HANDBOOK
PRESSURE VESSEL
HANDBOOK
Twelfth Edition
with foreword by
Paul Buthod
Professor of Chemical Engineering
University of Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Eugene F. Megyesy
NOTE: This new edition of the Pressure Vessel Handbook supersedes all previous editions, effective July 1,2001.
The changes over the previous Eleventh Edition have been made
necessary by the revision of Codes, Standards, Specifications, etc.
FOREWORD
experience for anyone who has not kept up with current literature
in the field of code requirements and design equations.
of his "Calculation Form Sheets" and now has put it all together in
one place in the Pressure Vessel Handbook.
I believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry
and that readers will find it extremely useful.
Paul Buthod
PREFACE
This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making fonnulas,
technical data, design and construction methods readily available for the
designer, detailer, layoutmen and others dealing with pressure vessels.
Practical men in this industry often have difficulty finding the required
data and solutions, these being scattered throughout extensive literature
or advanced studies. The author's aim was to bring together all of the
above material under one cover and present it in a convenient fonn.
The design procedures and fonnulas of the AS ME Code for Pressure
Vessels, Section VIII Division I have been utilized as well as those
generally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From
among the alternative construction methods described by the Code the
author has selected those which are most frequently used in practice.
In order to provide the greatest serviceability with this Handbook,
rarely occurring loadings, special construction methods or materials have
been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reason this Handbook
deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by welding,
since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category.
A large part of this book was taken from the works of others, with some
of the material placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged.
The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor
Sandor Kalinszky, Janos Bodor, Laszl6 Felegyhazy and J6zsef Gyorfi for
their material and valuable suggestions, to the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously pennitted
the author to include material from their publications.
The author wishes also to thank all those who helped to improve this
new edition by their suggestions and corrections.
Suggestions and criticism concerning some errors which may remain
in spite of all precautions shall be greatly appreciated. They contribute to
the further improvement of this Handbook.
Eugene F. Megyesy
The Code - as it is stated in paragraph UG2 - "does not contain rules to cover all
details of design and construction ... "
"where details are not given, it is intended
that the Manufacturer ... shall provide details of design and construction."
CONTENTS
PART I
PART II
PART III
PART IV
PART V
11
PART I.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF PRESSURE VESSEL
1. Vessels Under Internal Pressure ............................................
Stresses in Cylindrical Shell, Definitions, Formulas, Pressure of Fluid, Pressure-Temperature Ratings of American
Standard Carbon Steel Pipe Flanges.
15
31
52
86
122
153
159
170
181
12
194
203
208
213
221
232
247
2001 EDITION
13
a.
Tensile stress
b. Lingitudinal
compressive stress
c. General primary membrane stress
induced by any combination of
loadings. Primary membrane stress
plus primary bending stress induced
by combination of loadings, except
as provided in d. below.
d. General primary membrane stress
induced by combination of earthquake or wind pressure with other
loadings. Seismic force and wind
pressure need not be considered to
act simulta neously.
1.5 Sa
Sa = (see above)
14
Unifonn internal or external pressure induces in the longitudinal seam two times larger unit
stress than in the circumferential seam because of the geometry of the cylinder.
A vessel under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, etc.) are not
factors, must be designed to resist the circumferential buckling only. The Code
provides the method of design to meet this requirement. When other loadings are
present, these combined loadings may govern and heavier plate will be required
than the plate which was satisfactory to resist the circumferential buckling only.
The compressive stress due to external pressure and tensile stress due to internal pressure
shall be detennined by the fonnulas:
FORMULAS
LONGITUDINAL
JOINT
CIRCUMFERENTIAL
JOINT
S _ PD
2t
2 -
D
p
51
52
t
=
=
=
=
=
NOTATION
Mean diameter of vessel, inches
Internal or external pressure, psi
Longitudinal stress, psi
Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi
Thickness of shell, corrosion allowance
excluded, inches
EXAMPLE
Given
D
p
t
=
=
96 inches
15 psi
0.25 inches
PD
SI = 4t
15 x 96
4 x 0.25
15 x 96
1440 psi
2880 psi
2 x 0.25
For towers under internal pressure and wind load the critical height above which compressive stress governs can be approximated by the formula:
PD
12t
15
INTERNAL PRESSURE
1.
The pressure which is required for the process, served by the vessel, at wh ich
the vessel is normally operated.
2.
DESIGN PRESSURE
3.
The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded
to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
in corroded condition
under the effect of a designated temperature
in normal operating position at the top
underthe effect of other loadings (wind load, external pressure, hydrostatic pressure, etc.) which are additive to the internal pressure.
When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the
maximum allowable working pressure (MA WP) code 3-2.
A common practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressure
vessels is to limit the maximum allowable working pressure by the head or
shell, not by small elements as flanges, openings, etc.
See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges.
See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes.
The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very often. It
means the pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to
the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel:
(a) is not corroded (new)
(b) the temperature does not affect its strength (room temperature ) (cold)
and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken
into consideration.
4.
At least 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure or the design
pressure to be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to
determine the maximum allowable working pressure.
Ifthe stress value of the vessel material at the design temperature is less than
at the test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased
proportionally.
Hydrostatic test shall be conducted after all fabrication has been completed.
16
1501b
300lb 400lb
600lb
9001b 1500lb
425
1100
2175
3250
1450
5400
25001b
9000
The maximum allowable tensile stress values permitted for different materials
are given in table on page 189. The maximum allowable compressive stress
to be used in the design of cylindrical shells subjected to loading that produce
longitudinal compressive stress in the shell shall be determined according to
Code par. UG-23 b, c, & d.
6. JOINT EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of different types of welded joints are given in table on page
172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176.
The following pages contain formulas used to compute the required wall
thickness and the maximum allowable working pressure for the most
frequently used types of shell and head. The formulas of cylindrical shell are
given for the longitudinal seam, since usually this governs.
The stress in the girth seam will govern only when the circumferential joint
efficiency is less than one-half the longitudinal joint efficiency, or when
besides the internal pressure additional loadings (wind load, reaction of
saddles) are causing longitudinal bending or tension. The reason for it is
that the stress arising in the girth seam pound per square inch is one-half of
the stress in the longitudinal seam.
The formulas for the girth seam accordingly:
PR
1 =
2SE
+ O.4P
P =
2SEI
R - 0.41
17
NOTES
18
INTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSJDE DIMENSIONS
NOTATION
P
D = Inside
diameter. inches
Wall thickness. inches
CA. = Corrosion allowance. inches
t
+--.f-- l~
'~
PR
SE-O.6P
P=
SE~_
R+O.6t
I.
2.
SPHERE
and
HEMISPHERICAL HEAD
PR
2SE-O.2P
2SE t
R+O.2t
~"","~
I.
2: 1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
hS-~
I.
]\1
0
h = 0/4
I.
PD
2SE-O.2P
P=
2SEt
D+O.2t
19
EXAMPLES
E
DESIGN DATA:
p = 100 psi design pressure
S = 20,000 psi stress value of
SA 515-70 plate @ 500F
E = 0.85, efficiency of spot-examined
joints of shell and hem is. head to
shell
100 X 48.125
.
t=20,000 X 0.85 -0.6XIOO =0.284 m.
+CA.
0.125 in.
0.409 in.
176 psi
100X48.125
=0.142 in.
2 X 20,000 X 0.85 -0.2 XI 00
+C A.
0.125 in.
0.267 in.
.
pSI
+CA.
0.125 in.
OJ66 in.
20
INTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS
NOTATION
CONE
AND
CONICAL SECTION
PD
t=~~----~~~~:7
2 cos a (SE-O.6P)
P= 2SEt cos a
D+ 1.2t cos a
(TORISPHERICAL HEAD)
0.885PL
t
SEt
SE-O.IP
=-=0--=.8=85-=-=L=-+-0-=-."'-1t
\
When the min. t~nsile strength
of material exceeds 70,000 psi.
see Code UG-32(e)
PLM
p=
t = -=-2=SE=--=0-=.2-=P
2SEt
LM+0.2t
L/r
M
1.00
1.50
1.25
1.00
1.06
1.08
1.03
7.00
8.00
1.46
2.00
2.25
1.10
2.50
2.75
1.15
1.13
1.17
10.0
9.00
8.50
7.50
1.41
I. 75
1950
3.00
1.18
3.25
1.20
11.0
10.5
3.50
4.00
1.22
1.25
12.0
11.5
4.50
1.28
5.00
1.31
14.0
13.0
5.50
6.00
1.34
1.36
16.0
15.0
2
16]"
1.54
1.50
1.58
1.62
1.69
I. 75
1.48
1.52
1.56
I.~Q
1.65
1.72
1.77
THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED RATIO: L - D + 2t
(see note 2 on facing page)
1.44
6.50
1.39
21
EXAMPLES
DESIGN DATA:
P = 100 psi design pressure
S = 20,000 psi stress value of
SA 515-70 plate @ 500F
E = 0.85, efficiency of spot-examined
I
joints
'
E = 1.00, joint efficiency of seamless
heads
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
cos 30= 0.866
Determine the required thickness,
t of a cone
100 X 96.25
-0 "28 .
t 2XO.866 (20,000 X 0.85 _0.6XlOO) - . J m.
+C.A.
Q 125 jn
0.453 in.
+CA.
0.125 in.
0.551 in.
+CA.
p= 2x20,000xl.OxO.5625 104 .
96.125x1.75+0.2 x0.4375
pSI
NOTE: When the ratio of Llr is greater than 161, fupn-Code construction) the values of
M may be calculated by the formula: M = Y4 (3 + Wr)
22
INTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS
NOTATION
PR
1-
SE
+ 0.4P
SEI
P - R - O.4t
PR
1 -
2SE
+ 0.8P
2SEI
P - R - 0.81
t=""'2"""'S=E-+--:"1-".8~P
2SEt
P= ..- - D -1.8t
h = 0/4
23
EXAMPLES
DESIGN DATA:
P = 100 psi design pressure
S = 20,000 psi stress value of
SA 515-70 plate @ 500F
E = 0.85, efficiency of spot-examined
joints of shell and hemis. head to
shell
R
D
t
CA.
0.125 in.
0.408 in.
+CA.
0.125 in.
0.266 in.
100X96
0.239 in.
2 X 20,000 X l.0+ l.8X 100
+CA.
0.125 in.
0.364 in.
24
INTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS
NaTATION
CONE
AND
CONICAL SECTION
[
~
t=
PD
P=
2SEt cos a
D -0.8t cos a
Ii::
T
0
1-
-oj
'r-'-
<,(l
~
--f t:
\!.I
0.885PL
SE+0.8P
SEt
0.885L-0.8t
\
t
PLM
2SE+P(M-0.2)'
2SEt
P= ML -t(M-0.2)
V ALUES OF FACTOR M
L/r
M
L/r
M
1.00
1.50
1.25
1.06
1.00
11.03
7.00
1.08
144
1.10
8.50
1.46
2.25
1.13
9.00
8.00
17.50
1.41
1.75
2.00
11.48
2.50
1.15
1.17
10.0
9.50
1.50
2.75
1.52
3.00
1.18
1.20
11.0
10.5
1.54
3.25
1.56
3.50
1.22
=D
1.25
12.0
11.5
1.58
4.00
1.60
4.50
1.28
1.31
14.0
13.0
1.62
5.00
11.65
5.50
1.34
16.0
15.0
1.69
11.72
1.75
6.00
1.36
16t
1.77
6.50
1.39
25
EXAMPLES
heads
48 inches outside radius
96 inches outside diameter
30 one half of the apex angle
96 inches outside radius of dish
Required wall thickness, inches
0.125 inches corrosion allowance
DESIGN DATA:
P = 100 psi design pressure
S = 20,000 psi stress value of
SA 515-70 plate @ 500F
E = 0.85, efficiency of spot-examined
joints
E = 1.00, joint efficiency of seamless
t =
CA. =
cos 30 = 0.866
Determine the required thickness, t
of a cone
l00X %
.
t=2XO.866X(20,OOOXO.85+O.4Xl (0)=0.326 m.
0.125 in.
0.451 in.
+CA.
D =
ex =
L =
Llr = 16~
Determine the required thickness, t of a
seamless ASME flanged and dished
head.
0.125 in.
0.548 in.
10"" .
,) pSI
0.125 in.
0.544 in.
= 16
26
E=joint efficiency
t=dVCPISE
C = 0.33tr/ ts
C min. = 0.20
2..[cii:
Non-circular, bolted flat heads, covers,
blind flanges Code UG-34; other types
of closures Code UG-35
27
d "0.13 P/SE
1.146in.
l.25
24
= 0.052
tr
0.33 -[
0.33
0.3125
JCP/SE
24
0.26
~ 0.26 x 300/17,100'(
l.620 in.
I =
0.375 in.
tr
d .jCP/SE
24
0.243
0.375
0.214
28
Class
150 lb. 300 lb. 400 lb. 600 lb. 900 lb. 1,500 lb. 2,5001b
Hydrostatic
test
450
1,125
1,500
2,225
3,350
5,575
9,275
pressure, psig
Temperature, F MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NON-SHOCK PRESSURE PSIG.
-20 to 100
285
740
990
1,480
2,220
3,705
6,170
200
260
675
900
1,350
2,025
3,375
5,625
3,280
5,470
300
230
655
875
1,315
1,970
400
1,900
3,170
845
1,270
200
5,280
635
500
600
650
700
170
140
125
110
600
550
535
535
800
730
715
710
1,200
1,095
1,075
1,065
1,795
1,640
1,610
1,600
2,995
2,735
2,685
2,665
4,990
4,560
4,475
4,440
750
800
850
900
95
80
65
50
505
410
270
170
670
550
355
230
1,010
825
535
345
1,510
1,235
805
515
2,520
2,060
1,340
860
4,200
3,430
2,230
1,430
950
1,000
35
20
105
50
140
70
205
105
310
155
515
260
860
430
29
PRESSURE OF FLUID
STATIC HEAD
The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity of the
pressure when the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions on the sides or at bottom
of the vessel and is due to the height of the fluid above the point at which the
pressure is considered.
The static head when applicable shall be added to the design pressure of the
vessel.
The tables below when applicable shall be added to the design pressure of the
water.
To find the pressure for any other fluids than water, the given in the tables shall
be be mUltiplied with the specific gravity of the fluid in consideration.
