Single-phase Circuits
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this class, the student
should be able to:
Analyze the single phase series and parallel RLC
BEKG 2433
1.
Introduction
2.
Resistive circuit
3.
Inductive circuit
4.
Capacitive circuit
5.
Series circuit
6.
Parallel circuit
BEKG 2433
1. Introduction
Basic knowledge of:
1) Circuit Theory 1
2) Engineering Math
Ohms Law, Kirchoffs Law, Voltage divider, current divider will
also be used in AC circuit analysis
Weve learnt that AC voltages and currents can be expressed as :
Time domain (Function of time)
Frequency domain (Phasor)
Also have learnt 3 type of relationships between waveforms:
1. In-phase
2. Leads
3. Lags
4
(t ) Vmax cos(t )
Instantaneous
value
Max value
Phase angle
Linear frequency
(cycle/sec)
2f and
f
1
T
Period (sec)
17/09/2015
polar
rectangular
Vmax
17/09/2015 2
note : Vrms
iR
VR
R
Vm sin t
R
Vm
sin t
R
I m sin t
10
Example:
Consider a purely resistive circuit. If iR = 12 sin(t 18o)A and
R=5, determine VR and draw the waveform
Solution:
VR = IR x R = 12 sin(t 18o)A x 5
= 60 sin(t 18o) V
11
Mathematically:
VL L
VL L
diL
dt
Take IL = Im sin t
di L
d
L I m sin t L I m cos t
dt
dt
90o
90o
13
Example:
Consider a purely inductive circuit. The voltage across a 0.2H
inductance is VL = 100 sin (400t + 70o)V. Determine iL and sketch it.
Solution:
400 rad/s
Therefore,
X L L 400 0.2 80
Im
Vm 100
1.25 A
XL
80
14
IC C
dvC
dt
iC C
dv C
d
C ( Vm sin t ) CVm cos t
dt
dt
16
Example:
Consider a purely capacitive circuit. The current through
a 0.1F capacitor is IC = 5 sin (1000t + 120o)mA. Determine VC.
Solution:
Therefore,
1000 rad/s
1
1
XC
10k
C 1000 0.1
Vm Im XC (5mA )(10k) 50 V
The voltage lags current by 900, therefore
VC = 50sin(1000t+30o)V
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17/09/2015
Conclusion
Pure
Resistive
V and I
in-phase
Pure
Pure
Inductive Capacitive
V leads I I leads V
by 900
by 900
I lags V V lags I
by 900
by 900
C I V I L
19
B
Parallel connection? Connect all the components to make them
in parallel between point A & B. Voltage is the reference
20
10
BEKP 2323
Z 1000 o ( )
Inductor 100mH
Capacitor 10uF
f = 159.15Hz
f = 159.15Hz
R = 0
R = 0
XL = L = 2f L
XC = 1/C
= 2(159.15)(100m) = 1/2fC
= 100
= 1/(2 x 159.15 x 10u)
Z = R+jXL
= 100
= 0+j100
Z = R - jXC
= j100
= 0 -j100
(complex no)
= j-100
(complex no)
o
Z 100 90
Z 100 90 o
22
11
R & L in series
V VR VL
Applying KVL
V R IR and
V L IX L
Thus V I ( R X L )
V VR2 VL2
Also
V
Phasor diagram:
XL
tan 1
VR
VL
VR
I (Reference)
Impedance Triangle:
Z
VL
tan 1
XL
R
cos 1
R
Z
23
Example:
Find:
12
100V,
50Hz
100mH
a) Reactance and
impedance
b) The current
c) Phase between current
and supplied voltage
Answer:
a) 31.42 / 33.63
b) 2.97A
c) 69.1
24
12
R & C in series
V VR VC
Applying KVL
V R IR and
V C IX C
Thus V I ( R X C )
Also
VR
Phasor diagram:
V VR2 VC2
I (Reference)
VR
VC
tan 1
VC
VR
Impedance Triangle:
R
XC
tan 1
XC
R
cos 1
R
Z
25
Example:
0.5 A
C = 8F
V = 230V
86.5Hz
Answer: 398
26
13
R, L & C in series
If VL>VC [XL>XC]
V VR VL VC
Apply KVL
V R IR V L IX L and V C IX C
Thus V I ( R X L X C )
V VR2 ( VL VC )2
Also
Phasor diagram:
V [Z]
VL-VC
[XL-XC]
I (Reference)
tan 1
VR [R]
VL VC
X XC
R
tan 1 L
cos 1
VR
R
Z
where Z R j ( X L X C ) and
Z R 2 ( X L X C )2
27
R, L & C in series
If VC>VL [XC>XL]
V VR VL VC
Apply KVL
V R IR V L IX L and V C IX C
Thus V I ( R X L X C )
Also
V VR2 (VC VL ) 2
Phasor diagram:
V [Z]
VC-VL
[XC-XL]
I (Reference)
VR [R]
tan 1
X XL
Vc VL
R
tan 1 C
cos 1
VR
R
Z
where Z R j ( X C X L ) and
Z R 2 ( X C X L )2
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14
Example:
A circuit having a resistance of 12, an inductance of 0.15H and a
capacitance of 100F in series, is connected across a 100V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate the magnitude of
a) the impedance;
b) the current;
c) the voltages across R, L and C;
d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage
Ans:
a) 19.439
b) 5.1443A
c) VR=61.7316V, VL=242.4195V VC=163.7482V
d) 51.88
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V reference
V
IR
IL
IL
IR
I
IR
V
IC
IC
IR
V reference
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15
R & L in parallel
I IR IL
V
IR
and
Applying KCL
R
V
Voltage is the Ref.
