has only 4% of
water.
Among non-personal uses, water is most crucial for the
Agriculture, which supports two thirds of all Indians and uses 90% of
total water supply. A water crisis means the country may have to
develop less water intensive crops.
The development indicators that Indians water needs are getting from
bad to worse and the next big fight is clearly water every year, which
is approximately the size of Lake Erie, the fourth largest of the five
great lakes of North America. By 2050, demand is expected to be
double and cross the 1.4 billion cubic meters mark.
The centre had initiated a water policy eight years ago to target
conservation needs.
Ground water recharge, a critical source to
enhance supply, however remains sporadic and neglected.
India allocated Rs.100 crore during the current five years plan for
water recharge of which Rs.61 crore has been utilized so far. The
planning commission has now proposed an accelerated water recharge
project in all states during the next five years plan period to scale up
conservation.

In order to fulfill the mission it is necessary to create a large pool of

knowledgeable Water Management personnel. The Institutes endever
in launching a Post Graduate level curriculum in Water Management
and Water Treatment Technologies which will cover the entire
gummite
of Water Resources, Water Shed Management, Ground
Water Resources, Assessment, Development and Management Water
Supply and Waste Water Engineering, Rain Water Harvesting, Water
Distribution. etc.
The curriculum has been developed under the Project DelPHE i.e.
Development of Partnership in Higher Education of British Council with
partners, Queen University, U.K., Bengal Engineering and Science
University, Kolkata and Institute of Environmental Management and
Studies, Jamshedpur.
The course would be conducted under the umbrella of British Council,
Queen University, U.K., BESU-Kolkata and IEMS-Jamshedpur.

No watering down
Households having access to drinking water
Top 5 states
Punjab

97.6%

Delhi

97.2%

Maharastra

90.2%

Himachal

88.6%

Uttaranchal

86.7%

Bottom 5 states
Mizoram

36%

Manipur

38%

Jharkhand

42.2%

Assam

58.8%

J&K

65.2%

Other facts
India has worlds 17% population, but only 4% of water

India is a water stressed nation because of a rising population and

urbanization.

COURSE CURRICULUM
1.

Water Shed Management

Concept of water Shed Management
Effective management of water shed depends on a
comprehensive human understanding of the components of water
sheds and the interactions. The application of ecological
principals to water shed planning has recently become one of the
most important topics of natural resource management. The
water shed relative stability and function of a water shed are
determined by the rate water inflow and outflow, materials
(substrate), and activity patterns of organisms living within the
water shed. In other words, fields, forests, to was and waters
linked together by a stream or river flow interact and
consequently are appropriately considered as one Management
Unit.

1.1

Water Sheds An Introduction

Water sheds are areas delineated by natural hydrological
boundaries and are used to manage water quality and develop
solutions to environmental problems. The relative stability and
function of a water shed are determined by the rate of water
inflow and outflow, materials and activity patterns of organisms
living within the watershed.
Common benefits of prudent watershed management is to
safeguard the natural resources for future generations concept of
watershed involves ecosystem thinking, pollutant inputs,
biological, physical and chemical features and assimilative
capacities, watershed based management involves a wealth of
adaptive management approaches.
Coverage
Water sheds as a unit of measurement
Concept of water shed management
Importance of water shed protection
Approaches to water shed protection
5

1.2

Developing a Water Shed Management Plan

During the times water travels through a watershed, quality can
be affected in numerous ways.
To document and better
understand the mechanisms of water quality changes, it is
necessary to develop watershed management plans. The steps
in developing such plan is to perform a watershed sanitary
survey by intensive effort of data collection and analysis. The
major areas are to find out existing watershed and water supply
system, potential contaminant sources, watershed control and
practices, recommending measures for water shed protection.
Evaluation needs are land uses, population, natural physical
characteristics such as topography, soil types, underlying
geology. It should also include biological characteristics such as
vegetation, habitat and wildlife besides evaluation of hydrological
characteristics such as climate, precipitation and stream flow.
Coverage
Existing water shed and supply system
Water supply system
Potential contaminant sources
Water shed control and management practices
Existing water quality