Head
Feet
0
10
20
30
40
50
(i)
70
00
'Xl
0
4.33
8.66
12.99
17.32
21.65
25.98
30.31
34.64
38.97
1
0.43
4.76
9.09
13.42
17.75
22.08
26.41
30.74
35.07
39.40
2
0.87
5.20
9.53
13.86
18.19
22.52
26.85
31.18
35.51
39.84
3
1.30
5.63
9.96
14.29
18.62
22.95
27.28
31.61
35.94
40.27
4
1.73
6.06
10.39
14.72
19.05
23.38
27.71
32.04
36.37
40.70
5
2.16
6.49
10.82
15.15
19.48
23.81
28.14
32.47
36.80
41.13
6
2.60
6.93
11.26
15.59
19.92
24.25
28.58
32.91
37.24
41.57
7
3.03
7.36
11.69
16.02
20.35
24.68
29.01
33.34
37.67
42.00
8
3.46
7.79
12.12
16.45
20.78
25.11
29.44
33.77
38.10
42.43
9
3.90
8.23
12.56
16.89
21.22
25.55
29.88
34.21
38.54
42.87
NOTE: One foot of water at 62 Fahrenheit equals .433 pound pressure per square
inch. To find the pressure per square inch for any feet head not given in the table
above, multiply the feet times .433.
18.5
4.6
2.3
11.5
13.9
16.2
20.8
6.9
9.2
23.1
25.4
27.7
30.0
32.3
34.6
36.9
39.3
41.6
43.9
48.5
50.8
53.l
55.4
57.7
60.0
62.4
64.7
46.2
67.0
20
71.6
73.9
78.5
80.8
83.l
85.4
87.8
69.3
90.1
76.2
30
92.4
94.7
97.0
99.3 101.6 103.9 106.2 108.5 110.8 113.2
40
115.5 117.8 120.1 122.4 124.7 127.0 129.3 131.6 133.9 136.3
50
(i)
138.6 140.9 143.2 145.5 147.8 150.l 152.4 154.7 157.0 159.3
70
161.7 164.0 166.3 168.6 170.9 173.2 175.5 177.8 180.1 182.4
184.8 187.l 189.4 191.7 194.0 196.3 198.6 200.9 203.2 205.5
00
207.9 210.2 212.5 214.8 217.l 219.4 221.7 224.0 226.3 228.6
'Xl
NOTE: One pound of pressure per square inch of water equals 2.309 feet of water
at 62 Farenheit. Therefore, to find the feet head of water for any pressure not
given in the table above, multipy the pressure pounds per square inch by 2.309.
10
30
TABLES
F or quick comparison of required plate thickness and weight for various
materials and at a different degree of radiographic examination.
A Stress values at temperature -20 to 500 OF.
SA53 B
SA 515-60
SA 516-60
14,535
17,100
SA285 C
85% J. E.
100% J. E.
13,345
15,700
SA515-70
SA 516-70
17,000
20,000
0.92
0.85
0.79
0.78
0.67
14,535
1.09
-
0.92
0.86
0.85
0.73
17,000
1.27
1.17
1.08
0.93
0.92
0.79
17,100
1.28
1.18
1.09
1.01
0.99
0.85
0.86
15,700
1.18
1.08
20,000
1.49
1.37
1.27
1.18
1.17
-
Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head
materials.
Table B shows the ratios of these stress values.
EXAMPLE:
1. For a wessel using SA 515-70 plate, when spot radiographed, the required
thickness 0.4426 inches and the weight of the vessel 12600 lbs.
2. What plate thickenss will be required, and what will the weight of the
vessel be using SA 285-C plate and full radiographic examination:
31
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
DESIGN PRESSURE
When Code Symbol is to be applied, the vessel shall be designed and
stamped with the maximum allowable external working pressure. It is
recommended that a suitable margin is provided when establishing the
maximum allowable external pressure to allow for pressure variation in
service. Code UG-28(f).
Vessels intended for service under external working pressure of 15 psi
and less may be stamped with the Code Symbol denoting compliance
with the rules for external pressure provided all the applicable rules of
this Division are also satisfied. Code UG-28(f).
This shall not be applied if the vessel is operated at a temperature below minus 20 F, and the design pressure is determined by the Code
UCS-66(c)(2) or Code UHA-51(b) to avoid the necessity of impact
test.
Vessels with lap joints: Code UG-28(g) Non-cylindrical vessel, jacket:
Code UG-28(i).
TEST PRESSURE
Single-wall vessels designed for vacuum or partial vacuum only, shall
be subjected to an internal hydrostatic test or when a hydrostatic test is
not practicable, to a pneumatic test. Code UG-99(f).
Either type of test shall be made at a pressure not less than 1Yz times
the difference between normal atmospheric pressure and the minimum
design internal absolute pressure. Code UG-99(f).
Pneumatic test: Code UG-l 00.
The design method on the following pages conform to ASME Code for
Pressure Vessels Section VIII, Div. 1. The charts on pages 42-47 are
excerpted from this Code.
32
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS
NOTATION
P
External design pressure, psig.
~ ~_ Maximum allowable working pressure, psig.
ll.
Outside diameter, in.
L0
the length, in. of vessel section between:
1. circumferential line on a head at one-third the depth of the
head-tangent line,
2. stiffening rings
3. jacket closure
4. cone-to-cylinder junction or knuckle-to-cylinder junction of
a toriconical head or section,
5. tube sheets (see page 39)
t
Minimum required wall thickness, in.
A.
1"1
,-"----' -
....---1111- r-
CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints
When D/ / equal to or greater than 10
the maximum allowable pressure:
Pa=
48
3eD o Il)
VESSEL
WITHOUT STIFFENING RING
B.
~
a:::
iii
~-:..--:
"'"
--~
Do
Z
~
\I.
\I.
~H-----~----H--~--~
~'
-----,..
Pa =
VESSEL
WITH STIFFENING RING
2AE
3(D.lt)
33
EXAMPLES
DESIGN DATA
..,-1
co
\0
"0 ,
I::
'",
II::
'"
I-
"
'-Ci
"0
co
'00
v
'-Ci
~\...
~
..j
Jco
Po = 4B/3(D/I)
= 4 x 3000/3 x
34
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS
NOTATION
P
External design pressure psig.
P
Maximum allowable working pressure psig.
Do
Outside diameter of the head, in.
Ra
Outside radius of sphere or hemisphereical head, O.9Do for ellipsoidal
heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished heads, in.
t
Minimum required wall thickness, inches.
E
Modulus of elasticity of material, psi. (page 43)
Q
The required thickness and maximum allowable pressure shall be computed by the procedures given for
ellipsoidal heads. (See above)Romaximum=D"
35
EXAMPLES
DESIGN DATA:
Ro
= 48.00 in.
0.125/( 48.00/0.25)~0.00065
t. = 0.25 in.
8500/(48.00/0.25)
= 44.27 psi.
Since the maximum allowable working pressure Pais exceedingly greater than
the design pressure P, a lesser thickness would be satisfactory.
For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t = 0.1.875 in.
Ro = 48.00 in.
A
B
= 0.125/(48.00/0.1875) = 0.0005
= 6700, from chart (page 43), Pa = BI(R/I) = 67001256 = 26.2 psi.
sati~factory.
Procedure (2.)
Since the maximum allowable pressure p .. is greater than the design pressure
P the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
36
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS
CONE
AND
CONICAL SECfION
P"
48
3(D,/t,.)
I~
Dltt
3. Enter chart G (page 42) at the value of LI
D, (LID,) (Enter at 50 when LID, is, greater
than 50) Move horizontally to the lme representing Dr/t. From the point of intersection move vertically and read the value
of A.
4. Enter the applicable material chan at
NOTATION
A
B
a
determined from
= factor
fig.UGO-2B.O (page 42
=
= =t cos a
P" - 2A/3(D,II,.)
For cones having D /t ratio smaller than 10,
see Code UG-33 (O(b)
WHEN a IS GREATER THAN 60
The thickness of the cones shall be the same as
the required thickness for a flat head. the
diameter of which equals the largest outside
diameter of the cone.
Provide adequate reinforcing of the cone-tocylinder juncture. See page I S9
37
EXAMPLES
DESIGN DATA
96 in.
Ds =0
a = 22.5 degrees
. P" -
48
3(/),/(,)
D,
4 x 5,200
20 8 .
3(333)
= . pSI.
Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, the
assumed plate thickness is satisfactory.
CONICAL SECTION (See design data above)
0, = 144 in.
Os =96 in.
a =30 deg. Determine the required thickness,
Length, L=[(DrD,)I2]/tana =24/.5774=41.6 in.
1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.375 in.
2. Ie = t cosa.=0.375 x 0.866=0.324
Le=(L/2)(l
+ D/D,) =41.612 x
+ 96/144) = 34.67
(l
LeID, =34.67/144=0.241
D[it e = 144/0.324=444
3. A =0.00065 (from chart, page 42,
4. B = 8,600 (from chart, page 43)
24
144-96
5
_
48
4 x 8600
2
. p .. - 3(01/t e)
3 X (144/0.324)
144
= 25.8 psi.
Since the maximum allowable pressure P is greater than the design pressure
P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
Q
ex
IS GREATER THAN 60
38
NOTES
39
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS
\.-.J~
Use L in calculation as shown when
the strength of joints of cone to cylinder does not meet the requirements
described on pages 163 - 169 It will
result the thickness for the cone not
less than the minimum required thickness for the joining cylindrical shell.
t----IJ
f
L
L
"
40
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
DESIGN OF STIFFENING RINGS
NOTATION
A
:= Factor determined from the chart (page 42) for the material used in the
stiffening ring.
As
Do
Is
Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring about its neutral axis parallel
to the axis of the shell, in.4.
I',.
Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring combined with the shell
section which is taken as contributing to the moment of inertia. The width of
the shell section 1.10 Wt
in.4.
o
Ls
The sum of one-half of the distances on both sides of the stiffening ring from
the center line of the ring to the (1) next stiffening ring, (2) to the head line at
113 depth, (3) to a jacket connection, or (4) to cone-to-cylinder junction, in.
I. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine its cross sectional area A.
II. Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between
jacketed section, cone-to-shell junction, or head line at 113 of its depth and
determine dimension, Ls
III. Calculate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the moment of inertia of
the ring combined with the shell section (see page 95).
IV. The available moment of inertia of a circumferential stiffening ring shall not be
less than determined by one of the following formulas:
l' = Do 2L s (t+A/L)A
I = Do 2Ls (t+A/L)A
\'
10.9
.v
14
The value of A shall be determined by the following procedure:
1. Calculate factor B using the formula:
B= 3/. [ PDo ]
,
4 t+AlLs
2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43 _A7) at the value of B and move
horizontally to the curve of design temperature. When the value of B is less than
2500, A can be calculated by the formula: A = 2BIE.
3. From the intersection point move vertically to the bottom of the chart and read the
value of A.
4. Calculate the required moment of inertia using the formulas above.
If the moment ofinertia ofthe ring or the ring combined with the shell section is greater
than the required moment of inertia, the stiffening ofthe shell is satisfactory. Otherwise
stiffening ring with larger moment of inertia must be selected, or the number of rings
shall be increased.
Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (f)
41
EXAMPLES
DESIGN DATA:
P = 15 psi, external design pressure.
Do = 96 in., outside diameter of the shell.
Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 47 ft. 8 in. = 572 in.
Heads 2: 1 ellipsoidal
Material of the stiffening ring SA-36
Temperature SOOF
E
Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi, @ SOOF (see chart on
page 43)
t = 0.500 in. thickness of shell
96"
~
I. An angle of 6 x 4
As = 3.03 sq. in.
V
00
in
~
-r-.-
-.:t
ctI
""\
-
~
rt
f - _ . _ - -f-
-I- -
t-
--
selected.
- -
--~-
\0
00
-.:t
5h6
00
in
I ;::: [Do 2L s(t+ AslLl A];::: 96 2 x 196 x (O.S + 3.03/196) x 0.00015;::: 997 4
s
14
14
. m.
Since the required moment of inertia (9 t97 in.4) is smaller than the moment of
inertia of the selected angle (11.4 in.4) the vessel is adequately stiffened.
Stiffening rings may be subject to lateral buckling. This should be considered
in addition to the required moment of inertia.
See pages 95-97 for stiffening ring calculations.
42
I
50.0
40.0
P p_p .....0 . 0
35.0
;;- ;--;;
30.0 2S.0
8 g
0;
I\)
I
J.
J. i
I
p P P ,....p P
~r-~
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:;.
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~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~I~
DESIGN
48
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
CONSTRUCTION OF STIFFENING RINGS
LOCATION
Stiffening rings may be placed on the inside or au tside of a vessel.
SHAPE OF RINGS
The rings may be of rectangUlar or any other sections.
CONSTRUCTION
It is preferable to use plates in constructing a composite-section stiffener ring,
rather than using standard structural shapes. The reason for this lies not only in
the difficulties of rolling heavy structural shapes, but also because of the necessity to adjust the ring to the curvature of the shell. For large diameter vessels the
maximum permissible out of roundness can result in a 1 - 2 inch gap between
the shell and the ring. This can be eliminated if the vertical member of the ring is
cut out of the plate in sections. The sections can be flame cut, instead of rolled
and then butt-welded together in place.
WELDING
According to the ASME Code (UG 30): Stiffener rings may be attached to the
shell by continuous or intermittent welding. The total length of intermittent
welding on each side of the stiffener ring shall be:
1. for rings on the outside, not less than one half the outside circumference
of the vessel;
2. for rings on the inside of the vessel, not less than one third of the circumference of the vessel.
Figure A
EXAMPLE:
RINGS OUTSIDE
RINGS INSIDE
J:
Figure B
The fillet weld leg-size shall be not less than the smallest of the following: 1/4 in,
the thickness of vessel wall or stiffener at the joint.
49
.60
.55
300
.50
.45
:~
Y
i~
700
.40
Isoo
.35
'JIll
. 30
&
. i,;.l.
I
.25
.20
.....
. 15
.10
.05
.00 10 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
t
R
Do
50
I'"
500.
.0-.
.~~
EO.
~ ~ f---
300 of
....-- c-- c- 500 of
~" ~~f'-.,.
....... f- -700 of
~
,./
..--800 of
"~ ~
.;;:<
0
~
~ 900 of
~ ~ ~ ./
NK~
~~
~
~~~
-.....::::
~~
400.
"'' '\
ns.
