ANATOMY

Bowel components
"Dow Jones Industrial
Average Closing S tock
Report":
From proximal to distal:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix
Colon
S igmoid
Rectum
Alternatively: to include
the cecum, "Dow Jones
Industrial Climbing
Average Closing S tock
Report".

Meckel's diverticulum
details
2 inches long.
2 feet from end of ileum.
2 times more common in
men.
2% occurrence in
population.
2 types of tissues may be
present.
Note: "di-" means "two",
so diverticulum is the thing
with all the twos.
Aorta vs. vena cava: right
vs. left
Aorta and right each have 5
letters, so aorta is on the
right.
Vena and cava and left each
have 4 letters, so vena cava
is on the left.

Diaphragm apertures:
spinal levels
Aortic hiatus = 12 letters
= T12
Oesophagus = 10 letters = Aortic arch: major branch
T10
order
Vena cava = 8 letters = T8 "Know your ABC'S":
Aortic arch gives rise to:
Brachiocephalic trunk
Duodenum: lengths of
left Common Carotid
parts
left S ubclavian
"Counting 1 to 4 but
Beware though trick
staggered":
question of 'What is first
1st part: 2 inches
branch of aorta?'
2nd part: 3 inches
Technically, it's the
3rd part: 4 inches
coronary arteries.
4th part: 1 inch
Liver inferior markings
showing right/left lobe vs.
vascular divisions
There's a Hepatic "H" on
inferior of liver. One
vertical stick of the H is
the dividing line for
anatomical
right/left lobe and the
other vertical stick is the
divider for vascular
halves. Stick that divides
the liver into
vascular halves is the one
with vena cava impression
(since vena cava carries
blood, it's fortunate that
it's
the divider for blood
halves).

Atrioventricular valves
"LAB RAT":
Left Atrium: Bicuspid
Right Atrium: Tricuspid
Axillary artery branches
"S crew The Lawyer S ave A
Patient":
S uperior thoracic
Thoracoacromiol
Lateral thoracic
S ubscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex
humeral
Alternatively: "S ome Times
Life S eems A Pain".
Brachial artery: recurrent
and collateral branches
"I Am Pretty S exy"

Inferior ulnar collateral artery

goes with Anterior ulnar
recurrent artery.
Posterior ulnar recurrent
artery goes with S uperior
ulnar collateral artery.
Alternatively: "I Am Pretty S
mart".
Carotid sheath contents
"I See 10 CC's in the IV":
I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid
artery
10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = Common Carotid artery
IV = Internal Jugular Vein
Cavernous sinus contents
O TOM CAT:
O TOM are lateral wall
components, in order from
superior to inferior.
CA are the components within
the sinus, from medial to
lateral. CA ends at the level of
T from O TOM.
See diagram.
Occulomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Carotid artery
Abducent nerve (VI)
T: When written, connects to
the T of OTOM.
Coelic trunk: branches
Left Hand S ide (LHS):
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery
S plenic artery
Descending abdominal aorta
branches from diaphragm to
iliacs
"Prostitutes Cause S agging S
wollen Red Testicles [in men]
Living In S in":
Phrenic [inferior]
Celiac
S uperior mesenteric
S uprarenal [middle]
Renal
Testicular ["in men" only]
Lumbars
Inferior mesenteric
S acral

External carotid artery

branches
"S ome Anatomists Like
F*#king, Others Prefer S &
M":
S uperior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
S uperficial temporal
Maxillary
Alternatively: As S he Lay
Flat, Oscar's Passion S
lowly Mounted".
Femoral triangle:
arrangement of contents
NAVEL:
From lateral hip towards
medial navel:
Nerve (directly behind
sheath)
Artery (within sheath)
Vein (within sheath)
Empty space (between vein
and lymph)
Lymphatics (with deep
inguinal node)
Nerve/Artery/Vein are all
called Femoral.
Heart valve sequence
"Try Pulling My Aorta":
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aorta
Inferior vena cava
tributaries
"I Like To Rise S o High":
Illiacs
Lumbar
Testicular
Renal
S uprarenal
Hepatic vein.
Think of the IVC wanting
to rise high up to the heart.
Internal iliac artery:
anterior branches
What Bill admitted to
Hilary: "I Milked Our
Insatiable Intern's Udders
Under the Desk":
Inferior gluteal

Middle rectal
Obturator
Inferior vesical artery
Internal pudendal artery
Umbilical
U/D=Uterine artery
(female)/ Deferential
artery (male)

Middle superior alveolar

Pharyngeal
Anterior superior alveolar
Artery of the pterygoid
canal

"DAM I AM Piss Drunk But S

tupid Drunk I Prefer, Must
Phone Alcoholics
Anonymous":
Deep auricular
Anterior tympanic
Middle meningeal
Inferior alveolar
Accessory meningeal
Masseteric
Pterygoid
Deep temporal
Buccal
S phenopalatine
Descending palatine
Infraorbital
Posterior superior alveolar

superior vena cava ends.

Aponeurosis
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium

Ureter to ovarian/testicular
artery relation
Portal-systemic
"Water under the bridge":
anastomoses: main 2 places The ureters (which carry
that retroperitoneals
water), are posterior to the
Internal jugular vein:
connect into systemic
ovarian/testicular artery.
tributaries
RetroPeritoneals hook up
Clinically important, since
"Medical S chools Let
with Renal and
a common surgical error is
Confident People In":
Paravertebral veins.
to cut ureter instead of
From inferior to superior:
ovarian artery when
Middle thyroid
removing uterus.
S uperior thyroid
Saphenous veins: path of
Lingual
great vs. small at malleolus
Common facial
"MAGdelaine has varicose
Spleen: dimensions, weight,
Pharyngeal
veins" [The saphenous
surface anatomy
Inferior petrosal sinus
veins are important for
"1,3,5,7,9,11":
varicose veins]:
Spleen dimensions are 1
Medial maleolus, Anterior
inch x 3 inches x 5 inches.
Liver: side with ligamentum to maleolus, and Great
Weight is 7 ounces.
venosum/ caudate lobe vs. saphenous go together.
It underlies ribs 9 through
side with quadrate lobe/
Then the opposites of these 11.
ligamentum teres
go together: Small
"VC goes with VC":
saphenous is posterior to
The Venosum and Caudate
the lateral maleolus.
Thoracic duct: relation to
is on same side as Vena
azygous vein and
Cava [posterior]. Therefore,
esophagus
quadrate and teres must
"The duck between 2
be on anterior by default.
Thoracic cage: relations to
gooses":
See inferior-view diagram. the important venous
Thoracic duct (duck) is
structures
Behind the sternoclavicular between 2 gooses, azygous
and esophagus.
Lung lobe numbers: right
joints: the brachiocephalic
vs. left
veins begin.
Tricuspid heart valve and
Behind the 1st costal
Abdominal muscles
tri-lobed lung both on the
cartilage on the right the
"Spare TIRE around their
right side.
superior vena cava begins.
abdomen":
Bicuspid and bi-lobed lung
Behind the 2nd costal
Transversus abdominis
both on the left side.
cartilage on the right the
Internal abdominal oblique
azygos vein ends.
Rectus abdominis
Behind the 3rd costal
External abdominal oblique
Maxillary artery branches
cartilage on the right the

Thoracoacromial artery
branches
ABCD:
Acromial
Breast (pectoral)
Clavicular
Deltoid
Scalp layers
SCALP:
From superficial to deep:
S kin
Connective tissue

Anterior forearm muscles:

superficial group
"Pimps F*ck Prostitutes For
Fun":
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longous
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Bicipital groove:
attachments of muscles
near it

"The lady between two

majors":
Teres major attaches to
medial lip of groove.
Pectoralis major to lateral
lip of groove.
Latissimus (Lady) is on
floor of groove, between
the 2 majors.
Brachioradialis: function,
innervation, one relation,
one attachment
BrachioRadialis:
Function: Its the Beer
Raising muscle, flexes
elbow, strongest when
wrist is oriented like
holding a beer.
Innervation: Breaks Rule:
it's a flexor muscle, But
Radial. (Radial nerve
usually is for extensors:
Recall BEST rule: B was
for
brachioradialis).
Important relation:
Behind it is the Radial
nerve in the cubital fossa.
Attachment: Attaches to
Bottom of Radius.

S pinalis
Alternatively: "I
Long for S pinach"
"Sex" helps you
think of "Erector", but
"Long" and "Spinach"
help you remember
the muscles' names.
Eye rotation by
oblique muscles
"I Love S &M":
Inferior oblique:
Lateral eye rotation.
S uperior oblique:
Medial eye rotation.

Eversion muscles:
pErineus longus
pErineus brevis
pErineus terius
Inversion muscles:
tIbialis anterior
tIbialis posterior

midline.
Note: "oblique" tells
that must be going at
an angle.
Internal obliques are
at right angles to
external.

Lumbricals action
Lumbrical action is to
hold a pea, that is to flex
the
metacarpophalangeal
joint and extend the
interphalangeal joints.
When look at hand in
this position, can see
this makes an "L" shape,
since L is for
Lumbrical.

Plantarflexion vs.
dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion occurs
when you squish a
Plant with your foot.

Rotator cuff muscles

"The SITS muscles":
Clockwise from top:
S upraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
S ubscapularis
A pro baseball
pitcher has injured his
rotator cuff muscles.
As a result, he SITS
out for the rest of the
game, and then gets
sent to the minor
leagues.

Supination vs.
pronation
"SOUPination":
Supination is to turn
your arm palm up, as
if you are holding a
bowl of soup.
"POUR-nation":
Pronation is to turn
your arm with the
palm down, as if you
are pouring out
whatever is your bowl.
Alternatively,
Pronation donation:
Pronation is palm
facing downward, as if
making a donation.

"Randy Travis Drinks

Cold Beer":
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
Alternatively: "Read
The Damn Cadaver
Book!"
Alternatively: "Real
Texans Drink Coors
Beer".

Brachial plexus:
branches of posterior
cord
Serratus anterior:
STAR:
Interossei muscles:
innervation
S ubscapular [upper
actions of dorsal vs.
SALT:
and lower]
palmar in hand
S erratus Anterior =
Bell's palsy: symptoms Thoracodorsal
"PAd and DAb":
Long Thoracic.
BELL'S Palsy:
Axillary
The Palmar Adduct
Muscles: potentially
Blink reflex abnormal Radial
and the Dorsal Abduct. absent ones
Earache
Use your hand to dab
Muscles which may be
Serratus anterior:
Lacrimation [deficient,
with a pad.
absent but may be
innervation and action excess]
Buttock quadrant
important:
"C5-6-7 raise your
Loss of taste
safest for needle
Elbow: muscles that flex it
5 P's:
arms up to heaven":
S udden onset
insertion
Three B's Bend the elBow:
Intrinsic muscles of
Palmaris longus [upper
Long thoracic nerve
Palsy of VII nerve
"Shut up and butt
Brachialis
Biceps
hand (palmar surface) limb]
roots (567) innervate muscles
out":
Brachioradialis
"A OF A OF A":
Plantaris [lower limb]
Serratus anterior.
All symptoms are
The Upper Outer
Thenar, lateral to
Peroneus tertius [lower
Test C567 roots
unilateral.
quadrant of the
medial:
limb]
clinically by ability to
Buttock safely avoids
Elbow: which side
Abductor pollicis
Pyramidalis [anterior
raise arm past 90
hitting sciatic nerve.
has common flexor
longus
abdominal wall]
degrees.
Brachial plexus
origin
Opponens pollicis
Psoas minor [posterior
branches
FM (as in FM Radio): Flexor pollicis brevis
abdominal wall]
Pterygoid muscles:
"My Aunt Raped My
Carpal tunnel
Flexor Medial, so
Adductor pollicis.
function of lateral vs. Soleus vs.
Uncle":
syndrome causes
Common Flexor
Hypothenar, lateral
medial
gastrocnemius muscle
From lateral to
MEDIAN TRAP:
Origin is on the
to medial:
Oblique muscles:
"Look at how your jaw function
medial:
Myxoedema
medial side.
Opponens digiti
direction of externals vs. ends up when saying
"Stand on your Soles. Musculocutaneous
Edema premenstrually
minimi
internals
first syllable of
Explosive gas":
Axillary
Diabetes
Flexor digiti minimi
"Hands in your pockets": 'Lateral' or 'Medial' ": You stand on soles of Radial
Idiopathic
Erector spinae
Abductor digiti minimi When put hands in your "La": your jaw is now your shoes, so Soleus Median
Agromegaly
muscles
pockets, fingers now lie open, so Lateral opens is for posture.
Ulnar
Neoplasm
"I Love S ex":
on top of external
mouth.
Gasoline is explosive,
Trauma
From lateral to
Inversion vs. eversion obliques and fingers
"Me": your jaw is still so Gastrocnemius is
Rheumatoid arthritis
medial:
muscles in leg
point their direction of
closed, so medial
for explosive
Brachial plexus
Amyloidosis
Iliocostalis
Second letter rule for
fibers: down and
closes the mandible.
movement.
subunits
Pregnancy
Longissimus
inversion/eversion:
towards
Popliteal fossa:
muscles arrangement
The two Semi's go
together,
Semimembranosus
and Semitendonosus.
The Membranosus is
Medial and since the
two semis go
together,
Semitendonosus is
also medial.
Therefore, Biceps
Femoris has to be
lateral.
Of the semi's, to
remember which one
is superficial: the
Tendonosus is on Top.

Mnemonic fits
nicely since median
nerve is trapped.

Extraocular muscles
cranial nerve
innervation
"LR6SO4 rest 3":
Lateral Rectus is 6th
S uperior Oblique is
4th
rest are all 3rd cranial
nerve

Obtruator [L2, L3, L4]

Femoral [L2, L3, L4]
Alternatively: "I twice
Get Laid On Fridays".
Alternatively:
"Interested In Getting
Laid On Fridays?"

"Lateral Less, Medial

More":
Lateral pectoral nerve
only goes through
Pectoralis major, but
Medial pectoral nerve
goes though both
Pectoralis major and
minor.

ext. Carpi radialis

longus
ext. Carpi radialis
brevis
S upinator
Cervical plexus:
ext. Digitorum
arrangement of the
ext.Digiti minimi
important nerves
ext. Carpi ulnaris
"GLAST":
Abductor poll. longus
4 compass points:
Lumbar plexus roots
ext. Poll. brevis
clockwise from north
"2 from 1, 2 from 2, 2
ext. P poll. longus
on the right side of
Facial nerve: branches from 3":
Pelvis: sacral
ext. Indicis
neck:
after Stylomastoid
2 nerves from 1 root:
innervation
For the neighboring
Great auricular
foramen
Ilioinguinal (L1),
"S2,3,4 keeps the 3
words that start with
Lesser occipital
"Ten Zulus Buggered
Iliohypogastric (L1).
P's off the floor
the same letter (eg:
Accessory nerve pops My Cat (Painfully)":
2 nerves from 2 roots:
(Penis, Poo, and Pee). chocolate and chip),
out between L and S
From superior to
Genitofemoral (L1,L2),
S2,3,4 innervates the notice that the longer
S upraclavicular
inferior:
Lateral Femoral (L2,L3). anal sphincter,
word in the
Transverse cervical
Temporal branch
2 nerves from 3 roots:
urethral sphicter, and mnemonic,
See diagram.
Zygomatic branch
Obturator (L2,L3,L4),
causes erection.
corresponds to the
Buccal branch
Femoral (L2,L3,L4).
longer of the two
Mandibular branch
muscle names (ex:
Deep tendon
Cervical branch
Penis autonomic
ext. carpi radialis
reflexes: root supply (Posterior auricular
Median nerve: hand
innervation actions
longus and ext. carpi
God designed body
nerve)
muscles innervated
"Parasympathetic Puts radialis brevis)
reflexes according to
Alternatively:
"The LOAF muscles":
it up. S ympathetic S
a nursery rhyme:
"PAssing Through
Lumbricals 1 and 2
purts it out".
One, two-- buckle my Zanzibar By Motor
Opponens pollicis
Alternatively: "Point
Radial nerve: muscles
shoe. Three, four-Car" (PA for Posterior Abductor pollicis brevis
and S hoot":
supplied (simplified)
kick the door. Five,
Auricular).
Flexor pollicis brevis
Parasympathetic
"BEST muscles":
six-- pick up sticks.
Alternatively: LLOAF,
Points it, S ympathetic Brachioradialis
Seven, eight-- shut
with 2 L's, to recall
S hoots out the
Extensors
the gate.
Lingual nerve course
there's 2 lumbricals.
semen.
S upinator
S1,2 = ankle jerk
The Lingual nerve
To remember that these Erection and
Triceps
L3,4 = knee jerk
Took a curve
are the Median nerve
Ejaculation
C5,6 = biceps and
Around the
muscles, think "Meat
(Emission).
brachioradialis
Hyoglossus.
LOAF".
Scalp: nerve supply
C7,8 = triceps
"Well I'll be f*#ked!"
GLASS:
Said Wharton's Duct,
Radial nerve: muscles Greater occipital/
"The bastard's gone
Median nerve:
innervated
Greater auricular
Diaphragm
and crossed us!"
recognizing it in an
"Try A Big Chocolate
Lesser occipital
innervation
opened axilla
Chip S undae, Double Auriculotemporal
"3, 4, 5 keeps the
The Median nerve is the Dip Cherries And
S upratrochlear
diaphragm alive":
Lumbar plexus
Middle of a giant capital Peanuts Preferably
S upraorbital
Diaphragm
"I, I Get Laid On
"M" formed by the
Included":
innervation is
Fridays":
musculocutaneous and
In order of their
cervical roots 3, 4,
Iliohypogastric [L1]
ulnar nerves.
innervation, proximal Spinal cord: length in
and 5.
Ilioinguinal [L1]
to distal:
vertebral column
Genitofemoral [L1, L2]
Triceps
SCULL:
Lateral femoral
Pectoral nerves: path of Anconeus
S pinal Cord Until L2
cutaneous [L2, L3]
lateral vs. medial
Brachioradialis
(LL).

Thigh: innervation by
compartment
"MAP OF Sciatic":
Medial compartment:
Obturator
Anterior
compartment: Femoral
Posterior
compartment: Sciatic
So all the thigh
muscles in that
compartment get
innervated by that
nerve.

Vagus nerve: path into

thorax
"I Left my Aunt in
Vegas":
Left Vagus nerve goes
Anterior descending
into the thorax.

Anatomical planes:
coronal, horizontal,
sagittal
Coronal: A classic
painting/stained glass
window of a
saint/angel has a
Trigeminal nerve:
corona radiating
where branches exit
around the
skull
person's head. The
"S tanding Room
plane of the
Only":
glass/page is cutting
S uperior orbital
their head in the
fissure is V1
coronal plane.
foramen Rotundum is Horizontal: Someone
V2
coming over the
foramen Ovale is V3
horizon has their
abdomen cut in the
horizontal plane.
V3 innervated muscles Sagittal: the remaining
(branchial arch 1
one by default.
derivatives)
"M.D. My TV":
Mastication [masseter, Cubital fossa contents
temporalis,
"Really Need Booze To
pterygoids]
Be At My Nicest":
Digastric [anterior
From lateral to
belly]
medial:
Mylohyoid
Radial Nerve
tensor Tympani
Biceps Tendon
tensor Veli palatini
Brachial Artery
Median Nerve
V3: sensory branches
"Buccaneers Are
Inferior Linguists":
Buccal
Auriculotemporal
Inferior alveolar
Lingual

Hand: nerve lesions

DR CUMA:
Drop=Radial nerve
Claw=Ulnar nerve

Median nerve=Ape
hand (or Apostol
[preacher] hand)
Inguinal canal: walls
"MALT: 2M, 2A, 2L,
2T":
Starting from
superior, moving
around in order to
posterior:
Superior wall (roof):
2 Muscles:
internal oblique
Muscle
transverse
abdominus Muscle
Anterior wall: 2
Aponeuroses:
Aponeurosis of
external oblique
Aponeurosis of
internal oblique
Lower wall (floor): 2
Ligaments:
inguinal Ligament
lacunar Ligament
Posterior wall: 2Ts:
Transversalis fascia
conjoint Tendon
Mediastinums:
posterior
mediastinum
structures
There are 4 birds:
The esophaGOOSE
(esophagus)
The vaGOOSE nerve
The azyGOOSE vein
The thoracic DUCK
(duct)
Perineal vs. peroneal
Perineal is in
between the legs.
Peroneal is on the
leg.

Supine vs. prone body

position
"Supine is on your spine.
Therefore, prone's the
"other" one.
Also, prone to suffocate
in prone position.

Retroperitoneal
structures list
SAD PUCKER:
S uprarenal glands
Aorta & IVC
Duodenum (half)
Pancreas
Ureters
Bronchi: which is more
Colon (ascending &
vertical
descending)
"Right on Red":
Kidneys
Many places allow
Esophagus (anterior & making a right hand turn
left covered)
at a red light, if you first
Rectum
come to a complete stop.
A child swallowing a red
penny is more likely to
Superior mediastinum get it stopped down the
contents
right bronchus, since it
"BATS & TENT":
is more vertical.
Brachiocephalic veins
Arch of aorta
Thymus
Bronchopulmonary
S uperior vena cava
segments of right lung
Trachea
"A PALM Seed Makes
Esophagus
Another Little Palm":
Nerves (vagus &
In order from superior
phrenic)
to inferior:
Thoracic duct
Apical
Posterior
Anterior
Superior mediastinum: Lateral
contents
Medial
PVT Left BATTLE:
S uperior
Phrenic nerve
Medial basal
Vagus nerve
Anterior basal
Thoracic duct
Lateral basal
Left recurrent
Posterior basal
laryngeal nerve (not
the right)
Brachiocephalic veins Lung lobes: one having
Aortic arch (and its 3
lingula, lobe numbers
branches)
Lingula is on Left.
Thymus
The lingula is like an
Trachea
atrophied lobe, so the
Lymph nodes
left lung must have 2
Esophagus
"other" lobes, and
therefore right lung has
3 lobes.

Nasal cavity
components
"Never Call Me Needle
Nose!":
Nares [external]
Conchae
Meatuses
Nares [internal]
Nasopharynx
Note mnemonic
sentence is nasallyrelated.

Note: Vestibular and

Vocal cord also known
as false and true cords
respectively.
Anteflexed vs.
anteverted: what
bodypart each
describes
"Anteflexed and
Anteverted both bend
toward Anterior".
The "V" words go
together: Verted is for
the cerVix (therefore
flexed must be
uterus).

