1

Transformer Construction
Primary winding

Supply

NP

Secondary winding

NS

Laminated iron core

Basic Component of single phase transformer

Load

Transformer
Primary
Winding

Multi-layer
Laminated
Iron Core

Secondary
Winding

H1 H2

X1
X2
Winding
Terminals

Configuration of single phase transformer

Application of Transformer

Transformer
Iron core

Insulation
Secondary
winding

Terminals

Construction of a small transformer a) Lamination b) Iron core

and winding

10

Transformer
Dry-type 3 phase
transformer

11

Transformer
Metal bar

Bushing

Exterior
porcelain tube
Steel
tank

Iron core
behind the steel
bar

Flange

Interior
porcelain tube

Winding

Insulation

Radiator

Oil insulated type transformer with

cooling system

Porcelain
transformer bushing

12

Transformer
High voltage
bushing

Oil tank

Cooling
radiators

Low voltage
bushing

High Voltage
Transformer with
Cooling System

13

Transformer Core Material

1.8
Quality Sheet Steel

Magnetic Flux Density, B (T)

1.6
1.4

Ordinary Sheet Steel

1.2

Cast Steel

1
0.8
Cast Iron

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

Magnetic Field Intensity, H (A-turn/m)

B(H) Magnetising Curve

2500

14

Transformer Magnetic Circuit

H2

X2

H2

X1

Vp

Vs

Vp

Vs

H1

X1

H1

X2

100

100

Vp ( t )
Vs( t )

Vp ( t )

100

Vs( t )

10

15

20

100

10

milli s

milli s

(b)

(a)

Transformer Polarity

15

20

15

Transformer Magnetic Circuit

Amperes Law

I m Nm H
Flux Density

Im

Nm

B H

Flux

BA

Magnetic Circuit

16

Voltage Induced in a Transformer

Voltage Induced

E Nm

d
dt

Modifying the above equation:

d B A
d H
d I m N m A N m2 d I m
E Nm
A Nm
A Nm

dt
dt
dt

dt
Voltage Induced

d Im
EL
dt

17

Transformer Inductance and

Magnetic Energy
Inductance

AN

2
m

Magnetic Energy

LI
Energy
2

2
m

18

Transformer Magnetic Circuit

Analysis
Core measurement
w = 3in, h = w, a = 1in, b
= 1.5in
Im = 2A, Nm = 20, f =
60Hz,
Magnetic path length
and area
Lm = 2 (w + a) + 2 (h + a)
Acore = a b
Magnetic field intensity
Hm

Im Nm
Lm

A
Hm 98.425
m

Acore

b
a
Im

m
Nm

Vm

a
a

Rajah 13: Litar Magnetik

19

Transformer Magnetic Circuit

Analysis

Magnetic flux density

Bm o r Hm
free space or air permeability

Acore

a
Im

m
Nm

Vm

7 H

o 4 10

Magnetic flux intensity (H)

A
Hm 98.425
m

a
a

Magnetic Circuit

20

Transformer Magnetic Circuit Analysis

Acore

Magnetic flux

m Bm A core

Or

m o r

a
Im

A core Nm
Lm

m
Nm

Vm

Im

a
a

Magnetising sinusoidal current

Imag( t) 2Imcos t

21

Transformer Magnetic Circuit Analysis

Magnetic Flux a function of time

Acore Nm
mag ( t) o r
2 Im cos t
Lm

Maximum Flux :
A co re Nm

max 2 o r
Im

Lm

Flux a function of time :

mag( t) max cos t

22

Voltage Induced in a Transformer

d
Eind( t) Nm mag ( t)
dt

d
Eind( t) Nm max cos t
dt

Eind( t) Nmmax sin t

RMS Voltage

Erms

Nm max
2

23

Voltage Induced in a Transformer

Voltage Induced

Erms 4.443f Nmmax

Voltage Induced :

Eind( t)

d
Lind Imag ( t)
dt

d
Nm mag ( t)
dt

d
Lind Imag ( t)
dt

Transformer Inductance
Nm mag( t)

Lind

Lind

Li nd

Imag( t)

Nm max cos t

Lind

2 Im cos t

Nm rms
Im

A co re Nm

Nm 2 o r
Im
Lm

2 Im

24

Li nd o r

A co re Nm
Lm

25

26

27

Ideal Transformer
Relation between current that flows in the primary
winding, ip(t) and current that flows in the secondary
winding, is(t):

N PiP (t ) N S iS (t )
iP (t ) 1

iS (t ) a

(2)

(3)

VP
a
VS
IP 1

IS a

(4)

(5)

28

Transformer Impedance
Primary Impedance:

ZL '

VP
IP

(15)

Primary Voltage:

VP aVS

Primary Current:

IS
IP
a

Primary impedance in
terms of secondary
impedance

VP aVS
2 VS
ZL '
a
IP IS / a
IS
ZL ' a2ZL

(16)

(17)

(18)

29

Example 1
A transformer coil possesses 4000 turns and
links an ac flux having a peak value of 2
mWb. If the frequency is 60 Hz, calculate
the effective value of the induced voltage E.
Ans: 2131V

30

Example 2
A coil having 90 turns is connected to a 120V,
60 Hz source. If the effective value of the
magnetizing current is 4 A, calculate the
following:
a. The peak value of flux
b. The peak value of the mmf
c. The inductive reactance of the coil
d. The inductance of the coil.