215.
315.
215.
"""
115.
..
130.
120.
10.
50.
&
I.
&
LID
iJj ~ ~1 /1 I~ 1I 11/ I I /
I /
~t.:
/1/// ~ ~ bI fcI I i / / / / V
//; ~/; ~/ II't~Vi 10/' leo.: .1 j' ./ /
/ /
v
VI
V
V /
W2 ~VI 'II J y l?~I ~
W 0 ~ j / / /;/ .;//
/ /
/
yv
~ ~v/ / V / L/
?
~ V / ~/ / / / / J v
v
.~
~ / . /V /' / ......./ ' /
.~
v .........-v /"..,/
.........- ~
--::v k ..-vV .--
,/
125.
100.
10.
!/
140.
I
rlJ '/ ,/1/ / If I /' II' /
II VJ II, 11/II II I I I I I I I I I I
Ij~ III Z ,/1 If I I / V / / _1/
-~ ~ (II 'II IlL illl II J I II
/ I
150.
100.
150.
--..::::::~~
125.
100.
115.
~ ~~
I !SO.
150.
If'
140.
130.
120.
110.
100.
~.
80.
10.
---
CYLINDRICAL SHELL
(See facing page for explanation)
0
....l
....l
"':t"
[/)
....
&0-
:t
50.
40.
30.
EU
Z
"'....l"
II
.....l
20.
I-"'
"'"
,./
..
Z
0
1=
[/)
,/
..,-
10.
10.
51
.1$
.20
.25
.30
.35
.45
.4)
.50
.eo
.55
.&5
.70
.15
.80
.85
,go
.SJ5
S2S.
500.
415.
A6O.
oG5.
400.
315.
350.
.....
-0
0
325.
lOO.
215.
250.
225.
200.
115.
ISO.
\ \ \\ \\ \\ l\ \
i\ \ 1\ \ 1\ \ 1\ \ 1\\ .~.
\ \ ~\ 1\ \ 1,\ \ Io~ .f.
!\ \ \ \ 1\.\ ~~ ~. ~~
-1 1\ \ \ \ 1\ \ \ ~ ~~ ~~ I'<.,~ ~
\ \ \ 1\ \ 1\" f<1."<. ~'" v'~ ""-" ~
\ \ 1\ \ \ I\o~ .~ ~" ~'" ~ f'o..-~ ~ ~
f'o..-""-.. ~ ~
~\
\ \ \ 1\ ~ "~ ~~ ~'
~ ~ ~ "'-....' '""""""- 0
f'<..'
~
\ \ f\
-~
1'
-."""
\b '"
,,"""- ~ ~ ~ ~ t': ~
f'o..-"
\ \ ~ ~. ~ f\v ~
r-... .....
\ \ \
\ 1\ \ 1\ \
\ \ \ \
~\ \ \
\
'y
'\ .}
\
~.
1\.,.,.
~ ~
.10
.15
.20
'\
rx ~
'\
\: '\
125.
100.
~,.,
1'0
.>
"""
""
,25
r-.....,
.30
""
~
f'o..-
~
r--....
.............. 1--..
~
.35
.4)
.45
'"
,"""I"-.. ~'
"'-....
"r--
"
~ .............. r-..............
........
r---
...............
I--I-- r-.:::-.......
i--- r--. r-... r--
['---...... '-.....
'"-...
.SO
.55
500.
415.
315.
215.
""--
i'--.
1.00
S2S.
.eo
.e5
.10
.15
I--
r::- r-:::
r-- .:::=
-- --
.80
~=
.85
,go
.Q5
115.
,so.
'25.
'00.
1.00
CYLINDRICAL SHELL
52
(D x H)
L...-_ _
e 0.85;
II
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient*
Exposures B, e & D (Table 6-3)
* See tables below for values of q and for combined values
of Gh, G z, and Kz in Exposures B, e, and D.
VELOCITY PRESSURE, q
Basic wind speed, mph, V
1 70 I 80 I <x) 1100 1110
Velocity Pressure psfO.00256 V2, q
I 13 I 171 21 I 26 I 31
J120
I
37
1130
44
I
I
53
EXPOSUREB
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.9
EXPOSUREC
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.3
EXPOSURED
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.4
The area of caged ladder may be approximated as 1 sq. ft. per lineal ft. Projected area
of platform 8 sq. ft.
Users of vessels usually specify wind pressure for manufacturers without reference
to the height zones or map areas. For example: 30 lb. per sq. ft. This specified pressure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel.
The total pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected
area of the tower. With good arrangement ofth-e equipment, the exposed area of the
wind can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder 90 degrees
from the vapor line.
EXAMPLE:
Determine the wind load, F
DESIGN DATA:
the wind speed, V
= kOOm.p.h
=
6 ft.
diameter of tower, D
= 80 ft.
height of tower, H
the tower located in flat,
unobstructed area, exposure: D
26 psf
1.8
0.8
54
Alaska Note:
For coastal areas and islands,
use nearest contour.
. \140
100
130
110120
55
90
100
110
120
Population Center
Location
Hawaii
Puerto Rico
Guam
Virgin Islands
American Samoa
Notes:
1. Values are 3-second gust speeds in miles per hour at 33 ft.
above ground for Exposure C category and are associated with
an annual probability of 0.02.
2. Linear interpolation between wind speed contours is permitted.
3. Islands and coastal areas shall use wind speed contour of
coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promotories, and special
wind regions shall be examined for unusual wind conditions.
V, mph
105
125
170
125
125
56
EXAMPlE:
For a cylindrical tower these values sha11 be multiplied by shape factor 0.6, then the
wind pressure in different zones will be 15 and IS lb. per sq. ft. respectively
If many pieces of equipment are attached to the tower it is advisable to increase the
shape factor (according to Brownell) up to 0.S5 for a cylindrical vessel.
Users of vessels usually specify the wind pressure for manufacturers without reference to height zones or map areas. For example: 30 lb. per sq. ft. This specified pressure
shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel.
Relation between wind pressure and wind velocity, when the horizontal cross section
is circular, is given by the formula:
P w = 0.0025 x Vw 2
where
EXAMPLE:
___
___
.. ___
I
110
-----1-I
-.~-
'3
li:
a::
Io!j
CI
en
en
m
i
SANTA ANA WINDS
- . - CHINOOK WINDS
AAA
ALLOWABLE RESULTANT
WIND PRESSURES
COMIINEO INWARD AND OUTWARD I'RESSURES
U
G:O : : : - - ,
----10".~.
:~I~:;r..EGR~ORA~U.:~C~~:: O::~~~RT
~~.
VI
The map based on the records of the United States Weather Bureau and developed by the National Bureau of Standards.
DESIGN
-...l
58
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
WIND LOAD
(Continuation)
FORMULAS
SHEAR
MOMENT
.
REQUIRED
STRI<,SS THICKNESS
t=
12M
R 2 nSE
NOTATION
hi
~_..L.h~r_:~ :~
V
t
= Total
shear, lb.
EXAMPLE:
Given:
D[ = 4'-0" D2 = 3'-0" H[ = 56'-0" H2 = 44'-0"
hT = 4'-0" P w = 30 psf
Determine the wind moment
hI = HI12 = 28'-0" h2 = HI + (H212) = 78'-0"
Pw x D x H = V x h = M
Lower
30 x 4 x 56 = 6720 x 28 = 188,160
Section
Upper
Section - 30 x 3 x 44 = 3,960 x 78 = 308,880
V = 10,680
M 497,040 ft. lb.
Total
J
2
11
3' -6"
I;:..!...I
7t[)1
t-~/
t
,......,..
"0
"0
'"
-l
.....
o
c.
o
f-o
II
:t:
Platform
EXAMPLE:
Given:
D j = 3 ft. 6 in. H = 100 ft. 0 in.
P w = 30 psf
Determine the wind moment
hI = HI2 = 50 ft. 0 in.
hT
v X hI =
PwxDjxH=
= 10,500 x 50 =
Vessel
30 x 3.5 x 100
= 2,940 = 49 =
Ladder 30 x 98 lin. ft.
=
240 x 96 =
Platform 30 x 8 lin. ft.
V
=
13,680
M =
Total
Moment at the bottom tangent line
Mr = M - hr (V - 0.5 P w D j hr ) =
692,100 - 4 (13,680 - 0.5 x 30 x 3.5 x 4) =
4 ft. 0 in.
M
525,000
144,060
23,040
692,100
ft. Ib
638,220
ft. lb.
SEE EXAMPLES FOR COMBINED LOADS ON PAGE: 69
59
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
I. shell
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
heads
internal plate work
tray supports
insulation rings
openings
skirt
base ring
anchor ring
anchor lugs
II. miscellaneous
12. + 6% of the weight of items I through II for
overweight of the plates and weight added by
the wei dings
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
insulation
fireproofing
platform
ladder
piping
miscellaneous
c.
s=
w
et
where
The weight of different vessel elements are given in tables beginning on page- 374
VIBRATION
As a result of wind, tall towers develop vibration. The period of the vibration
should be limited, since large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue
failure. The allowable period has been computed from the maximum permissible
deflection.
The so called harmonic vibration is not discussed in this Handbook since the
trays as usually applied and their supports prevent the arising of this problem.
FORMULAS
Period of Vibration:
T sec.
T= 0.0000265
~=O.80
(-ff)2 P,
~WH
~
NOTATION
D = Outside diameter of vessel, ft.
H = Length of vessel including skirt, ft.
g
EXAMPLE
Given:
= 32.2 ft/sec 2
t = 0.75 in.
V = 1440 lb.
W = 36,000 lb.
in operating condition
w = 360
T=0.0000265(100:?
\3.125)
..y 360x3.125
0.75
_/36000 x 100
Ta=0.80 \I 1440x32.2
= 1.05 sec.
=7.05 sec.
Reference: Freese, C. E.: Vibration of Vertical Pressure Vessel ASME Paper 1959.
61
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
F,~!
V-F,
M= {Ft X H + (V - Ft ) X (2HI3)]
Mx={FtXX] forX::S HI3
~/
Hh
Mx ={Ff X H + (V - Ff ) X (X-HI3)]
t JH
-LJ
(a) Seismic Loading Diagram
MOMENT
Base Shear
The base shear is the total horizontal seismic shear at
the base of a tower. The triangular loading pattern and
the shape of the tower shear diagram due to that loading are shown in Fig. (a) and (b). A portion of F t of total
horizontal seismic force V is assumed to be applied at
the top of the tower. The remainder of the base shear is
distributed throughout the length of the tower, including the top.
Overturning Moment
The overturning moment at any level is the algebraic
sum of the moments of all the forces above that level.
NOTATION
-'
N
.
I
ffi'
C = umenca coe IClent = 2.355
T2i3
(need not exceed 2.75)
C = Numerical coefficient = 0.035
I.
.1
Base Shear
E = Efficiency ofweldedjoints
62
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
NOTATION
I
.. D
=c t xH%
= Distance from top tangent line to the level under consideration, ft.
63
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
Given:
Seismic zone: 2B
Z=O.2
X= 96 ft,. 0 in.
W= 35,400 lb.
and
1=1,
S=1.5, Rw=2.9,
If-' thus
64
...
...
er,
0'1
==
~
~
:I
f"I
a..
~
C.
C':I
.c:
'! :aU
=
~
c.
c.
-<
'"<Ii
~
....C':I
rJJ
~
~
"0
.~
~
.\ c~
~
.c:
....
~
:s....
'"
=
=
'"C':I
~
C':I
a..
65
66
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
ECCENTRIC LOAD
Towers and their internal equipment are usually symmetrical around the vertical
axis and thus the weight of the vessel sets up compressive stress only. Equipment
attached to the vessel on the outside can cause unsymmetrical distribution of the
loading due to the weight and result in bending stress. This unsymmetrical arrangement of small equipment, pipes and openings may be neglected, but the bending
stresses exerted by heavy equipment are additional to the bending stresses resulting
from wind or seismic load.
FORMULAS
~.
.
I
MOMENT
M= We
E
M
=
=
=
=
S
t
W
=
=
STRESS
REQUIRED
THICKNESS
12We
S_12We
-nR2(
(=
R 1 n SE
NOTATION
Eccentricity, the distance from the tower axis to center of
eccentric load, ft.
Efficiency of welded joints.
Moment of eccentric load, ft. lb.
Mean radius of vessel, in.
Stress value of material, or actual bending stress, psi
Thickness of vessel, excluding corrosion allowance, in.
Eccentric load, lb.
EXAMPLE
Given:
e
R
t
W
=
=
=
=
4 ft. 0 in.
15 in.
0.25 in.
1000 lb.
When there is more than one eccentric load, the moments shall be summarized,
taking the resultant of all eccentric loads.
67
STABILITY
A tower under axial compression may fail in two ways because of instability:
I.
By buckling of the whole vessel (Euler buckling)
2.
By local buckling
In thin-walled vessels (when the thickness of the shell is less than one-tenth of
the inside radius) local buckling may occur at a unit load less than that required
to cause failure of the whole vessel. The out of roundness of the shell is a very
significant factor in the resulting instability. The formulas for investigation of
elastic stability are given in this Handbook, developed by Wilson and Newmark.
Elements of the vessel which are primarily used for other purposes (tray
supports, downcomer bars) may be considered also as stiffeners against buckling
if closely spaced. Longitudinal stiffeners increase the rigidity of the tower more
effectively than circumferential stiffeners. If the rings are not continuous around
the shell, its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions outlined in
the Code UG-29 (c).
FORMULAS
ALLOWABLE STRESS (S)
Without Stiffener
Ay
. Id . )
1 500 ,000 Iit (=
S =,
<"31 yte
pomt
dy
~
S
I
Ix
= 18 in.
= 0.25 in.
R
I
Given:
Ay
dy
=
=
1 sq. in.
24 in.
EXAMPLE
Determine the allowable compressive stress (S)
+ 0.04
1,500,000 x
R
1,500,000 x 0.25
20 833
18
=,
+ -24 =
= 0.25
S =
Longitudinal stiffener
is not used, then:
Ix = t = 0.25 in.
I
~ (= 1 . Id )
= 1,500,000
R
"tytx <"3 yte P
NOTATIONS:
Cross sectional area of one logitudinal stiffener, sq. in.
Cross sectional area of one circumferential stiffener, sq. in.
Distance between logitudinal stiffeners, in.
Distance between circumferential stiffeners, in.