Sperm pathway
through male
reproductive tract
SEVEN UP:
S eminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Nothing
Urethra
Penis

Median: supracondular
Carpal bones
"S top Letting Those
People Touch The
Cadaver's Hand":
Proximal row,
lateral-to-medial:
S caphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Distal row, lateralto-medial:
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

Sperm: path through

male reproductive
Pleura surface
system
markings
"My boyfriend's name
"All the even ribs, in
is STEVE":
order: 2,4,6,8,10,12
S eminiferous Tubules
show its route":
Epididymis
Rib2: sharp angle
Broad ligament:
Vas deferens
inferiorly
contents
Carpal bones:
Ejaculatory duct
Rib4: the left pleura
BROAD:
trapezium vs.
does a lateral shift to Bundle (ovarian
trapezoid location
accommodate heart
neurovascular bundle)
Since there's two T's
Spermatic cord
Rib6: both diverge
Round ligament
in carpal bone
contents
laterally
Ovarian ligament
mnemonic sentences,
"Piles Don't
Rib8: midclavicular
Artefacts (vestigial
Contribute To A Good need to know which T
line
structures)
is where:
S ex Life":
Rib10: midaxillary line Duct (oviduct)
TrapeziUM is by the
Pampiniform plexus
Rib12: the back
thUMB, TrapeziOID is
Ductus deferens
See diagram.
inSIDE.
Cremasteric artery
Alternatively,
Testicular artery
Scrotum layers
TrapeziUM
is by the
Artery of the ductus
Tonsils: The three
"S ome Damn
thUMB, TrapezOID is
deferens
types
Englishman Called It
by its SIDE.
Genital branch of the
"PPL (people) have
The Testis":
genitofemoral nerve
tonsils":
From superficial to
S ympathetic nerve
Pharyngeal
deep:
Carpel bones
fibers
Palatine
S kin
"S o Long To Pinky,
Lymphatic vessels
Lingual
Dartos
Here Comes The
External spermatic
Thumb":
fascia
Proximal row,
Arm fractures: nerves
Voicebox: names of
Cremaster
lateral-to-medial, then
affected by humerus
parts in sagittal cross- Internal spermatic
distal row, medial-tofracture location
section
fascia
medial:
ARM fracture:
"There's 3 V's in your Tunica vaginalis
S caphoid
From superior to
Voicebox":
Testis
Lunate
inferior:
Vestibular fold
Triquetrium
Axillary: head of
Ventricle
Pisiform
humerus
Vocal fold
Hamate
Radial: mid shaft

Capate
Trapezoid
Trapezium

Varum (bowleg) is
the other by default,
or Far rhymes with
Var, so knees are far
apart.

Full names for these

are: Tibialis Posterior,
Flexor Digitorum Longus,
Posterior Tibial Artery,
Posterior Tibial Nerve,
Cartilage derivatives
Flexor Hallicus
of 1st pharyngeal
Longus.
arch (mandibular)
Hand fractures: Colle's Alternatively: "Tom,
"I'M A S uper S exy
vs. Smith's
Dick ANd Harry".
Guy" (or Girl):
Colle's fracture: arm in Alternatively: "Tom,
Incus
fall position makes a
Dick And Not Harry".
Malleus
'C' shape.
Anterior ligament of
S mith's fracture: arm
malleus
in fall position makes
Navicular contacts 3 of 5
S pine of sphenoid
a 'S ' shape.
cuneiform bones
S phenomandibular
See diagram.
"Navicular is like the
ligament
Navigator logo":
Genial tubercle of
There are 3 things
mandible
Joints in the midline
coming off each.
"SC":
See diagram.
usually have a diSC.In Therefore, cuboid has to
Cranial bones
medial line, below S
contact 2 of the 5.
"PEST OF 6":
econd Cervical, joints
Parietal
are S econdary
Ethmoid
Cartilaginous and
Ossification ages
S phenoid
Notes: secondary
"Every Potential
Temporal
cartilaginous is also
Anatomist S hould Know
Occipital
known as symphysis.
When"
Frontal
The one that doesn't
When they ossify, in
The 6 just reminds have a disc is xiphiorder of increasing year:
that there's 6 of
sternal.
Elbow: 16 years
them to remember.
Pelvis, Ankle: 17 years
S houlder, Knee: 18
Lordosis vs. kyphosis
years
Foramen ovale
Lordosis: Lumbar.
Wrist: 19 years
contents
KYphosis is HY up on
OVALE:
the spine.
Otic ganglion (just
Rib costal groove: order
inferior)
of intercostal blood
V3 cranial nerve
Medial malleolus:
vessels and nerve
Accessory meningeal order of tendons,
VAN:
artery
artery, nerve behind it
From superior to
Lesser petrosal nerve "Tom, Dick, And
inferior:
Emissary veins
Nervous Harry":
Vein
From anterior to
Artery
posterior:
Nerve
Genu valgum vs.
Tibialis
genu vargum
Digitorum
Genu valGUM (knock- Artery
Superior orbital fissure:
knee): knees are
Nerve
structures passing
GUMmed together.
Hallicus
through

"Lazy French Tarts Lie

Naked In Anticipation
Of S ex":
Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Trochlear nerve
Lateral nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Internal nerve
Abducens nerve
Ophthalmic veins
S ympathetic nerves

Things that were good General anaesthesia:

were called 'Rad'.
equipment check prior
to inducing
ANESTHESIOLOGY
MALES:
Masks
Xylocaine: where not
Airways
to use with
Laryngoscopes
epinephrine
Endotracheal tubes
"Nose, Hose, Fingers
S uction/ S tylette,
and Toes"
bougie
Vasoconstrictive
effects of xylocaine
with epinephrine are
Endotracheal
helpful in providing
intubation: diagnosis
Tibia: muscles of pes
hemostasis while
of poor bilateral
anserinus (the
suturing. However,
breath sounds after
muscles attached to
may cause local
intubation
tibia's medial side)
ischemic necrosis in
DOPE:
"A Girl between Two
distal structures such Displaced (usually
Sargeants":
as the digits, tip of
right mainstem,
Gracilus is between
nose, penis, ears.
pyreform fossa, etc.)
S artorius and
Obstruction (kinked or
S emitendonosus
bitten tube, mucuous
Spinal anesthesia
plug, etc.)
agents
Pneumothorax
Vertebrae: recognizing "Little Boys Prefer
(collapsed lung)
a thoracic from lumbar Toys":
Esophagus
Examine vertebral
Lidocaine
body shape:
Bupivicaine
BEHAVIOURAL
Thoracic is heartProcaine
SCIENCE /
shaped body since
Tetracaine
PSYCHOLOGY
your heart is in your
thorax.
Cluster personality
Lumbar is kidney-bean Anesthesia
disorders
shaped since kidneys
machine/room check
Cluster A Disorder =
are in lumbar area.
MS MAID:
Atypical. Unusual and
See diagram.
Monitors (EKG, SpO2, eccentric.
EtCO2, etc)
Cluster B Disorder =
S uction
Beast. Uncontrolled
Wrist: radial side vs.
Machine check
wildness.
ulnar side
(according to ASA
Cluster C Disorder =
Make a fist with your
guidelines)
Coward [avoidant
thumb up in the air
Airway equipment
type], Compulsive
and say "Rad!".
(ETT, laryngoscope,
[obsessive-compulsive
Your thumb is now
oral/nasal airway)
type], or Clingy
pointing to your
IV equipment
[dependent type].
Radius.
Drugs (emergency,
Note: 'Rad!' was a
inductions, NMBs, etc)
late 80's catchphrase,
Depression: major
short for 'Radical'.
episode
characteristics

SPACE DIGS:
S leep disruption
Psychomotor
retardation
Appetite change
Concentration loss
Energy loss
Depressed mood
Interest wanes
Guilt
S uicidal tendencies
Gain: primary vs.
secondary vs. tertiary
Primary: Patient's
Psyche improved.
S econdary: S ymptom
S ympathy for patient.
Tertiary: Therapist's
gain.
Middle adolescence
(14-17 years):
characteristics
HERO:
Heterosexual crushes/
Homosexual
Experience
Education regarding
short term benefits
Risk taking
Omnipotence
And there is interest
in being a Hero
(popular).
Narcolepsy:
symptoms,
epidemiology
CHAP:
Cataplexy
Hallucinations
Attacks of sleep
Paralysis on waking
Usual presentation is
a young male, hence
"chap".

Sleep stages:
features
DElta waves during
DEepest sleep
(stages 3 & 4, slowwave).
dREaM during REM
sleep.

Premature ejaculation:
treatment
2 S's:
S SRIs [eg: fluoxitime]
S queezing technique
[glans pressure before
climax]
More detail with 2
more S's:
Keober-Ross dying
S ensate-focus
process: stages
excercises [relieves
"Death Always Brings anxiety]
Great Acceptance":
S top and start method
Denial
[5-6 rehearsals of
Anger
stopping stimulation
Bargaining
before climax]
Grieving
Acceptance
BIOCHEMISTRY
Impotence causes
PLANE:
Psychogenic:
performance anxiety
Libido: decreased
with androgen
deficiency, drugs
Autonomic
neuropathy: impede
blood flow
redirection
Nitric oxide
deficiency: impaired
synthesis, decreased
blood pressure
Erectile reserve:
can't maintain an
erection

B vitamin names
"The Rhythm Nearly
Proved Contagious":
In increasing order:
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)

Essential amino acids

"PVT. TIM HALL
always argues, never
tires":
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
Male erectile
His
dysfunction (MED):
Arg
biological causes
Lue
MED:
Lys
Medicines(propranalo
Always argues: the A
l, methyldopa, SSRI, is for Arg, not Asp.
etc.)
'Never tires': T is not
Ethanol
Tyr, but is both Thr
Diabetes mellitus
and Trp.

"Goodness Gracious,
Father Franklin Did Go
Fasting state: branched- By Picking Pumpkins
chain amino acids used
(to) Prepare Pies":
by skeletal muscles
Glucose
"Muscles LIVe fast":
Glucose-6-P
Leucine
Fructose-6-P
Isoleucine
Fructose-1,6-diP
Valine
Dihydroxyacetone-P
Glyceraldehyde-P
1,3Folate deficiency: causes Biphosphoglycerate
A FOLIC DROP:
3-Phosphoglycerate
Alcoholism
2-Phosphoglycerate
Folic acid antagonists
(to)
Oral contraceptives
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Low dietary intake
[PEP]
Infection with Giardia
Pyruvate
Celiac sprue
'Did', 'By' and 'Pies'
Dilatin
tell you the first part
Relative folate deficiency of those three: di-, bi-,
Old
and py-.
Pregnant
'PrEPare' tells
location of PEP in the
process.
Glycogen storage:
Anderson's (IV) vs.
Cori's (III) enzyme
Hypervitaminosis A:
defect
signs and symptoms
ABCD:
"Increased Vitamin A
Anderson's=Branching
makes you HARD":
enzyme.
Headache/
Cori's=Debranching
Hepatomegaly
enzyme.
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Otherwise, can't really Really painful bones
distinguish clinically.
Dry skin/ Drowsiness
Glycogen storage: names
of types I through VI
"Viagra Pills Cause A
Major Hardon":
Von Gierke's
Pompe's
Cori's
Anderson's
McArdle's
Her's
Glycolysis steps

Infantile Beriberi
symptoms
Restlessness
Sleeplessness
Breathlessness
Soundlessness
(aphonia)
Eatlessness (anorexia)
Great heartedness
(dilated heart)
Alternatively: Get 5
of 'em with BERI:
Breathless/ Big

hearted, Eatless,
Restless, Insomnia.

Vitamin E

Psychologial
abnormalities
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs
(eg barbiturates, oral
contraceptives, sulpha
drugs)

Coagulation common
pathway: factors in
order
10 + 5 - 2 = 13
Coagulation common
pathway:
Factor X to Factor V to Sickle cell disease
Factor II to Factor
pathophysiology
XIII
SICKle cell disease is
due to a S ubstitution
of the SICKsth amino
Fabry's disease
acid of the B chain.
Type 1 glycogen
FABRY'S:
storage disease
Foam cells found in
Type 1 = one (Von), ie glomeruli and
Vitamin K dependent
Von Giereke's disease tubules/ Febrile
cofactors
episodes
"Several Tend To
Alpha galactosidase A Nicely S top Clots":
Van den Bergh
deficiency/
Factor Seven, Ten,
reaction (Jaundice
Angiokeratomas
Two, Nine.
test)
Burning pain in
Protein S , Protein C.
"Indirect reacting
extremities/ BUN
bilirubin =
increased in serum/
Unconjugated
Boys
Adrenaline mechanism
bilirubin":
Renal failure
"ABC of Adrenaline":
Both start with
YX genotype (male, X Adrenaline-->
vowels, so they go
linked recessive)
activates Beta
together: Indirect &
S phingolipidoses
receptors--> increases
Unconjugated.
Cyclic AMP
Phosphorylation
cascade: action during
low glucose
"In the Phasted State,
Phosphorylate":
The phosphorylation
cascade becomes
active when blood
glucose is low.

Vitamin B3 (niacin,
nicotinic acid)
deficiency: pellagra
The 3 D's of pellagra:
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Note vitamin B3 is
the 3 D's.
Vitamins: which are
fat soluble
KADE:
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Vitamin D

Hemoglobin binding
curve: causes of shift
to right
"CADET, face right!":
CO2
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature

Insulin: function
INsulIN stimulates 2
things to go
IN 2 cells: Potassium
and Glucose.

BUN:creatinine
elevation: causes
ABCD:
Porphyrias: acute
Azotremia (pre-renal)
intermittent porphyria Bleeding (GI)
symptoms
Catabolic status
5 P's:
Diet (high protein
Pain in abdomen
parenteral nutrition)
Polyneuropathy

G6PD: oxidant drugs

inducing hemolytic
anemia
AAA:
Antibiotic (eg:
sufamethoxazole)
Antimalarial (eg:
primaquine)
Antipyretics (eg:
acetanilid, but not
aspirin or
acetaminophen)
Carbon monoxide:
electron transport
chain target
"CO blocks CO":
Carbon monoxide
(CO) blocks
Cytochrome Oxidase
(CO)
Citric acid cycle
compounds
"Can I Keep S elling
S ex For Money,
Officer?":
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha Ketogluterate
S uccinyl CoA
S uccinate
Fumerate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
DNA bond strength
(nucleotides)
"Crazy Glue":
Strongest bonds are
between Cytosine
and Guanine, strong
like Crazy Glue (3 Hbonds), whereas the
A=T only have 2 Hbonds.
This is relevant to
DNA replication, as

the weaker A=T will

be the site where RNA
primer makes the
initial break.

remains same but Km

increases

From this can deduce

that the Na/K pump
pumps K into cell and
Na out of cell.
G protein type for
Alternatively: When I
respective receptors
was learning this
Electron transport
"KISS and KICK till
pump (circa 1992), a
chain: Rotenone's site you're SICK of SEX"
band that was "in"
of action
(QISS and QIQ till you're was Kris Kross, and a
Rotenone is a site
SIQ of SQS):
band that was "out"
specific inhibitor of
This gives the Gwas "Sha Na
complex one.
protein type (Gq, Gi, or
Na Na":
Gs) for all the receptors. So pump moves K K (2
Receptors are in
K) in and Na Na Na (3
Enzyme kinetics:
alphabetical order:
Na) out.
competitive vs. nonalpha1=Q
Sadly, as infectious
competitive inhibition alpha2=I
as their debut album
With Kompetitive
beta1=S
was, Kris Kross can
inhibition: Km
beta3=S
really no longer be
increases; no change
M1=Q
classed as "in".
in Vmax.
M2=I
With Non-kompetitive M3=Q
inhibition: No change
D1=S
Na+/K+ pump:
in Km; Vmax
D2=I
movement of ions and
decreases.
H1=Q
quantity
H2=S
K+ and in each consist
V1=Q
of 2 characters, so so
Enzymes:
V2=S
2 K+ are pumped in.
classification
Na+ and out each
"Over The HILL":
consist of 3
Oxidoreductases
Metabolism sites
characters, so 3 Na+
Transferases
"Use both arms to HUG": are pumped out.
Hydrolases
Heme synthesis
Isomerases
Urea cycle
Ligases
Gluconeogenesis
Phenylketonuria:
Lyases
These reactions occur
which enzyme is
Enzymes get
in both cytoplasm and
deficient
reaction over the hill.
mitochondria.
PHenylketonuria is
See diagram.
caused by a deficiency
of:
Na/K pump:
Phenylalanine
Enzymes: competitive concentrations of Na vs. Hydroxylase
inhibitors
K on inside/outside of
"Competition is hard
cell, pump action,
because we have to
number of molecules
Pompe's disease: type
travel more kilometers
"Police = Po + lys":
(Km) with the same
moved
Pompe's disease is a
velocity":
HIKIN':
lysosomal storage
With competitive
There is a HIgh K
disease (alpha 1,4
inhibitors, velocity
concentration INside the glucosidase).
cell.

Pyruvate: products of
complete oxidation
"4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds
+ 1 Guy":
Complete oxidation
of pyruvate yields:
4 NADH
FADH2
3 CO2
1 GTP
Tangier's disease:
hallmark
"Tangierene tonsils":
Hallmark is large
orange tonsils.
Important clinical
note: there is no
increased risk of
atherosclerosis, just
like eating
tangerenes.
CARDIOLOGY
Aortic regurgitation:
causes
CREAM:
Congenital
Rheumatic damage
Endocarditis
Aortic dissection/
Aortic root dilatation
Marfan's
Aortic stenosis
characteristics
SAD:
S yncope
Angina
Dyspnoea
Apex beat:
abnormalities found
on palpation, causes
of impalpable
HILT:

Heaving
Impalpable
Laterally displaced
Thrusting/ Tapping
If it is impalpable,
causes are COPD:
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial
effusion
Dextrocardia
Apex beat: differential
for impalpable apex
beat
DOPES:
Dextrocardia
Obesity
Pericarditis/
Pericardial
tamponade/
Pneumothorax
Emphysema
S inus inversus/ S
tudent incompetence/
S coliosis/ S keletal
abnormalities (eg
pectus excavatum)
Atrial fibrillation:
causes
A S#!T:
Alcohol
S tenosis (mitral
valve)
Hypertension
Infarction/ Ischaemia
Thyrotoxicosis
Atrial fibrillation:
causes
PIRATES:
Pulmonary: PE, COPD
Iatrogenic
Rheumatic heart:
mirtral regurgitation
Atherosclerotic: MI,
CAD

Thyroid: hyperthyroid
Endocarditis
S ick sinus syndrome
Atrial fibrillation:
management
ABCD:
Anti-coagulate
Beta-block to control
rate
Cardiovert
Digoxin
Beck's triad (cardiac
tamponade)
3 D's:
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular
veins
Decreased arterial
pressure
Betablockers:
cardioselective
betablockers
"Betablockers Acting
Exclusively At
Myocardium"
Cardioselective
betablockers are:
Betaxolol
Acebutelol
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol
CHF: causes of
exacerbation
FAILURE:
Forgot medication
Arrhythmia/ Anaemia
Ischemia/ Infarction/
Infection
Lifestyle: taken too
much salt

Upregulation of CO:
pregnancy,
hyperthyroidism
Renal failure
Embolism: pulmonary
Coronary artery
bypass graft:
indications
DUST:
Depressed
ventricular function
Unstable angina
S tenosis of the left
main stem
Triple vessel disease
Coronary artery
bypass graft:
indications
DUST:
Depressed
ventricular function
Unstable angina
S tenosis of the left
main stem
Triple vessel disease
Depressed STsegment: causes
DEPRESSED ST:
Drooping valve
(MVP)
Enlargement of LV
with strain
Potassium loss
(hypokalemia)
Reciprocal STdepression (in I/W
AMI)
Embolism in lungs
(pulmonary
embolism)
S ubendocardial
ischemia
S ubendocardial
infarct

Encephalon
haemorrhage
(intracranial
haemorrhage)
Dilated
cardiomyopathy
S hock
Toxicity of digitalis,
quinidine
ECG: left vs. right
bundle block
"WiLLiaM MaRRoW":
W pattern in V1-V2
and M pattern in V3V6 is Left bundle
block.
M pattern in V1-V2
and W in V3-V6 is
Right bundle block.
Note: consider
bundle branch blocks
when QRS complex is
wide.
Exercise ramp ECG:
contraindications
RAMP:
Recent MI
Aortic stenosis
MI in the last 7 days
Pulmonary
hypertension
Heart compensatory
mechanisms that
'save' organ blood
flow during shock
"Heart SAVER":
S ymphatoadrenal
system
Atrial natriuretic
factor
Vasopressin
Endogenous digitalislike factor
Renin-angiotensinaldosterone system

In all 5, system is
activated/factor is
released
JVP: wave form
ASK ME:
Atrial contraction
S ystole (ventricular
contraction)
Klosure (closure) of
tricusps, so atrial filling
Maximal atrial filling
Emptying of atrium
See diagram.
MI: basic management
BOOMAR:
Bed rest
Oxygen
Opiate
Monitor
Anticoagulate
Reduce clot size
MI: signs and symptoms
PULSE:
Persistent chest pains
Upset stomach
Lightheadedness
S hortness of breath
Excessive sweating
MI: therapeutic
treatment
"O BATMAN!":
Oxygen
Beta blocker
ASA
Thrombolytics (eg
heparin)
Morphine
Ace prn
Nitroglycerin
Knowledge Level 1,
System: Cardiovascular
Kristy Thomas, PA-C
Mesquite Medical

Associates, Mesquite,
NV

S ystolic
S hort
S ounds (S1 & S2)
normal
S ymptomless
S pecial tests normal
(X-ray, EKG)
S tanding/ S itting
(vary with position)
S ternal depression

PAID: Pulmonic &

Aortic
Insufficiency=Diastoli
c.

Peripheral vascular
insufficiency:
inspection criteria
SICVD:
MI: therapeutic
S ymmetry of leg
treatment
musculature
MONAH:
Myocardial infarctions: Integrity of skin
Morphine
treatment
Color of toenails
Oxygen
INFARCTIONS:
Varicose veins
Nitrogen
IV access
Distribution of hair
Aspirin
Narcotic analgesics
Heparin
(eg morphine,
pethidine)
Pulseless electrical
Murmurs: louder with Facilities for
activity: causes
MI: treatment of acute inspiration vs
defibrillation (DF)
PATCH MED:
MI
expiration
Aspirin/ Anticoagulant Pulmonary embolus
COAG:
LEft sided murmurs
(heparin)
Acidosis
Cyclomorph
louder with Expiration Rest
Tension pneumothorax
Oxygen
RIght sided murmurs Converting enzyme
Cardiac tamponade
Aspirin
louder with
inhibitor
Hypokalemia/
Glycerol trinitrate
Inspiration.
Thrombolysis
Hyperkalemia/
IV beta blocker
Hypoxia/
Oxygen 60%
Hypothermia/
Mitral stenosis (MS)
Murmurs: questions to Nitrates
Hypovolemia
vs. regurgitation
ask
S tool Softeners
Myocardial infarction
(MR): epidemiology
SCRIPT:
Electrolyte
MS is a female title
S ite
derangements
(Ms.) and it is female Character (eg harsh,
Pericarditis: causes
Drugs
predominant.
soft, blowing)
CARDIAC RIND:
MR is a male title
Radiation
Collagen vascular
(Mr.) and it is male
Intensity
disease
Rheumatic fever:
predominant.
Pitch
Aortic aneurysm
Revised Jones' criteria
Timing
Radiation
JONES crITERIA:
Drugs (such as
Major criteria:
Murmur attributes
hydralazine)
Joint (arthritis)
"IL PQRST" (person
Murmurs: right vs. left Infections
Obvious (Cardiac)
has ill PQRST heart
loudness
Acute renal failure
Nodule (Rheumatic)
waves):
"RILE":
Cardiac infarction
Erythema marginatum
Intensity
Right sided heart
Rheumatic fever
S ydenham chorea
Location
murmurs are louder
Injury
Minor criteria:
Pitch
on Inspiration.
Neoplasms
Inflammatory cells
Quality
Left sided heart
Dressler's syndrome
(leukocytosis)
Radiation
murmurs are loudest
Temperature (fever)
S hape
on Expiration.
ESR/CRP elevated
Timing
Pericarditis: EKG
Raised PR interval
"PericarditiS ":
Itself (previous Hx of
Murmurs: systolic vs. PR depression in
Rheumatic fever)
Murmurs: innocent
diastolic
precordial leads.
Arthralgia
murmur features
PASS: Pulmonic &
S T elevation.
8 S's:
Aortic S tenosis=S
S oft
ystolic.