Thus I
R
1
Also I V
R2
Phasor diagram:
(Reference)
tan 1
IL
IR
tan 1
R
XL
cos 1
Z
R
IL
V
XL
1
2
XL
V
XL
1
1
1
2
2
R
XL
31
R & C in parallel
Applying KCL
I IR IC
V
IR
and
R
V
Thus I
R
1
Also I V
R2
Phasor diagram:
tan 1
IC
IR
tan
R
XC
cos 1
(Reference)
Z
R
IC
V
XC
1
2
XC
V
XC
1
1
1
2
2
R
XC
32
16
Example:
Three branches, possessing a resistance of 50, an inductance of
0.15H and a capacitance of 100F respectively, are connected in
parallel across a 100V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate:
a) the current in each branch
b) the supply current
c) the phase angle between the supply current and the supply
voltage
33
34
17
Solution:
First, draw the circuit:
X L 2 f L 2 50 Hz 0.15 H 47.12
35
Phasor Method:
IR
V 1000(V )
R 500()
I & V in phase in R
I R 200 A
IL
V
1000
X L 47.1290
I lags V by 900
I L 2.12 900 A
IC
V
1000
X C 31.83 90
I leads V by 900
I C 3.14900 A
IR
V
100
2 j0
Z1 (50 j 0)
200 A
IL
V
100
j 2.12
Z2
(0 j 47.12)
2.12 90o A
IC
V
100
j 3.14
Z 3 (0 j31.83)
3.14900 A
36
18
I S I R I L IC
Phasor Method:
I
IR = 2A
I I R I L IC
2 ( j 2.12) ( j 3.14)
2 j1.02
V ref
2 A 2 1 .02 A 2 2 .25 A
1.02 A
o
tan 1
27.02
2A
I 2.25 27.02 0 A
I 2 .25 27 .02 0 A
Same Answer..
37
Example:
A circuit having a resistance of 12, an inductance of 0.15H and a
capacitance of 100F are connected in series across a 100V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate
a) the impedance;
b) the current;
c) the voltages across R, L and C;
d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage
Solution:
First, draw the circuit:
R = 12
100V, 50 Hz
L = 0.15H
C = 100F
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19
X L 2 f L 2 50 0.15 47.12
X C 1 /( 2fC ) 1 /[ 2 (50)(100 )] 31.83
a) the impedance;
Complex Number Method:
Phasor Method:
V [Z]
VL-VC
[XL-XC]
I (Reference)
Z R j( X L X C )
VR [R]
Z
47.12-31.83
= 15.29
I
12
12 15.29 2 19.44
2
15.29
o
0
51.87 Z 19.4451.87
12
tan 1
39
b) the current;
Complex Number Method:
Phasor Method:
Apply Ohms Law
V
I
Z
1000
19.4451.87 0
0
5.14 51.87 A
0
V
Z
100
3.1764 j 4.0473
12 j15.29
5.14 51.870 A
40
20
Phasor Method:
100
(
)(12)
12 j15.29
VR 62 51.87 V
0
62 51.87 0 V
VL= I x Impedance across L only
VR 24238.130V
VC IX C (5.14 51.87 0 )(31.83 900 )
VR 164 141.87 V
0
100
(
)( j 47.12)
12 j15.29
24238.130V
100
(
)( j 31.83)
12 j15.29
164 141.87 0 V
41
d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage
Complex Number Method:
Phasor Method:
I 5.14 51.870 A
V 10000V
V leads I by 51.87o or I lags V by 51.87o
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