Mean radius of the vessel, in.
Allowable compressive stress, psi
Thickness of shell, in.
Ax The equivalent thickness of the shell when longitudinally
I +
d; stiffened, in .
Iy = t
Given:
=
=
=
==
=
==
=
Ax
Ay
dx
With Stiffener
using
1,500,000 ~ =
yx
1 500 000
, 1~
VO.25 x 0.29
=
(S)
.
pSI
= 22.438
PSI
0.29
Reference: Wilson, W. M., and Newmark N. M.: The Strength of Thin Cylindrical
Shells as Columns, Eng. Exp. Sta. Univ. Ill. bull. 255, 1933.
68
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
DEFLECTION
Towers should be designed to deflect no more than 6 inches per 100 feet of height.
The deflection due to the wind load may be calculated by using the formula for
uniformly loaded cantilever beam.
FORMULA
tlM
D1
E
H
I
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pw
NOTATIONS
Maximum deflection (at the top), in.
Width of the tower with insulation, etc. ft.
Modulus of elasticity, psi
Length of vessel, included skirt, ft.
R3 7T t, moment of inertia for thin cylindrical shell
(when R> lOt)
Mean radius of the tower, in.
Thickness of skirt, in.
Wind pressure, psf
EXAMPLE
Given:
D 1 = 2 ft., 6 in.
E
= 30,000,000
H
= 48 ft., a in.
I
= R3 7T 0.3125
P w = 30 psf
R
= 12 in.
t
= 0.3125 in.
1.69 in.
A method for calculating deflection, when the thickness of the tower is not constant, given by S. S. Tang: "Short Cut Method for Calculating Tower Deflection".
Hydrocarbon Processing November 1968.
69
COMBINATION OF STRESSES
The stresses induced by the previously described loadings shall be investigated in
combination to establish the governing stresses.
Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), internal pressure and weight of
the vessel:
Stress Condition
At leeward
Stress due
+ Stress due
- Stress due
At windward side
+ Stress due to wind
+ Stress due to into press ..
- Stress due to weight
side
to wind
to int. press.
to weight
Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), external pressure and weight of
the vessel:
Stress Condition
At windward side
At leeward
Stress due
Stress due
Stress due
side
to wind
to ext. press.
to weight
The positive signs denote tension and the negative signs denote compression. The
summation of the stresses indicate whether tension or compression is governing.
It is assumed that wind and earthquake loads do not occur simultaneously, thus
the tower should be designed for either wind or earthquake load whichever is
greater.
At
At
At
At
Under these different conditions, the weight of the vessel and consequently, the
stress conditions are also different. Besides, during erection or dismantling the
vessel is not under internal or external pressure.
For analyzing the strength of tall towers under various loadings by this
Handbook, the maximum stress theory has been applied.
70
tjtp
m
tjtp
0.7
0.84
2.0
0.50
0.6
0.91
1.9
0.51
0.8
0.79
2.2
0.48
0.9
0.74
2.4
0.46
1.0
0.71
2.6
0.44
1.1
0.67
2.8
0.42
1.2
0.64
3.0
0.41
1.3
0.62
3.3
0.39
1.4
0.60
3.6
0.37
1.5
0.58
4.0
0.35
1.6
0.56
4.5
0.33
1.7
0.54
5.0
0.32
~
H
EXAMPLE:
0.0
0.1 I-0.21\-
::c
Ii
~
~I-\
0.4
0.3
f-o O.S
~
f-o
::c
0.6
til
::c
EXAMPLE:
At the height ofO. 71 H the required thickness is 0.5
times the thickness required at the bottom.
If the required thickness is:
= 0.250 in.
for internal pressure, Ip
= 0.625 in.
for wind load, tw
at the bottom required
=0.750 in.
1/2 + tw
0.7
0.8
'-
""
0,.
"
at height 0.71 H;
0.5 X 0.750
thickness for internal
pressure t/2
required thickness at 0.71 H
0.9
1.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 O.S 0.6 0.70.8 0.9 1.0
Fig. B
= 0.375
in.
= 0.125 in.
=
0.500 in.
71
EXAMPLE - A
Required thickness of cylindrical shell under internal pressure and wind load.
2' - 6"
DESIGN CONDITIONS
D
= 2 ft. 0 in. inside diameter of vessel
D J = 2 ft. 6 in. width of tower with insulation, etc.
E
= 0.85 efficiency of welded joints
H = 48 ft. 0 in. length of tower
hr = 4 ft. 0 in. distance from the base to the bottom
head to shell joint
P = 250 psi internal pressure
Pw = 30 psf wind pressure
R
= 12 in. inside radius of vessel
S
= I 5700psi stress value of SA 285 C
material at 200F temperature
V
= Total shear lb.
.,.
QQ
II
.,.
:c
II
.c
Pw x D J x H = V x h J = M
30 x 2.5 x 48 = 3,600 x 24 = 86,400 ft. lb.
Moment at the bottom seam (Mr)
Mr
=
=
Required thickness:
t = ~ = _ _ _ _8:..,.;.7. .;;,.1:..::,2. :,.00:.. .--_ _ _ -
R2
'TT
SE
871,200 - 0 145 in
122 x 3.14 x 15,700 x 0.85 - 6,037,135 - .
.
The required thickness calculated with the strength of the bottom girth seam:
For wind pressure
For int. pressure
TafAL
0.145 in
0.112 in.
0.254
For simple vessels where the moment due to wind is small, the above calculation is satisfactory.
Vessels which are subject to larger loadings may need closer investigation with respect also to
economical viewpoints. See pages 76-84 for skirt, base and anchor bolt design.
72
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
EXAMPLE B
Required thickness of cylindrical shell under combined loadings of internal pressure, wind and
weight of tower.
3'-6"
~~
DESIGN DATA
+-E~yform
~
r--r"
D
DI
E
hT
"tl
"tl
...'"
-l
H
P
Co
f-o
Pw
II
::t::
II
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Head:
.i;
-~
cm
Minimum required thickness for internal pressure considering the strength of the longitudinal
seam of shell.
PR
t = -SE---0-.6-P =
150 x 18
15700 x 0.85 _ 0.6 x 150 = 0.204 in. Use 0.25 in. plate
Minimum required thickness for internal pressure considering the strength of the circumferential seam of shell.
PR
150 x 18
== 0.101 in.
t =
= 2------------------------2SE + 0.4P
x 15700 x 0.85 + 0.4 x 150
Minimum required thickness for head
PD
t
= -2S-E---0-.2-P- =
Wind Load
Vessel
Platform
Ladder
150 x 36
2 x 15700 x 0.85 _ 0.2 x 150 = 0.203 in.
Pw x D, x H
30 x 3.5 x 100
30 x 8 lin. ft.
30 x 98 lin. ft.
Total shear
V
X hI
10,500 x 50
240 x 96
=
2,940 x49
=
=
=
V=
13,680
= 525,040
=
23,040
144,060
base
Moment at the bottom head seam (M T)
MT
I
=M
- hT (V - 0.5 P wDlhT) =
692,100 - 4 (13680 - 0.5 x 30 x 3.5 x 4)
= ~ =
R2
1T
SE
12 x 638,220
18 2 x 3.14 x 15700 x 0.85 =
7,658,640
13~583,556
0.564
0.101
0.665 in.
73
EXAMPLE B (CONT.)
~
'0
'0
~
01)
f'4
ci I - -
I--
'0
'0
'0
(..
f'I
'0
01)
r--
ci
I--
01)
~
N
.....
ci I--
--
'0
~-
...
Shell 40 x 97
32 x 195
24 x 294
6%
Say
The preliminary calculation of the required wall thickness shows that at the bottom approximately 0.75 in.
plate is required, to withstand the wind load and internal
pressure, while at the top the wind load is not factor
and for internal pressure (hoop tension) only 0.25 plate
is satisfactory. For economical reasons it is advisable to
use different plate thicknesses at various heights of the
tower.
The thickness required for hoop tension (0.25 in.) serves
to resist also the wind load to a certain distance down
from the top.
Find this distance (X) from table A, Page 70
tw/tp = 0.564/0.204 = 2.7 then X = 0.43 x H = 43 ft.
can be found the required
From diagram B, Page 70
thickness and length of the intennediate sheD sections.
Using 8 ft. wide plates, the vessel shall be constructed
from:
(5) 0.25 thick 8 ft. wide courses
40 ft.
(4) 0.50 thick 8 ft. wide courses
32 ft.
(3) 0.75 thick 8 ft. wide courses
24 ft.
96 ft.
Total
WEIGHT OF THE TOWER
(See tables beginning on page 374 )
3880
Skirt 4 x 195
6240
Base ring
7056
Anchor ring
160
Anchor lugs
393
800
llO
220
900
19759
1184
20943 lb.
21,000
6%
Say
Trays
Operating liquid
+ Erection Wt.
600
2400
3000 lb.
33,000 lb.
42,000 lb.
33,000 lb.
260
120
1880
113
1993
2000 lb.
4600
Insulation
Platfonn
Ladder
Piping
Say
780
720
1160
2800
1400
9960
10,000 lb.
74
EXAMPLE B (CONT.)
Checking the stresses with the preliminary calculated plate thicknesses:
=-
= 1837 psi
4 x 0.75
12 X 638,220
- 9
.
S - ~ - R2 1T t - 18.3752 X 3.14 x 0.75 - ,632 pSI
W
31,000
S = -- =
= 358 psi
Cmt
115.5 x 0.75
S
=~ =
4t
Cmt
34,000
115.5 x 0.75
= 392 psi
+ 9,640
-
358
+ 9,282 psi
(No into pressure during erection)
Stress due to int. press.
S tress due to wind
Stress due to weight
- 9,640
358
- 9,998 psi
IN OPERATING CONDITION
+ 1,837
Stress due to wind
+ 9,640
Stress due to weight
+ 11,477
392
Stress due to int. press.
+ 11,085 psi
- 9,640
392
-~10,032
+ 1,837
- 8,195 psi
The tensile stress 11,085 psi in operating condition on the windward side governs.
The allowable stress for the plate material with 0.85 joint efficiency is 13,345 psi.
Thus the selected 0.75 in. thick plate at the bottom of the vessel is satisfactory.
Stress in the shell at 72 ft. down from the top of tower. Plate thickness 0.50 in.
-r"----~......
-r-- ~
r-II
:..::
Pw x D I x X
9
0
r--
9
00
\0
= V x -2 = Mx
30 x 3.5 x 72 = 7,560 x 36
30 x 8 lin.-ft.
= 240 x 68
30 x 70Iin.-ft. = 2,100 x 35
Total Moment Mx
12 Mr =
12 x 361,980
s = R2 1T t
18.252 x 3.14 x 0.50
Stress due to internal pressure
(As calculated previously)
Total
Shell
Platform
Ladder
= 272,160
= 16,320
= 73,500
= 361,980 ft.-lb.
8,303 psi
1,837
10,140 psi
The calculation of stresses at the bottom head has shown that the stresses on the
windward side in operating condition govern and the effect of the weight is inSignificant. Therefore without further calculation it can be seen that the tensile stress
10,140 psi does not exceed the allowable stress 13,345 psi. Thus the selected 0.50
in. thick plate is satisfactory.
75
EXAMPLE B (CONT.)
Stress in the shell at 40 ft. down from the top of the tower. Plate thickness 0.25 in.
~
...,;--
II
00
I"")
><
...
Pw
~~
";c
I"")
D}
X = V
2"
Mx
The 0.25 in. thick plate for shell at 40 ft. distance from top of the tower is
satisfactory. No fUrther calculation is required on the same reason mentioned above.
76
NOTATIONS
D= Outside diameter of skirt, in.
E = Efficiency of skirt to head joint.
(0.6 for butt weld, Fig. A, 0.45 for lap weld, Fig. B)
M= Moment at the skirt to head joint, ft. lb.
R T= Outside radius of skirt, in.
Stress value of the head or skirt material whichever
S
is smaller, psi.
Required thickness of skirt, in.
t
W= Weight of the tower above the skirt to the head
joint, in operating condition.
R = 18.75 in.
12 MI'
12 X 638,220
t= R2 ;rrSE + 18.75 2 X3.14X 15,700XO.6
=0.736 in.
For weight:
W
t=DX3.14XSE
=0.028 in.
31,000
3.75X3.14XI5700XO.6
TOTAL
Use 13/16" thick plate for skirt.
=0.764 in.
77
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT
Vertical vessels, stacks and towers must be fastened to the concrete foundation,
skid or other structural frame by means of anchor bolts and the base (bearing)
ring.
The number of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts must be in multiple of four and
for tall towers it is preferred to use minimum eight bolts.
Spacing of anchor bolts. The strength of too closely spaced anchor bolts is not
fully developed in concrete foundation. It is advisable to set the anchor bolts not
closer than about 10 inches. To hold this minimum spacing, in the case of small
diameter vessel the enlarging of the bolt circle may be necessary by using conical
skirt or wider base ring with gussets.
Diameter of anchor bolts. Computing the required size of bolts the area within
the root of the threads only can be taken into consideration. The root areas of
bolts are shown below in Table A. For corrosion allowance orie eighth of an inch
should be added to the calculated diameter of anchor bolts.
For anchor bolts and base design on the following pages are described:
1.
2.
TABLE A
Bolt
Size
Y2
%
%
Ys
1
1Ys
1~
1%
1~
1%
1%
1%
2
2~
2~
2%
Bolt
Root Area
SQ. in.
0.126
0.202
0.302
0.419
0.551
0.693
0.890
1.054
1.294
1.515
1.744
2.049
2.300
3.020
3.715
4.618
5.621
m
Dimension in.
12
13
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-3/4
1-7/8
2
2-1/8
2-1/4
2-3/8
2-1/2
2-3/4
3-1/16
3-3/8
3-5/8
5/8
3/4
13/16
15/16
1-1/16
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-5/8
1-3/4
1-7/8
2
2-1/4
2-3/8
2-5/8
2-7/8
TABLE B
NUMBER OF ANCHOR BOLTS
Diameter of
Bolt circle in.
24
42
60
84
108
132
to
to
to
to
to
to
36
54
78
102
126
144
Minimum
Maximum
4
8
12
12
16
20
4
8
12
16
20
24
TABLE C
MAXIMUM ALLOW ABLE STRESSES FOR
BOLTS USED AS ANCHOR BOLT
Specifica tion
Number
Diameter in.