ST elevation causes
in ECG
ELEVATION:
Electrolytes
LBBB
Early repolarization
Ventricular
hypertrophy
Aneurysm
Treatment (eg
pericardiocentesis)
Injury (AMI,
contusion)
Osborne waves
(hypothermia)
Non-occlusive
vasospasm
Supraventricular
tachycardia:
treatment
ABCDE:
Adenosine
Beta-blocker
Calcium channel
antagonist
Digoxin
Excitation (vagal
stimulation)
Ventricular
tachycardia:
treatment
LAMB:
Lidocaine
Amiodarone
Mexiltene/
Magnesium
Beta-blocker
CHEMISTRY
Benzene ring: order
of substituents
"Benzene likes to
ROMP":
From R group
moving around the
ring:

R group
Ortho
Meta
Para

Reduction Involves
Gaining electrons at the
CAThode.

Cation vs. anion:

positive vs. negative
The t in cation looks
like a plus sign:
"ca+ion".
Cation is positive,
anion is negative.

Clubbing: causes
CLUBBING:
Cyanotic heart disease
Lung disease (hypoxia,
lung cancer,
bronchiectasis, cystic
fibrosis)
UC/Crohn's disease
Biliary cirrhosis
Birth defect (harmless)
Infective endocarditis
Neoplasm (esp.
Hodgkins)
GI malabsorption

DERMATOLOGY

Cis/trans (geometric)
isomer nomenclature
"Zame Zide.
Epposite.":
Z is the 2 functional
groups on the same
side of double bond.
E is for opposite sides. White patch of skin:
differential
"Vitiligo PATCH":
Cis/trans (geometric) Vitiligo
isomers: arrangement Pityriasis alba/ Postof functional groups
inflammatory
Cis starts with a C and hypopigmentation
the functional groups
Age related
form a C.
hypopigmentation
Trans, therefore is the Tinea versicolor/
other one by default.
Tuberous sclerosis
(ashleaf macule)
Congenital birthmark
Gibb's free energy
Hansen's (leprosy)
formula
"Good Honey Tastes S
weet":
Wound healing: factors
(delta)G = H delaying
T(delta)S
DID NOT HEAL:
Drugs
Infection/ Icterus/
Oxidation vs.
Ischemia
reduction:
Diabetes
electrochemical cell
Nutrition
and electron gain/loss Oxygen (hypoxia)
AN OIL RIG CAT:
Toxins
At the ANode,
Hypothermia/
Oxidation Involves
Hyperthermia
Loss of electrons.
EtOH

Acidosis
Local anesthetics
EMBRYROLOGY
Branchial arch giving
rise to aorta
"Aor- from Four":
Aorta is from fourth
arch.
Tetrology of Fallot
"Don't DROP the
baby":
Defect (VSD)
Right ventricular
hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
Potter syndrome:
features
POTTER:
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Oligohydrominios
Twisted skin (wrinkly
skin)
Twisted face (Potter
facies)
Extremities defects
Renal agenesis
(bilateral)
Cranial and spinal
neural crest: major
derivatives
GAMES:
Glial cells (of
peripheral ganglia)
Arachnoid (and pia)
Melanocytes
Enteric ganglia
S chwann cells
Neuroectoderm
derivatives

Neuroectoderm gives
rise to:
Neurons
Neuroglia
Neurohypophysis
piNeurol (pineal)
gland

TEratogenesis is most
likely during
organogenesis-between the:
Third and
Eighth weeks of
gestation.

Oxygen (sit patient

up)
Pulmonary ventilation
(if doing badly)

Atrial fibrillation:
causes of new onset
THE ATRIAL FIBS:
Fetal alcohol
Weeks 2, 3, 4 of
Thyroid
syndrome (FAS):
development: an
Hypothermia
features
event for each
Embolism (P.E.)
FAS:
Week Two: Bilaminar
Alcohol
Facial hypoplasia/
germ disc.
Trauma (cardiac
Forebrain
Week Three:
contusion)
malformation
Trilaminar germ disc. Recent surgery (post
Attention defecit
Week Four: Four limbs CABG)
disorder/ Altered
appear.
Ischemia
joints
Atrial enlargement
S hort stature/ S eptal
Lone or idiopathic
defects/ S mall I.Q
Placenta-crossing
Fever, anemia, highsubstances
output states
"WANT My Hot Dog":
Infarct
Mesoderm
Wastes
Bad valves (mitral
components
Antibodies
stenosis)
MESODERM:
Nutrients
S timulants (cocaine,
Mesothelium
Teratogens
theo, amphet,
(peritoneal, pleural,
Microorganisms
caffeine)
pericardial)/ Muscle
Hormones/ HIV
(striated, smooth,
Drugs
cardiac)
JVP: raised JVP
Embryologic
EMERGENCY
differential
S pleen/ S oft tissue/ MEDICINE
PQRST (EKG waves):
S erous linings/ S
Pericardial effusion
arcoma/ S omite
Ipecac:
Quantity of fluid raised
Osseous tissue/ Outer contraindications
(fluid over load)
layer of suprarenal
4 C's:
Right heart failure
gland (cortex)/
Comatose
S uperior vena caval
Ovaries
Convulsing
obstruction
Dura/ Ducts of
Corrosive
Tricuspid stenosis/
genitalia
hydroCarbon
Tricuspid
Endothelium
regurgitation/
Renal
Tamponade (cardiac)
Microglia/
Acute LVF
Mesenchyme/ Male
management
gonad
LMNOP:
MI: immediate
Lasex (frusemide)
treatment
Morphine
DOGASH:
Teratogenesis: when it (diamorphine)
Diamorphine
occurs
Nitrates
Oxygen
GTN spray

Asprin 300mg
S treptokinase
Heparin

S troke

Syncope causes, by
system
PEA/Asystole
HEAD HEART VESSELS:
(ACLS): etiology
CNS causes include
ITCHPAD:
HEAD:
Infarction
Hypoxia/
Tension
Hypoglycemia
pneumothorax
Epilepsy
Cardiac tamponade
Anxiety
Hypovolemia/
Dysfunctional brain
Hypothermia/ Hypo-, stem (basivertebral
Hyperkalemia/
TIA)
Hypomagnesmia/
Cardiac causes are
Hypoxemia
HEART:
Pulmonary embolism Heart attack
Acidosis
Embolism (PE)
Drug overdose
Aortic obstruction
(IHSS, AS or myxoma)
Rhythm disturbance,
Shock: signs and
ventricular
symptoms
Tachycardia
TV SPARC CUBE:
Vascular causes are
Thirst
VESSELS:
Vomiting
Vasovagal
S weating
Ectopic (reminds one
Pulse weak
of hypovolemia)
Anxious
S ituational
Respirations
S ubclavian steal
shallow/rapid
ENT
Cool
(glossopharyngeal
Cyanotic
neuralgia)
Unconscious
Low systemic vascular
BP low
resistance (Addison's,
Eyes blank
diabetic vascular
neuropathy)
S ensitive carotid
Subarachnoid
sinus
hemorrhage (SAH)
causes
BATS:
Ventricular fibrillation:
Berry aneurysm
treatment
Arteriovenous
"Shock, Shock, Shock,
malformation/ Adult Everybody Shock,
polycystic kidney
Little Shock, Big
disease
Shock, Momma Shock,
Trauma (eg being
Poppa Shock":
struck with baseball
Shock= Defibrillate
bat)

Everybody= Epinephine
Little= Lidocaine
Big= Bretylium
Momma= MgSO4
Poppa= Pocainamide
Vfib/Vtach drugs used
according to ACLS
"Every Little Boy Must
Pray":
Epinephrine
Lidocaine
Bretylium
Magsulfate
Procainamide

Meningicoccal
meningitis:
complications
SAD REP:
S epsis/ S hock/ S
ubdural effusion
Ataxia/ Abscess
(brain)
DIC/ Deafness
Retardation
Epilepsy
Paralysis

Miosis: causes of pinpoint pupils

CPR ON SLIME:
Clonidine
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Phenothiazines
management
Resting (deep sleep)
F*KING:
Opiates
Fluids (crytalloids)
Narcotics
Urea (check it)
S troke (pontine
Creatinine (check it)/
hemorrhage)
Catheterize
Lomotil
K+ (potassium)
(diphenoxylate)
Insulin (5u/hour. Note: Insecticides
sliding scale no longer
Mushrooms/
recommended in the UK) Muscarinic (inocybe,
Nasogastic tube (if
clitocybe)
patient comatose)
Eye drops
Glucose (once serum
levels drop to 12)
Neurological focal
deficits
Coma causes checklist
10 S's:
AEIOU TIPS:
S ugar (hypo, hyper)
Acidosis/ Alcohol
S troke
Epilepsy
S eizure (Todd's
Infection
paralysis)
Overdosed
S ubdural hematoma
Uremia
S ubarachnoid
Trauma to head
hemorrhage
Insulin: too little or or
S pace occupying
too much
lesion (tumor, avm,
Pyschosis episode
aneurysm, abscess)
S troke occurred
S pinal cord
syndromes
S omatoform
(conversion reaction)
S clerosis (MS)

S ome migraines
Unconciousness:
differential
FISH SHAPED:
Fainted
Illness/ Infantile
febrile convulsions
S hock
Head injuries
S troke (CVE)
Heart problems
Asphxia
Poisons
Epilepsy
Diabetes
Coma and signicantly
reduced conscious
state causes: causes
COMA:
CO2 and CO excess
Overdose: TCAs,
Benzos, EtOH, insulin,
paracetamol, etc.
Metabolic: BSL, Na+,
K+, Mg2+, urea,
ammonia, etc.
Apoplexy: stroke, SAH,
extradural, subdural,
Ca, meningitis,
encephalitis, cerebral
abscess, etc.

Bicarbonate
Glucose and insulin
IV Fluids and cooling
blanket
Fluid output
monitoring/
Furosemide/ Fast
heart [tachycardia]
RLQ pain: differential
APPENDICITIS:
Appendicitis/ Abscess
PID/ Period
Pancreatitis
Ectopic/
Endometriosis
Neoplasia
Diverticulitis
Intussusception
Crohns Disease/ Cyst
(ovarian)
IBD
Torsion (ovary)
Irritable Bowel
Syndrome
S tones

Shock: types
RN CHAMPS:
Respiratory
Neurogenic
Cardiogenic
Hemorrhagic
Anaphylactic
Metabolic
Malignant
Psychogenic
hyperthermia
S eptic
treatment
Alternatively: "MR.
"S ome Hot Dude
C.H. SNAP", or "NH
Better Give Iced Fluids CRAMPS".
Fast!" (Hot dude =
hypothermia):
S top triggering
ARDS: diagnostic
agents
criteria
Hyperventilate/
ARDS:
Hundred percent
Acute onset
oxygen
Ratio (PaO2/FiO2)
Dantrolene
less than 200
(2.5mg/kg)
Diffuse infiltration

S wan-Ganz Wedge
pressure less than 19
mmHg
Knowledge Level 6,
System: Pulmonary
Fahed Al-Daour
Asthma: management
of acute severe
"O S#!T":
Oxygen (high dose:
>60%)
S albutamol (5mg via
oxygen-driven
nebuliser)
Hydrocortisone (or
prednisolone)
Ipratropium bromide
(if life threatening)
Theophylline (or
preferably
aminophylline-if life
threatening)
Fall: potential causes
I'VE FALLEN:
Illness
Vestibular
Environmental
Feet/ Footwear
Alcohol and drugs
Low blood pressure
Low O2 states
Ears/ Eyes
Neuropathy
ENT
Oralpharangeal
cancers: aetiology
6 S's:
S moking
S picy food
S yphilis
S pirits [booze]
S ore tooth
S epsis
Also bezel nuts.

10

Nasopharyngeal
carcinoma: classic
symptoms
NOSE:
Neck mass
Obstructed nasal
passage
S erous otitis media
externa
Epistaxis or
discharge
EPIDEMIOLOGY /
BIOSTATISTICS
Alcohol withdrawal
effects
"S#IT":
S hakes/ S eizures/
S weats/ S tomach
pains (n/v)
Hallucinosis
(auditory)
Increased vitals/
Insomnia
Tremens (delirium
tremens-the lethal
part)
Suicide risk factors
SAD PERSONS:
S ex: male
Age: young, elderly
Depression
Previous suicide
attempts
Ethanol and other
drugs
Reality testing/
Rational thought
(loss of)
S ocial support
lacking
Organized suicide
plan
No spouse
S ickness/ S tated
future intent

Accuracy of test:
sensitivity vs.
specificity
seNsitivity of a test:
related to the rate of
false Negatives.
sPecificity of a test:
related to the rate of
false Positives.
Alternatively written:
seNsitive: No NonNegatives.
sPecific: Puny PsuedoPositives.

Exceptions to informed
consent are WIPE:
Waiver
Incompetent
Privilege (therapeutic
privilege)
Emergency
Prevention: primary vs.
secondary vs. tertiary
Primary: Predisposing
factors decreased.
S econdary: S everity
decreased.
Tertiary: Therapy,
Training.

Charcot's triad
(gallstones)
"Charge a FEE":
Charcot's triad is:
Fever
Epigastric & RUQ pain
Emesis & nausea

Cholangitis features
CHOLANGITITS:
Charcot's triad/
Conjugated bilirubin
increase
Hepatic abscesses/
Hepatic (intra/extra)
bile ducts/ HLA B8,
Hill criteria for
DR3
causality
Obstruction
" 'Clowns Pursuing
Recall bias
Leukocytosis
Epidemiology'
REcall bias is a problem
Alkaline phosphatase
Commonly Behind The with
increase
S illy S amples":
REtrospective studies
Neoplasms
Consistency
and is based on ability to Gallstones
Plausibility
REmember.
Inflammatory bowel
Experimentation
disease (ulcerative
Biological gradient
GASTROENTEROLOGY
colitis)
Coherence
Transaminase
Temporality
Bilirubin: common
increase
S trength of
causes for increased
Infection
association
levels
S clerosing
S pecificity
"HOT Liver":
Hemolysis
Obstruction
Cirrhosis: causes of
Incidence vs.
Tumor
hepatic cirrhosis
prevalence
Liver disease
HEPATIC:
Incidence: Initiate
Hemochromatosis
Infection In Interval.
(primary)
Prevalence:
Celiac sprue gluten
Enzyme deficiency
Population's
sensitive enteropathy:
(alpha-1-anti-trypsin)
Percentage Positive.
gluten-containing grains Post hepatic (infection
BROW:
+ drug induced)
Barley
Alcoholic
Informed consent:
Rye
Tyrosinosis
requirements,
Oats
Indian childhood
exceptions
Wheat
(galactosemia)
"Sign this DOC before
Flattened intestinal villi Cardiac/ Cholestatic
we can start":
of celiac sprue are
(biliary)/ Cancer/
Discussion
smooth, like an eyebrow. Copper (Wilson's)
Obtain agreement
Coercion-free

Crohn's disease:
morphology,
symptoms
CHRISTMAS:
Cobblestones
High temperature
Reduced lumen
Intestinal fistulae
S kip lesions
Transmural (all layers,
may ulcerate)
Malabsorption
Abdominal pain
S ubmucosal fibrosis

Alternatively: TOMB:
Tetracycline
Omeprazole
Metronidazole
Bismuth
Hepatic
encephalopathy:
precipitating factors
HEPATICS:
Hemorrhage in GIT/
Hyperkalemia
Excess protein in diet
Paracentesis
Acidosis/ Anemia
Trauma
Infection
Colon surgery
S edatives

Digestive disorders:
pH level
With vomiting both
the pH and food come
up.
With diarrhea both the
pH and food go down. IBD: extraintestinal
manifestations
A PIE SAC:
GIT symptoms
Aphthous ulcers
BAD ANAL S#!T:
Pyoderma
Bleeding
gangrenosum
Abdominal pain
Iritis
Dysphagia
Erythema nodosum
Abdominal bloating
S clerosing cholangitis
Nausea & vomiting
Arthritis
Anorexia/ Appetite
Clubbing of fingertips
changes
Lethargy
S #!ts (diarrhea)
IBD: surgery
Heartburn
indications
Increased bilirubin
"I CHOP":
(jaundice)
Infection
Temperature (fever)
Carcinoma
Haemorrhage
Obstruction
H. Pylori treatment
Perforation
regimen (rough
"Chop" convenient
guidelines)
since surgery chops
"Please Make Tummy them open.
Better":
Proton pump inhibitor
Metronidazole
Liver failure (chronic):
Tetracycline
signs found on the
Bismuth
arms

CLAPS:
Clubbing
Leukonychia
Asterixis
Palmar erythema
S cratch marks
Pancreatitis (acute):
causes
GET SMASHED:
Gallstones
Ethanol
Trauma
S teroids
Mumps
Autoimmune (PAN)
S corpion stings
Hyperlipidemia/
Hypercalcemia
ERCP
Drugs (including
azathioprine and
diuretics)
Note: 'Get Smashed'
is slang in some
countries for drinking,
and ethanol is an
important pancreatitis
cause.
Pancreatitis: criteria
PANCREAS:
PaO2 below 8
Age >55
Neutrophils: WCC >15
Calcium below 2
Renal: Urea >16
Enzymes: LDH >600;
AST >200
Albumin below 32
S ugar: Glucose >10
(unless diabetic
patient)
Pancreatitis: Ranson
criteria for
pancreatitis at
admission

11

LEGAL:
Leukocytes > 16.000
Enzyme AST > 250
Glucose > 200
Age > 55
LDH > 350
Ulcerative colitis:
complications
"PAST Colitis":
Pyoderma
gangrenosum
Ankylosing
spondylitis
S clerosing
pericholangitis
Toxic megacolon
Colon carcinoma
Vomiting: extra GI
differential
VOMITING:
Vestibular
disturbance/ Vagal
(reflex pain)
Opiates
Migrane/ Metabolic
(DKA, gastroparesis,
hypercalcemia)
Infections
Toxicity (cytotoxic,
digitalis toxicity)
Increased ICP,
Ingested alcohol
Neurogenic,
psychogenic
Gestation
Haemachromatosis
complications
"HaemoChromatosis
Can Cause Deposits
Anywhere":
Hypogonadism
Cancer
(hepatocellular)
Cirrhosis
Cardiomyopathy

Diabetes mellitus
Arthropathy
Diabetic ketoacidosis:
precipitating factors
5 I's:
Infection
Ischaemia (cardiac,
mesenteric)
Infarction
Ignorance (poor
control)
Intoxication (alcohol)
GENETICS
Achrondroplasia
dwarfism: inheritance
pattern
Achondroplasia
Dwarfism is
Autosomal Dominant.
DiGeorge/
Velocardiofacial
syndrome: features
CATCH 22:
Cardiac abnormalities
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia
22q11 deletion
Tay Sach's features
SACHS:
S pot in macula
Ashkenazic Jews
CNS degeneration
Hex A deficiency
S torage disease
Extra details with
TAY:
Testing recommended
Autosomal recessive/
Amaurosis
Young death (<4 yrs)

Blots: function of
Southern vs. Northern
vs. Western
"SN0W DR0P":
Match up the 1st word
letter with 2nd word
letter:
S outhern=DNA
Northern=RNA
Western=Protein
The 0's in snow drop
are zeros, since there is
no Eastern blot.

long and starts with a

P? (Answer: pussy).
Why is the cat crying?
Missing its P.
DNA: Z vs. B form:
which is inactive
ZZZZ is sleeping
(inactive).
B form is therefore
active DNA.

Down syndrome
pathology
Cell cycle stages
DOWN:
"Go S ally Go! Make
Decreased alphaChildren!":
fetoprotein and
G1 phase (Growth phase unconjugated estriol
1)
(maternal)
S phase (DNA Synthesis) One extra
G2 phase (Growth phase chromosome twenty2)
one
M phase (Mitosis)
Women of advanced
C phase (Cytokinesis)
age
Nondisjunction during
maternal meiosis
Chromosome 15
diseases
Chromosome 15 has its
Exon vs. intron
own MAP:
function
Marfan syndrome
Exons Expressed.
Angelman syndrome
InTrons In Trash.
Prader-Willi syndrome
Hurler syndrome
features
HURLER'S:
Heptosplenomegaly
Ugly facies
Recessive (AR
inheritance)
L-iduronidase
deficiency (alpha)
Cri-du-chat syndrome:
Eyes clouded
chromosomal deletion
Retarded
causing it is 5p(-)
S hort/ S tubby
What's another name for fingers
a cat that's five letters
Codons: nonsense
mutation
"Stop talking
nonsense!":
Nonsense mutation
causes premature stop.

Imprinting diseases:
Prader-Willi and
Angelman
"Pray to an Angel":
Prader-Willi and
Angelman are the 2
classic imprinting
diseases.
Which disease
results, depends on
whether 15q deletion
is maternal or
paternal. Keep them
straight by:
Paternal is PraderWilli.
See diagram for
cardinal symptom of
each disease.
Marfan syndrome
features
MARFAN'S:
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic Aneurysm
Retinal detachment
Fibrillin
Arachnodactyly
Negative
Nitroprusside test
(differentiates from
homocystinuria)
S ubluxated lens
Nucleotides: class
having the single ring
"Pyrimadines are
CUT from purines"
Pyrimidines are:
Cytosine
Uracil
Thiamine
They are cut from
purines so the
pyrimadines must be
smaller (one ring).

Nucleotides: double
vs. triple bonded
basepairs
"TU bonds" (two
bonds):
T-A and U-A have Two
bonds.
G-C therefore has the
three bonds.

Note vallate is also

sometimes called
circumvallate.

Vascular endothelium:
simplified crosssection
LIMA:
Lumen
Intima
Nucleotides: which are Media
purines
Adventitia
"Pure Silver":
Chemical formula of
Pure silver is Ag.
Leukocytes:
Therefore, Purines are granulated and
Adenine and Guanine. agranulated
"BEN Loves Money":
Granulocytes:
Pedigree symbols:
Basophil
gender and affected
Eosinophil
Gender: The cIRcle is Neurophil
a gIRl [so boys are
Agranulocytes:
squares].
Lymphocytes
Affected: Black plague Monocytes
was a disease, so
Alternatively: Granpa
black-filled symbol
BEN..." to keep the
means an
granulated group
affected/diseased
straight.
person [so
non-filled-in is
unaffected].
Mast cell primary
granule contents
HISTOLOGY
"Master, His Hepes
Causes Choking &
Taste buds: vallate vs. Gagging!":
fungiform distribution Mast = Mast cell
Cross sectional shape His = Histamine
of the top of the bud
He= Heparin
tells their distribution. C = Chymase
Vallate: has a shallow Ch = Chemotactic
'V' at the top, so has a factor for eosinophils
'V' distribution at the
Gag = GAGase
back of the tongue.
Fungiform: top is
round so it is towards Neutrophil's 2
the round end of the
distinctive physical
tongue.
features
See diagram.
1: There's up to 5
lobes of the nucleus

12

joined by thin
appendages. Tie this
to it being a
neutrophil nucleus
by arranging the 5
lobes into a capital N
for Neutrophil.
2: the chicken leg
(Barr Body) sticking
out. Say it out loud:
chick-N. The chick-N
leg is for Neutrophil.