1.3

Ground Water Aspects of Water Shed Management

Ground water is an integral part of the water regime at the scale
of the watershed. The ground water with drawls have a direct
impact of
stream flow and excessive withdrawal can have
significant
environmental
or
water
supply
implications
downstream. Ground water flows from areas of high piezometric
head to areas of low piezometric head, eventually discharging
into streams, lakes and seas. Thus, ground water is an essential
component of watershed hydrology.
The regime of the aquifer relates to the recharge areas, flow
patterns and discharge points and areas. It is often not possible
to accurately estimate all the components of the ground water
balance of an aquifer. To adjust those estimates, development of
a ground water flow model of the aquifer is very valuable. An
issue closely related to the ground water mass balance is
seawater intrusion into coaster aquifers, because seawater is
denser than fresh water, seawater wedges intrude into
freshwater aquifers near shorelines.

Nitrate also is a ground water contaminant which is well suited to

the watershed approach because it is commonly introduced by
numerous independent and distributed sources which act
cumulatively relative to the concentration of public water supply.
Nitrate does not decay and is not regarded by adsorption by
adsorption to soil particles, therefore, it is entirely and readily
transported by ground water flow.
Coverage
Ground water hydrology
Ground water quantity Mass balance
Precipitation recharge
Stream recharge
Septic system recharge
Leakage from other aquifers
Water supply withdrawals
Ocean and sea discharge
Change in storage
Sea water intrusion
Nitrate loading analysis
1.4

Water Shed Approach to Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution

Abatement
Studies have documented that agriculture is a major contributor
to the degradation of surface and ground water systems. The
impact of agriculture on aquatic ecosystem, encourages the
implementation of watershed management programme to abate
the adverse impacts of agricultural discharges on aquatic
ecosystems. Since wetlands are definable units, it is only logical
that we address the abatement of agricultural nonpoint source
pollution on a watershed basis. On the basis of available data,
stream fencing and the restoration and enhancement of riparian
buffers are a cost effective method of reducing the adverse
impacts of agricultural discharges on receiving streams.
Application of best management practices on a watershed basis
appears to be most effective in reducing the adverse impact of
agricultural nonpoint source pollution on aquatic ecosystems.
7

Coverage
Introduction
Assessment of Agricultural Pollution Impacts
Animal nutrient factor
Ground water delivering factor
Management factor
Conservation practices
Animal management
Nutrient management
Agricultural impacts on water quality
Best management practices
1.5

Environmentally Sustainable Management

Fresh water is the most precious of the earths natural resources,
being absolutely necessary for survival of all form of life in this
planet including humans. It is ironic that humans do not use this
resource in an environmentally sustainable manner. There is do
doubt that environmentally unsustainable use of fresh water is an
increasing problem. Current water management practices and
policies have resulted in stark and terrible failures. But the
problems we witness today are only an indication of what may lie
ahead.
Water resources are finite and irreplaceable. Human population
and associated water demands continue to increase. The
economic costs of environmentally unsustainable water use can
be very height.
Pollution of water resources can impose significant social and
health costs on water use. Once a water body is significantly
polluted and so is no longer suitable for many human water uses,
restoration of the water quality to useable standard can be
prohibitively expensive or technically difficult. It the water is
used in a sustainable manner in the first place, such costs can be
minimized, and uninterrupted use the water resource can
continue.
There are a large number of tools and techniques available for
the environmentally sustainable management of freshwater
drainage basins. The use of such tools and techniques requires
are appropriate water management institutional structure a
structure requiring the integrated use of such tools and the
capacity to implement them and their findings.