Max. allow.
Stress psi.
SA307
SA193B 7
SA 193 B16
SA193B 7
SA 193 B16
All diameters
2 Yz and under
2 Yz and under
Over 2 Yz to 4 incl.
Over 2 Yz to 4 incl.
15,000
19,000
17,000
18,000
15,000
78
Required Area of
One Bolt Sq. - in.
BA
Stress in Anchor
Bolt psi.
Ss
T- 12M _ W
- As
Cs
Ss
TC s
= BA N
NarATION
= Area within the bolt circle, sq. in.
= Circumference of bolt circle in.
= Moment at the base due to wind or earthquake, ft. lb.
= Number of anchor bolts
= Maximum allowable stress value of bolt material psi.
= Weight of the vessel during erection, lb.
AB
CB
M
N
SB
EXAMPLE
Given bolt circle
AB
CB
M
W
SB
N
30 in.; then:
=
=
12 x 86,400
6000
707
- ~
- .
2 196 sq. In.
.
BA = 1,402 x 94 15,000 x 4
From Table A. Page 77 the root area of
2" bolt is 2.300 sq. in.
Adding 0.125 in. for corrosion, use:
(4) 2W' bolts.
Checking stress in anchor bolt:
SB
x 94 = 14324 si
2.300 x 4
'
P
= 1,402
79
-r-f- '."
man.
I,
3
t8
_Dj
W.fi 0l
I
1..-0 0
FORMULAS
Maximum Compression
Ib'/Iin., in.
P = 12M+lf
c
As Cs
Approximate Width of
Base Ring, in.
Approximate Thickness
of Base Ring, in.
Bearing Stress, psi
Bending Stress, psi
1- Pc
-lb
til
=0.321 1
S - PeCs
I - Au
S2
3 X SI t ~
t l/
NOTATION
AN = Area of base ring = 0.7854 (D2o - D2) sq. in.
A\" = Area within the skirt, sq. in.
C\" = Circumference on 0.0. of skirt, in.
EXAMPLE
Determine the minimum width and thickness of
base ring for operating condition.
J>..
12X86,400 7,500=2275Ib/l"_'
476
+ 77
'
. m. m.
80
When a tower is under wind or earthquake load, on the windward side tensional
stress arises in the steel and on the opposite side compressive stress in the concrete
foundation. It is obvious then that the area of the bolting and the area of the base
ring are related. As the anchor bolt area increased, the base ring area can be
decreased. With the design method given here, the minimum required anchor bolt
area for a practical size of base ring can be found. The strength of the steel and
the concrete is different, therefore, the neutral axis does not coincide with the
centerline of the skirt.
Design procedure:
1. Determine the value of k
2. Calculate the required size and number of
anchor bolts. See page 77 Table B
3. Determine the inside and outside diameter of the
base ring
4. Check the stresses in the anchor bolts and
foundation
5. If the deviation between the allowable and
actual stresses are too large, repeat the
calculatidn
6. Calculate the base ring thickness
7. Use gu sset plates, anchor chairs or
compression ring if it is necessary for better
stress distribution in the base ring or skirt
0.00
.05
.10
.15
.20
.25
.30
.35
.40
.45
.50
.55
.60
.65
.70
.75
.80
.85
.90
.95
1.00
TABLE D
Values of Constants
as Functions of K
j
Cc
Ct
3.142
3.008
2.887
2.772
2.661
2.551
2.442
2.333
2.224
2.113
2.000
1.884
1.765
1.640
1.510
1.370
1.218
1.049
0.852
0.600
0.000
0.500
.490
.480
.469
.459
.448
.438
.427
.416
.404
.393
.381
.369
.357
.344
.331
.316
.302
.286
.270
.250
0.000
0.600
0.852
1.049
1.218
1.370
1.510
1.640
1.765
1.884
2.000
2.113
2.224
2.333
2.442
2.551
2.661
2.772
2.887
3.008
3.142
0.750
.760
.766
.771
.776
.779
.781
.783
.784
.785
.785
.785
.784
.783
.781
.779
.776
.771
.766
.760
.750
TABLE F
Bending moment per unit length of section of
a plate perpendicular to X and Y axes respeotively. Use greater value, Mx or My.
Ij{,
0.000
0.333
0.500
0.667
1.000
1.500
2.000
3.000
00
TABLE E
Properties of Concrete Four Mixtures
Ultimate 28 day
Strength psi
Allowable compr.
Strength fc psi
Safe bearing load
fb psi
Factor n
Mx
0.000
0.OO781c b2
0.0293/cb 2
0.0558/c b2
0.09721c b2
0.123 /c b2
0.131 /c b2
0.133 /c b2
0.133 Ic b2
My
0.5001c If
0.428/cli
0.319/c Ii
0.227/c
0.1191c It
0.1241c b2
0.1251c b2
0.125/c b2
0.1251c b2
NOTE:
See notation on facing JUl,ge.
2000
2500
3000
3750
800
1000
1200
1500
500
625
750
938
15
12
10
81
I"
Min.
11
12
13_
tB
t
Tensile load on anchor bolts, Ft lb.
Tensile stress in anchor bolts, Sa, psi.
r-f;lr;
+.-.1 H-
tB
II
V///-
- 1 + (S./n/cb)
B(=2n
12M- Wzd
C,S.jd
2kd+ I
Ic =lcbTkd
2kd
/eh =ie 2kd + I
F._M-WzD
,jD
S-~
- t,re,
'1
k-
= !it...
nd
Fc=F,+ W
r..
Fe
. eb = (14 + nt,) rCc
S. = n/c
tB
(B=
II
J 31c/S
y6Mmax
--S-
NOTATION
b
The distance between gusset plates, measured on arc of bolt circle in.
Total area required for anchor bolt sq. in.
Constants, see Table D on the preceding page.
Diameter of anchor bolt circle, in.
Diameter of anchor bolt circle, ftCompressive stress in the concrete at the outer edge of the base ring, psi.
Compressive stress in the concrete at the bolt circle, psi.
Constant, see Table D on the preceding page.
I - t f in. = width of the base ring, in.
Moment at the base due to wind or earthquake ft. lb.
M. or M,. whichever is greater. See Table F on the preceding page.
Ratio of 'modulus of elasticity of steel and concrete Es/Ec. See Table E.
Radius of bolt circle, in.
Sa
=
=
B,
Ce,C, =
=
d
=
D
fe
feb
j
14
=
=
=
=
=
=
M
Mmax
=
n
=
=
82
EXAMPLE
DETERMINE:
The size and number of
anchor bolts;
The width and thickness
of base ring.
DESIGN DATA:
= 5 ft., 0 in. diameter of anchor bolt circle.
= 60 in. diameter of anchor bolt circle.
n
= 10, ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel
and concrete (Table E. Page 80)
fe
= 1,200 psi allowable compr. strength of
concrete (Table E, Page 80)
S
= 15,000 psi allowable stress value of base
ring.
Sa = 18,000 psi allowable tensile stress in bolts.
W = 36,000 lb. weight of the tower.
M
= 692,100 ft. lb. moment at the base.
D
d
~.
+~
nfeb
2kd
feb = fe
t 1
2kd
1,200
r07ffhl
1 = 8"
SOLUTION:
Assume 8 in. wide base ring and a compressive stress at the bolt circle,
k =
2"
IBl
feb =
"1
1,000 psi.
1
= 0.35
18,000
lOx 1,000
2 x 0.35 x 60
= 1,008 psi
2 x 0.35 x 60 x 8
Sa
= trC
=
7T
23.50
_
.
3.14 x 60 - 0.125 tn.
14
+ 10
/.eb
.
pSI
157,150
0.125 x 30 x 2.333 = 17,960
=
(I
4
Fe
nl) r C = (7.875
s
I - Is
193,150
0.125) 30
1.640 =
.
pSI
83
0.775 X 5
jD
_
Sa -
,.
FI _
157,192
624 .
CI - 0.125 X 30 X 2.683 - 15,
PSt
fIr
596 psi
ft =icl> X 2kd
2 X 0.19 X 60 + 8
= 596 X 2 X 0.19 X 60
805 psi
= I} V.:J.h l S= 6
J3X805
.
15,000 2.406 m.
-785".1 1
b -- Jrd
24 - .
'b
6 - 0 764
- 7.85.
from Table F:
MI/IIIX= M),= 0.196ftI/=0.196 X 805 X 62 = 5680 in. lb.
tR =
J61~,~~g
84
The chairs are designed for the maximum load which the bolt can transmit to them.
The anchor bolt size and base plate shall be calculated as described on the foregoing pages.
All contacting edges of the plates shall be welded with continuous fillet weld. The
leg size of the fillet weld shall be one half of the thinner joining plate thickness.
E
'//'
'//'
l' .(J'
........-r---+-t-D
DIMENSIONS inches
Anchor
P/4
)1 Is
PIs
2
2 1/s
3
3
3
4
4
4
112
112
112
6
6
21/2
21/2
21/2
3
3
3
3 1/2
3 1/2
3 1/2
4
4
3/4
3/4
1
1
Jl/4
Jl/4
Jl/2
)1/2
P/4
P/4
7
7
5
5
bolt diam
)114
PIs
)112
ISIs
P/4
2 3 /s
PIs
2 5 /s
2
21/4
21/2
2 3/4
3
2 3/4
3
3 1/4
3 1/2
3 3/4
21/4
21/2
5
5
5
sIs
sIs
sIs
314
314
314
1
1
)114
Jl/4
2
21/2
21/2
P/4
P/2
13 /s
ISIs
Jl/2
P/4
ISIs
PIs
2
2 1/s
13/4
PIs
2
2 1/s
21/4
21/2
2 3/4
3
3 1/4
21/4
2 3/s
21/2
2 3/4
3
3 1/4
3 1/2
The above table is taken from Scheiman A.D. Short Cuts to Anchor Bolting and
Base Ring Sizing. Petroleum Refiner, June 1963.
85
86
STRESSES IN LARGE
HORIZONTAL VESSELS
SUPPORTED BY SADDLES
The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on L. P. Zick's
analysis presented in 1951. The ASME published Zick's work (pressure Vessel
and Piping Design) as recommended practice. The API Standard 2510 also refers
to the analysis of Zick. The British Standard 1515 adopted this method with
slight modification and further refinement. Zick's work has also been used in
different studies published in books and various technical periodicals.
The design method of this Handbook is based on the revised analysis mentioned
above. (Pressure Vessel and Piping; Design and Analysis, ASME, 1972)
A horizontal vessel on saddle support acts as a beam with the following deviations:
1. The loading conditions are different for a full or partially filled vessel.
2. The stresses in the vessel vary according to the angle included by the saddles.
3. The load due to the weight of the vessel is combined with other loads.
LOADINGS:
1. Reaction of the saddles.
87
LOCATION OF SADDLES.
The use of only two saddles is preferred both statically and economically over
the multiple support system, this is true even if the use of stiffener rings is
necessary. The location of the saddles is sometimes determined by the location
of openings, sumps, etc., in the bottom of the vessel. If this is not the case,
then the saddles can be placed at the statically optimal point. Thin walled
vessels with a large diameter are best supported near the heads, so as to utilize
the stiffening effect of the heads. Long thick walled vessels are best supported
where the maximal longitudinal bending stress at the saddles is nearly equal to the
stress at the midspan. This point varies with the contact angle of the saddles. The
distance between the head tangent line and the saddle shall in no case be more than
0.2 times the length of the vessel. (L)
Contact Angle (J
The minimum contact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 1200 , except for
very small vessels. (Code Appendix 0-6). For unstiffened cylinders under external pressure the contact angle is mandatorily limited to 120 by the ASME Code.
(U0-29).
Vessels supported by saddles are subject to:
1. Longitudinal bending stress
2. Tangential shear stress
3. Circumferential stress
88
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES
H~
'h
u]~.~
t. -4...
:.a~
.~
I.i.I
=:I
..J
~
:l
~
i3
z
..J
Q
UJ
VlZ
QUJ
<u..
UJu..
:I:f:
>Vl
c:lZ
Q;:J
UJ-l
z-l
UJUJ
u..:I:
u.. Vl
-0::
t;;o
-lVl
-l'-'
UJZ
:I:VlO::
0::
0
e:
:;'<'"
~C2" "
~I\ 0
<
,; ~
~=
FORMULAS
ut.:)
AT THE
SADDLES
(Tension at
the Top.
AR'-)
QA( l-I+
1+
Compression
at the
Bottom)
SI= +
2AL
4H
3L
*KR2 ts
( R'U
-H'
QL 1+ 2
1 + 4H
3L
'IT R2 ts
S =+
I
4~
IN
SHELL
Vl
IN
SHELL
_ K3 Q
S2 -
RtS
L - 2A )
L + 0/3 H
SI
ADDI
TlONAL
STRESS
IN HEAD
AT
BOTTOM
OF
SHELL
In compression the stress due to internal pressure minus 8 1 shall not exceed one half of the compression
yield point of the material or the
value given by:
83 plus stress due to internal pressure shall not exceed 1.25 times the
allowable tensile stress value of head
material.
S = K4Q
2
RtS
IN
HEAD
AT
HORN
OF
SADDLE
IN
SHELL
~1------1I--------------t
NOTATION:
All dimensions in inches
Q = Load on one saddle lbs.
R = Radius of shell
S = Stress pound per sq. inch
ts = Wall thickness of shell
th = Wall thickness of head
(Excluding corrosion allow.)
K = Constant, see page 90
() = Contact angle of saddle degree
3K6Q
4ts(b+I.5~)-~
89
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES
NOTES:
Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression.
E : Modulus of elasticity of shell or stiffener ring materiaI.pound per square inch.
If wear plate is used, in formulas for S2 for the thickness ts may be taken the
sum of the shell and wear plate thickness, provided the wear plate extends R/l 0
inches above the horn of the saddle near the head and extends between the
saddle and an adjacent stiffener ring.
In unstiffened shell the maximum shear occurs at the horn of the saddle. When
the head stiffness is utilized by locating the saddle close to the heads, the
tangential shear stress can cause an additional stress (S3) in the heads. This
stress shall be added to the stress in the heads due to internal pressure.
When stiffener rings are used, the maximum shear occurs at the equator.
If wear plate is used, in formulas for S4 for the ~ickness ts may be taken the
sum of the shell and wear plate thickness and for ts may be taken the shell thickness squared plus the wear plate thickness squared, provided the wear plate
extends R/l 0 inches above the horn of the saddle, and A""-R/2. The combined
circumferential stress at the top edge of the wear plate should also be checked.