LIght band is the I

band.
Muscle sarcomere: H
line vs. Z disc location
HAZI (Hazy):
H line is in A-band.
Z disc is in the I band.

Atrophy of villi in small

intestine/ Abnormal Dxylose test
Childhood presentation
Atrophied villi cause
less absorption, so
diarrhea, weight loss,
less energy.

Complement cascade
initiating items:
Graves disease:
alternative vs. classic
etiology
Classic: Combined
Muscle cells: cardiac In Graves disease, the Complexes.
vs. skeletal's nuclei
thyroid-stimulating
Alternative: Activators
location/number
immunoglobulins are
Alone, or IgA.
Nuclei location
of the IgG class.
Complexes are made of
mirrors where the
Ab and Ag combined
muscle is located in
together.
human body.
Lupus signs and
Examples of activators:
Heart muscle is in
symptoms
endotoxin, microbial
the middle of body,
SOAP BRAIN:
surface.
so heart muscle has
S erositis [pleuritis,
nucleus in middle.
pericarditis]
Skeletal muscles are Oral ulcers
Complement: function of
at periphery of body, Arthritis
C3a versus C3b
so nuclei are at
Photosensitivity
C3a: Activates Acute
periphery.
Blood [all are low [inflammation].
Also, you have 1
anemia, leukopenia,
C3b: Bonds Bacteria [to
heart, so usually only thrombocytopenia]
macrophages--easier
1 nucleus per heart
Renal [protein]
digestion].
muscle cell, but have ANA
If wish to know more
many skeletal
Immunologic [DS
than just C3:
muscles,
DNA, etc.]
C3a, C4a, C5a activate
so have many nuclei Neurologic [psych,
acute.
per long fibre.
seizures]
C3b, C4b bind bacteria.
See diagram.
Muscle sarcomere: A
vs. I as light or dark
There is only one
vowel in "dark" and
one vowel in "light".
These one vowels
match up to their one
letter names:
DArk band is the A
band.

Goodpasture's
Syndrome components
GoodPasture is
Glomerulonephritis
and Pnuemonitits.
From autoantibodies
attacking Glomerular
and Pulmonary
basement membranes.

IMMUNOLOGY

Celiac sprue features

CELIAC:
Cell-mediated
autoimmune disease
European descent
Lymphocytes in
Lamina propria/
Lymphoma risk
Intolerance of gluten
(wheat)

Hypersensitivity
reactions: Gell and
Goombs nomenclature
ACID
From I to IV:
Anaphylactic type:
type I
Cytotoxic type: type II
Immune complex
disease: type III
Delayed
hypersensitivity (cell
mediated): type IV
Hypersensitivity: type
IV example
Poison IVy causes
type IV
hypersensitivity.

Immunoglobulin (Ig)
types: the important
ones worth
remembering, in order
of appearance
MAGDElaine (a girl's
DiGeorge Syndrome:
name):
features
IgM
The disease of T's:
IgA
Third and 4th pharyngeal IgG
pouch absent.
IgD
Twenty-Two
IgE
chromosome
Magdelaine tells you
T-cells absent
the order they usually
Tetany: hypocalcemia
appear: M first, then A
or G.
Alternatively: IgM is
IMmediate.

lysosome function and

increasing reactive
Immunoglobulins, and oxygen metabolites,
order B cells present
nitric oxide and
them
defensins].
MADGE (character
from the old
dishwashing liquid
MHC I vs. MHC II
commercial):
properties
IgM
"Immunity helps to
IgA
exterminate fun for
IgD
bacteria"
IgG
See attached chart.
IgE
Order of presentation
by B cells (which is
Sjogren syndrome:
made first, IgD or
morphology
IgM?) B cells present
"Jog through the
IgM primarily, and
MAPLES":
then IgD.
Sjogren is:
Just remember why all Mouth dry
of us are going
Arthritis
through this pain...to
Parotid enlarged
become M.D's. For a B Lymphoma
cell to be competent,
Eyes dry
it must get its MD.
S icca (primary) or S
Finally, by the same
econdary
rule, B cells must first
See diagram.
release M then G
immunoglobulin on
primary exposure.
T and B cells: types
When bacteria enter
Immunoglobulins:
body, T-cell says to B:
which crosses the
"Help Me Catch S
placenta
ome!" B-cell replies:
IgG crosses the
"My Pleasure!":
placenta during
T-cell types:
Gestation.
Helper
Memory
Cytotoxic
Interferon gamma:
S uppressor
action on
B-cell types:
macrophages
Memory cell
"Th1nk BIG Mac
Plasma cell
Attack":
Th1 and NK cells Build INTERNAL
Interferon Gamma.
MEDICINE / FAMILY
Causes Macrophages
PRACTICE
to have an augmented
Attack [by better
ACEI: contraindictions

PARK:
Pregnancy
Allergy
Renal artery stenosis
K increase
(hyperkalemia)
Anion gap metabolic
acidosis: causes
A MUDPILE CAT:
Alcohol
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Paraldehyde
Iron/ Isoniazid
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Carbamazepine
Aspirin
Toluene
Haematology: key
numbers
3 and 4 are key in in
haematology:
1.34 cm3 of oxygen is
carried by a gram of
hemoglobin.
There's 3.4mg of iron
in each gram of
hemoglobin.
There's an average of
3.4 lobes per
neutrophil.
There's 34mg bilirubin
from each gram of
hemoglobin.
Macrocytic anemia:
causes
ABCDEF:
Alcohol + liver disease
B12 deficiency
Compensatory
reticulocytosis (blood
loss and hemolysis)

13

Drug (cytotoxic and

AZT)/ Dysplasia
(marrow problems)
Endocrine
(hypothyroidism)
Folate deficieny/
Fetus (pregnancy)

Paroxysmal nocturnal
haemoglobinuria
Raynaud's disease:
causes
BAD CT:
Blood disorders (eg
polycythaemia)
Arterial (eg
atherosclerosis,
Buerger's)
Drugs (eg betablockers)
Connective tissue
disorders (rheumatoid
arthritis, SLE)
Traumatic (eg
vibration injury)

Alcoholism
S pironolactone
Tumors (Testicular &
adrenal)
Isoniazid/ Inhibition of
testosterone
Antineoplastics
(Alkylating Agents)/
Antifungal(ketoconazole
)
* Asterisk indicates
physiologic cause.

Thyrotoxicosis
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia:
differential
VITAMIN TRAPS:
Vitamin A and D
intoxication
Immobilization
Thyrotoxicosis
Addison's disease/
Acidosis
Milk-alkali syndrome
Inflammatory
disorders
Neoplastic disease
Thiazides, other drugs
Rhabdomyolysis
AIDS
Paget's disease/
Parenteral nutrition/
Parathyroid disease
S arcoidosis

Gravid (pruritus of
pregancy)
Drugs
eXcretory
dysfunctions (eg
uremia)

Rashes: time of
appearance after fever
onset
"Really S ick Children
Must Take No
Exercise":
Hypercalcemia causes
Number of days after
MD PIMPS ME:
fever onset that a rash
Malignancy
will appear:
Diuretics (thiazide the
1 Day: Rubella
main culprit)
2 Days: S carlet fever/
Parathyroid
S mallpox
(hyperparathyroidism)
3 Days: Chickenpox
Non-gap acidosis:
Ulcers: types
Immobilization/
4 Days: Measles (and
causes
VAN:
Idiopathic
see the Koplik spots
HARD UP:
Venous/ Vasculitic
Megadoses of vitamins
one day prior to rash)
Hyperalimentation
Arterial
A,D
5 Days: Typhus &
Acetazolamide
Neuropathic
Paget's disease
rickettsia (this is
(carbonic anhydrase
S arcoidosis
Pressure Sore: Norton variable)
inhibitors)
Milk alkali syndrome
Score
6 Days: Nothing
RTA
Acromegaly symptoms Endocrine (Addison's
MAGIC:
7 Days: Enteric fever
Diarrhea
ABCDEF:
disease, thyrotoxicosis) Mobility
(salmonella)
Ureterosigmoidostom Arthralgia/ Arthritis
ADL
y
Blood pressure raised
General condition
Pancreatic fistula
Carpal tunnel
Hypercalcemia: causes
Incontinence
Alkalosis: metabolic
syndrome
GRIM FED:
Conscious level
changes in alkalosis
Diabetes
Granulomas (sarcoid,
"Al-K-loss, Al-CaPancytopaenia
Enlargemed organs
TB),
loss":
differential
Field defect
Renal faliure
Pruritus without rash: There is loss of K+
"All Of My Blood Has
Immobility (esp. long
DDx
(hypokalemia) and
Taken S ome
term)
ITCHING DX:
Ca++ (hypocalcemia)
Poison":
Gynecomastia:
Malignancy
Infections (scabies,
in state of alkalosis.
Aplastic anaemias
common causes
Familial (eg familial
toxocariasis, etc)
Overwhelming sepsis GYNECOMASTIA:
hypocalciuric
Thyroidal and other
Megaloblastic
Genetic Gender
hypercalcemia)
endocrinopathies (eg Allopurinol:
anaemias
disorder (Klinefelter)
Endocrine (see below for diabetes mellitus)
indications
Bone marrow
Young boy (pubertal)* subtypes)
Cancer
STORE:
infiltration
Neonate*
Drugs (esp. thiazide
Hematologic diseases S tones (history of
Hypersplenism
Estrogen
diuretics, lithium)
(eg iron deficiency)/
renal stones)
TB
Cirrhosis/ Cimetidine/
Endocrine causes are
Hepatopathies/ HIV
Tophaceous gout
S LE
Ca Channel blockers
PATH:
Idiopathic
(chronic)
Old age*
Phaeochromocytoma
Neurotic
Over-producers of
Marijuana
Addison's disease
urate
Metabolic acidosis:
causes
KUSSMAL:
Ketoacidosis
Uraemia
S epsis
S alicylates
Methanol
Alcohol
Lactic acidosis

Renal disease
Elderly
Bonus: Probenecid
indications are
basically the opposite
of STORE (no renal
stone history, etc.).
Dialysis indications
HAVE PEE:
Hyperkalemia
(refractory)
Acidosis (refractory)
Volume overload
Elevated BUN (> 36
mM)
Pericarditis
Encephalopathy
Edema (pulmonary)
Renal failure (acute):
management
Manage AEIOU:
Anemia/ Acidosis
Electrolyte and fluids
Infections
Other measures (eg
nutrition, nausea,
vomiting
Uremia
SIADH: causes
SIADH:
S urgery
Intracranial: infection,
head injury, CVA
Alveolar: Ca, pus
Drugs:
opiates,antiepileptics,
cytotoxics, antipsychotics
Hormonal:
hypothyroid, low
corticosteroid level
SIADH: diagnostic
sign

Syndrome of
INAPPropriate AntiDiuretic Hormone:
Increased
Na (sodium)
PP (urine)
SIADH is
characterized by
increased urinary
sodium.
SIADH: major signs
and symptoms
SIADH:
S pasms
Isn't any pitting
edema (key DDx)
Anorexia
Disorientation (and
other psychoses)
Hyponatremia
Eosinophilia:
differential
NAACP:
Neoplasm
Allergy/ Asthma
Addison's disease
Collagen vascular
diseases
Parasites
Polycythemia Rubra
Vera (PRV): common
symptoms
PRV:
Plethora/ Pruritis
Ringing in ears
Visual blurriness
SLE: factors that make
SLE active
UV PRISM:
UV (sunshine)
Pregnancy
Reduced drug (eg
steroid)

14

Infection
S tress
More drug
Splenomegaly:
causes
CHICAGO:
Cancer
Hem, onc
Infection
Congestion (portal
hypertension)
Autoimmune (RA,
SLE)
Glycogen storage
disorders
Other (amyloidosis)
Horner's syndrome:
components
SAMPLE:
S ympathetic chain
injury
Anhidrosis
Miosis
Ptosis
Loss of ciliospinal
reflex
Enophthalmos
Lethargy, malaise
causes
FATIGUED:
Fat/ Food (poor diet)
Anemia
Tumor
Infection (HIV,
endocarditis)
General joint or liver
disease
Uremia
Endocrine
(Addison's,
myxedema)
Diabetes/
Depression/ Drugs

Back pain causes

DISK MASS (since
near vertebral disc):
Degeneration (DJD,
osteoporosis,
spondylosis)
Infection (UTI, PID,
Pott's disease,
osteomyelitis,
prostatitis)/ Injury,
fracture or
compression fracture
S pondylitis
(ankylosing
spondyloarthropathies
such as rheumatoid
arthritis, Reiters, SLE)
Kidney (stones,
infarction, infection)
Multiple myeloma/
Metastasis (from
cancers of breast,
kidney, lung, prostate,
thyroid)
Abdominal pain
(referred to the
back)/ Aneurysm
S kin (herpes zoster)/
S train/ S coliosis and
lordosis
S lipped disk/ S
pondylolisthesis
Behcet's syndrome:
diagnostic criteria
PROSE:
Pathergy test (i/d
saline injection)
Recurrent genital
ulceration
Oral ulceration
(recurrent)
S kin lesions
Eye lesions
Oral ulceration is
central criteria, plus
any 2 others.

ICU management: A to Z
A: Asepsis/ Airway
B: Bed sore/ encourage
Breathing/ Blood
pressure
C: Circulation/
encourage Coughing/
Consciousness
D: Drains
E: ECG
F: Fluid status
G: GI losses/ Gag reflex
H: Head positioning/
Height
I: Insensible losses
J: Jugular venous pulse
K: Kindness
L: Limb care/ Label
M: Mouth care
N: Nociception/
Nutrition
O: Oxygenation/ Orient
the patient
P: Pulse/ Peristalsis/
Physiotherapy
Q: Quiet surroundings
R: Respiratory rate/
Restraint
S : Stress ulcer/
Suctioning
T: Temperature
U: Urine
V: Ventilator
W: Wounds/ Weight
X: Xerosis
Y: whY
Z: Zestful care of the
patient

Left sided lower love

pneumonia
Ovarian cyst (rupture,
torture)
Threatened abortion/
Testicular torsion

Bronchial cyst
Repeated gastric acid
aspiration
Or due to foreign
bodies
Necrotizing
pneumonia
Chemical corrosive
Acute stridor:
substances
differential
Hypogammaglobuline
ABCDEFGH:
mia
With fever:
Immotile cilia
Abscess
syndrome
Bacterial tracheitis
Eosinophilia
Croup
(pulmonary)
Diphtheria
Cystic fibrosis
Epiglottitis
Tuberculosis
Without fever:
(primary)
Foreign body
Atopic bronchial
Gas (Toxic Gas)
asthma
Hypersensitivity
S treptococcal
pneumonia
In Young's syndrome
Bronchiectasis: causes S taphylococcal
A SICK AIRWAY:
pneumonia
Airway lesion, chronic
obstruction
S equestration
Hemoptysis: causes
Infection, inflamation HEMOPTYSIS:
Cystic fibrosis
Haemorrhagic
Kartagners syndrome diathesis
Allergic
Edema [LVF due to
brochopulmonary
mitral stenosis]
aspergilliosis
Malignancy
Immunodeficiencies
Others [eg: vasculitis]
(hypogammaglobinae Pulmonary vascular
mia, myeloma,
abnormalities
lymphoma)
Trauma
Reflux, inhalation
Your treatment
injury
[anticoagulants]
Left iliac fossa: causes of William Campbell
S LE
pain
syndrome (and other
Infarction in lungs
SUPER CLOT:
congenitals)
S eptic
S igmoid diverticulitis
Aspiration
Uteric colic
Yellow nail syndrome/
PID
Young syndrome
Pleural effusion:
Ectopic pregnancy
investigations
Rectus sheath
PLEURA:
haematoma
Bronchiectasis:
Pleural fluid
Colorectal carcinoma
differential
(thoracentesis)
BRONCHIECTASIS:
Lung, pleural biopsy

ESR
Ultrasound
Radiogram
Analysis of blood

Heart failure
Mastocytosis or
carcinoid
Anaphylaxis or allergy

Pulmonary edema:
treatment
LMNOP:
Lasix
Morphine
Nitrates (NTG)
Oxygen
Position (upright vs.
flat)

Back trouble causes

O, VERSALIUS
(Versalius was the
name of a famous
physician):
Osteomyelitis
Vertebral fracture
Extraspinal tumour
S pondylolisthesis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Lumbar disk increase
Intraspinal tumor
Unhappiness
S tress

Pulmonary edema:
treatments
MAD DOG:
Morphine
Aminophylline
Digitalis
Diuretics
Oxygen
GGases in blood
(ABG's)

INTERVIEWING /
PHYSICAL EXAM

Abdomen assessment
To assess abdomen,
palpate all 4
quadrants for DR.
GERM:
Pulmonary fibrosis:
Distension: liver
causes
problems, bowel
SCAR:
obstruction
Upper lobe:
Rigidity (board like):
S ilicosis/ S arcoidosis bleeding
Coal worker
Guarding: muscular
pneumonconiosis
tension when touched
Ankylosing spondylitis Eviseration/
Radiation
Ecchymosis
Lower lobe:
Rebound tenderness:
S ystemic sclerosis
infection
Cyptogenic fibrosing
Masses
alveolitis
Asbetosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Vomiting: non-GIT
differential
ABCDEFGHI:
Wheezing: causes
Acute renal failure
ASTHMA:
Brain [increased ICP]
Asthma
Cardiac [inferior MI]
S mall airways disease DKA
Tracheal obstruction
Ears [labyrinthitis]

15

Foreign substances
[Tylenol, theo, etc.]
Glaucoma
Hyperemesis
gravidarum
Infection
[pyelonephritis,
meningitis]
Heart valve
auscultation sites
"All Patients Take
Meds":
Reading from top
left:
Aortic
Pulmonary
Tricuspid
Mitral
See diagram.
Alternatively: All
Prostitutes Take
Money.
Alternatively: APe
To Man.
Knowledge Level 1,
System:
Cardiovascular
Anonymous
Contributor and
Raarsi and Dana M.
Not specified and
University of
Birmingham Medical
School and MCC
Michigan
Glasgow coma scale:
components and
numbers
Scale types is 3 V's:
Visual response
Verbal response
Vibratory (motor)
response
Scale scores are
4,5,6:
Scale of 4: see so
much more

Scale of 5: talking jive

Scale of 6: feels the
pricks (if testing
motor by pain
withdrawl)

Abdominal swelling
causes
9 F's:
Fat
Feces
Fluid
Flatus
Mental state
Fetus
examination: stages in Full-sized tumors
order
Full bladder
"Assessed Mental S
Fibroids
tate To Be Positively
False pregnancy
Clinically
Unremarkable":
Appearance and
Clinical examination:
behaviour [observe
initial Inspection of
state, clothing...]
patient from end of bed
Mood [recent spirit]
ABC:
S peech [rate, form,
Appearance (SOB, pain,
content]
etc)
Thinking [thoughts,
Behaviour
perceptions]
Connections (drips,
Behavioural
inhalers, etc connected
abnormalities
to patient)
Perception
abnormalities
Cognition [time, place, Differential diagnosis
age...]
checklist
Understanding of
"A VITAMIN C"
condition [ideas,
A and C stand for
expectations,
Acquired and Congenital
concerns]
VITAMIN stands for:
Vascular
Inflammatory
Pain history checklist
(Infectious and nonSOCRATES:
Infectious)
S ite
Trauma/ Toxins
Onset
Autoimmune
Character
Metabolic
Radiation
Idiopathic
Alleviating factors/
Neoplastic
Associated symptoms
Example usage: List
Timing (duration,
causes of decreased
frequency)
vision: Central retinal
Exacerbating factors
artery occlusion,
S everity
Retinitis pigmentosa,
Alternatively, S igns Perforation to gobe,
and S ymptoms with
Chronic
the 'S'.
Gentamycin use,
Ruematoid arthritis,

Diabetes, Idiopathic,
Any eye tumor,
Myopia.
Differential diagnosis
checklist
"I VINDICATE AID":
Idiopathic
Vascular
Infectious
Neoplastic
Degenerative
Inflammatory
Congenital
Autoimmune
Traumatic
Endocrinal and
metabolic
Allergic
Iatrogenic
Drugs

Medical history:
disease checklist
MJ THREADS:
Myocardial infarction
Jaundice
Tuberculosis
Hypertension
Rheumatic fever/
Rheumatoid arthritis
Epilepsy
Asthma
Diabetes
S trokes
Aside: "History"
album was by Michael
Jackson (MJ).
Past medical history
(PMH)
VAMP THIS:
Vices (tobacco,
alcohol, other drugs,
sexual risks)
Allergies
Medications
Preexisting medical
conditions
Trauma
Hospitalizations
Immunizations
S urgeries

Family history (FH)

BALD CHASM:
Blood pressure (high)
Arthritis
Lung disease
Diabetes
Cancer
Heart disease
Alcoholism
S troke
Mental health
Patient examination
disorders (depression, organization
etc.)
SOAP:
S ubjective: what the
patient says.
Four point physical
Objective: what the
assessment of a
examiner observes.
disease
Assessment: what the
"I'm A People
examiner thinks is
Person":
going on.
Inspection
Plan: what they intend
Auscultation
to do about it.
Percussion
Palpation
Patient profile (PP)
LADDERS:

Living situation/
Lifestyle
Anxiety
Depression
Daily activities
(describe a typical
day)
Environmental risks/
Exposure
Relationships
S upport system/ S
tress
Physical exam for
'lumps and bumps'
"6 S tudents and 3
Teachers go for
CAMPFIRE":
S ite, S ize, S hape, S
urface, S kin, S car
Tenderness,
Temperature,
Transillumination
Consistency
Attachment
Mobility
Pulsation
Fluctuation
Irreducibility
Regional lymph nodes
Edge

Achondroplasia
Respiratory(suppurati
ve lung disease)
Down syndrome
Hereditary
Environmental
(postirradiation,
postinfectious)
IUGR
GI (malabsorption)
Heart (congenital
heart disease)
Tilted backbone
(scoliosis)
Sign vs. symptom
sIgn: something I can
detect even if patient
is unconscious.
sYMptom is something
only hYM knows
about.