Coverage
Why environmentally sustainable water management and use
should have high priority.
Water resources are finite and irreplaceable
Human population and associated water demands continue to
increase.
The economic costs of Environmentally no sustainable water
use can be very high.
Applying tools and techniques for environmentally sustainable
management to water sheds.
Environmental aspects of water policies and programmes in
policy formation by Governments.
Integrated economic, environmental and social policy and
appraisal.
Risk and sensitivity analysis
Sustainable use of water resources
Pollution growth and water resources.
1.6

Issues and Developing and Implementing a Successful Water

Shed Management Strategy
The facts discoverable by science and engineering about how a
watershed operates must be balanced by social values and goals.
All must be addressed based on the best current knowledge and
current values.
The concept of sustainable development is
gaining widespread acceptance as a vision of how we should
function in our society.
Management strategies for achieving the goals by Integrated
Resources Planning (IRP), looking at multiple options for
matching resource supply to consumer demand and opening up
the decision making process to new ideas and interests.
The critical elements of the programme must address a number
of subjects like trust, discovering leaders, defining roles,
persistence, defining the problems, clarity decision process and
soon.
Resource decisions are shaped by both technical
considerations and individual or collective values. The concept of
balancing technical and social inputs is central to resource
management. Viable alternatives are those that have successfully
balanced technical and economic criteria with local, regional and
national values.

The critical elements of the programe must address a numbers of

subjects like;
Coverage
Balancing science and values
Sustainability as a vision
Management strategies concepts and aim
Critical elements of a programme Leadership
Decision process and implementation
1.7

Water Shed Approach Frame Work

The watershed approach is a coordinating framework for
environmental management that focuses public and private
sector efforts to address the highest priority problems wih in
hydrologically defined geographic areas, taking into
consideration both ground and surface water flow.
Watershed approaches aim to prevent pollution, achieve and
sustain environmental improvements and meet other goals
important to the community. Each watershed partnership should
develop management options and self forth a watershed or basin
management plan.
Coverage
Guiding principles
Benefits derived from taking a water shed approach
Stakeholders involvement
Coordinated management activities

1.8

Rain Water Harvesting

Despite achievements in the field of science and technology,
nature remains to be a mystery for human beings. Though water
is also being obtained through desalination, artificial rain by cloud
seeding etc., in some of the developed countries, the shortage of
water even for drinking purpose is a perpetual phenomenon
throughout
the
world
especially
in
developing
and
underdeveloped countries. India is experiencing water stress and
it is pertinent to shift the thrust of the policies from Water
development to Sustainable Water Development.
A vital
element of the shift in strategy is the increasing importance of
water harvesting and artificial recharge of ground water.
10

Rain water harvesting and conservation is the activity to direct

collection of rain water. The conservation of rain water so
collected can be stored for direct use or can be recharged into
the ground water. The main goal is to minimize flow of rain
water through drains / nullahs to the rivers without making any
use of the same. It is a known fact that the ground water level is
depleting and going down since decades.
Thus rain water
harvesting and conservation aims at optimum utilization of the
natural resource, that is, rain water, which is the first form of
water that we know in the hydrological cycle and hence is a
primary source of water for us. The value of the important
primary source of water must not be lost. Rain water harvesting
and conservation means to understand the value of rain and to
make optimum use of rain water at the place where it falls.
Coverage

Rain water harvesting

Run off co-efficient of various surfaces

Roof top rain water harvesting

Design of storage / settlement tanks

Recharge structure and its design

Case studies

11

2.0 Ground Water Assessment, Development and Management

Introduction / Preface
Fresh water being one of the basic necessities for sustenance of
life, the human race through the ages has striven to locate and
develop it. Over ninety percent (90%) of liquid fresh water
available at any given moment on the earth lies, beneath the
land surface. Ground water, unlike surface water is available in
some quantity almost everywhere than man can settle in is move
dependable in period of drought, and has many other advantages
over surface water.
Necessity of stabilizing agricultural
production in India where over one third of the area is drought
prone requires speedy development of ground water resources.
Even in areas where normally there is abundant surface water
supplies through major, medium and minor irrigation projects,
ground water is playing an increasingly vital role in
supplementing surface water. The importance of the role of
ground water to meet water supply requirements for domestic,
rural, urban, industrial and agricultural use needs no emphasis.
During the last few decades availability of credit facilities through
institutional finance for ground water development for irrigation
has given rise to large scale withdrawals of ground water. Even
in a developing country like India there areas where ground
water development has reached critical stages and adverse effect
are imminent. Ground water resource although replemishable, is
not inexhaustible.
The increased demand placed on it has
stimulated investigations oriented towards quantification of the
resources which is basic to formulation of plans for its
exploitation, management and conservation.
2.1