When checking at this point: ts = shell thickness,
b = width of saddle
fJ = central angle of the wear plate but not more
than the included angle of the saddle plus 12 0
If wear plate is used, in formulas for S5 for the thickness ts may be taken the
sum of the shell and wear olate thickness, provided the width of the wear plate
equals at least b + 1.56v'"'Rt;
If the shell is not stiffened, the maximum stress occurs at the horn of the saddle.
This stress is not be to added to the internal pressure-stress.
In a stiffened shell the maximum ring-compression is at the bottom of shell.
Use stiffener ring if the circumferential bending stress exceeds the maximum
allowable stress.
90
VALUES OF CONSTANT K
(Interpolate for Intermediate Values)
Kl*
K2
0.335
0.345
0.355
0.366
0.376
0.387
0.398
0.409
0.420
0.432
0.443
0.455
0.467
0.480
0.492
0.505
0.518
0.531
0.544
0.557
0.571
0.585
0.599
0.613
0.627
0.642
0.657
0.672
0.687
0.702
0.718
1.171
1.139
1.108
1.078
1.050
1.022
0.996
0.971
0.946
0.923
0.900
0.879
0.858
0.837
0.818
0.799
0.781
0.763
0.746
0.729
0.713
0.698
0.683
0.668
0.654
0.640
0.627
0.614
0.601
0.589
0.577
f)
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
K3
K4
0.880
0.846
0.813
0.781
0.751
0.722
0.694
0.667
0.641
0.616
0.592
0.319
- 0.569
For
0.547
Any
0.526
Con0.505
Tact
Angles 0.485
0.466
8
0.448
0.430
0.413
0.396
0.380
0.365
0.350
0.336
0.322
0.309
0.296
0.283
0.271
0.260
< R/2)
K5
0.401
0.393
0.385
0.377
0.369
0.362
0.355
0.347
0.340
0.334
0.327
0.320
0.314
0.308
0.301
0.295
0.289
0.283
0.278
0.272
0.266
0.261
0.256
0.250
0.245
0.240
0.235
0.230
0.225
0.220
0.216
K6
See
chart
on
facing
page
K7
K8
0.760
0.753
0.746
0.739
0.732
0.726
0.720
0.714
0.708
0.702
0.697
0.692
0.687
0.682
0.678
0.673
0.669
0.665
0.661
0.657
0.654
0.650
0.647
0.643
0.640
0.637
0.635
0.632
0.629
0.627
0.624
0.603
0.618
0.634
0.651
0.669
0.689
0.705
0.722
0.740
0.759
0.780
0.796
0.813
0.831
0.853
0.876
0.894
0.913
0.933
0.954
0.976
0.994
1.013
1.033
1.054
1.079
1.097
1.116
1.137
1.158
1.183
91
.1J~
.1
9-1 ~J
.1
' '6.~s~
I
I
II
0.05
9.1~
I
II
lOG
004
1/
II J
11
0.04
I I
II I
1/ II
.c
J.
.( :03]
.14 P"
II
I I
81S0~
1111
1/11 J
1/
0.03
:0.032
IL
II
II
III I
II 1111
~
>
,I
III/ I
II II
1/
1/
0.02
11I1
1/ 1/
LI I
I
f I
I f
1 I
I
1/
8.?='I80'o
II
-.i
.1
...0.ai7
M J
II
1/
'I
V
r II/If 1/
r- 0.013
0.01
I
1
I-
0~(jl1 ~
rill
O~u&,i
111/
""
- 0.008
./1
~g.~
00=9. . .0054
-~'0;0044
I 1
I I
I 1 1
0.0
0.5
1.0
RATIO AIR
l.S
OJ) @R
2.0
92
STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY NO
SADDLES
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Design Data
A = 48 in. distance from tangent line
of head to the center of saddle
b = 24 in. width of saddle
H = 21 in. depth of dish of head
L = 960 in. length of vessel tanAan.
P = 250 psi. internal design pressure
Q = 300,000 lb. load on one saddle
R = 60 in. outside radius of shell
ts = 1.00 in. thickness of shell
9 = 120 deg. contact angle
Shell material: SA 515-70 plate
Allowable stress value 17,500 psi.
Yield point 38,000 psi.
Joint Efficiency: 0.85
60 _ 212 )
1 - - 48 + ---.;~--=:;-=-300,000 x 48
-
1-
960
2x48x960
---=-.:~---.,;...:..-~.:.....--
1 + 4 x 21
3x 960
= S22 pSI.
O.33S x 60 1 x 1
Stress at midspan
QL 1 + 2 R2 [} H2 _ 4A~
4 (
4H
+ 3L
Sl=----~--rr~R~l~ts----~~
300.000 x 960
~ + 2 _60_~_-_~_P _ 4 x 48)
1 + 4 x 21
3.14
960
3x960
602
499
5
.
PSI
93
STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY 1WO
SADDLES
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS (cont.)
TANGENTIAL SHEAR STRESS
(S~)
= 5,120psi
does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 0.8; 20,000 X 0.8
16,000 psi
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS
Stress at the horn of saddle (5.)
Since L (960)
> 8R(480),
5=Q
4Is(b+I.56..fiits) -
AIR
=48/60 = 0.8;
JK,Q
11:
300,000
5. =-
4 x 1 (24 + 1.56 .J 60
x 1)
2t
: = 20,000 psi
S.j does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5; 20,000 x 1.5
= 30,000 psi
(S5)
K1 Q
Ss=--_"':"-_-'::==
Is (b + 1.56VRtsJ
Ss=
0.760 x 300,000
1 (24 + 1.56 J 60)( 1
6319'
=-,
PSt
does not exceed the compression yield point multiplied by 0.5; 38,000 )( 0.5
:= 19,000 psi
S5
94
STIFFENER RING
FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY
SADDLES
Ring
NOTATION.
A = Cross sectional area of ring plus the
effective area of shell, in 2
I = Moment of inertia, inj:J
K = Constant, see next page
Q = Load on one saddle, lbs.
R = Radius of shell, in.
S6 = Max. combined stress, psi.
(J = Contact angle, degree
/\
;:
))
'I
rill
IJ
II
:;
Ii
Ii
4Q
MAX. STRESS
TYPE OF RING
Max.
Allow
Stress
FORMULAS
Ring Inside.
Compression
at the Shell
Governs
B I Ir+I.SL.uyn.l.
~Rts
~
~
~
<l Saddle
~
C
>12d
and Ring
Ring Outside.
~~:l~s at the
I r
\ led
Ir
-...;:.1'
i-
<i Saddle
and Ring
~__
'===~~~
_
I
.
Ir+I.S~
I
D I <i Saddle
I
and Ring E1 I
Ring Outside.
Stress at the
S =_ K9 Q KJ 0 QR
Tip of the
6
A
II d
Ri
'ng
Ring Inside.
Compression
S =- K9Q_ KJ oQR
de
at the Shell
6
A
lie
Governs
~~--~~--~--------------~
Ring Out-side.
K Q K QR
~tress at the
S =-~ + -~
Shell
6
A
lie
t. -t
.J1-im
l-=P
'4" I
1r
I
2 (Ir+I.S6V"Rl sl
I"
S=_K9Q+KJoQR
6
A
lie
K Q
Ring Inside.
QR
~~~~s at the
S6 =-
Ring Inside.
Stress at the
Tip of the
Ring
S =_~9 Q _ KJ 0 QR
6
A
lid
A + -T;c
~
-:;;
~
.~
v. -
.~ ~
... ..c:
:.a
:.a]
~
-~~
;>
~ ~
C; ~
c
.e 8aD
~ .S
...
~0
'C :::::
0~
]
..: .S
0 0
~ c..
;:3 "'0
~I-plr------------------+----~--------~~--------------------~ ~~
2(lr+I.5~)
~
<l
~ ~
L::t
y- ~~
~ddle _P1f21
Ring Outside.
Compression
at the Shell
Governs
S =_ K9Q _ KJ oQR
6
A
lie
~~
v.
v.
~ ~
~~
+ .1
:: 0
~.-pp-rI-~-S-ad-d-Ie-----j--------+-~Ri~.-n-g-l-n-sl-.d-e-.----~--------------------~ :
and
Ring
~'"d.'".;~
:&1,"I
f...d
2 (Ir+l5~
Jd
~~~~satthe
S6=_KAQ+K1I/~R
~l
Stress at the
Tip of the
Ring
S=_K9Q_KJoQR
6
A
lid
.s.s-
,t---Ri='""'n-g~In-s....,.id....,.e-.----+---------------------.............~ ~
95
STIFFENER RING
FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS
SUPPORTED BY SADDLES
VALUES OF CONSTANT, K
(Interpolate for Intermediate Values)
Contact
Angle e
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
.34
.33
.32
.30
.29
.27
.25
.053
.045
.037
.032
.026
.022
.017
NOTES:
1. In figures & formulas A-F positive signs denote tensile stresses and nega-
The first part of the formulas for S6 gives the direct stress and the second
part gives the circumferential bending stress.
3.
Divide the stiffener ring into rectangles and calculate the areas (a) of each
rectangle, including the area of shell connection within the effective width.
Add the areas (a) total area = A.
3.
Multiply the areas (a) with the distances OJ from the shell to the center of
gravity of the rectangles. Summarize the results and denote all AY
4.
Determine the neutral axis of the stiffening ring, the distance (C) from the shell
to the neutral axis C = ~y
5.
Determine the distances (h) from the neutral axis to the center of gravity of
each rectangle of the stiffener.
6.
Multiply the square of distances (h 2) by the areas (a) and summarize the
results to obtain AH2.
7.
8.
The sum of AH2 and Ilg gives the moment of intertia of the stiffener ring and
the effective area of the shell.
See example calculations on the following pages.
96
STIFFENING RINGS
Moment ofInertia (I) - Example Calculations
(All dimensions in inches - R = 72 in. outside radius of shell)
<LSaddle
and R~in=g-~
1 = 0.78.JRd; =
0.78 -.J72 x 0.5 = 4.68
AREACDIg
b~
d3 9.86xO.5 3 =0103 4
12
12
.
Ill.
AREAQ)lg
b J.,3
3
~ 0.5 x 6 = 9 00 4
12
12
. Ill.
MARK
OF
AREAS
AREA
a
4.93
3.00
TOTAL
A=7.93
axy
h2
a x h2
0.25
3.50
1.23
10.50
1.23
2.02
1.51
4.08
7.44
12.24
AY=I1.73
= AY = 11.73 = 1 48
A
7.93
.
.h.di
12
0.10
9.00
AH2=19.68 Jg=9.10
-fiid; =
d !l.L.J
12 -
AREA(2)
2b2~
= 0.50 x 6 3
12
--
12
900
4
.
Ill.
bet
OF AREAS
AREA
a
axy
2
h
axh2
12
CD
3.43
0.125
0.43
1.455
2.12
7.27
0.02
(2)
3.00
3.250
9.75
1.670
2.79
8.37
9.00
TOTAL
A =6.43
MARKS
C=AY = 10.18 = 1 58
A
6.43
.
AY= 10.18
97
STIFFENING RINGS
Moment of Inertia (/) - Example Calculations
(All dimensions in inches - R = 72 in. outside radius of shell)
cJ
b3 =4.00
--=r=----r----rr""""""'--
~~
-.i
AREA CD Ig
b d! 9 86 0 53
on...l......l...=.
x.
r12
12
<i S~ad:=d1e"----ii:!II"V1"
II
O""l::!
I=0.78-{RJl=
~ 3 /hr~t---x-----'0.78~72 x 0.5=4.68
I/G
~
~--~~--------------~
N
6
Vv
1
I~
Vv
~ ..s::
X--lf-7<t-X--
and Ring
\0
.".
~
II
'"
b2=
1=4.68IU)1 1=4.68
on
AREA
MARK OF
a
4.93
3.00
2.00
A=9.93
AREAS
1
2
3
TOTAL
II
::.:
12
:;=;
~
7
""l::!
h2
a x h2
0.25
3.50
6.75
-
1.23
10.50
13.50
AY=25.23
2.29
0.96
4.21
5.24
0.92
17.72
25.83
2.76
35.44
AH=64.03
:a ~
bd-'
12
0.10
9.00
0.04
Jg=9.14
1 - 1.56 Wid; =
~I
1.56 \172 x 0.25 = 6.618
V/ /(3)%;.z;t--'--::-:-Pl--r~
m.
02511=6.618
0
0
axy
= AY = 25.23 = 254
A
9.93
.
.,;"
12
m----.c--r--:-J.1-~
~LQ=~3=8.00lbL~1
P2~1
\0
AREAQ)Ig
b l = 9.86
0 103'
.
m.
'IT' +--____::::--______________--1
~
g; 0 ~ AREAQ)Ig
SHELL~ ~
~ ~
b ct!. 0 5 63
~ '"
--.l...J...-~-900 4
~~SV///A0::::-::::- :~
~
12 12 - . m.
I~
r- -I:--""l::! - -
~
./1
"g
i:G
r/l '"
>k
/..,
;g
..s::A }
on
r-
AREA CD Ig
b 1d13 _ 13 74 x.
025 3 _002'
. In. 4
12 12
-
\0
-;7; e;;-1 a-7;r"':
-'r-~--X-:%r---~ x '--,~ ~ 'IT' ~------------I
Shell ___.
"
~"'<i
..s:: r-.i II
AREAQ) Ig
b d3
3
4
22_0.50x6 _9.00in.
1212
-
on
on
N
~...; ~
I!.,
/~
//
5~~hh*
b2+1~6.868
b2+I~6.868
II
bl-13.74
bet'
AREA
a
axy
2
h
a xh2
12
3.43
0.125
0.43
2.59
6.72
23.09
0.02
3.00
3.250
9.75
0.53
0.28
0.84
9.00
2.00
6.375
12.75
3.66
13.40
26.80
0.01
TOTAL
A = 8.43
AY=22.93
MARKS
OF
AREAS
98
DESIGN OF SADDLES
WEAR
PLATE
HORN OF
SADDLE
MAX.
EFFECTIVE
AREA
1.
The saddle at the lowest section must resist the horizontal force (F). The effective
cross section of the saddle to resist this load is one third of the vessel radius (R).
F=KlIQ, Where
= constant as tabulated.