Surgical sieve for

diagnostic categories
INVESTIGATIONS:
Iatrogenic
Neoplastic
Vascular
Endocrine
S tructural/
Mechanical
Physical examination - Traumatic
correct order
Inflammatory
"I Palpate People's
Genetic/ Congenital
Abdomens":
Autoimmune
Inspection
Toxic
Palpation
Infective
Percussion
Old age/ Degenerative
Auscultation
Nutritional
S pontaneous/
Idiopathic
Short statue causes
RETARD HEIGHT:
Rickets
Breast history
Endocrine (cretinism, checklist
hypopituitarism,
LMNOP:
Cushing's)
Lump
Turner syndrome
Mammary changes

16

Nipple changes
Other symptoms
Patient risk factors
MICROBIOLOGY
E. coli: major
subtypes, key point
of each
"HIT by E. coli
outbreak":
EnteroHemorrhagic:
HUS from
Hamburgers
EnteroInvasive:
Immune-mediated
Inflammation
EnteroToxigenic:
Traveller's diarrhea
Entameoba
histolytica: disease
caused, action
EntAmoeba causes
Amoebic dysEntery.
Action: histo (cell)
lytic (burst), so it
bursts cells.
Hepatitis: oral-fecal
transmitted types
"A$$ Eaters":
Types A and E by
oral-fecal route.
Vibrio: motility
"Vibrio Vibrates":
Vibrio is a genus of
actively motile
bacteria.
Endocarditis:
indications for
surgery
PUS RIVER:

Prosthetic valve
endocarditis (most
cases)
Uncontrolled infection
S upporative local
complications with
conduction
abnormalities
Resection of mycotic
aneurysm
Ineffective
antimicrobial therapy
(eg Vs fungi)
Valvular damage
(significant)
Embolization
(repeated systemic)
Refractory congestive
heart failure
Endocarditis: lab
results suggesting it
"High Tech Lab
Results Point At
Endocarditis":
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR
Psedomonas
aeruginosa: features
AERUGINOSA:
Aerobic
Exotoxin A
Rod/ Resistance
UTIs, burns, injuries
Green-blue dressings
Iron-containing
lesions
Negative gram
Odor of grapes
S lime capsule
sometimes (in CF pt)
Adherin pili

Acute post-streptococcal
glomerulonephritis:
classic presentation
"Sore throat, Face bloat,
Pi$$ coke":
Sore throat: 1 week ago
Face bloat: facial edema
Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured
urine
Alternatively, short
version: "Throat, bloat
and coke".
Proteus: disease caused
Firstly, "PROTeus hates
PROTons":
So what does it do to
fight the protons? It has
a urease that raises the
pH.
Urea is in urine, so
Proteus causes UTIs.
UTI-causing
microorganisms
KEEPS:
Klebsiella
Enterococcus faecalis/
Enterobacter cloacae
E. coli
Pseudomonas
aeroginosa/ Proteus
mirabilis
S taphylococcus
saprophyticcus/ S
erratia marcescens
Endotoxin features
ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (grambacteria)
DIC/ Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable

IL-1
Rhinoviruses
Nitric oxide/
Influenza viruses
Neutrophil chemotaxis Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses
IgA proteaseproducing bacteria
"Nice Strip of Ham":
Neisseria
Streptococcus
pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza
Meningitis: risk
factors
"Can Induce S evere
Attacks Of Head
PAINS":
Cancer
Immunocompromised
state
S inusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal
infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic,
esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical
procedures
S plenectomy
Chlamydia:
elementary vs. initial
body location
Elementary:
Extracellular
Initial: Intracellular
Common cold: viral
causes
"Common cold (acute
infectious rhinitis,
coryza) is PRIMArily
caused by":
Paramyxoviruses

DNA viruses:
morphology rule of
thumb
DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
Rule breakers: pox
(cytoplasmic), parvo
(single-stranded).
Gram+: bacterial cell
wall
Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan
layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.
Neisseria:
fermentation of N.
gonorrhoeae vs. N.
meningitidis
Gonorrhoeae: Glucose
fermenter only.
MeninGitidis: Maltose
and Glucose
fermenter.
Maltose fermentation
is a useful property to
know, since it's the
classic test to
distinguish the
Neisseria types.
Obligate anaerobes:
members worth
knowing
ABC:
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Picornavirus: features
PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense
ICOsahedral
RNA virus
RNA viruses: negative
stranded
"Orthodox Rhabbi's
Party Around Fine
Bunnies":
Orthomyxo
Rhabdo
Paramyxo
Arena
Filo
Bunya
RNA viruses: positive
stranded
"Pico Called Flavio To
Return Renzo's
Corona":
Picorna
Calici
Flavi
Toga
Retro
Reo
Corona
Staphylococcus
aureus: diseases
caused
SOFT PAINS:
S kin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
S epsis

Streptococci:
classification by
hemolytic ability
Gamma: Garbage (no
hemolytic activity).
Alpha: Almost (almost
lyse, but incomplete).
Beta: Best (complete
lysis).
Streptococcus
pyogenes: diseases
caused
NIPPLES:
Necrotising fasciitis
and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and
cellulitis
S carlet fever/ S
treptococcal TSS
Streptococcus
pyogenes: virulence
factors
SMASHED:
S treptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
S treptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses
Urease positive
organisms
PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to
alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal
calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the
fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

17

Fishy odor (sometimes)

Fornication (STD)
Influenza infection:
Streptococci: Quellung Flagyl (metronidazole)
clinical
reaction: positive sign, Rx
manifestations
Strep type confirmed
"Having Flu S
"Quell-lung":
NEUROLOGY
ymptoms Can Make
Quell: Capsules swell
Moaning Children A
[+ve test].
Stroke risk factors
Nightmare":
Lung: S. pnuemonia
HEADS:
Headache
[type confirmed].
Hypertension/
Fever
You get pneumonia
Hyperlipidemia
S ore throat
in your lung.
Elderly
Chills
Atrial fib
Myalgias
Diabetes mellitus/ Drugs
Malaise
Gardnerella and
(cocaine)
Cough
Vaginalis vaginal
S moking/ S ex (male)
Anorexia
infection diagnosis
Nasal congestion
"Take a whiff and get
a clue for fishy
Chorea: common causes
bacteria":
St. VITUS'S DANCE:
Klebsiella details
Smells like fish (whiff S ydenhams
You tell the patient:
test); clue cells seen
Vascular
"Get UPS you fat
under microscope.
Increased RBC's
alcoholic":
Gardnerella= Gram
(polycythemia)
UTI
negative.
Toxins: CO, Mg, Hg
Pneumonia
Vaginalis= Variable.
Uremia
S epsis
S LE
Fat capsule
S enile chorea
Get up=nonmotile
Teratogens: placenta- Drugs
since no flagella.
crossing organisms
APLA syndrome
Alcoholic=commonly ToRCHeS:
Neurodegenerative
seen in alcoholic and Toxoplasma
conditions: HD,
nosocomial patients. Rubella
neuroacanthocytosis,
CMV
DRPLA
Herpes simplex,
Conception related:
Pneumonia: acute
Herpes zoster
pregnancy, OCP's
pneumonia infiltrates (varicella), Hepatitis
Endocrine:
from different causes B,C,E
hyperthyroidism, hypo-,
"Pyrogenic=PMN,
S yphilis
hyperglycemia
Miscellaneous=Mono
Alternatively:
nuclear":
TORCHES: with Others
Acute pneumonia
(parvo, listeria), add
Congenital myopathy:
caused by Pyogenic
HIV to H's,
features
bacteria: PMN
Enteroviruses.
DREAMS:
infiltrate.
Dominantly inherited,
Acute pneumonia
mostly
caused by
Trichomaniasis:
Reflexes decreased
Miscellaneous
features
Enzymes normal
microbes:
5 F's:
Apathetic floppy baby
Mononuclear
Flagella
Milestones delayed
infiltrate.
Frothy discharge
S keletal abnormalities

Infection (meningitis,
encephalitis,
pneumonia, syphilis)
Arteriosclerosis and
other vascular disease

Paired ocular
movememts
Dementia: reversible
Papilloedema
dementia causes
Pressure (BP,
DEMENTIA:
increased ICP)
Drugs/ Depression
Pulse and rate
Elderly
Paralysis, Paresis
Multi-infarct/
Encephalitis:
Pyramidal signs
Medication
differential
Pin prick sensory
Environmental
HE'S LATIN
response
Nutritional
AMERICAN:
Pee (incontinent)
Toxins
Herpesviridae
Patellar relex (and
Ischemia
Enteroviridae (esp.
others)
Alcohol
Polio)
Ptosis
S low viruses (esp. JC, Reevaluate patient
prions)
every 8 hrs.
Dementia: some
S yphilis
common causes
Legionella/ Lyme
DEMENTIA:
disease/ Lymphocytic Neurofibromatosis:
Diabetes
meningoencephalitis
diagnostic criteria
Ethanol
Aspergillus
ROLANDO:
Medication
Toxoplasmosis
Relative (1st degree)
Environmental (eg CO Intracranial pressure
Osseous fibromas
poisoning)
Neisseria meningitidis Lisch nodules in eyes
Nutritional
Arboviridae
Axillary freckling
Trauma
Measles/ Mumps/
Neurofibromas
Infection
Mycobacterium
Dime size cafe au lait
Alzheimer's
tuberculosis/ Mucor
spots
E. coli
Optic gliomas
Rabies/ Rubella
Dementia: treatable
Idiopathic
causes
Cryptococcus/
Neuropathy: diagnosis
DEMENTIA:
Candida
confirmation
Drug toxicity
Abscess
NEuropathy:
Emotional
Neoplasm/
Nerve conduction
(depression, anxiety,
Neurocysticercosis
velocity
OCD, etc.)
Neurocysticercosis
Electromyography
Metabolic
should be assumed
(electrolytes, liver dz, with recent Latin
kidney dz, COPD)
American immigrant
Ocular bobbing vs.
Eyes/ Ears (peripheral patient unless proven dipping
sensory restrictions)
otherwise.
"Breakfast is fast,
Nutrition (vitamin,
Dinner is slow, both
iron deficiencies/ NPH
go down":
[Normal Pressure
Head trauma: rapid
Bobbing is fast.
Hydrocephalus]
neuro exam
Dipping is slow.
Tumors/ Trauma
12 P's:
In both, the initial
(including chronic
Psychological
movement is down.
subdural hematoma)
(mental) status
Pupils: size,
symmetry, reaction

Peripheral
neuropathies:
differential
DANG THERAPIST:
Diabetes
Amyloid
Nutritional (eg B12
deficiency)
Guillain-Barre
Toxic (eg amiodarone)
Heriditary
Endocrine
Recurring (10% of GB) Alcohol
Pb (lead)
Idiopathic
S arcoid
Thyroid
Ramsay-Hunt
syndrome: cause and
common feature
"Ramsay Hunt":
Etiology:
Reactivated
Herpes zoster
Complication:
Reduced
Hearing
Status epilepticus:
treatment
"Thank Goodness All
Cerebral Bursts
Dissipate":
Thiamine
Glucose
Ativan
Cerebyx
Barbiturate
Diprivan
Vertigo: differential
VOMITS:
Vestibulitis
Ototoxic drugs
Meniere's disease
Injury

18

Tumor
S pin (benign
positional vertigo)

Boobs Matter More',

the B's also give
Brancial arch
nerves in order:
But (CN 5): 1st arch
Brother (CN7): 2nd
arch
Big (CN9): 3rd arch
Boobs (CN 10): 4th
arch

[Lateral]
Dentate
Emboliform
Globose
Fastigial
[Medial]

Internal capsule
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Cranial nerves:
sensory, motor or
both
"S ome S ay Marry
NEUROSCIENCES
Money But My Brother
Cranial nerves
S ays Big Brains
Argyll-Robertson
"On Old Olympus
Matter More":
Pupil features
Towering Tops, A Finn
From I to XII:
Argyll Robertson
Cerebellar functional
And German Viewed S S ensory
Pupil (ARP)
areas
ome Hops":
S ensory
Read it from front to
Anatomical
In order from 1 to
Motor
back: it is ARP,
shape/location of
12:
Motor
standing for
Broca's vs. Wernick's
cerebellar areas is a key Olfactory
Both
Accomodation Reflex area: effect of damage to their function and
Optic
Motor
Present.
to speech center
related tract.
Occulomotor
Both
Read it from back to
"Broca": your speech
Vermis =
Trochlear
S ensory
front: it is PRA,
machinery is Broken.
Spinocerebellar = Axial
Trigeminal
Both
standing for Pupillary Broca is wanting to
equilibrium.
Abducens
Both
Reflex Absent.
speak, but articulation Vermis: right down the
Facial
Motor
doesn't work, and very axis of cerebellum, and
Auditory [or
Motor
slow.
vertically segmented like Vestibulocochlear]
Alternatives for
Auditory pathway:
"Wer-nick": "were"
a spinal column.
Glossopharyngeal
"Brains": Boobs, Buns,
mandatory stops
and "nick" are both
Flocculonodular lobe = Vagus
Bras.
"Come In My
words of English
Vestibulocerebellar =
Accessory [or Spinal
Baritone":
language, but together Ear, eye, body
root of the accessory]
Cochlear nucleus
they are nonsensical.
coordination.
Hypoglossal
CSF circulation:
Inferior colliculus
Wernick is having
Flocculonodular lobe:
Alternatively:"Oh! Oh! function of choroid vs.
Medial geniculate
good articulation, but flares out to the edges,
Oh! To Touch And Feel arachnoid granules
nucleus
saying words that
just like ears.
A Girls Vagina, Ah!
Choroid Creates CSF.
Brodmann's 41
don't make sense
Hemispheres of
Heaven!".
Arachnoid granules
(cortex)
together.
cerebellum =
Alternatively: "Oh,
Absorb CSF.
Cerebrocerebellar =
Oh, Oh, To Touch And
Peripheral coordination. Feel Virgin Girls
Basal ganglia:
Cerebellar damage
Hemispheres: around
Vaginas And Hymens".
indirect vs. direct
symptoms
periphery of cerebellum,
Dysphagia vs.
pathway
VANISHeD:
and tract to cerebral
dysphasia
The Indirect pathway Vertigo
hemispheres.
Cranial nerves:
DysphaS ia is for S
Inhibits.
Ataxia
olfactory and optic
peech
Direct pathway is
Nystagmus
numbers
DysphaGia is for your
hence the excitatory Intention tremor
Coronal section of brain: "You have two eyes
Gut [swallowing].
one.
S lurred speech
structures
and one nose":
Hypotonic reflexes
"In Extreme Conditions
Optic nerve is cranial
Dysdiadochokinesia.
Eat People's Guts
nerve two.
GABA vs. Glu: the
Branchial arches:
Instead of Their Hearts": Olfactory nerve is
excitatory vs.
cranial nerve
From insula to midline: cranial nerve one.
inhibitory transmitter
innervation
Cerebellar deep nuclei Insula
Alternatively, note
in brain (eg in basal
In
"Ladies Demand
Extreme capsule
alphabetical order:
ganglia)
Sensory/Motor/Both Exceptional Generosity Claustrum
oLfactory, and oPtic.
When you Glue two
mnemonic 'Some Say From Men":
External capsule
things together, you
Marry Money But My
The 4 nuclei, from
Putamen
add (+) those things
Brother Says Big
lateral to medial:
Globis pallidus
together, therefore

Glu is the excitatory

one (+).
GABA is therefore the
negative one.
Geniculate bodies:
medial vs. lateral
system
MALE:
Medial=Auditory.
Lateral=Eye.
Medial geniculate
body is for auditory
system, lateral
geniculate body is for
visual system.
Can expand to MALES
to remember
Lateral=Eye=S uperior
colliculus (thus medial
is inferior colliculus by
default).

Muscle mass
Babinski's sign
In Lower all things
go down: strength,
tone, reflexes, muscle
mass, and the big toe
down in plantar reflex
(Babinski's sign is big
toe up: toe
up = UMNL).
See attached chart.
Meninges: layers in
order
PAD:
Piamater
Arachnoid
Dura

Olivary nuclei: ear vs.

eye roles
S uperior Olivary
nucleus: SOund
Hypothalamus:
localization.
feeding vs. satiety
Inferior olivary
center
nucleus is therefore
"Stim the lat, get fat": the one for sight
Stimulating lateral
[tactile,
increases hunger.
proprioception also].
"Stim the ven, get
thin":
Stimulating
Precentral vs.
ventromedial
postcentral gyrus:
increases satiety.
motor vs. sensory
Just an extension of
the rule that anterior
Lower vs. upper motor = ventral = efferent =
neuron lesion effects
motor.
1. "STORM, Baby"
The precentral gyrus is
2. 'In a Lower motor
on the anterior side of
neuron lesion,
the brain, so is
everything goes
therefore motor.
Down:
STORM Baby tells
you effects:
Purkinje cells in
S trength
cerebellum are
Tone
inhibitory to deep
Other
nuclei
Reflexes

19

Shape of a purkinje
cell in 3 dimensions
is same as a
policeman's hand
saying "Stop".
Therefore, purkinje
cells are inhibitory.
See diagram.

By default, Fasciculus
Cuneatus must be for
upper limbs.

clouds, to check if it's

Fibroids
going to rain (water)":
Torsion of uterus
Therefore, water balance
is in supraoptic nucleus.
Alpha-fetoprotein:
causes for increased
Ventricle aperatures:
maternal serum AFP
converting the two
during pregnancy
nomenclature types
"Increased Maternal S
Magendie foramen is the erum Alpha Feto
Medial aperture.
Protein":
Luschka foramen is the
Intestinal obstruction
Lateral aperture.
Multiple gestation/
Miscalculation of
OBSTETRICS /
gestational age/
GYNECOLOGY
Myeloschisis
S pina bifida cystica
Preeclampsia: classic
Anencephaly/
triad
Abdominal wall defect
PREeclampsia:
Fetal death
Proteinuria
Placental abruption
Rising blood pressure
Edema
APGAR score
components
RLQ pain: brief female
SHIRT:
differential
S kin color: blue or
AEIOU:
pink
Appendicitis/ Abscess
Heart rate: below 100
Ectopic pregnancy/
or over 100
Endometriosis
Irritability (response
Inflammatory disease
to stimulation): none,
(pelvic)/ IBD
grimace or cry
Ovarian cyst (rupture,
Respirations: irregular
torsion)
or good
Uteric colic/ Urinary
Tone (muscle): some
stones
flexion or active

Spinal tracts:
simplified geography
2 posterior: cross at
the medulla.
2 lateral: ipsilateral
Spinal cord:
(same side).
converting ventral/
2 anterior: cross at the
anterior/ motor/
spinal level.
efferent and dorsal/
See diagram.
posterior/ sensory/
Note 1: Descending
afferent
tracts on left of figure,
A limousine:
ascending tracts on
The motor of limo is
right.
ventral and anterior
Note 2: For
on the car.
ipsilaterals: one never
The Aerial is sensory crosses, one crosses
and on the dorsal and at the level then
posterior of the limo. doubles back farther
Note 1: 'A' is
up. The
Afferent, and also, in ipsilateral that crosses
a limo, the aerial on
at the level (ventral
the top of the trunk
spinocerebellar) is the
has a capital 'A'
ipsilateral closest to
shape.
the 2 anterior ones,
Note 2: An aerial is which also cross at the
a sensory thing:
level.
picks up radio waves.
Tract names in each
Note 3: If picked a
group:
limo up in your hand, Posterior 2: lateral
can only see motor
corticalspinal, dorsal
on ventral, since
columns. Lateral 2:
dorsal is covered by
dorsal spinocerebellar,
the
ventral
hood/bonnet.
spinocerebellar.
Anterior 2: ventral
Abdominal pain: causes
corticospinal,
during pregnancy
Spinal tracts:
spinothalamic.
LARA CROFT:
Gracilus vs.
Labour
Cuneatus: origin
Abruption of placenta
from upper vs. lower Thirst/water balance
Rupture (eg. ectopic/
limbs
control centre:
uterus)
Gracilus is the name location in
Abortion
of a muscle in the
hypothalamus
Cholestasis
legs, so Fasciculus
"You look up
Rectus sheath
Gracilus is for the
(supra...optic) at the
haematoma
lower limbs.
Ovarian tumour

Adhesions
Normal estrogen and
progesterone
B-agonist tocolytic
(C/I or warning)
ABCDE:
Angina (Heart
disease)
BP high
Chorioamnionitis
Diabetes
Excessive bleeding

Don't ovulate
(anovulation: 90% of
cases)
Unusual corpus
leuteum activity
(prolonged or
insufficient)
Birth control pills
(since increases
progesteroneestrogen ratio)
Early cord clamping:
indications
RAPID CS:
Rh incompatibility
Asphyxia
Premature delivery
Infections
Diabetic mother
CS (caesarian section)
previously, so the
funda is RAPID CS

CVS and
amniocentesis: when
performed
"Chorionic" has 9
letters and Chorionic
villus sampling
performed at 9 weeks
gestation.
"AlphaFetoProtein"
has 16 letters and it's
measured at 16 weeks Forceps: indications
gestation.
for delivery
FORCEPS:
Foetus alive
Delivery: instrumental Os dilated
delivery prerequisites Ruptured membrane
AABBCCDDEE:
Cervix taken up
Analgesia
Engagement of head
Antisepsis
Presentation suitable
Bowel empty
S agittal suture in AP
Bladder empty
diameter of inlet
Cephalic presentation
Consent
Asherman syndrome
Dilated cervix
Forceps: indications
features
Disproportion (no
for use
ASHERMAN:
CPD)
FORCEPS:
Acquired Anomaly
Engaged
Fully dilated cervix
S econdary to S urgery Episiotomy
0 ["Zero"] CPD
Hysterosalpingograph
Ruptured membranes
y confirms diagnosis
Cephalic or at least
Endometrial damage/ Dysfunctional uterine deliverable
Eugonadotropic
bleeding (DUB): 3
presentation/
Repeated uterine
major causes
Contracting uterus
trauma
DUB:
Episiotomy done/
Missed Menses
Epidural done

P!ss and S #!t

(bladder and bowel
empty)
IUD: side effects
PAINS:
Period that is late
Abdominal cramps
Increase in body
temperature
Noticeable vaginal
discharge
S potting
IUGR: causes
IUGR:
Inherited:
chromosomal and
genetic disorders
Uterus: placental
insufficency
General: maternal
malnutrition, smoking
Rubella and other
congenital infecton
Labour: preterm labor
causes
DISEASE:
Dehydration
Infection
S ex
Exercise (strenuous)
Activities
S tress
Environmental factor
(job, etc)
Multiple pregnancy
complications
HI, PAPA:
Hydramnios (Poly)
IUGR
Preterm labour
Antepartum
haemorrhage
Pre-eclampsia

20

Abortion
Omental caking:
likeliest cause
Omental CAking =
Ovarian CA
"Omental caking" is
term for ascities,
plus a fixed upper
abdominal and pelvic
mass. Almost always
signifies ovarian
cancer.
Oral contraceptive
complications:
warning signs
ACHES:
Abdominal pain
Chest pain
Headache (severe)
Eye (blurred vision)
S harp leg pain
Oral contraceptives:
side effects
CONTRACEPTIVES:
Cholestatic jaundice
Oedema (corneal)
Nasal congestion
Thyroid dysfunction
Raised BP
Acne/ Alopecia/
Anaemia
Cerebrovascular
disease
Elevated blood sugar
Porphyria/
Pigmentation/
Pancreatitis
Thromboembolism
Intracranial
hypertension
Vomiting
(progesterone only)
Erythema nodosum/
Extrapyramidal
effects

S ensitivity to light
Parity abbreviations
(ie: G 3, P 2012)
"To Peace And Love":
T: of Term
pregnancies
P: of Premature births
A: of Abortions
(spontaneous or
elective)
L: of Live births
Describes the
outcomes of the total
number of
pregnancies
(Gravida).