Ground Water Flow

Ground water is in constant motion from a point of recharge to a
point of discharge, in accordance with laws governing flow of
fluids in porus media. The law of linear resistance gives the rate
at which ground water in motion loses energy. Further, because
of addition and withdrawal fro storage, the volume of ground
water in motion changes with time and distance according to the
principle of conservation of mass and the relation often termed
as the equation of continuity.
12

Coverage
Properties of water in relation to flow
Head distribution
Laminar and turbulent flow
Darcys law
Formation constants
Flow through aquifers
Storage equations
Differential equations governing ground water flow
2.2

Evaluation of Aquifer Properties

Evaluation of hydraulic properties of aquifers and those of
adjoining of formation layers is an important aspect of any
scheme of ground water resource assessment. A knowledge of
the aquifer constants gives an idea regarding an aquifers water
transmitting and storage capacity, insulation frame or
interconnection with other aquifers and sources of discharge.
Coverage
Aquifer tests
Confined aquifers
Semi confined aquifers
Unconfined and semi-confined aquifers
Transition from Artesian to water table conditions

2.3

Evaluation of Aquifer Properties

In developing the radial flow equations for the drawdown
distribution around pumped wells, it was assumed that the
aquifer was infinite in areal extent, uniform in thickness,
homogenous and isotropic. Moreover it was assumed that the
initial piezometric surface or phreatic surface was horizontal and
that the well was fully penetrating. Departure from the assumed
conditions cause deviations in the response curves obtained
frame pumping tests. Analytical solutions available cover several
modifying conditions such as finiteness and aeolotropism of
aquifers, sloping phreatic and piezometric surfaces, partial
penetration of control wells etc.
Coverage
Bounded aquifers
Partially penetrated aquifers
Sloping piezometric and phreatic surfaces
Areal methods

13

2.4

Quality of Ground Water

In many ground water assessment studies, evaluation of the
quality of ground water is as important as the quantity, in as
much as the usability of ground water available is determined by
its chemical, physical and bacteriological properties.
A
programme of study of the quality of ground water envisages
field observations regarding the source and environment of
ground water occurrence, source of pollution and other related
aspects having a bearing on the quality of ground water.
Coverage
Bacteriological quality
Chemical quality
Stalinization of ground water
Physical quality
Diagrammatic representation of geochemical data
Quality criteria for ground water use
Salt balance
Ground water pollution
Use of water quality in mineral prospecting

2.5

Saline Water Intrusion

Lateral or depth wise increase in the salinity of ground water,
caused due to mans interference with the ground water regime is
termed saline water intrusion. Intrusion of saline water into
heavily exploited aquifers is a serious problem faced in coastal
areas and other places in the interior, wherever fresh water
aquifers adjoin saline waters of meteoric origin.
Sea water
intrusion, unique to coastal aquifers, occurs through aquifers out
cropping along the continental sheet. While in coastal areas the
intruding water is generally of sea water composition, in the
interiors the quality may vary widely from brackish to
concentrated brines, the latter quality being typical desiccated
basins in arid regions.

14

The boundary between salt and fresh water is termed the

interface. The interface moves towards a fresh water zone when a
hydraulic gradient is established from the saline water zone to the
fresh water zone, as a result of ground water development or by a
rise in the bead of saline water relative to that of fresh water.
Coverage
Salinity influx in estuaries
Ghyben Herzberg relation
Zone of diffusion
Slope, shape and movement of interface
Ground water extraction and intrusion
Identification of saline zones and interfaces
Prevention and control of saline water intrusion
2.6

Measurement of Discharge and Water Levels

Some common techniques adopted in the measurement of
discharge from stream and wells, and of stage levels in streams
and water levels in wells are necessary to understand. The
estimation of discharged of streams, canals and wells forms an
integral part of basin wise water resource evaluation studies.
While may routine ground water investigations do not require
data on surface flows, discharge data of wells can never be
dispersed with in any type of investigation, be it routine or
otherwise. Similarly, measurement of water levels in wells is a
basic task in all types of ground water investigations.
Coverage
Discharge of streams
Discharge of wells
Water level measurement in wells
Monitoring water levels