The average stress shall not exceed two thirds ofthe compression yield point ofthe
material. (See example below.)
Contact Angle
.318
EXAMPLE:
Diameter of vessel = 8' - 6"
Weight of vessel = 375,000 Ibs.
Q = 187,500 Ibs.
Saddle material: SA 285 C
Web plate thickness = 0.25 in.
Contact angle = 1200
KIt = 0.204 from table above
Rl3 = 51/3 = 17 inches
Force, F = K/l X Q = 0.204 x 187,500 = 38,250 lb.
To resist this force the effective area of web plate = Rl3 x 0.25
38,250/4.25 = 9,000 Ibs. per square inch.
The allowable stress = ~ x 30,000
= 4.25 in?
= 20,000 psi.
The thickness of the web plate is satisfactory for horizontal force (F).
2. The base plate and wear plate should be thick enough to resist longitudinal bending over the web.
3. The web plate should be stiffened with ribs against the buckling.
99
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION
OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS
I:
. Ii. SADDLES
,BOLTS
i'
.1
ct
BOLTS
SADDLES
t---+
+.-~
EXPANDING VESSEL
CONTRACTING VESSEL
For thermal expansion and contraction, one of the saddles, preferably the one
on the opposite side of the pipe connections, must be allowed to move. In this
saddle for the anchor bolts slots are to be used instead of holes. The length of
the slots shall be determined by the expected magnitude of the movement. The
coefficient of linear expansion for carbon steel per unit length and per degree
F =0.0000067. The table below shows the minimum length of the slot. Dimension "a" calculated for the linear expansion of carbon steel material between 70 0 F
and the indicated temperature. When the change in the distance between the saddles
is more than 3/8" inch long, a slide (bearing) plate should be used. When the
vessel is supported by concrete saddles, an elastic, waterproof sheet at least 1/4"
thick is to be applied between the shell and the saddle.
MINIMUM LENGTH OF SLOT (DIM. "a")
a8
'0
41
:a
"0
1i3
"0
c
'"
[/)
(:;01
'"
The width of
the slot equals
the diam. of
anchor bolt +
~".
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
SADDLES
Ft.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
FOR TEMPERATURE of
0
0
1/8
1/8
1/4
1/4
1/4
3/8
3/8
3/8
0
1/4
3/8
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
3/4
7/8
1
400
1/4
3/8
3/8
5/8
5/8
7/8
3/4 1-1/8
1
1-3/8
1-1/4 1-5/8
1-3/8 1-7/8
1-1/2 2-1/8
1-3/4 2-3/8
1-7/8 2-5/8
500
600
700
800
900
3/8
3/4
1-1/8
1-1/2
1-5/8
2-1/8
2-1/2
2-7/8
3-1/4
3-5/8
1/2
1
1-3/8
1-7/8
2-1/4
2-3/4
3-1/8
3-5/8
4
4-1/2
5/8
1-1/8
1-5/8
2-1/8
2-5/8
3-1/8
3-5/8
4-1/8
4-5/8
5-1/8
3/4
1-1/4
1-5/8
2-3/8
3
3-5/8
4-1/4
4-7/8
5-3/8
6
3/4
1-3/8
2
2-1/2
3-3/8
4-1/8
4-5/8
5-3/8
6
6-5/8
100
SADDLE
FOR SUPPORT OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS
,"min.
---t......-H
~~--------A--------~~
101
SADDLE
NOMINAL
DlAM.
OF
VESSEL
FT. - IN.
DIMENSIONS
NO.
OF
RIBS
PLATE THICKNESS
INCHES
WEB,
BASE
WEAR
FLANGE,
G
K
RIBSH
MAXIMUM
WEIGHT
ON VESSEL
A
FT.-IN.
B
FT.-IN.
C
IN.
D
IN.
E
FT.-IN.
BOLT
DlAM.
INCH
0-1O~
1-0
0-3~
Y4
Y4
42000
1-2
1-~
1-1
0-4
Y4
Y4
50000
1-4
1-2
1-2
0-5
Y4
Y4
56000
1-6
1-3~
1-3
0-6
62000
1-5~
1-4
0-6~
70000
1-10
1-7
1-5
0-7
76000
1-9
1-6
0-7~
Y2
Y4
';4
2-0
6
6
Y4
Y4
';4
1-8
Y4
Y4
Y4
84000
2-2
1-1O~
1-7
0-8
';4
90000
2-~
1-8
0-8~
Y4
';4
Y4
2-4
98000
2-6
2-2
1-9
0-9
Y4
Y4
';4
2-8
2-4
1-10
Y4
Y4
112000
2-5
1-11
6
11
0-9~
2-10
0-10
Y4
Y4
128000
3-0
2-6~
2-0
11
0-11
';4
Y4
134000
3-2
2-9
2-11
2-1
2-2
11
1-0
Y2
Y4
Y4
144000
11
1-1
210000
3-~
2-3
11
1-2
i
i
220000
252000
1-0
3-4
3-6
4-0
3-6
2-6
11
1-4
8"
1-6
%-
8"
i
i
i
4-6
3-11
3-0
II
5-0
4-4
3-3
11
5-6
4-9~
3-6
11
1-8
1-10
18
2-0
2-2
2-4
1
1
6-0
5-2~
3-9
6-6
5-8
4-0
18
7-0
6-1
4-3
18
18
18
2-6
2-8
18
18
2-10
1
1
1';4
7-6
6-6
8-0
6-Il~
4-6
4-9
8-6
7-4~
5-0
9-0
7-9~
5-3
9-6
8-3~
9
9
24
3-0
8"
8"
8"
104000
282000
312000
344000
8"
8
402000
436000
470000
502000
i
i
1
1
760000
806000
852000
8"
8
536000
10-0
8-8
5-6
5-9
24
3-2
3-4
lY4
I
1
896000
10-6
9-1~
6-0
24
3-6
IY4
940000
11-0
9-6~
6-3
24
3-8
IY4
986000
11-6
10-0
6-6
24
3-10
IY4
1030000
12-0
10-5
6-9
24
4-0
IY4
Y2
1076000
102
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON
LEG SUPPORT
,t\
,/ I .\
tff-\\
/ R!
VIEW
A-A
NOTATION:
W
= Weight of vessel, pounds
n
= Number oflegs
Q
= W Load on one leg, pounds
n
R
Radius of head, inch
H
Lever arm ofload, inch
Dimension of wear plate
2A.2B
S
Stress, pound per square inch
t
Wall thickness of head, inch
Factors, see charts
K
c
c
i4.B,inch
Radius of circular wear plate, inch
1.82 k
#
t
LONGITUDINAL STRESS:
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS:
NOTES:
Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression.
Computing the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for SI' S2 and K I . K J Kj
and K J denote negative factors and K 2 K 4 K6 and Ks denote positive factors.
Computing the maximum compression stresses in formulas for SI' S2 and K I K 2
K J K 4 K j K 6 K7 and Ks denote negative factors.
The maximum tensile stresses SI' and S2' respectively, plus the tensile stress due
to internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of head
material.
The maximum compression stresses Sf. and S2' respectively, plus the tensile stress
due to internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable compression stress value of
head material.
103
0.30
1\
0.25
0.20
~ 0.15
.,/
......
"-
r-.....
K
"""" r-.... I--
0.05
......
"
~ 0.10
.,/KI
1\
14")
"""" .....
............ t......
~~~~~~
oooo~~
r---~
r--
tr:
~
o
N
VALUE OF K 1 , & Ks
0.35
0.30
I,Q
~
~
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
\
~
\
1\
K2
.,/
\;
,./"
v K6
K r-.....
\
...............
............
t-- 1-0..
~~~~~~
oooo~~
r---
tr:
~
VALUE OF K2 , & K6
104
0.20-1--+--1-+--+--+-+--+-_-+-_-+-_-+-_-4-_-1
~t--. 0.15
~~
/K3
'"
r/~~~~~~,/~~--~~---r--l
'"
0.1 0~/1-+--I-+-+-+-I--",",,~--+---+--+----1---I
0.05
"~
K7
./
/
~~~~~~
"!
0000--
0.60 -++r-+-+--+-+-It--+--+---+--I---+__--I
QQ
~~
0.50 +-1+-+--+--+--+-+---+----+---+---+---+---1
0.40 -It-4f--1--+-+--+--+----+---+---+--+---I----I
0.30
+t-t+l_+_~.......,.v--+-K_s+--_+_-_+_-_t_--t--_I
\\V'-
0.20 ~,~--+-_+_+-It--+--+---+--I---+__--I
\ 1\
V
0.10 -+-f->od--t"""d--t-t-::--"'+--_t_--t--_t_--t--_I
f'... ___ :: k __ r-K4
oL..+--'--'-+':~::::j;;;~=+=::;;;;;;j-=-I--+--......t
C"! ~ ~ ~ ~ C"!
0000--
"!
VALUE OF K4 , & KS
105
W 800,000
Q = --;; = - 4 - = 200,000 lb. load on one leg
R = 100 inch, radius of head
H = 5 inch, lever arm of load
2A = 30 inch, 2B = 30 inch, dimensions of wear plate
t = 1.8 inch thickness of head
cos IX = 0.800
P = 100 psi, internal pressure
Head material: SA 515 -70
Allowable stress value: 20,000 psi
Joint Efficiency: 0.85
Yield Point: 38,000 psi
Factors K (see charts):
C _ fR
R "
15 _
rwo
"
1:8 =2.0-,
t = 1.82 100"
K j = 0.065,
K5 = 0.020,
K 2 = 0.030
K6= 0.010
K3= 0.065
K7= 0.022
K4 = 0.025
Ks = 0.010
LONGITUDINAL STRES:
1.) Maximum tensile stress:
Sf =
~ [cos
IX
(-K j + 6K2 ) +
Z~ ~ (-
K3 + 6K 4 ) ]
2t
2 x 1.8
+ 2778
PSt
106
=7
[cos oc(-K,-6K2) +
~~ ~ (-KJ -6K)]
_ 200,000 [
--L_/IOO
]
1.82
0.800 (-0.065-6x 0.030) + 100 -\I IT (- 0.065-6x 0.025)
Sf -
17,044 psi
Tt =
100 x 100
2 x 1.8 = + 2,778
.
pSI
14,266 psi
Circumferential stress:
1.) Maximum tensile stress:
_~[
I J i )]
(2
cos oc(-K j + 6Kr,) + H
R -\I _
(-K--6K
N
S2 -
S2
200,000 [
5 -/100
]
1.82
0.800 (-0.020 + 6x 0.010) + 100 -\I TI (- 0.022+6x 0.010)
= + 2,849 psi
-6Kr,) +
~~ ~(-K--6KN)]
200,000 [
---L_/IOO
]
1.82
0.800 (-0.020-6x 0.010) + 100-\1 T.8(-0.022-6xO.01O)
= - 5,837 psi
107
20,000 x 0.85
17,000 psi
108
LEG SUPPORT
SECTION A-A
.---t
-,
VESSEL
DIA
2'-6"
3'-0"
3'-6"
4'-0"
4'-6"
5'-0"
5'-6"
6'-0"
6'-6"
7'-0"
7'-6"
1
max
VESSEL
HEIGHT MAX
ANGLE
SIZE
8'-0"
10'-0"
6"
14'-0"
7"
16'-0"
4"
5'-0"
10"
7'-0"
18'-0"
1'-0"
109
LUG SUPPORT
r-Ri
Ul--r-r
r 28 "I
41""'
:J[[]
H ""
..!L.
~t-----+---~-
T
UN STIFFENED
SHELL
NOTATION:
W = Weight of vessel, lb
n = Number of lugs
W
Q = - = Load on one lug, lb
n
R = Radius of shell, in
H = Lever arm of load. in
STIFFENED
SHELL
D=
d
R
,,3rT
V
WNGITUDINAL STRESS:
S = +
1
QH
D R2t
NOTE: In tension S1 plus the stress due to internal pressure PRJ2t shall not exceed
the stress value of shell material times the efficiency of girth seam.
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS:
S
2
+
-
QH
DR 2 t
NOTE: In tension S2 plus the stress due to internal pressure PRJt shall not exceed
the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5.
110
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
12
r-... "'-
1/
"~
rl
10
~
~
,I
'-,..-
-J
f-- f -
i-
~V~1/V
Il
1/
II
o r. . .
I"
'~
-- ~~Po
f--
~~
t/'
II
........
-'-
~-
1I
t7 V-
'\
_._-
0.10
~~
f---
..",.,..
""""
r\ "' \ ~
~~
..... r--..
r- !-
~~
t--
;:
-- f--
-- .- -
- -- -
0.15
--
0.20
o
VALUE OF K]
f-- f--
\.
""-" !"-
-f-
1\
\.
a.D.:
---
-- "" ",~
70 )
I--
f"'.
" r\
r\.
f-- f--
~
f---
~ I\.
"""....
- 1-
'1 II
1---
.......
,,
"
'" I'
I-- ~
0.05
I""'oi ~
I'
1/
.",
~:;'n
..
- "P
~ 'r\.
'\
,/
~
,,;t! --- - ;,;.- ~ ~
-j rJrJl/ v l? ~
'/
1\
!--
fI'
""
II [l
I--
f-- f--
II
"J
I[
,
/--II
i'-
II
'\
..........
1\
0.25
111
0.12
~~
t' ~
0.10 ~ ~
,,\ '\
'" ,
~
:~ ~
~ '\
~ ~l\ [\ '\
~ [\ r\ ~ 1\
\',V\'
0.08
'\,\
1\.'
' ~\ 1\ \
0.06
1\
,f\
~\
--
"""
\.
0.04
l\.
:\
~-
'\
f---.
---
\
f---
0.02
--
--
f--
'\
~"'" ~
IL l' re
7
.~
D
~
. ~O
- -- -
----
._.-
0.05
--.--- ---
-. r-..
~
~ -"
~
~C
r\ ... r"- ~ ~.. r--.. ~:--... '""'"
"~ f'... ~ . ~ r-... :--... ......I--
f---
~.
-- . - --
.J
....... .......
O( .i'oo """'- ......
......
0.10
~ .......
0.15
to-
"
--- - ----~
..... .....
f-
0.20
((2 0)
VALUE OF K2
r"'-- r--.
0.25
112
35
'-
1/ 1\
I
1\
II
30
rn
J
J
I
25
t-t--
t~I
t--
'---l-}
, -~-
II
t---
10
-llI-
'I
~,
li~ ,,7 /.