Postpartum collapse:
causes
HEPARINS:
Hemorrhage
Eclampsia
Pulmonary embolism
Amniotic fluid embolism
Regional anaethetic
complications
Infarction (MI)
Neurogenic shock
S eptic shock

Post-partum
haemmorrage (PPH):
risk factors
PARTUM:
Polyhydroamnios/
Pelvic Inflammatory
Prolonged labour/
Disease (PID): causes, Previous cesarian
effects
APH/ ANTH
"PID CAN be EPIC":
Recent bleeding history
Causes:
Twins
Chlamydia trachomatis Uterine fibroids
Actinomycetes
Multiparity
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Effects:
Ectopic
Prenatal care questions
Pregnancy
ABCDE:
Infertility
Amniotic fluid leakage?
Chronic pain
Bleeding vaginally?
Contractions?
Dysuria?
Pelvic Inflammatory
Edema?
Disease (PID):
Fetal movement?
complications
I FACE PID:
Infertility
Secondary amenorrhea:
Fitz-Hugh-Curitis
causes
syndrome
SOAP:
Abscesses
S tress
Chronic pelvic pain
OCP
Ectopic pregnancy
Anorexia
Peritonitis
Pregnancy
Intestinal obstruction
Disseminated: sepsis,
endocarditis, arthritis, Female pelvis: shapes
meninigitis
GAP:

In order from most

to least common:
Gynecoid
Android /Anthropoid
Platypelloid
OPHTHAMOLOGY /
OPTOMETRY
Red eye causes
GO SUCK:
Glaucoma
Orbital disease
S cleritis
Uveitis
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis
Cataracts: causes
ABCDE:
Aging
Bang: trauma, other
injuries (eg infrared)
Congenital
Diabetes and other
metabolic
disturbances (eg
steroids)
Eye diseases:
glaucoma, uveitis
Cataracts: causes
CATARAct:
Congenital
Aging
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
Radiation
Abnormal metabolism
(diabetes mellitus,
Wilson's)

Radiation
Abnormal metabolism
(DM, Wilsons, etc)
Diplopia (uniocular):
causes
ABCD:
Astigmatism
Behavioral:
psychogenic
Cataract
Dislocated lens
Optic atrophy causes
ICING:
Ischaemia
Compressed nerve
Intracranial pressure
[raised]
Neuritis history
Glaucoma
Periorbital cellulitis:
etiology
SIGHT:
S inusitis
Insect Bite
Globular/ Glandular
Spread
Heme Spread
Trauma
ORTHOPEDICS
Carpal tunnel
syndrome: treatment
WRIST:
Wear splints at night
Rest
Inject steroid
S urgical
decompression
Take diuretics

Cataracts: differential
CATARAct:
Congenital
Aging
Fracture: how to
Toxicity (steroids, etc) describe
Accidents
PLASTER OF PARIS:

Plane
Location
Articular cartilage
involvement
S imple or
comminuted
Type (eg Colles')
Extent
Reason
Open or closed
Foreign bodies
disPlacement
Angulation
Rotation
Impaction
S hortening
Bone fracture types
[for Star Wars fans]
GO C3PO:
Greenstick
Open
Complete/ Closed/
Comminuted
Partial
Others
Note: C3P0 is droid in
the Star-Wars movies.
Bryant's traction:
position
BrYant's traction:
Bent Y.
Patient's body is the
stem of the Y laying
on the bed, and legs
are the ends of the Y
up in the air.
Monoarthritis
differential
GHOST:
Gout
Haemarthrosis
Osteoarthritis
S epsis
Trauma

Osteosarcoma: risk
factors
PRIMARY:
Paget's
Radiation
Infaction of bone
Male
Alcohol, poor diet,
sedentary lifestyle
[adults only]
Retinoblastoma, LiFraumeni syndrome
Young [10-20 yrs]
Osteosarcoma is the
most common primary
malignant tumor of
bone.
Pagets disease of
bone: signs and
symptoms
PANICS:
Pain
Arthralgia
Nerve compression /
Neural deafness
Increased bone
density
Cardiac failure
S kull / S clerotic
vertebrae
PATHOLOGY
Achalasia: 1 possible
cause, 1 treatment
aCHAlasia:
1 possible cause:
CHAgas' disease
1 treatment: Ca++
CHAnnel blockers
Carcinoid syndrome:
components
CARCinoid:
Cutaneous flushing
Asthmatic wheezing

21

Right sided valvular

heart lesions
Cramping and
diarrhea
Gallstones: risk
factors
5 F's:
Fat
Female
Family history
Fertile
Forty
Haemochromatosis
definition, classic
triad
"Iron man
triathalon":
Iron man: deposition
of iron in many body
tissues.
Triathalon has 3
components, which
match triad:
S wimming: S kin
pigmentation
Biking: Bronze
diabetes
Marathon:
Micronodular
pigment cirrhosis
See diagram for
visual equivalent.
Hepatomegaly: 3
common causes, 3
rarer causes
Common are 3 C's:
Cirrhosis
Carcinoma
Cardiac failure
Rarer are 3 C's:
Cholestasis
Cysts
Cellular infiltration

IBD: extraintestinal
manifestations
"Left intestine to sail
the SEAS of the rest of
the body":
S kin manifestations:
erythema nodosum,
pyoderma
gangrenosum
Eye inflammation:
iritis, episcleritis
Arthritis
S clerosing cholangitis

Inflammatory Bowel
Disease: which has
cobblestones
Crohn's has
Cobblestones on
endoscopy.
Kwashiorkor:
distinguishing from
Marasmus
FLAME:
Fatty Liver
Anemia
Malabsorption
Edema
Pancreatitis: causes
PANCREATITIS:
Posterior
Alcohol
Neoplasm
Cholelithiasis
Rx (lasix, AZT)
ERCP
Abdominal surgery
Trauma
Infection (mumps)
Triglycerides elevated
Idiopathic
S corpion bite
PKU findings

PKU:
Pale hair, skin
Krazy (neurological
abnormalities)
Unpleasant smell
Ulcerative colitis:
features
ULCERATIONS:
Ulcers
Large intestine
Carcinoma [risk]
Extraintestinal
manifestations
Remnants of old ulcers
[pseudopolyps]
Abscesses in crypts
Toxic megacolon [risk]
Inflamed, red, granular
mucosa
Originates at rectum
Neutrophil invasion
S tools bloody
Acute ischemia: signs
[especially limbs]
6 P's:
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paralysis
Paraesthesia
Perishingly cold
Anemia (normocytic):
causes
ABCD:
Acute blood loss
Bone marrow failure
Chronic disease
Destruction (hemolysis)
Anemia causes
(simplified)
ANEMIA:
Anemia of chronic
disease

No folate or B12
Ethanol
Marrow failure &
hemaglobinopathies
Iron deficient
Acute & chronic blood
loss

SHEehan's syndrome

Atherosclerosis risk
factors
"You're a SAD BET
with these risk
factors":
S ex: male
Age: middle-aged,
elderly
Diabetes mellitus
BP high: hypertension
Elevated cholesterol
Tobacco

Buerger's disease
features
"burger SCRAPS":
S egmenting
thrombosing vasculitis
Claudication
(intermittent)
Raynaud's
phenomenon
Associated with
smoking
Pain, even at rest
S uperficial nodular
phlebitis
Alternatively, if
hungry for more detail
[sic], "CRISP PIG
burgers":
Chronic ulceration
Raynaud's
phenomenon
Intermittent
claudication
S egmenting,
thrombosing vasculitis
Pain, even at rest
Phlebitis (superficial
nodular)
Idiopathic
Gangrene

Blood disorders:
commoner sex
HE (male) gets:
HEmophilia (X-linked)
HEinz bodies (G6PD
deficiency, causing
HEmolytic anemia: Xlinked)
HEmochromatosis
(male predominance)
HEart attacks (male
predominance)
HEnoch-Schonlein
purpura (male
predominance)
SHE (female) gets:

Cardiovascular risk
factors
FLASH BODIES:
Family history
Lipids
Age
S ex
Homocystinaemia
Blood pressure
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
Inflammation (raised
CRP)/ Increased
thrombosis
Exercise
S moking

Aneurysm types
MAD SCAB:
Mycotic
Atherosclerotic
Dissecting
S yphilitic
Capillary
microaneurysm
Arteriovenous fistula
Berry

Deep venous
thrombosis: diagnosis
DVT:
Dilated superficial
veins/ Discoloration/
Doppler ultrasound
Venography is gold
standard
Tenderness of Thigh
and calf
Disseminated
Intravascular
Cogulation: causes
DIC:
Delivery TEAR
(obstetric
complications)
Infections (gram
negative)/
Immunological
Cancer (prostate,
pancreas, lung,
stomach)
Obstretrical
complications are
TEAR:
Toxemia of pregnancy
Emboli (amniotic)
Abrutio placentae
Retain fetus products

Rheumatic heart
disease
Thyrotoxicosis (incl.
pregnancy)
Myocardial infarct
Arrythmia
Y
Diet & lifestyle
Infection
Endocarditis
Hypertension:
secondary
hypertension causes
CHAPS:
Cushing's syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
[aka Conn's
syndrome]
Aorta coarctation
Phaeochromocytoma
S tenosis of renal
arteries
Note: only 5% of
hypertension cases
are secondary, rest
are primary.

Kawasaki disease:
diagnostic criteria
CHILD:
5 letters=5 days, >5
years old, 5 out 6
criteria for diagnosis:
Fat embolism: findings Conjuctivitis
"Fat, Bat, Fract":
(bilateral)
Fat in urine, sputum
Hyperthermia (fever)
Bat-wing lung x-ray
>5 days
Fracture history
Idiopathic
Also, fracture of
polymorphic rash
FEMur causes Fat
Lymphoadenopathy
EMboli.
(cervical)
Dryness & redness of
(i)lips & month
Heart failure causes
(ii)palms & soles [2
"HEART MAy DIE":
separate criteria]
Hypertension
Embolism
Anemia

22

Kawasaki disease:
features
Disease name: a
Kawasaki
motorcycle.
Usually young
children, epidemic in
Japan: Japanese
child rides the
motorcycle.
Conjunctival, oral
erythema: red eyes,
mouth.
Fever: thermometer.
Erythema of palms,
soles: red palms,
soles.
Generalized rash:
rash dots.
Cervical
lymphadenitis:
enlarged cervical
nodes with
inflammation arrows.
Vasculitis of arteries:
inflammation arrows
on arteries.
Cardiovascular
sequelae [20%]:
inflammation arrows
on cardiac arteries.
Treat with aspirin:
aspirin headlight.
See diagram.
MI: complications
HAS CRAPPED:
Heart failure/
Hypertension
Arrhythmia
S hock
Cardiac Rupture
Aneurysm
Pericarditis
Pulmonary Emboli
DVT
MI: post-MI
complications

ACT RAPID:
Arrhythmias (SVT, VT,
VF)
Congestive cardiac
failure
Tamponade/
Thromboembolic
disorders
Rupture (ventricle,
septum, papillary
muscle)
Aneurysm (ventricle)
Pericarditis
Infaction (a second
one)
Death/ Dressler's
syndrome
MI: sequence of
elevated enzymes
after MI
"Time to CALL 911":
From first to appear
to last:
Troponin
CK-MB
AST
LDH1
Knowledge Level 2,
System:
Cardiovascular
Marco Foramiglio
Centro de Cincias
Mdicas e Biolgicas PUC/SP- Sorocaba/SP
- Brazil
Pericarditis: findings
PERICarditis:
Pulsus paradoxus
ECG changes
Rub
Increased JVP
Chest pain [worse on
inspiration, better
when lean forward]

Pick's disease: location,

action, epidemiology
See figure.
Pick axes are Picking
away at the old woman's
cerebral cortex, causing
cortical atrophy.
2 pick axes on her brain:
frontal lobe and anterior
1/3 of temporal.
An old woman, since
epidemiology is elderly &
more common in women.
Takayasu's disease is
Pulseless disease
"Can't Tak'a ya pulse"
(Can't take your pulse):
Takayasu's disease
known as Pulseless
disease, since pulse is
weakened in the upper
extremities.
Thrombotic
thrombocytopenic
purpura: signs
FAT RN:
Fever
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal problems
Neurologic dysfunction
TTP: clinical features
Thrombosis and
thrombocytopenia
PARTNER together:
Platelet count low
Anemia
(microangiopathic
hemolytic)
Renal failure
Temperature rise
Neurological deficits
ER admission (as it is an
emergency)

Virchow's triad
(venous thrombosis)
"VIRchow":
Vascular trauma
Increased
coagulability
Reduced blood flow
(stasis)
Von Hippel-Lindau:
signs and symptoms
HIPPEL:
Hemanigoblastomas
Increased renal
cancer
Pheochromocytoma
Port-wine stains
Eye dysfunction
Liver, pancreas,
kidney cysts
Bare bones version:
Hippel-Lindau, with H
and L as above.
Addison's disease:
features
ADDISON:
Autoimmune
DIC (meningcoccus)
Destruction by cancer,
infection, vascular
insufficiency
Iatrogenic
S arcoidosis,
granulomatous such
as TB histiomycosis
hypOtension/
hypOnatermia
Nelson's syndrome
[post adrelectomy,
increased ACTH]
Cushing syndrome
CUSHING:
Central obesity/
Cervical fat pads/
Collagen fiber

weakness/
Comedones (acne)
Urinary free corisol
and glucose increase
S triae/ S uppressed
immunity
Hypercortisolism/
Hypertension/
Hyperglycemia/
Hirsutism
Iatrogenic (Increased
administration of
corticosteroids)
Noniatrogenic
(Neoplasms)
Glucose intolerance/
Growth retardation
Goitre: differential
GOITRE:
Goitrogens
Onset of puberty
Iodine deficiency
Thyrotoxicosis/
Tumor/ Thyroiditis
[Hashimoto's]
Reproduction
[pregnancy]
Enzyme deficiencies
Hirsutism vs. virilism
Hirsutism: Hair on
body like a male.
Virilism: Voice and
rest of secondary
sexual characteristics
like a male.
Hypercalcemia:
symptoms of elevated
serum levels
"Bones, Stones,
Groans, Moans":
Bones: pain in bones
Stones: renal
Groans: pain
Psychic moans/
Psychological

overtones: confused
state

Trauma
S urgery
girls: Thyroid storm
more common in
Multiple endocrine
females.
neoplasia III:
cAMP: Tx involves
components
high dose of beta
MEN III is a disease of blockers (beta
3 M's:
receptors work via
Medullary thyroid
cAMP)
carcinoma
Alternatively: "S#IT
Medulla of adrenal
storm": S urgery,
(pheochromocytoma) Hyperthyroidism,
Mucosal neuroma
Infection/ Illness,
Trauma.
Pheochromocytoma: 3
most common
symptoms
"PHEochromocytoma":
Palpitations
Headache
Edisodic sweating
(diaphoresis)
Thyroid carcinoma:
features, prognosis of
most popular
Most Popular is
Papillary.
Clinical features:
Papillae (branching)
Palpable lymph nodes
"Pupil" nuclei (Orphan
Annie)
Psammoma bodies
within lesion (often)
Also, has a Positive
Prognosis (10 year
survival rate: 98%).
Thyroid storm
characteristics
"Storm HITS girls
cAMP":
Thyroid storm due to:
Hyperthyroidism
Infection or Illness at
childbirth

Baldness risk factors

"Daddy Doesn't Deny
Getting Hair
Implants":
Diet
Disease
Drugs
Genes
Hormones
Injury to the scalp
Diabetic ketoacidosis:
I vs. II
ketONE bodies are
seen in type ONE
diabetes.
Lichen planus
characteristics
Planus has 4 P's:
Peripheral
Polygonal
Pruritus
Purple
APKD: signs,
complications,
accelerators
11 B's:
Signs:
Bloody urine

23

Bilateral pain [vs.

stones, which are
usually unilateral
pain]
Blood pressure up
Bigger kidneys
Bumps palpable
Complications:
Berry aneurysm
Biliary cysts
Bicuspid valve
[prolapse and other
problems]
Accelerators:
Boys
Blacks
Blood pressure high

One joint (75%

monoarticular)
Uric acid increased
(hence urolithiasis)
Tophi
Hematuria: urethral
causes
NUTS:
Neoplasm
Urethritis
Tumour
S tone

Nephritic syndrome:
glomerular diseases
commonly presenting
Gout vs. pseudogout: as nephritic syndrome
crystal lab findings
PARIS:
Pseduogout crystals
Post-streptococcal
are:
Alport's
Positive birefringent RPGN
Polygon shaped
IgA nephropathy
Gout therefore is
S LE
the negative needle
Alternatively: PIG
shaped crystals.
ARMS to include
Also, gout
Goodpasture's [one
classically strikes
cause of RPGN],
great Toe, and its
Membranoproliferative
hallmark is Tophi.
[only sometimes
included in the classic
nephritic list].
Gout: factors that
can precipitate an
attack of acute gouty Nephrotic syndrome:
arthritis
hallmark findings
DARK:
"Protein LEAC":
Diuretics
Proteinuria
Alcohol
Lipid up
Renal disease
Edema
Kicked (trauma)
Albumin down
And, the attack
Cholesterol up
occurs most often at
In nephrotic, the
night [thus "dark"].
proteins leak out.
Gout: major features
GOUT:
Great toe

Renal failure
(chronic):
consequences

ABCDEFG:
Anemia
-due to less EPO
Bone alterations
-osteomalacia
-osteoporosis
-von Recklinghausen
Cardiopulmonary
-atherosclerosis
-CHF
-hypertension
-pericarditis
D vitamin loss
Electrolyte imbalance
-sodium loss/gain
-metabolic acidosis
-hyperkalemia
Feverous infections
-due to leukocyte
abnormalities and
dialysis hazards
GI disturbances
-haemorrhagic gastritis
-peptic ulcer disease
-intractable hiccups
Renal failure: causes
AVID GUT:
Acute tubular necrosis
Vascular obstruction
Infection
Diffuse intravascular
coagulation
Glomerular disease
Urinary obstruction
Tubulointerstitial
nephritis
Anemia: TIBC finding to
differentiate iron
deficiency vs. chronic
disease
TIBC levels at the:
Top=Iron deficiency.
Bottom=Chronic disease.
Hemophilia: type A
factor

Hemophilia A:
problems with VIII
factor (number V as
an inverted A).

Respiratory
complications/ Renal
calculi/ Restrictive
lung disease/
Restrictive
cardiomyopathy
Leukemias: acute vs.
Calcium increase in
chronic rules of thumb serum and urine/ CD4
ABCDE:
helper cells
Acute is:
Ocular lesions
Blasts predominate
Immune mediated
Children
noncaseating
Drastic course
granulomas/ [Ig]
Elderly
increase
Few WBC's (so
Diabetes insipidus/ [D
Fevers)
vit.] increase/
Chronic is all the
Dyspnea
opposites:
Osteopathy
Mature cells
S kin (S ubcutaneous
predominate
nodules, erythema
Middle aged
nodosum)
Less debilitating
Interstitial lung
course
fibrosis/ IL-1
Elevated WBC's, so not S eventh CN palsy
a history of fevers and
infections
Wiskott-Aldrich
syndrome: symptom
Megaloblastic anemia: triad
vitamin B12 deficiency "PET WASP":
vs. folate deficiency
Pyrogenic infections
Vitamin B12 deficiency Eczema
also affects Brain
Thrombocytopenia
(optic neuropathy,
WASP is the name of
subacute combined
the causitive agent:
degeneration,
Wiskott-Aldrich
paresthesia).
Syndrome Protein.
Folate deficiency is
Alternatively:
not associated with
Wiskott=Hot,
neurological
Aldrich=Itch,
symptoms.
Syndrom=Throm.
Sarcoidosis
summarized
SARCOIDOISIS:
S chaumann
calcifications
Asteroid bodies/
[ACE] increase/
Anergy

Duchenne vs. Becker

Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy (DMD) :
Doesn't Make
Dystrophin.
Becker Muscular
Dystrophy (BMD):

Badly Made
Dystrophin (a
truncated protein).
McArdle's syndrome
MCARDLES:
Myoglobinuria
Cramping after
exercise
Accumulated glycogen
Recessive inheritance
Deficiency of muscle
phosphorylase
Lactate levels fail to
rise
Elevated creatine
kinase
S keletal muscle only
Alzheimer's disease
(AD): associations,
findings
AD:
Associations:
Aluminum toxicity
Acetylcholine
deficiencies
Amyloid B
Apolipoprotein gene E
Altered nucleus
basalis of Meynert
Down's
Findings:
Actin inclusions
(Hirano bodies)
Atrophy of brain
Amyloid plaques
Aphasia, Apraxia,
Agitation
DNA-coiled tangles
Dementia,
Disoriented,
Depressed
Cerebral palsy:
general features
PALSY:
Paresis

Ataxia
Lagging motor
development
S pasticity
Young
Lou Gehrig's is both
upper and lower motor
neuron signs
LoU = Lower & Upper.
Parkinsonism:
essential features
TRAPS:
Tremor (resting
tremor)
Rigidity
Akinesia
Postural changes
(stooped)
S tare (serpentine
stare)
To remember what
kind of tremor and
postural change, can
look at letter that
follows in TRAPS:
Tremor is Resting,
Posture is S tooped.
Pyrogenic meningitis:
likeliest bug in age
group
"Explaining Hot Neck S
tiffness":
In order from birth
to death:
E. coli [infants]
Haemophilus
influenzae [older
infants, kids]
Neisseria meningitis
[young adults]
S treptococcus
pneumoniae [old
folks]

24

Tabes Dorsalis
morphology
DORSALIS:
Dorsal column
degeneration
Orthopedic pain
(Charcot joints)
Reflexes decreased
(deep tendon)
S hooting pain
Argyll-Robertson
pupils
Locomotor ataxia
Impaired
proprioception
S yphilis
Tuberous sclerosis:
presenting features
"Zits, Fits, Deficits":
Fits: seizures
Deficits: neurological
deficits
Wernicke-Korsakoff's
psychosis: findings
COAT RACK:
Wernicke's
encephalopathy
(acute phase):
Confusion
Ophthalmoplegia
Ataxia
Thiamine tx.
Korsakoff's
psychosis (chronic
phase):
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Confabulation
Korsakoff's psychosis
Edwards' syndrome:
characteristics
EDWARDS:
Eighteen (trisomy)
Digit overlapping
flexion

Wide head
Absent intellect
(mentally retarded)
Rocker-bottom feet
Diseased heart
S mall lower jaw

S hort
Bronchial obstruction:
consequences
APPLE BABE:
Atelectasis
Pleural adhesions
Pleuritis
Lipid pneumonia
Effusion->organisation>fibrosis
Bronchiectasis
Abscess
Broncho and lobar
pneumonia
Emphysema

Fragile X syndrome:
features
FEMALES
FMR1 gene
Exhibits anticpation
Macro-orchidism
Autism
Long face with large
jaw
Everted eyes
S econd most common
casue of genetic
COPD: 4 types and
mental retardation
hallmark
ABCDE:
Asthma
Fragile-X syndrome:
Brochiectasis
features
Chronic bronchitis
DSM-4:
Dyspnea [hallmark of
Discontinued
group]
chromosome staining Emphysema
S hows anticipation
Alternatively: replace
Male (male more
Dyspnea with Decreased
affected)
FEV1/FVC ratio.
Mental retardation
(2nd most common
genetic cause)
COPD: blue bloater vs.
Macrognathia
pink puffer diseases
Macroorchidism
emPhysema has letter P
(and not B) so Pink
Puffer.
Turner syndrome:
chronic Bronchitis has
components
letter B (and not P) so
CLOWNS:
Blue Bloater.
Cardiac abnormalities
(specifically
Coartication)
Emphysema: types, most
Lymphoedema
important feature of
Ovaries
each
underdeveloped
"Cigarettes Is Primary
(causing sterility,
Problem":
amenorrhea)
Types:
Webbed neck
Centrilobular
Nipples widely spaced Irregular

Pancinar
Paraseptal
Most important
feature for each type
(in order as above):
Cigarrettes
Inflammation healed
to scar
Protease inhibitor
deficiency (a1antitrypsin)
Pneumothorax
"Cigarettes is
primary problem"
used since cigarettes
is most common cause
of emphysema.
Keeping P's straight:
Pan is antitrypsin.
Interstitial lung
disease: causes
SARCOIDI:
S arcoidosis
Allergic reaction
Radiation
Connective tissue
disease
Occupational exposure
Infection
Drugs
Idiopathic
Nasopharyngeal
malignant cancers
NASOPharyngeal:
Nasophayngeal
Adenocarcinoma
S quamous cell
carcinoma
Olfactory
neuroblastoma
Plasmacytoma
Pancoast tumor:
relationship with
Horner's syndrome

"Horner has a MAP of

the Coast":
A panCoast tumor is a
cancer of the lung
apex that compresses
the cervical
sympathetic plexus,
causing Horner's
syndrome, which is
MAP:
Miosis
Anhidrosis
Ptosis
Pneumothorax:
presentation
P-THORAX:
Pleuretic pain
Trachea deviation
Hyperresonance
Onset sudden
Reduced breath
sounds (& dypsnea)
Absent fremitus
X-ray shows collapse
Pulmonary embolism:
risk factors
TOM SCHREPFER:
Trauma
Obesity
Malignancy
S urgery
Cardiac disease
Hospitalization
Rest [bed-ridden]
Elderly
Past history
Fracture
Estrogen [pregnancy,
post-partum]
Road trip
Respiratory distress
syndrome in infants:
major risk factors
PCD (Primary Ciliary
Dyskinesia, a cause of

Respiratory distress
syndrome):
Prematurity
Cesarean section
Diabetic mother
TB: features
TB is characterised by
4 C's:
Caseation
Calcification
Cavitation
Cicatrization
Breast cancer: risk
assessment
"Risk can be assessed
by History ALONE":
History (family,
previous episode)
Abortion/ Age (old)
Late menopause
Obesity
Nulliparity
Early menarche
Endometrial
carcinoma: risk
factors
ENDOMET:
Elderly
Nulliparity
Diabetes
Obesity
Menstrual irregularity
Estrogen therapy
hyperTension
Polycystic ovary:
morphology,
presentation
Morphology is poly-C:
Cysts
Capsule thickened
Cortical stromal
fibrosis

Clinical presentation
is OVARY:
Obese
Virilism or hirsutism
Amenorrhoea
Reproductive problem
[infertile]
Young woman
Scrotum masses
SHOVE IT:
S permatocele
Hydrocele/
Haematocele
Orchitis
Varicocele
Epidymal cyst
Indirect inguinal
hernia
Torsion/ Tumor
Carcinomas having
tendency to
metastasize to bone
"Kinds Of Tumors
Leaping Primarily To
Bone":
Kidneys
Ovaries
Testes
Lungs
Prostate
Thyroid
Breasts
Alternatively:
"Promptly" instead of
"Primarily".
Alternatively: "BLT2
with a Kosher Pickle".
Histiocytosis X:
hallmark finding
"Birbeck's rackets is
X":
Tennis rackets under
electron microscope is
Histiocystosis X.