2.7

Construction, Design and Performance of Wells

In ground water usage, a well is a steep sided excavation
deriving water from the zone of saturation. In the context of
petroleum geology, wells may mean oil wells or gas wells.
However, by common usages, a well means a water well, unless
otherwise qualified. Wells may be classified on the basis of
several criteria such as the type of construction (e.g. dag wells,
drilled wells, yield (e.g. shallow, circular) and quality of water
15

(e.g. saline water well). A well considered deep in one area may
not be considered so in another. Moreover some classes of wells
can be further subdivided, as in the case of drilled wells into
ratureally gravel-packed wells and artificially gravel packed wells.
Wells are classified, usually, for the purpose of comparison of
dependent or controlling factors and conditions.
Coverage
Types of wells and methods of construction
Tube well design and well development
Maintenance, well performance tests
Dugwellvs tube well, pumping equipment
2.8

Geomorphic and Geologic Control on Ground Water

An interplay of geomorphic and geologic factors governs the
movement of water from the time it reaches the land surface till
the time of leaving it. Geomorphic features control, in a large
measure, the distribution of precipitation and the amount of
precipitation that contributes to runoff and ground water
recharge. The nature, distribution and structure geologic
formations control the occurrence movement, quality and
availability of ground water.
Coverage
Geomorphic control
Geologic control
Ground water hydrogeochemical provinces of India

2.9

Ground Water Modeling Techniques

With a phenomenal increase in the use of ground water in recent
years, the need has arisen for a better understanding of the
functioning of ground water reservoirs in response to natural and
man made changes in conditions in the system. The complex
problem related to functioning of ground water systems can be
solved with the aid of models that stimulate the response of the
ground water systems the prototype.
Viscous fluid flow,
membrane deflection, heatflow and flow of electric current are
some of the physical phenomena that are analogous to and
governed by similar mathematical formula as ground water flow
in porous medium. Model studies are undertaken to understand
better the mechanism of operation of ground water reservoirs
and predict the response under various possible future
conditions. Modeling also helps to carryout fundamental research
on a different criterion.

16

Coverage
Sand models
Viscous fluid models
Membrane model
Thermal models
Electric analog model
Mathematical models
2.10 Artificial Recharge
Artificial recharge is the process by which infiltration of surface
water into ground water systems is increased by altering natural
conditions of replenishment. In the context of mains everincreasing demands on water resource, artificial recharge of
ground water is gaining importance as one of the strategies of
water management. Artificial recharge is adopted to restore
supplies from aquifers depleted due to excessive draft, or
improve supplies from aquifers lacking adequate recharge. This
also helps to restore under ground excess surface water supplies
for subsequent use or to elevating flooding besides improving
physical and chemical quality of round water or prevent its
deterioration or to create fresh water layers.
Coverage

Spreading methods
Induced recharge method
Recharge well method
Subsurface dams
Waste water recharge
Recharge by urban storm run off

2.11 Ground Water Recharge, Discharge and Balance

For proper assessment of potential, present use and additional
exploitability at optimal level, of both surface as well as ground
water resources, it is widely acknowledged that a basin wise or
catchment wise approach yields the best result. In many cases,
the surface water basin and ground water basin are coincident,
but a thorough study of the topography, geology and aquifer
conditions should be taken up and the actual situation obtaining
should be established. While topography controls the jurisdiction
of the surface water basin, the limit of the ground water basin is
controlled not only by topography but also by the deposition,
structure and permeability of rocks and the configuration of the
water table.

17

Coverage
Parameters of ground water balance
Estimation of recharge components
Nuclear methods
Hydro-chemical method
Empirical method
Estimation of ground water discharge
Ground water resources evaluation in India
2.12 Ground Water Development and Management
With the growing need to allow aquifers to continue to yield
water at economical cost, in adequate quantity and of suitable
quality, the concept of ground water management has evolved.
Ground water management, consists of Technical Ground Water
Management
and Overall Integrated Ground Water
Management.
The former deals essentially with technical
considerations and methods. The latter treats the wider aspects
of ground water and its integration with other source of water,
such as precipitation, surface runoff, desalinated water, and
extends to policy, legal, socioeconomic as well as financing and
economic aspects of management.
Coverage
Ground water development
Water logging
Conjunctive use
Desalination
Modeling techniques in ground water management
Ground water legislation
2.13 General
Ground water contamination scenario in the world with
respect to Arsenic, Fluoride etc.
Scenario in India
Effect and diseases
Mobilization factors of Arsenic
Technologies combat the problem

