Wilniel Mark Quiazon

Ms. Ma La Reine Santiago

BSCVE2

10/12/14

Assignment in Physics
1. What is elasticity?
Elasticity (is the tendency of solid materials to return to their original shape after being deformed.
Solid objects will deform when forces are applied on them. If the material is elastic, the object will
return to its initial shape and size when these forces are removed.
The physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials. In

metals,

the atomic lattice changes size and shape when forces are applied (energy is added to the system).
When forces are removed, the lattice goes back to the original lower energy state. For rubbers and
other polymers, elasticity is caused by the stretching of polymer chains when forces are applied.

2. What is Hookes Law?

Hooke's law is a principle of physics that states that the force
a spring by some distance

needed to extend or compress

is proportional to that distance. That is:

where

is a

constant factor characteristic of the spring, its stiffness. The law is named after 17th century British
physicist Robert Hooke. He first stated the law in 1660 as a Latin anagram.[1][2] He published the
solution of his anagram in 1678 as: ut tensio, sic vis ("as the extension, so the force" or "the
extension is proportional to the force"). Hooke's equation in fact holds (to some extent) in many
other situations where anelastic body is

deformed, such as wind blowing on a tall building, a

musician plucking a string of a guitar, or the filling of a party balloon. An elastic body or material for
which this equation can be assumed is said to be linear-elastic or Hookean

Hookes Law is a law that shows the relationship between the forces applied to a spring and
its elasticity. The relationship is best explained by the equation F=-kx. F is force applied to
the spring this can be either the strain or stress that acts upon the spring. X is the
displacement of the spring with negative value demonstrating that the displacement of the
spring when it is stretched. When the spring is compressed the the x value is positive. K is
the spring constant and details how stiff the spring is. This law gets its name from the
Robert Hooke the 17th century physicist who discovered it in 1660 and published a work
that included a description of it in 1678.

3. Differentiate stress and strain.

Stress is a force that can cause a change in a physical body. It is the tension that is produced that
can cause a body to deform. It is the quantitative measurement of the amount of force that is held
within an object. Stress can be measured and is dependent on the applied force within an area. It is
the resistance or internal response of an object to an external pressure. Stress can occur even
without strain, but strain cannot exist without stress.
Strain is the change in shape or form of an object when stress is applied. Under applied forces, a
physical body is deformed or altered. This is called strain. It only occurs when stress is present, and
it is a concept that has nounit of measure. It is synonymous with the term deformation which is
what happens when stress is applied. Most objects respond to stress or pressure by changing their
forms according to how the pressure or stress is applied to them.

4. Define modulus of elasticity.

An elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is a number that measures an object or substance's
resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a force is applied to it. The
elastic modulus of an object is defined as theslope of its stressstrain curve in the elastic
deformation region:[1] A stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic modulus has the
form

where stress is the force causing the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied
and strain is the ratio of the change in some length parameter caused by the deformation to the
original value of the length parameter. If stress is measured in pascals, then since strain is a
dimensionless quantity, the units of will be pascals as well.[2] The antonym of Elasticity is
"Compliance".

5. Differentiate vibration and simple harmonic.

The term vibration usually refers to some kind of motion where one part of the body goes one way
and another part goes another way. This usually means flexural vibration and larger objects such as
buildings or bridges or electric cables. You can here cables vibrating in the wind where they are
acting like guitar strings and different parts of the string are exefcuting different motions.
Simple harmonic motion means that there is no loss of energy to for instance friction so once set
going the oscillation will never cease. It is characterised by a sinusoidal displacement graph.
Damped simple harmonic motion introduces some form of energy dissipation whilst maintaining the
sinusoidal form.
Oscillations are a type of periodic motion. An oscillation is usually defined as a repetitive variation
over time. The oscillation can occur over a middle equilibrium point or between two states. A
pendulum is a good example for an oscillatory motion. The oscillations are mostly sinusoidal. An
alternating current is also a good example for oscillation. In the simple pendulum, the bob oscillates
over the middle equilibrium point. In an alternating current, the electrons oscillate inside the closed
circuit over an equilibrium point. There are three types of oscillations. The first type is the un-damped
oscillations in which the internal energy of the oscillation remains a constant. The second type of
oscillations is the damped oscillations. In the case of damped oscillations, the internal energy of the
oscillation decreases over time. The third type is the forced oscillations. In forced oscillations, a force
is applied on the pendulum in a periodic variation to the pendulum.
The simple harmonic motion is defined as a motion taking the form of a = ( 2) x where a is the
acceleration and x is the displacement from the equilibrium point. The term is a constant. A
simple harmonic motion requires a restoring force. The restoring force can be a spring, gravitational
force, magnetic force, or an electric force. A simple harmonic oscillation will not emit any energy. The
total mechanical energy of the system is conserved. If the conservation does not apply, the system
will be a damped harmonic system. There are many important applications of simple harmonic
oscillations. A pendulum clock is one of the best simple harmonic systems available. It can be shown
that the period of the oscillation does not depend on the mass of the pendulum. If external factors
such as air resistance affect the motion, it will eventually dampen and will stop. A real life situation is
always a damped oscillation. A perfect spring mass system is also a good example for the simple
harmonic oscillation. The force created by the elasticity of the spring acts as the restoring force in
this scenario. The simple harmonic motion can also be taken as the projection of a circular motion
with a constant angular velocity. At the equilibrium point, the kinetic energy of the system becomes a
maximum, and at the turning point, the potential energy becomes a maximum and the kinetic energy
becomes zero.

6. What is simple pendulum?

A simple pendulum is one which can be considered to be a point mass suspended from a
string or rod of negligible mass. It is a resonant system with a single resonant frequency. For
small amplitudes, the period of such a pendulum can be approximated by:

A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.[1] When a pendulum is
displaced sideways from its restingequilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due
to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the restoring
force combined with the pendulum's mass causes it tooscillate about the equilibrium position,
swinging back and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called
theperiod. The period depends on the length of the pendulum, and also to a slight degree on
the amplitude, the width of the pendulum's swing.