THE charact~ation ofpre-c"pitalfoUoWs the :dritici.m
ist S"l'ial epochs . poses riiajor " . RENAISSANCE MAN. . . . JIungarian.: seliolar. of . problems "for a Marxist philosophy . BY.Agnes HeUer. TDDsIated frO';;... . Kott). She'.has of history. ~arx and Engels provide the Hunprian.by R.E.AJlen. ,'developmtlit 'of' o1)ly sketchy accounts of the main'Routledge Be .Kega,; PauL14.5() the changes: in . divis~ons of; ~C9n"'!lic history --' '. autl)ority . char.icteris~d ,the Asiatic, the . . .' . ...... ~: ;.:~: ~l~~i.'::~[~ ancient,the feudal, and the modern.DERMar dcvel0l.meril', bc,urgeoii. mode. of'. production . . Part :of the problem lie., as EngelS' .ion": in It3ly, and in the ad:"~t:'of knew, in the relatively coric<aIed . capitalism in .England, HeUer clain..... natUre' ';i :the ~cial' ec~nomic ~.at it ~ best understood as . . problem. 'of the validity ~f period, . . . . . . ..". . ' . isation. in historic;al analysilo" AI:' . a total social piOcCSI, extending from ~ no genuine . though division. of history. 'mto . . the social and economic sphere.where, Il'lali is the 'focUsof atl,en,uo.n,: general '. periodS ,is . indispensable.:. \ . sOj;iety'. basic structUre."'" affected' this n~ hurDalusma ~~;~~~:::,~f the periods 'themselves. must J:i~ . . ' .to the. realm of culrur.., embracing . ed.'by.asCep*iam a . . constantly revised. Otherwisetl>a.: c,;eryday life and evOryday'ways'of .. p;etY,Hellerdiscuc.:therise is ,the ,danger 'that,. iIJ. :Sartrc"'s .... : thinking, "moiaI practiCes_and ethical individual tove, the breakdown. phrase, the :attem,pt . .at totaIis3.tiOJi idealS, formS of religious consciousnfamily.: "~tural" .relationS.: . . . , ~,:. art -arid icierice. We "caD, reaDy.. may give . way. to' a scholasticiSm. onlr. sPeak of a Renaissance' where she .instances King:...,..) " of the totality.' , . . " . '.' aU ,h... appear<.! tOgether and'in she instances K;"g~I.etn') and . The Re~c~ i:s 9~~' such the :same period, 'on the basis 'of replacement -: by Covenants problematic historiCal period. Marx certain changes in social and economamong- equ1l1s . The gradu.al himself :does not:':'differentiate it ~ structure: in:' -'It8Jy" Englaild, . isation" of bourgt;ois life and . as such. for. hiin.. it is a. periOd of FIlUlce, and - partly - in the Neth' .. emergence . of the notion of transition from' feudalism to ' 'Iands.' .eternal, universal human nature .capitalism. Since Ihirkhaicdt'. poetic . It is unfortunate'that she ignores . seen by. Heller .to hethc champiotqng", of this ~riod' in' the the religious' Renaissance in Ger: . contributions of the Rcnai.sanCSI '.last centUry, a continuous ..debate ".many because the concep~ 'of- _to the-libci'ation'of man,,has raged th,~ nature and extent man it eVOlved, more naturalistic . HeUer's gQal:.~ -~c; .apl~ , ~C 'the ,. European ~enaissance. 'Did and, at, the ~e time more' de~piy n~tion of tlie et~y hu.ru.",,calIl it begin in Italy? Where its roots, . spiritual than the same .. conceptl"ad, . somewhat ~':;::''::~~:ri(1 fu.the twelfth century? Was there in-.ltaIYr is necessary. if .we are to th~ ,emergencC' of -the a .Northern RenaiSsance?. What "understand the philosophy, of the (and Maixist) undentanding '.,' ."cxattly is 'm~ant by this ren.ewal? , . C;:cnD,an Enlightenment.' ". as lie ,~h.o,makcs~bistory. Agnes HeUer;. a Hungari3D. phiI- i.' .JteUer' provi~es. amarvellou~' .. Renaissance M_ osopher: and; oso.iologut who .: ana!y,.;': Of "the .division between in Hung3i'hin in' I s~died under the.emment Gyorgy . :toWn ;p,d ..'country. in 11'aly 'ill: lb.. . Iieeds' to' .be.. . .Lukacs. 'approaches the historical XIVth eentury, arguing that the .'philo.oph~.rs have at;I:enlpted question from a new point of view, . .. different fol1JlS of capital involved' . broad .. :.. ' investigation; .. beginning.with a precise dete~-. in the different city-states, are bourgeois analysts' only ation of the cultural superstructure reflected in .the varied. arts . o.f. : deserves '~quaJ mention of the period. She. disregards suel!.. . Venic~:and .Florence. Venice deve!- .'.' Hell~... Uer.,inve.tisation. questions as the exact dating and oped a . Mercanh1e' form.:. of .is limited by her DqIIeet extent of the ,RenaiSsance in capitalism, tend . towards con' ,.scholarship~\,._,j.n favour 'of" 0:' discussion .of lb.' servativiSm, and lacked . "c!ass- . debate. between , .RenaissanCe: concept: of man .a_ warfar.... Florence, on the "ther, ists. on the-, modes of prc>d.,ctii 'hand, developed .textile industries '\ .and. their historical illlita!ltiati'OJ!I . . concept .. she' .. adduces from . the. literature:.and .philosophy of. the in a. capitalist manner,' thus . The : genCral , tone or, time. The,Renaissance ,for.ber.is ~generati~ ,indus~ .capital,' and _ sunimed.' 'up in ,the 'a period 'of ~,'uneven development,t:' producing ~e, J"U'St_ gepuine,: Pr.<>= ~ - profound remarks. broken. by conjunctions of inter.Ielariat in European . history -the . With the Renaiuance national .. lmpo~ce --, Luther's woollen. workers called the 'Ciompi proclamation,ihe defeat. of the _ who revolted in 1378 and held SpaliishArmada. While pursuing .the city of Florence for.be weeks, orthOdox' MarxiSt. line on .the before being crushed;'The industrial ec:on;'mic progress' of the period expansion of_F1orencc~w.as.halted . from . the Xillth' to the XVlth' by the .mortage of labQur, showing centuri....h,, aUowsgreater .flexthat there is no universal tendency ibility to enter her account. exfor feudalism to develop into, p1aining why some feature. Of the capitalism. In Florence, on a.' Renaissan~e Un.particular the con~ cultural level,. painters ,were more ceptualisation':of "'Creedom as a versatile, many being also' im..,: man u;,open universal categorY) appear detached portant architects, a factor deof everYthing, and' .,-1nfinity" . from their social. and economic pendent on the e'conomic ,rather than actual~ contexts in some countries, .and, infrastructure oC thecity. the impetuS for tIle assu!1le a certaih .life of their HeUer is at her best in dis<:usling man which surfaced in own. Despite the un,~en 'iI~velop-, the concept of man which emerged." ment .m the Reitaissance~, which in. Petrarch, .Campanella, Pico and Revolution and the declaral:ioi. ended in a proc... of."refeudalisat." ',"evcn:'in ~Shakespeare XiVliCrc 'She" the RightS 'of Man~
Heinrich Schenker, John Rothgeb - Piano Sonata in Ab, Op. 110 - Beethoven's Last Piano Sonatas, An Edition With Elucidation, Volume 2-Oxford University Press (2015) PDF