18

3.0 Waste Water Engineering

Introduction
Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes. The
liquid portion the waste water is essentially the water supply of
the community after it has been fouled by a variety of uses.
From the stand point of sources of generation, waste water may
be defined as a combination of the liquid or water carried wastes
removed from residences institutions and commercial and
industrial establishments, together with such ground water,
surface water and storm water as may be present
If untreated waste water is allowed to accumulate, the
decomposition of the organic materials it contains can lead to the
production of large quantities of malodorous gases. In addition,
untreated waste water usually contains numerous pathogenic or
disease causing microorganisms that dwell in the human
intestinal tract or that may be present in certain industrial
wastes.
Waste water also contains nutrients, which can
stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and it may contain toxic
compounds. For these reasons, the immediate and nuisance free
removal of waste water from its sources of generation, followed
by treatment and disposal, is not only desirable but also
necessary in an industrialized society.
Waste water engineering is that branch of environmental
engineering in which the basic principles of science and
engineering are applied to the problems of water pollution
control. The ultimate goal waste water management is the
protection of the environment in a manner commensurate with
public health, economic, social and political concerns.
3.1

An overview
Waste water treatment
Sludge disposal and reuse
Waste water reclamation and reuse
Effluent disposal

19

3.2

Waste Water Flow Rates

Components of waste water flows
Estimating waste water flow rates and water supply data
Waste water sources and flow rates

3.3

Waste Water Characteristics

Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of waste water
definition and application
Waste water composition
Waste water characterization studies

3.4

Waste Water Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation

consideration
Classification of waste water treatment methods
Selection of treatment process flow diagrams
Implementation of waste water management programme
Water quality monitoring, sampling etc.

3.5

Physical Unit Operations

Flow measurement
Screening
Flow equalization
Mixing
Sedimentation
Accelerated gravity separation
Flotation
Granular medium filtrations
Gas transfer, volatilization and gas stripping of VOCs

3.6

Chemical Unit Processes

Chemical precipitation
Adsorption
Disinfection
Disinfection with chlorine
Dechlorination
Disinfection with chlorine dioxide, bromine chloride, ozone
ultraviolet light
Other chemical application
20

3.7

Biological Unit Processes

Overview of Biological waste water treatment
Introduction to microbial metabolism
Important microorganisms in biological treatment
Bacterial growth
Kinetics of biological growth
Biological treatment processes
Aerobic suspended growth treatment processes
Biological nutrient removal
Pond treatment processes

3.8

Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Waste

Water
Bar racks and screens
Comminution
Grit removal
Flow equalization
Other preliminary treatment operations
Primary sedimentation tanks
Other solids removal operations
Chemical precipitation
Disinfection with chemical compounds
Other means of disinfection
Post aeration
Odor control
Control of VOCs released from waste water management
facilities.

3.9

Design of facilities for the Biological Treatment of Waste Water

Activated sludge process
Selection and design of physical facilities for activated sludge
process
Activated sludge process design
Trickling filters
Rotating biological contactors
Combined aerobic treatment process
Stabilization ponds

21

3.10 Advanced Waste Water Treatment

Need for advanced waste water treatment
Treatment technologies used for advanced waste water
treatment.
Removal of residual suspended solids by granular medium
filtration.
Removal of residual suspended solids by microscreening
Control of nutrients.
Conversion of ammonia by biological nitrification
Removal of phosphorus by biological methods
Combined removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by biological
methods
Removal of nitrogen by physical and chemical processes
Removal of phosphorus by chemical addition
Removal of toxic compounds and refractory organizes
Removal of dissolved inorganic substances
Hard water, soft water, treatment of boiler water, blow down
etc.
3.11 Design facilities for the treatment and disposal of sludge
Solids and sludge sources, characteristics and quantities
Regulations for the reuse and disposal of sludge
Sludge treatment flow diagrams
Sludge and scum pumping
Preliminary operations
Thickening (concentration)
Stabilization
Anerobic sludge digestion
Aerobic sludge digestion
Composting
Conditioning
Disinfection
Dewatering
Heat drying
Thermal reduction
Preparation of solid mass balances
Land application of sludge
Final sludge and solids conveyance, storage and disposal.