25

Consider 2 tennis
rackets in an X
formation.
See diagram.
Marble bone disease:
signs and symptoms
MARBLES:
Multiple fractures
Anemia
Restricted cranial
nerves
Blind & deaf
Liver enlarged
Erlenmeyer flask
deformity
S plenomegaly
Eponymous name:
Marbles = AlbersSchonberg
(anagram).
Paget's disease of
bone: signs and
symptoms
Four L's:
Larger hat size
Loss of hearing: due
to compression of
nerve
Leontiasis ossea
(lion-like face)
Light-headed
(Paget's steal)
PEDIATRICS
Duodenal atresia vs.
Pyloric stenosis: site
of obstruction
Duodenal Atresia:
Distal to Ampulla of
vater.
Pyloric stenosis:
Proximal to it.

Pyloric stenosis
(congential):
presentation
Pyloric stenosis is 3
P's:
Palpable mass
Paristalsis visible
Projectile vomiting (24 weeks after birth)
Vitamin toxicities:
neonatal
Excess vitamin A:
Anomalies
(teratogenic)
Excess vitamin E:
Enterocolitis
(necrotizing
enterocolitis)
Excess vitamin K:
Kernicterus
(hemolysis)
Cyanotic congenital
heart diseases
5 T's:
Truncus arteriosus
Transposition of the
great arteries
Tricuspid atresia
Tetrology of Fallot
Total anomalous
pulmonary venous
return
Cyanotic heart
diseases: 5 types
Use your five
fingers:
1 finger up: Truncus
Arteriosus (1 vessel)
2 fingers up:
Dextroposition of the
Great Arteries (2
vessels transposed)
3 fingers up: Tricuspid
Atresia (3=Tri)

4 fingers up: Tetralogy

of Fallot (4=Tetra)
5 fingers up: Total
Anomalous Pulmonary
Venous Return (5=5
words)
Hemolytic-Uremic
Syndrome (HUS):
components
"Remember to decrease
the RATE of IV fluids in
these patients":
Renal failure
Anemia
(microangiopathic,
hemolytic)
Thrombocytopenia
Encephalopathy (TTP)
Haematuria: differential
in children
ABCDEFGHIJK:
Anatomy (cysts, etc)
Bladder (cystitis)
Cancer (Wilm's tumour)
Drug related
(cyclophosphamide)
Exercise induced
Factitious (Munchausen
by proxy)
Glomerulonephritis
Haematology (bleeding
disorder, sickle cell)
Infection (UTI)
In Jury (trauma)
Kidney stones
(hypercalciuria)
Perez reflex
Eliciting the PErEz reflex
will make the baby PEE.
Cerebral palsy (CP):
most likely cause
CP: Cerebral Palsy
Child Premature

The premature brain

is more prone to all
the possible insults.

Myocarditis
Encephalitis
Appendicitis
S ubacute sclerosing
panencephalitis
Pediatric milestones in Laryngitis
development
Early death
1 year:
S h!ts (diarrhoea)
-single words
Corneal ulcer
2 years:
Otis media
-2 word sentences
Mesenteric
-understands 2 step
lymphadenitis
commands
Pneumonia and
3 years:
related (bronchiolitis-3 word combos
bronchitis-croup)
-repeats 3 digits
-rides tricycle
4 years:
Russell Silver
-draws square
syndrome: features
-counts 4 objects
ABCDEF:
Asymmetric limb
(hemihypertrophy)
Sturge-Weber
Bossing (frontal)
syndrome: hallmark
Clinodactyly/ Cafe au
features
lait spots
S turge-Weber:
Dwarf (short stature)
1. S eizures
Excretion (GU
2. PortWine stain
malformation)
Face (triangular face,
micrognathia)

When cough in
nursery, rock the
"CRADLE":
Cystic fibrosis
Rings, slings, and
airway things
(tracheal rings)/
Respiratory infections
Aspiration
(swallowing
dysfunction, TE fistula,
gastroesphageal
reflux)
Dyskinetic cilia
Lung, airway, and
vascular
malformations
(tracheomalacia, vocal
cord dysfunction)
Edema (heart failure)

Exam (rales or
wheezing in previously
clear areas,
tachypnea,
retractions)
Activity (decreased,
impaired exercise
intolerance, increased
absenteeism)
S putum (becomes
darker, thicker, and
more abundant,
forming plugs)

Cystic fibrosis:
presenting signs
CF PANCREAS:
Chronic cough and
wheezing
Failure to thrive
Pancreatic
Croup: symptoms
insufficiency
3 S's:
(symptoms of
S tridor
malabsorption like
S ubglottic swelling
steatorrhea)
S eal-bark cough
Alkalosis and
hypotonic dehydration
Neonatal intestinal
Cystic fibrosis:
obstruction
exacerbation of
(meconium ileus)/
Guthrie card: diseases
pulmonary infection
Nasal polyps
identified with it
Williams syndrome:
CF PANCREAS:
Clubbing of fingers/
"Guthrie Cards Can
features
Cough (increase in
Chest radiograph with
Help Predict Bad
WILLIAMS:
intensity and frequent characteristic changes
Metabolism":
Weight (low at birth,
spells)
Rectal prolapse
Galactosaemia
slow to gain)
Fever (usually low
Electrolyte elevation in
Cystic fibrosis
Iris (stellate iris)
grade, unless severe
sweat, salty skin
Congenital adrenal
Long philtrum
bronchopneumonia is Absence or congenital
hyperplasia
Large mouth
present)
atresia of vas deferens
Hypothyroidism
Increased Ca++
Pulmonary function
S putum with Staph or
Phenylketonuria
Aortic stenosis (and
deterioration
Pseudomonas
Biotidinase deficiency other stenoses)
Appetite decrease
(mucoid)
Maple syrup urine
Mental retardation
Nutrition, weight loss
disease
S welling around eyes CBC (leukocytosis
(periorbital puffiness) with left shift)
Breast feeding:
Radiograph (increase benefits
Measles:
overaeration,
ABCDEFGH:
complications
Cough (chronic):
peribronchial
Infant:
"MEASLES COMP"
differential
thickening, mucus
Allergic condition
(complications):
plugging)
reduced

26

Best food for infant

Close relationship
with mother
Development of IQ,
jaws, mouth
Mother:
Econmical
Fitness: quick return
to pre-pregnancy
body shape
Guards against
cancer: breast, ovary,
uterus
Hemorrhage
(postpartum)
reduced

Antiarrhythmics: class Propranolol

III members
BIAS:
Bretylium
Captopril (an ACE
Ibutilide
inhibitor): side effects
Amiodarone
CAPTOPRIL:
S otalol
Cough
Angioedema/
Agranulocystosis
Beta blockers with
Proteinuria/ Potassium
intrinsic
excess
sympathomimetic
Taste changes
activity
Orthostatic hypotension
Picture diabetic and
Pregnancy
asthmatic kids riding
contraindication/
away on a cart that
Pancreatitis/ Pressure
rolls on pinwheels.
drop (first dose
Pindolol and Carteolol hypertension)
Septic Arthritis: most have high and
Renal failure (and renal
common cause
moderate ISA
artery stenosis
S taphylococcus
respectively, making
contraindication)/ Rash
Aureus is the most
them acceptable for
Indomethacin inhibition
common cause of
use in some
Leukopenia/ Liver
S eptic Arthritis in
diabetics or
toxicity
the pediatric
asthmatics despite the
population.
fact that they are nonKnowledge Level 5,
seletive beta blockers. Enoxaprin (prototype
System: Skeletal
low molecular weight
Anonymous
heparin): action,
Contributor
Beta-blockers: main
monitoring
contraindications,
EnoXaprin only acts on
PHARMACOLOGY
cautions
factor Xa.
ABCDE:
Monitor Xa
Hepatic necrosis:
Asthma
concentration, rather
drugs causing focal
Block (heart block)
than APTT.
to massive necrosis
COPD
"Very Angry
Diabetes mellitus
Hepatocytes":
Electrolyte
HMG-CoA reductase
Valproic acid
(hyperkalemia)
inhibitors (statins): side
Acetaminophen
effects,
Halothane
contraindications,
Beta-blockers:
interactions
nonselective betaHMG-CoA:
Adrenoceptors:
blockers
Side effects:
vasomotor function
"Tim Pinches His Nasal Hepatotoxicity
of alpha vs. beta
Problem" (because he Myositis [aka
ABCD:
has a runny nose...):
rhabdomyolysis]
Alpha = Constrict.
Timolol
Contraindications:
Beta = Dilate.
Pindolol
Girl during pregnancy/
Hismolol
Growing children
Naldolol
Interactions:

Coumarin/
Cyclosporine
Hypertension:
treatment
ABCD:
ACE inhibitors/ AngII
antagonists
(sometimes Alpha
agonists also)
Beta blockers
Calcium antagonists
Diuretics
Patent ductus
arteriosus: treatment
"Come In and Close
the door":
INdomethacin is used
to Close PDA.
Propranolol and
related '-olol' drugs:
usage
"olol" is just two
backwards lower case
b's.
Backward b's stand
for "beta blocker".
Beta blockers include
acebutolol, betaxolol,
bisoprolol, oxprenolol,
propranolol.
Thrombolytic agents
USA:
Urokinase
S treptokinase
Alteplase (tPA)

Warfarin: metabolism
SLOW:
Has a slow onset of
action.
A quicK Vitamin K
antagonist, though.
S mall lipid-soluble
molecule
Liver: site of action
Oral route of
administration.
Warfarin
Gynaecomastiacausing drugs
DISCOS:
Digoxin
Isoniazid
S pironolactone
Cimetidine
Oestrogens
S tilboestrol
Knowledge Level 4,
System: Endocrine
Nasseri University of
Sheffield
K+ increasing agents
K-BANK:
K-sparing diuretic
Beta blocker
ACEI
NSAID
K supplement
Propythiouracil (PTU):
mechanism
It inhibits PTU:
Peroxidase/
Peripheral
deiodination
Tyrosine iodination
Union (coupling)

Warfarin: action,
monitoring
WePT:
Warfarin works on the
extrinsic pathway and
is monitored by PT.
Steroid side effects

CUSHINGOID:
Cataracts
Ulcers
S kin: striae, thinning,
bruising
Hypertension/
Hirsutism/
Hyperglycemia
Infections
Necrosis, avascular
necrosis of the
femoral head
Glycosuria
Osteoporosis, obesity
Immunosuppression
Diabetes

CHF
Hypertension
Insipidous
Calcium calculi

Steroids: side effects

BECLOMETHASONE:
Buffalo hump
Easy bruising
Cataracts
Larger appetite
Obesity
Moonface
Euphoria
Thin arms & legs
Hypertension/
Hyperglycaemia
Avascular necrosis of
femoral head
S kin thinning
Osteoporosis
Negative nitrogen
balance
Emotional liability

Osmotic diuretics:
members
GUM:
Glycerol
Urea
Mannitol

Lupus: drugs inducing

it
HIP:
Hydralazine
INH
Procanimide
Diuretics: thiazides:
indications
"CHIC to use
thiazides":

Nitrofurantoin: major
side effects
NitroFurAntoin:
Neuropathy
(peripheral
neuropathy)
Fibrosis (pulmonary
fibrosis)
Anemia (hemolytic
anemia)

SIADH-inducing drugs
ABCD:
Analgesics: opioids,
NSAIDs
Barbiturates
Cyclophosphamide/
Chlorpromazine/
Carbamazepine
Diuretic (thiazide)
Sulfonamide: major
side effects
S ulfonamide side
effects:
S teven-Johnson
syndrome
S kin rash
S olubility low (causes
crystalluria)
S erum albumin
displaced (causes
newborn kernicterus
and potentiation of

27

other serum albumin- Ipratropium

binders like warfarin) Pirenzepine
Atropine
S copolamine
Vir-named drugs: use
Muscarinic receptors
"-vir at start, middle at all parasympathetic
or end means for
endings sweat glands
virus":
in sympathetic.
Drugs: Abacavir,
Acyclovir,
Amprenavir,
Aspirin: side effects
Cidofovir, Denavir,
ASPIRIN:
Efavirenz, Indavir,
Asthma
Invirase, Famvir,
S alicyalism
Ganciclovir, Norvir,
Peptic ulcer disease/
Oseltamivir,
PhosphorylationPenciclovir,
oxidation uncoupling/
Ritonavir, Saquinavir, PPH/ Platelet
Valacyclovir,
disaggregation/
Viracept, Viramune,
Premature closure of
Zanamivir, Zovirax.
PDA
Intestinal blood loss
Reye's syndrome
4-Aminopyradine (4- Idiosyncracy
AP) use
Noise (tinnitus)
"4-AP is For AP":
For AP (action
potential)
Benzodiazapines: ones
propagation in
not metabolized by the
Multiple Sclerosis.
liver (safe to use in
liver failure)
LOT:
Anticholinergic side
Lorazepam
effects
Oxazepam
"Know the ABCD'S of Temazepam
anticholinergic side
effects":
Anorexia
Benzodiazepenes:
Blurry vision
antidote
Constipation/
"Ben is off with the
Confusion
flu":
Dry Mouth
Benzodiazepine
S edation/ S tasis of effects off with
urine
Flumazenil.
Antimuscarinics:
Benzodiazepenes:
members, action
drugs which decrease
"Inhibits
their metabolism
Parasympathetic And "I'm Overly Calm":
S weat":
Isoniazid

Oral contraceptive pills

Urination
Cimetidine
Micturition
These drugs increase
Bronchoconstriction
calming effect of BZDs
by retarding metabolism.
Delerium-causing
drugs
Benzodiazepines: actions ACUTE CHANGE IN MS:
"Ben SCAMs Pam into
Antibiotics (biaxin,
seduction not by brain
penicillin,
but by muscle":
ciprofloxacin)
S edation
Cardiac drugs
anti-Convulsant
(digoxin, lidocaine)
anti-Anxiety
Urinary incontinence
Muscle relaxant
drugs
Not by brain: No
(anticholinergics)
antipsychotic activity.
Theophylline
Ethanol
Corticosteroids
Beta 1 selective blockers H2 blockers
"BEAM ONE up, Scotty": Antiparkinsonian
Beta 1 blockers:
drugs
Esmolol
Narcotics (esp.
Atenolol
mepridine)
Metropolol
Geriatric psychiatric
drugs
ENT drugs
Botulism toxin: action,
Insomnia drugs
related bungarotoxin
NSAIDs (eg
Action: "Botulism Bottles indomethacin,
up the Ach so it can't be naproxin)
the released":
Muscle relaxants
Related bungarotoxin:
S eizure medicines
"Botulism is related to
Beta Bungarotoxin
(beta-, not alphaDirect
bungarotoxin--alpha has sympathomimetic
different mechanism).
catecholamines
DINED:
Dopamine
Cholinergics (eg
Isoproterenol
organophosphates):
Norepinephrine
effects
Epinephrine
If you know these, you
Dobutamine
will be "LESS DUMB":
Lacrimation
Excitation of nicotinic
Inhalation anesthetics
synapses
SHINE:
S alivation
S evoflurane
S weating
Halothane
Diarrhea
Isoflurane

Nitrous oxide
Enflurane
If want the defunct
Methoxyflurane too,
make it MoonSHINE.

Note MAOI is inside

MelAnchOlIc.

Methyldopa: side
effects
METHYLDOPA:
Ipratropium: action
Mental retardation
Atropine is buried in
Electrolyte imbalance
the middle:
Tolerance
iprAtropium, so it
Headache/
behaves like Atropine. Hepatotoxicity
psYcological upset
Lactation in female
Lead poisoning:
Dry mouth
presentation
Oedema
ABCDEFG:
Parkinsonism
Anemia
Anaemia (haemolytic)
Basophilic stripping
Colicky pain
Diarrhea
Monoamine oxidase
Encephalopathy
inhibitors: members
Foot drop
"PIT of despair":
Gum (lead line)
Phenelzine
Isocarboxazid
Tranylcypromine
Lithium: side effects
A pit of despair,
LITH:
since MAOs treat
Leukocytosis
depression.
Insipidus [diabetes
insipidus, tied to
polyuria]
Morphine: effects
Tremor/
MORPHINES:
Teratogenesis
Miosis
Hypothyroidism
Orthostatic
hypotension
Respiratory
MAOIs: indications
depression
MAOI'S :
Pain supression
Melancholic [classic
Histamine release/
name for atypical
Hormonal alterations
depression]
Increased ICT
Anxiety
Nausea
Obesity disorders
Euphoria
[anorexia, bulemia]
S edation
Imagined illnesses
[hypochondria]
S ocial phobias
Morphine: effects at
Listed in decreasing mu receptor
order of importance.
PEAR:
Physical dependence

Euphoria
Analgesia
Respiratory
depression
Narcotic antagonists
The Narcotic
Antagonists are
NAloxone and
NAltrexone.
Important clinically
to treat narcotic
overdose.
Parkinsonism: drugs
SALAD:
S elegiline
Anticholinenergics
(trihexyphenidyl,
benzhexol,
ophenadrine)
L-Dopa + peripheral
decarboxylase
inhibitor (carbidopa,
benserazide)
Amantadine
Dopamine
postsynaptic receptor
agonists
(bromocriptine,
lisuride, pergolide)
Phenytoin: adverse
effects
PHENYTOIN:
P-450 interactions
Hirsutism
Enlarged gums
Nystagmus
Yellow-browning of
skin
Teratogenicity
Osteomalacia
Interference with B12
metabolism (hence
anemia)
Neuropathies: vertigo,
ataxia, headache

28

Physostigmine vs.
neostigmine
LMNOP:
Lipid soluble
Miotic
Natural
Orally absorbed well
Physostigmine
Neostigmine, on the
contrary, is:
Water soluble
Used in myesthenia
gravis
Synthetic
Poor oral absorption

Retention of fats
(weight gain)
Oedema (peripheral
oedema)
Appetite increase
Tremor
Enzyme inducer (liver)

Thrombocytopenia
Cardiac (arrhymia, MI,
stroke)
Anticholinergic
(tachycardia, urinary
retention, etc)
S eizures

SSRIs: side effects

SSRI:
S erotonin syndrome
S timulate CNS
Reproductive
disfunctions in male
Insomnia

Vigabatrin: mechanism
Vi-GABA-Tr-In:
Via GABA Transferase
Inhibition
Antibiotics
contraindicated during
pregnancy
MCAT:
Metronidazole
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycoside
Tetracycline

Succinylcholine:
action, use
Succinylcholine gets
Stuck to Ach receptor,
then Sucks ions in
through open pore.
You Suck stuff in
through a mouth-tube, Busulfan: features
and drug is used for
ABCDEF:
intubation.
Alkylating agent
Bone marrow
suppression s/e
Tricyclic
CML indication
antidepressants:
Dark skin
Serotonin syndrome: members worth
(hyperpigmentation) s/e
components
knowing
Endrocrine insufficiency
Causes HARM:
"I have to hide, the
(adrenal) s/e
Hyperthermia
CIA is after me":
Fibrosis (pulmonary) s/e
Autonomic instability Clomipramine
(delirium)
Imipramine
Rigidity
Amitrptyline
Cancer drugs: time of
Myoclonus
If want the next 3
action between DNAworth knowing, the
>mRNA
DNDis also after me:
ABCDEF:
Sodium valproate:
Desipramine
Alkylating agents
side effects
Norrtriptyline
Bleomycin
VALPROATE:
Doxepin
Cisplastin
Vomiting
Dactinomycin/
Alopecia
Doxorubicin
Liver toxicity
Tricyclic
Etoposide
Pancreatitis/
antidipressents (TCA): Flutamide and other
Pancytopenia
side effects
steroids or their
TCA'S:
Pupils in overdose:
morphine vs.
amphetamine
"MorPHINE: Fine.
AmPHETamine: Fat":
Morphine overdose:
pupils constricted
(fine).
Amphetamine
overdose: pupils
dilated (fat).

antagonists (eg
Tony Duffy Medical
tamoxifen, leuprolide) Student Glasgow
Etoposide: action,
indications, side effect
"eTOPoside":
Action:
Inhibits
TOPoisomerase II
Indications:
Testicular carcinoma
Oat cell carcinoma of
lung
Prostate carcinoma
Side effect:
Affects TOP of your
head, causing alopecia
Metabolism enzyme
inducers
"Randy's Black Car
Goes Putt Putt and
Smokes":
Rifampin
Barbiturates
Carbamazepine
Grisoefulvin
Phenytoin
Phenobarb
Smoking cigarettes

Therapeutic index:
formula
TILE:
TI = LD50 / ED50
Torsades de Pointes:
drugs causing
APACHE:
Amiodarone
Procainamide
Arsenium
Cisapride
Haloperidol
Eritromycin

Zero order kinetics

drugs (most common
ones)
"PEAZ (sounds like
pees) out a constant
amount":
Phenytoin
Ethanol
Aspirin
Zero order
Someone that pees
out a constant amount
describes zero order
Morphine: side-effects kinetics (always the
MORPHINE:
same amount out)
Myosis
Out of it (sedation)
Respiratory
Asthma drugs:
depression
leukotriene inhibitor
Pneumonia
action
(aspiration)
zAfirlukast:
Hypotension
Antagonist of
Infrequency
lipoxygenase
(constipation, urinary zIlueton: Inhibitor of
retention)
LT receptor
Nausea
Emesis
Knowledge Level 1,
Beta-1 vs Beta-2
System:
receptor location
Other/Miscellaneous

"You have 1 heart and

2 lungs":
Beta-1 are therefore
primarily on heart.
Beta-2 primarily on
lungs.
Respiratory
depression inducing
drugs
"STOP breathing":
S edatives and
hypnotics
Trimethoprim
Opiates
Polymyxins
Ribavirin: indications
RIBAvirin:
RSV
Influenza B
Arenaviruses (Lassa,
Bolivian, etc.)
TB: antibiotics used
STRIPE:
STreptomycin
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrizinamide
Ethambutol
Zafirlukast,
Montelukast,
Cinalukast:
mechanism, usage
"Zafir-luk-ast, Monteluk-ast, Cina-luk-ast":
Anti-Lukotrienes for
Asthma.
Dazzle your oral
examiner: Zafirlukast
antagonizes
leukotriene-4.

Teratogenic drugs:
major non-antibiotics
TAP CAP:
Thalidomide
Androgens
Progestins
Corticosteroids
Aspirin &
indomethacin
Phenytoin
Tetracycline:
teratogenicity
TEtracycline is a
TEratogen that causes
staining of
TEeth in the newborn.
Antirheumatic agents
(disease modifying):
members
CHAMP:
Cyclophosphamide
Hydroxycloroquine
and choloroquinine
Auranofin and other
gold compounds
Methotrexate
Penicillamine
Auranofin,
aurothioglucose:
category and
indication
Aurum is latin for
"gold" (gold's
chemical symbol is
Au).
Generic Aur- drugs
(Auranofin,
Aurothioglucose) are
gold compounds.
If didn't learn yet
that gold's indication
is rheumatoid
arthritis, AUR- Acts
Upon Rheumatoid.

29

PHYSICS

For reference axes,

the negative angle
hemisphere is on the
half of the triangle
drawing that has all
the
negative signs;
positive angle
hemisphere contains
only positive signs.
See diagram.

Note: full name of PGI2

is prostaglandin I2 or
prostacyclin, full name of
TxA2 is thromboxane A2.

Restlessness
Oligomenorrhea &
Ideal gas law
amenorrhea
"Pure Virgins Never
Intolerance to heat
Really Tire":
Diarrhea
PV=nRT
Irritability
Adrenal cortex layers
S weating
and products
Musle wasting &
Ohm's Law
"Go Find Rex, Make Good weight loss
"Virgins Are Rare":
Sex":
Volts = Amps x
Layers:
Resistance
Glomerulosa
Pituitary hormones
Note: can then
Fasiculata
FLAGTOP:
rearrange to more
Hb-oxygen
Reticulata
Follicle stimulating
common form
dissociation curve
Respective products:
hormone
Resistance = Volts / shifts: effect, location Mineralcorticoids
Lutinizing hormone
Amps.
Left shift: causes
Glucocorticoids
Adrenocorticotropin
Loading of O2 in
Sex hormones
hormone
Lungs.
Alternatively for layers: Growth hormone
Work: formula
Right shift: causes
GFR (Glomerular
Thyroid stimulating
"Lots of Work gets
Release of O2 from
Filtration Rate,
hormone
me Mad!":
Hb.
convenient since adrenal Oxytocin
Work = Mad:
glands are atop kidney). Prolactin
M=Mass
Alternatively: GOAT
a=acceleration
Heart electrical
FLAP with the second
d=distance
conduction pathway
Adrenal gland: functions 'A' for Anti-diruetic
"If patient's family are ACTH:
homone/vasopressin
PHYSIOLOGY
all having Heart
Adrenergic functions
Note: there is also
attacks, you must
Catabolism of proteins/ melanocyte secreting
Carotid sinus vs.
SAVe HIS KIN!"
Carbohydrate
homone and
carotid body function SA node --->
metabolism
Lipotropin, but they
carotid S inuS :
AV node --->
T cell immunomodulation are not well
measures preS S ure. His (bundle of) -->
Hyper/ Hypotension
understood.
carotid bO2dy
PurKINje fibers
(blood pressure control)
measures O2.
Progesterone: actions
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic
Diabetes Insipidous:
PROGESTE:
Einthoven's Triangle: pathway tests
diagnosing subtypes
Produce cervical
organization
"PeT PiTTbull":
After a desmopression
mucous
Corners are at RA
PeT: PT is for extrinsic injection:
Relax uterine smooth
(right arm), LA (left
pathway.
Concentrated urine =
muscle
arm), LL (left leg).
PiTTbull: PTT is for
Cranial.
Oxycotin sensitivity
Number of L's at a
intrinsic pathway.
No effect = Nephrogenic. down
corner tell how many
Gonadotropin [FSH,
+ signs are at that
LH] secretions down
corner [eg LL is ++]. PGI2 vs. TxA2
Hyperthyroidism: signs
Endometrial spiral
Sum of number of L's coagulation function
and symptoms
arteries and
of any 2 corners tells TxA2 Aggregates
THYROIDISM:
secretions up
the name of the lead platelets.
Tremor
S ustain pregnancy
[eg LL-LA is lead
PGI2 Inhibits
Heart rate up
Temperature up / Tit
III].
aggregation.
Yawning [fatigability]
development

Excitability of
myometrium down
Balance organs
Utricle and S accule
keep US balanced.
Temperature control:
cerebral regions
"High Power Air
Conditioner":
Heating = Posterior
hipothalamo
[hypothalamus].
Anterior hipothalamo
[hypothalamus] =
Cooling.
Urination: autonomic
control
"When you pee, it's
PISs":
Parasympathetic
Inhibits S ympathetic.
Alkalosis vs. acidosis:
directions of pH and
HCO3
ROME:
Respiratory=
Opposite:
pH is high, PCO2 is
down (Alkalosis).
pH is low, PCO2 is up
(Acidosis).
Metabolic= Equal:
pH is high, HCO3 is
high (Alkalosis).
pH is low, HCO3 is
low (Acidosis).
Compliance of lungs
factors
COMPLIANCE:
Collagen deposition
(fibrosis)

Ossification of costal
cartilages
Major obesity
Pulmonary venous
congestion
Lung size
Increased expanding
pressure
Age
No surfactant
Chest wall scarring
Emphysema
All but L/A/E
decrease compliance.
V/Q gradient in lung
Infinity, a lung and a
zero stack nicely.
V/Q is lowest at
bottom, highest at
top.
See diagram.
Prolactin and
oxytocin: functions
PROlactin stimulates
the mammary glands
to PROduce milk.
Oxytocin stimulates
the mammary glands
to Ooze (release)
milk.
Osteoblast vs.
osteoclast
OsteoBlast Builds
bone.
OsteoClast Consumes
bone.
PODIATRY
Blue toe
(microembolic toe)
CAVEMAN:
Cholesterol
embolizations

Atrial fib with

electricity or digitoxin
Valvular problems
Endocarditis
Mural thrimbosis
Aneurysm/ AV fistula
Nothing
TIA: internal carotid
vs. vertebrobasilar
MD vs. DPM
Internal carotid:
Monocular blindness
(amaurox fugax)
Dominant hemisphere
(apahsia)
The weakness or
numbness is still less
in the legs.
Vetebrobasilar:
Diplopia/ Double
blindness
Paralysis
(quadriplesia)
Motor weakness
(ipsilateral)
Ataxia is
characteristic in
veterbrobasilar
lesions.
Diabetic neuropathy
types
DPM:
Distal, symmetric,
polyneuropathy
Proximal diabetic
neuropathy
Mononeuritis muliplex
Arthritides: the six
classifications
"Round COINS":
Rheumatoid diseases
(inflammation of
synovium)
Crystal depositions
(gout, pseudogout)

30

Osteoarthritis
Infections

DIG FAST:
Distractibility
Indiscretion (DSM-IV's
"excessive
involvement in
pleasurable
activities")
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Activity increase
S leep deficit
(decreased need for
sleep)
Talkativeness
(pressured speech)

Interest or Important
activities given up or
reduced
Tolerance
Harm to physical and
psychosocial known but
continue to use
Desire to cut down,
control
Intended time, amount
exceeded
Time spent too much

Mr. Trust and MsTrust

had an auto they were
ashamed of. She took
the initiative to find
Charcot's joints:
the guilty
common disorders
party. She found the
"Come S ee A
industry was inferior.
Handsome DPM":
They were making
Congenital
cars with dents
insenisitivity to pain
[identity] and rolling
S yringomyelia/ S
fuses [role confusion].
pina bifida
Mr. N.T. Macy
Alcoholism
[intimacy] isolated the
Hansen's disease
problem, General TVT
Diabetes mellitus
Conduct disorder vs.
absorbed the cost.
Peripheral nerve
Antisocial personality
In the end, they found
injury
disorder
the tires were just
Menigomyelocele
Mania: diagnostic
Conduct disorder is seen gritty and the should
criteria
in Children.
have used de- spare!
PSYCHIATRY
Must have 3 of
Antisocial personality
MANIAC:
disorder is seen in
Depression
Mouth (pressure of
Adults.
Parasomnias: time of
UNHAPPINESS:
speech)/ Moodl
onset
Understandable
Activity increased
SLeep terrors and
(such as
Naughty
Depression: symptoms
SLeepwalking occur
bereavement, major
(disinhibition)
and signs (DSM-IV
during SLow-wave
stresses)
Insomnia
criteria)
sleep (stages 3 & 4).
Neurotic (high
Attention
AWESOME:
NightmaRE occurs
anxiety personalities, (distractability)
Affect flat
during REM sleep (and
negative parental
Confidence (grandiose Weight change (loss or
is REMembered).
upbringing
ideas)
gain)
Hypochondriasis
Energy, loss of
Agitation (usually
S ad feelings/ S uicide
Psychiatric review of
organic causes such
Schizophrenia:
thoughts or plans or
symptoms
as dementia
negative features
attempts/ S exual
"Depressed Patients S
Pseudodementia
4 A's:
inhibition/ S leep change eem Anxious, S o
Pain
Ambivalence
(loss or excess)/ S ocial Claim Psychiatrists":
Importuniing
Affective incongruence withdrawal
Depression and other
(whingeing,
Associative loosening Others (guilt, loss of
mood disorders
complaining)
Autism
pleasure, hopeless)
(major depression,
Nihilistic
Memory loss
bipolar disorder,
Endogenous
Emotional blunting
dysthymia)
S econdary (ie cancer Substance
Personality disorders
at the head of the
dependence: features
(primarily borderline
pancreas,
(DSM IV)
Erikson's developmental personality disorder)
bronchogenic cancer) "WITHDraw IT":
stages
S ubstance abuse
S yndromal
3 of 7 within 12
"The sad tale of Erikson disorders
month period:
Motors":
Anxiety disorders
Withdrawal
The stages in order by (panic disorder with
Mania: cardinal
age group:
agoraphobia,
symptoms

obssessive-compulsive
disorder)
S omatization
disorder, eating
disorders (these two
disorders are
combined because
both involve disorders
of bodily perception)
Cognitive disorders
(dementia, delirium)
Psychotic disorders
(schizophrenia,
delusional disorder
and psychosis
accompanying
depression, substance
abuse or dementia)
RADIOLOGY /
ONCOLOGY
Esophageal cancer:
risk factors
ABCDEF:
Achalasia
Barret's esophagus
Corrosive esophagitis
Diverticuliis
Esophageal web
Familial
Pituitary endocrine
functions often
affected by pituitaryassociated tumor
"Go Look For the
Adenoma Please":
Tropic hormones
affected by growth
tumor are:
GnRH
LSH
FSH
ACTH
Prolactin function
Anterior mediastinal
masses

4 T's:
Teratoma
Thymoma
Testicular-type
T-cell / Hodgkin's
lymphoma

Conversely, a T1 scan
shows fat as being
whiter.

Chest radiograph:
checklist to examine
"Pamela Found Our
Head CT scan:
Rotation Particularly
evaluation checklist
Exciting; Very Highly
"Blood Can Be Very
Commended Mainly
Bad":
'Cus S he Arouses":
Blood
Patient details
Cistern
Film details
Brain
Objects (eg. lines,
Ventricles
electrodes)
Bone
Rotation
Penetration
Expansion
Dermatomyositis or
Vessels
polymyositis: risk of
Hila
underlying malignancy Costophrenic angles
Risk is 30% at age 30. Mediastinum
Risk is 40% at age 40, Cardiothoracic Ratio
and so on.
S oft tissues and
bones
Air (diaphragm,
Prognotic factors for
pneumothorax,
cancer: general
subcut. emphysema)
PROGNOSIS:
Presentation (time &
course)
Chest X-ray
Response to treatment interpretation
Old (bad prog.)
Preliminary is
Good intervention (i.e. ABCDEF:
early)
AP or PA
Non-compliance with
Body position
treatment
Confirm name
Order of
Date
differentiation (>1 cell Exposure
type)
Films for comparison
S tage of disease
Analysis is ABCDEF:
Ill health
Airways (hilar
S pread (diffuse)
adenopathy or
enlargement)
Breast shadows/
T2 vs. T1 MRI scan
Bones (rib fractures,
"WW 2" (World War
lytic bone lesions)
II):
Cardiac silhoutte
Water is White in a
(cardiac
T2 scan.
enlargement)/

31

Costophrenic angles
(pleural effusions)
Diaphragm (evidence
of free air)/
Digestive tract
Edges (apices for
fibrosis,
pneumothorax,
pleural thickening or
plaques)/
Extrathoracic tissues
Fields (evidence of
alveolar filling)/
Failure (alveolar air
space disease with
prominent
vascularity with or
without pleural
effusions)

Bone
Liver
Adrenals
Brain

ABCDE:
Asymmetry
Border irregular
Colour irregular
Diameter usually >
0.5cm
Lung cancer: notorious Elevation irregular
consequences
SPEECH:
S uperior vena cava
Neck sagittal x-ray:
syndrome
examination checklist
Paralysis of diaphragm ABCD:
(Phrenic nerve)
Anterior: look for
Ectopic hormones
swelling
Eaton-Lambert
Bones: examine each
syndrome
bone for fractures
Clubbing
Cartilage: look for
Horner syndrome/
slipped discs
Hoarseness
Dark spots: ensure not
abnormally big, or could
mean excess blood
Chest X-ray:
Upper lobe shadowing:
cavitating lesions
causes
differential
BREASTS:
Osteoarthritis: x-ray
"If you see HOLES on Beryllium
signs
chest X-ray, they are Radiation
LOSS:
WEIRD":
Extrinsic allergic
Loss of joint space
Wegener's syndrome alveolitis
Osteopyhtes
Embolic (pulmonary, Ankylosing spondylitis S ubcondral sclerosis
septic)
S arcoidosis
S ubchondral cysts
Infection (anaerobes, TB
pneumocystis, TB)
S iliconiosis
RHEUMATOLOGY /
Rheumatoid
ALLERGY
(necrobiotic nodules)
Developmental cysts
SLE (Systemic Lupus
(sequestration)
Elbow ossification
Erythematosus)
Histiocytosis
centers, in sequence
diagnosis
Oncological
CRITOE:
"MD SOAP 'N HAIR":
Lymphangioleiomyo
Capitellum
Malar rash
matosis
Radial head
Discoid rash
Environmental,
Internal epicondyle
S erositis
occupational
Trochlea
Oral ulcer
S arcoid
Olecranon
Arthritis
Alternatively:
External epicondyle
Photosensitivity
L=Left atrial myxoma
In order: appear at
Neurologic abnormality
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 years; Hematologic abnormality
each closes 2 years
ANA (+)
Lung cancer: main
later.
Immunologic
sites for distant
abnormality
metastases
Renal involvement
BLAB:
Mole: signs of trouble

Felty's syndrome:
components
SANTA:
S plenomegaly
Anaemia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Arthritis (rheumatoid)
Carpal tunnel
syndrome
TINel's sign:
TINgling sensation
after
Tapping on
Traumatized nerve in
carpal
Tunnel syndrome
Henoch schonlein
purpura: signs and
symptoms
NAPA:
Nephritis
Arthritis, arthralgias
Purpura, palpable
(especially on
buttocks and lower
extremities)
Abdominal pain (need
to rule out
intussusception)
Asthma: treatment
ASTHMA:
Adrenergics
S teroids
Theophylline
Hydration
Mask [O2 at 24%]
Antibiotics

Rickets and metabolic

Tumor
Hematological
Reactive arthritis
Immunological (SLE)
Trauma
Injury
S epsis
Arthritis: seronegative
spondyloarthropathies
PEAR:
Psoriatic arthritis
Enteropathic arthritis
Ankylosing sponylitis
Reiter's/ Reactive
Joint pain causes
SOFTER TISSUE:
S epsis
Osteoarthritis
Fractures
Tendon/muscle
Epiphyseal
Referred
Tumor
Ischaemia
S eropositive
arthritides
S eronegative
arthritides
Urate
Extra-articular
rheumatism (such as
polymylagia)
Osteoporosis risk
factors
ACCESS:
Alcohol
Corticosteroid
Calcium low
Estrogen low
S moking
S edentary lifestyle

Arthritis: juvenile
idiopathic: differential
ARTHRITIS:
SURGERY
Anxiety

Fistulas: conditions
preventing closure
FRIEND:
Foreign body
Radiation
Infection/
Inflammation (Crohn)
Epithelialization
Neoplasia
Distal obstruction
Oesophageal cancer
risk factors
PC BASTARDS:
Plummer-Vinson
syndrome
Coeliac disease
Barrett's
Alcohol
S moking
Tylosis
Achalasia
Russia (geographical
distribution)
Diet
S tricture
GI bleeding: causes
ABCDEFGHI:
Angiodysplasia
Bowel cancer
Colitis
Diverticulitis/
Duodenal ulcer
Epitaxis/ Esophageal
(cancer, esophagitis,
varices)
Fistula (anal,
aortaenteric)
Gastric (cancer, ulcer,
gastritis)
Hemorrhoids
Infectious diarrhoea/
IBD/ Ischemic bowel
Varicose veins:
symptoms
AEIOU:

Aching
Eczema
Itching
Oedema
Ulceration/ Ugly (LDS,
haemosiderin,
varicosities)
Melanoma sites
"Mel SEA"
(Pronounced "Mel C"
from the Spice Girls)
Melanoma sites, in
order of frequency:
S kin
Eyes
Anus
Post-operative fever
causes
Six W's:
Wind: pulmonary
system is primary
source of fever first 48
hours, may have
pneumonia
Wound: infection at
surgical site
Water: check IV for
phlebitis
Walk: deep venous
thrombosis, due to
pelvic pooling or
restricted mobility
related to pain and
fatigue
Whiz: urinary tract
infection if urinary
catheterization
Wonder drugs: druginduced fever
Appendicectomy:
complications
WRAP IF HOT:
Wound infection

32

Respiratory
(atelectasis,
pneumonia)
Abscess (pelvic)
Portal pyemia
Ileus (paralytic)
Fecal fistula
Hernia (r. inguinal)
Obstruction
(intestinal due to
adhesions)
Thrombus (DVT)

Enlarged kidneys:
causes
SHAPE:
S clerderma
HIV nephropathy
Amyloidosis
Polycystic kidney
disease
Endocrinophathy
(diabetes)

Tumours of renal pelvis

Bilateral is SUPER:
S tenosis of the urethra
Urethral valve
Prostatic enlargement
Extensive bladder
tumour
Retro-peritoneal fibrosis

UROLOGY /
NEPHROLOGY

Nephrotic syndrome:
causes for secondary
nephrotic syndrome
DAVID:
Hematuria: differential Diabetes mellitus
"S#!T":
Amyloidosis
S tones/ S ystemic
Vasculitis
disease (SLE)/ S
Infections
tructural lesions (UPJ Drugs
obstruction)
Hematologic disease
(sickle cell,
Polycystic kidney:
coagulopathy)/
genetic marker
Hypercalciuria/
"P" is the 16th letter of
Hereditary (Alport
the alphabet.
nephritis)/ HSP/ HUS
Autosomal dominant
Infectious and
Polycystic kidney
Immunologic (PSGN)/ disease is associated
IgA nephropathy
with abberation on the
(Berger nephritis)/
16th chromosome.
Interstitial disease
(interstitial
nephritis)/ Idiopathic Prostatism: initial
conditions
symptoms
(thin glomerular
"Prostatism is initially
basement membrane
FUN":
disease or benign
Frequency
familial hematuria)
Urgency
Trauma/ Tumor/ TB/ Nocturia
Toxins

Dialysis: indications
AEIOU:
Acid-base problems
(severe acidosis or
alkalosis)
Electrolyte problems
(hyperkalemia)
Intoxications
Overload, fluid
Uremic symptoms

Hydronephrosis:
differential
Unilateral is PACT:
Pelvic-uteric
obstruction
(congenital or
acquired)
Aberrant renal vessels
Calculi

Post-operative
complications
(immediate)
"Post-op PROBS":
Pain
Primary
haemorrhage
Reactionary
haemorrhage
Oliguria
Basal atelectasis
S hock/ S epsis
Compartment
syndrome: signs and
symptoms
5 P's:
Pain
Palor
P ulseless
Paresethesia
Pressure (increased)

Pyelonephritis (acute):
predisposing factors
SCARRIN' UP:
S ex (females <40,
males >40)
Catheterization
Age (infant, elderly)
Renal lesions
Reflux (vesciouteral)
Immunodeficienct

NIDDM, IDDM
Urinary obstuction
Pregnant
Acute pyelonephritis
heals by scarrin' up
the area
(pyelonephritic scar).
Urinary incontinence:
causes of acute and
reversible
DRIP:
Delirium
Restricted mobility/
Retention
Inflammation /
Infection/ Impaction
[fecal]
Pharmaceuticals /
Polyuria
"Drip" is convenient
since it is urinary
incontinence, so urine
only drips out.
Testicular atrophy:
differential
TESTES SHRINK:
Trauma
Exhaustional atrophy
S equelae
Too little food
Elderly
S emen obstruction
S ex hormone therapy
Hypopituitarism
Radiation
Inflammatory orchitis
Not descended
Kleinfelter's

33