22

3.12 Management of Waste Water from Combined Sewers

History of combined sewer system
Components of combined sewer system
Combined sewer flow rates and waste water characteristics
Methods for controlling overflows
Treatment of combined sewer overflows
3.13 Waste Water Reclamation and Reuse
Waste water reclamation and reuse. An introduction
Waste water reuse applications
Waste water reclamation technologies

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4.0 Sewage, Treatment of Sewage and Sludge Disposal

Introduction
Sewage consists of 99.9% water and 0.1% solid. These solids
are mostly organic in nature with a small fraction of inorganic
constituent in suspended, dissolved and colloidal state. Even this
0.1% is highly objectionable as it is not stable. It undergoes
putrefaction, emanating foul gases like Ammonia, hydrogen
sulphide, methane, carbon dioxide and so on under anerobic
condition.
In addition to thus sewage contains pathogenic
bacteria which on the causative agents of water borne disease.
Methane is highly explosive if industrial wastes form a part of
sewage. It contains toxic acids, alkalis, cyanides and heavy
metals. All the above are dangerous to the human and animal
health. In the case of combined sewage it contains varying
quantitative of sand grit along with organic washings from the
surfaces of the drainage area.
4.1

Characteristics and analysis of sewage

Need for analysis

Main characteristics of sewage

Bio-chemical characteristics

Aerobic decomposition

Anerobic decomposition

Sampling of sewage

4.2

Treatment of sewage and sludge disposal

Screens

Grit chambers

Sewage sedimentation and chemical precipitation

Biological treatment

Sludge treatment and disposal

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5.0 Water Distribution

Introduction
The water distribution system starts where the main supply
conduct from the treatment or source ends. The objective of the
distribution system is to supply water to each and every house,
industrial plants and public places by means of a network of
distribution pipes. Each house must be supplied with sufficient
quantity of where at the desired pressure. The various
components of the distribution system are balancing reservoirs,
pipes of various sizes, control valves, pumps, meters and
hydrants. The plan of the entire area of distribution must be
prepared with all details of roads and topographical features. On
the plan, the location of pumps and pumping stations, the sump,
balancing reservoir, street mains, positions of valves and
hydrants should be marked for correct execution of the system.
The requirements of an ideal distribution system should be
governed by the following principles;
1. Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution
pipes.
2. Every consumer should get sufficient water at desired
pressure
3. The design and layout should be economical
4. Adequate quantity of water must always be available to put
out an emergency fire.
5. It must be capable of being maintained easily and
economically.
6. The layout should be such that no consumer would be without
water supply during the repair of any section of the system.
7. It should be capable of being repaired and replaced without
causing obstruction to traffic.
8. All distribution pipes should be preferably laid one meter away
or above the sewer lines.
9. All pies should be good quality and leakages through joints
should be minimum.

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5.1

Water Demands
Various types of water demands
Total requirement of water for a town or city
The per capita demand (q)
Factors affecting per capita demand
Factors affecting losses and waters
Variations in demand
Effects of variation in demand on the design capacities of
different components of a water supply scheme.

5.2

Distribution system

Objectives of water distribution system

Systems of distribution
Methods of layout of distribution system
Required pressure in the distribution system
Reservoirs and distribution system
Methods of supply
Service reservoirs
Service connection
Procedure to deference the capacity of a balancing reservoir
Design of the distribution system
Analysis of the distribution system.

5.3

Wastage of water in the distribution system

Detection of leakage in the distribution pipes
Analysis of complex pipe network
Fire hydrants
Water meters

5.4

Planning and preparing water supply projects

General introduction
Date to be collected
Analysis of data and project formulation
Project drawings
Project estimates
Project reports.

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