--
--
"'"!o
/
'f
"
~ 1-"""
'7
-- -
0.05
~
---
::J
.,.
\
\~
~ ':/
--
,,'~
~\,
'7
~
\
r" ~ ,\
~,
--
--
--
-- --
---
- -- -
~
7 1\ \ [\
I"'" ~
~ \ i\
rs S ~D
~ K .'\
~-
---
1---- '---
-----~
--- .... - - -
--
I---
" --
2 -- - ~
f-
-\'"\
I /. -1/ 7
rJ
~-
- I- t
.J
\'
15
--
e_
J
I
20
---
()/
~~
I
r---
,
S
-
--- ~ -.....;
--
--
po ~
1,.000"
r--
,....
........
~~
-5 fL-
-- t--
~~
~
~
r-
1---
"'"-~~~
"""r--.~ ~~ ~
- ~ ~
~~ ~~
---
----
-- I--
1----
r---r--.,
~
--- r-r--.
i"""" ~ ......
r--. ......
-- -
1---
-----
---~
r-I---
---r-- -- ---
--
0.10
015
0.20
o
VALUE OF K3
0.25
113
0.08
~~
1'\ ~ ~ .....
0.06
~ ~ ~ ~.
~ ~ t\.: ~ ~
~~~~
\\ ,,\[\ ~
0.04
~.-
.....
"
'("
~,
\ !\ '0,
0.02
"
.....
... ~
"-
'~.)
........ <~~
r-
tL ,
r--. """-
0.10
0.05
r--. .....
r"o ~ PC
v
~
~
--
r-- r--.
-- -- --- - - 1
~ ~ .....
"'U
..... .....
.....
......
r-- ~
r-- r-~ '~
'"'-
r-I-r-o
~
0.15
0.25
VALUE OF K4
BIA
112
Rlt
C}
C2
C3
C4
50
0.72
1.03
0.95
1.07
100
0.68
1.02
0.97
1.06
200
0.64
1.02
1.04
1.05
300
0.60
1.02
1.10
1.04
50
100
200
300
50
0.85
1.10
0.85
0.92
100
1.15
1.07
0.81
0.89
200
1.32
0.98
0.80
0.84
300
1.50
0.90
0.79
0.79
VALUE OF C
114
C2
C3
= C4 = 1.0
d ~3 / ~
R
VA
K] = 2.8,
12 ~3 {fJ =
90
V 15
K2 = 0.025,
Q 6
.1 7,
R/t = ~
1.5
60
K4 = 0.021
K3 = 6.8
Longitudinal Stress:
s]
300,000
x 5
90 2
= 0.167
(
X
x 2.8 + 6 0.025 x 90
1 x 1.5
1.5
+ __--.:0~..!..:I6~7_ _ _ )( 90 2
2 (1.17 + 15/15)
5 x 15
= 11,795
psi
115
Q~
DR t
( C3 K3
+6
R
)
C4 t
K4
300,000 x 5
(
S2 = 0.167 X 902 x 1.5
1 x 6.8
Stress due to internal pressure:
PR
100 X 90
6000"
=
pSI
1.5
+6
0.021 x 90 :\
1 x 1.5
-; = 10,616 psi
It does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5:
20,000 X 1.5 = 30,000
116
LUG SUPPORT
FOR INSULATED VESSELS
,/
T
I
',.-
I,
~ ~.
~b/~
It
.,
TT -
--tk~
_t
LL
lMaximum Allowable
Load on One
Lug, Lbs.
600
t1--
~~
DIMENSIONS
Weight of
One Lug, Lbs.
II
bl
hI
IF
1,400
6Y2
5Y2
3%
5Y4
Y4
Y4
2,200
6%
5Y2
5Y4
5Y2
Y4
Y4
3,600
8Y4
6%
7 1/4
6%
6%
Y4
Y4
16
5,600
lOY4 8%
9Y4
9%
91"s
8Y2
Y4
Y4
24
9,000
lOY2
58
ITYs
11 Y2
72
1Y4
12Y2
Y2
126
22%
Pis
14
Y2
165
29
1%
16Y2
Y2
235
14,000
13% 11 Y2 12Y4
22,000
15Y2
36,000
56,000
90,000
1%
18
Y2
388
140,000
20
Y2
482
13
17
117
LUG SUPPORT
f
L"
"""
T
I
'F
'"
~b,~
It
-1kl--
-I
IT -
1-+-1
LL
Maximum Allowable
Load on One Lug,
Lbs.
600
11--
-r:-~
DIMENSIONS
Weight of
One Lug,
Lbs.
I]
bl
h]
If
1,400
2Yz
2~
4%
1~
3/16
full
2,200
314
2~
51;4
57/ 16
3h6
full
3,600
31;4
3%
6%
616/](;
2~
3/16
full
5,600
5%
5%
61;4
9%
10
1;4
1;4
9,000
7%
7%
141;4 149h6
5~
5/16
1;4
21
14,000
9Y2
8~
91;4
17
175/16
6~
5h6
1;4
28
22,000
10
9~
101;4
18
183/8
11;4
3fs
1;4
45
36,000
12
11~
12~
22
22~
11;4
3/16
80
56,000
15
15
16V4
28~
79 1/ H 1V4
12
9/ 16
3/ 8
148
90,000
16~
15%
17
31~
321/8 PI.!
13
5/ 8
3/ 8
218
18
17~
18%
14
5/ 8
3/ 8
260
140,000
34Yz 3Sl/8
118
LIFTING LUG
Dl
l"~
ex:
r
t--._._._._._._.+
VESSEL WEIGHT
(Lbs)
D
(In)
'-I--.J-.--.
T
(In)
R
(In)
H
(In)
L
(In)
12,000
12
112
10
20,000
ll/x
10
-::r
30,000
Pix
21/x
50,000
Pix
11;4
212
12
70,000
21/x
11;4
312
12
100,000
212
112
412
16
150,000
-''"
p~
WELD
(Min)
10
10
16
~--d
s::
..c:;:l
."t:::: 0
:::
-V
ca
-0::::
::::9
0) 0)
> :::
0 ......
o 0)
1-0::::
OJ)t;:::
0:)0
> s::
0)'-
.D
200,000
12
18
250,000
41;4
612
13
18
300,000
412
212
14
20
00
,;;;-
-x
.Dca
ga
0)
a~
Notes:
1. All dimensions are in inches.
2. The design is based on conditions:
a. ex: = 45 maximum
b. Minimum tensile strength oflug material 70,000 psi.
c. Direction of force is in the plane oflugs.
3. Use wear plate if necessary to eliminate buckling due to normal or sudden
loading.
119
.
/*
__ ~SHACKLE
"
\."
~
::r:
.'
"
\
\.
I /
:!
I I
E:b~~.+=f
'.
V//////////~
.Jfr'
/O.~
CQ
<
LUG
I?';\ ."\...
'\::.~
"-
tD1
oV///////ft/////////A'
Shackle
Pin
Diam.
D
710
5/16
1060
3/8
1600
7/16
2170
1/2
2820
58
34
4420
6375
78
8650
1
11300 1-1 8
13400 1-1 4
16500 1-3 8
20000 1-1/2
23750 1-5/8
32350
2
42500 2-1/4
54000 2-1/2
67600 23/4
81000
3
97000 3-1/4
Hole
Diam.
in Lug
Dl
38
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1 4
1-3 8
1-1 2
1-5/8
1-3/4
2-1 8
2-3/8
2-5/8
2-7/8
3-1/8
3-3/8
Sheared
Edge
H
.50
.56
.63
.69
.94
1.13
1.19
1.31
1.50
1.63
1.75
1.88
.65
.73
.82
.90
1.22
1.47
1.55
1.70
1.95
2.12
2.28
2.45
2.25
2.56
2.81
2.94
2.93
3.33
3.66
3.82
I Rolled
Gascut
78
1-1 8
1-1 4
1-1 2
1-3 4
2
2-1 4
2-7 16
2-5 8
2-7/8
3-1 16
3-3 4
4-18
4-9/16
5
5-7/16
5-7/8
Arm of
Moment
E
.84
.97
1.16
3/4
1.44
7/8
1
1.75
2.12
1-1/8
1-1 4
2.25
1-1 2
2.59
1-5 8
2.94
1-3 4
3.06
1-7 8
3.62
4.06
2
2-3 16 4.19
2-5 8 4.75
5.25
3
3-1 4
6.00
3-9 16 7.00
3-7 8 8.61
4-1/4 9.74
120
LIFTING ATTACHMENTS (cont.)
RECOMMENDED MATERIAL: A 515-70, A 302 or equivalent. The thickness,
and length of the lifting lug shall be determined by calculation:
WELD: When fillet welds are used, it is recommended that throat areas be at
least 50 per cent greater than the cross sectional area of the lug.
To design the lugs the entire load should be assumed to act on one lug.
All possible directions of loading should be considered (during shipment, storage,
erection, handling.) When two or more lugs are used for multileg sling, the angle between each leg of the sling and the horizontal should be assumed to be 30
degrees.
EYE - BOLT
Threaded fasteners smaller
than 5/8" diameter should
not be used for lifting
because of the danger of
over torquing during assembly.
-M!IOA--~W
EXAMPLE:
An eyebolt of 1 in. diameter which is good for 4960 lb. load in tension (direction
x) can carry only 4960 x 0.33 = 1637 lb. load if it acts in direction y.
The above dimensions and recommendations are taken from C. V. Moore: Designing
Lifting Attachments, Machine Design, March 18, 1965.
Assuming shear load only thru the minimum section, the required thickness
may be calculated by the formula:
t= - - - - - -
28 (R-D f2.J
1
where
=load, lbs.
121
The stress in ropes and chains under load is increasing with the reduction of the
angle between the sling and the horizontal. Thus the maximum allowable safe
load shall be reduced proportionally to the increased stress.
If the allowable load for a single vertical rope is divided by the cosecant of the
angle between one side of the rope and the horizontal, the result will indicate
the allowable load on one side of the inclined sling.
Example:
The allowable load for a rope in vertical position is SOOO lb. If the rope applied
to an angle of 30 degrees, in this position the allowable load on one side will be
SOOO/cosecant 30 deg. = SOOO/2 = 4000 lb. For the two-rope sling the total
allowable load 2 times 4000 = SOOO lb. The table shows the load-bearing capacity
of ropes and chains in different positions. Multiplying with the factors shown in
the table the allowable load for a certain rope or chain, the product will indicate
the allowable load in inclined position.
Angle of
Inclination
900
60 0
45 0
300
100
On One
End
1.00
0.S5
0.70
0.50
0.17
1.70
1.40
1.00
0.34
On Two
Ends
122
OPENINGS
SHAPE OF OPENINGS:
Openings in pressure vessels shall preferably be circular, elliptical or obround.
An obround opening is one which is formed by two parallel sides and semicircular ends. The opening made by a pipe or a circular nozzle, the axis of which is not
perpendicular to the vessel wall or head, may be considered an elliptical opening
for design purposes.
Openings may be of shapes other than the above. Code UG-36(a)(2)
SIZE OF OPENINGS:
Openings are not limited as to size.
The rules, construction details of this handbook conform to the Code UG-36
through UG-43 and apply to openings:
for maximum 60 in. inside-diameter-vessel one half ofthe vessel diameter,
but maximum 20 in.
for over 60 in. inside-diameter-vessel one third of the vessel diameter, but
maximum 40 in.
For openings exceeding these limits, supplemental rules of Code Appendix 1-7
shall be satisfied Code UG-36(b)(1)
For nozzle neck thickness see page 140.
WHERE EXTERNAL PIPING IS CONNECTED TO THE VESSEL, THE SCOPE OF
THE CODE INCLUDES:
(a) the welding end connection fQr the first circumferential joint for welded
connections,
(b) the first threaded joint for screwed connections,
(c) the face of the first flange for bolted, flanged connections,
(d) the first sealing service for proprietary connections or fittings.
Code U-I (e)(1)
123
INSPECTION OPENINGS
All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal
corrosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable
manhole, handhole, or other inspection openings for examination and cleaning.
The required inspection openings shown in the table below are selected from the
alternatives allowed by the Code, UG-46, as they are considered to be the most
economical.
INSPECTION OPENINGS ARE NOT REQUIRED:
INSIDE
DIAMETER
OF VESSEL
over 12 in.
less than 18 in.
J.D.
INSPECTION
OPENING
REQUIRED
two - l~ in.
pipe size threaded
opening
18 in.
to 36 in.
inclusive
1.0.
over
36 in.
1.0.
The preferable location of small inspection openings is in each head or near each
head.
In place of two smaller openings a single opening may be -used, provided it is of
such size and location as to afford at least an equal view of the interior.
Compressed air as used here is not intended to include air which has had moisture
removed to the degree that it has an atmospheric dew point of 50 F or less. The
manufacturer's Data Report shall include a statement "for noncorrosive service"
and Code paragraph number when inspection openings are not provided.
NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS
The wall thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection used as access or
inspection opening only shall not be less than the thickness computed for the
applicable loadings plus corrosion allowance.
124
Below the most commonly used types of welded attachments are shown. For other
types see Code, Fig. UW-16.1.
OTATIONS:
tbrll H.
F
a
a
R
G
a
b
125
NOZZLE WITH
WELDING NECK
FLANGE
NOTATION:
Minimum weld sizes, inches. Use the
smallest values.
a = tn or te or 0.375 in.
b = No minimum size requirement.
c = 0.7t, or 0.7te, or 0.5 in.
d= 0.7!, orO.7tn, orO.7te, orO.75 in.
e = I, or tp , or 1 in.
cx;= The angle of bevel shall be such
as to permit complete joint penetration and complete fusion. Depends on plate thickness and welding techniques.
t = Thickness of vessel wall less corrosion allowance, in.
Ie = Thickness of reinforcing pad less
corrosion allowance, in.
t n = Nominal thickness of nozzle wall
less corrosion allowance, in.
tp = Thickness of pad type flange, in.
NOZZLE
WITH SLIP ON
FLANGE
t'r1i ~
~~
R
' - Backing strip
R = the lesser of 1;4 t, or 3;4 in.
til
-;
1/8"
Ir'
j
R
R = the lesser of 1;4 t or % in.
126
THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS
THE FIGURES BELOW SHOW THE MOST COMMONLY USEL tYPES OF WELDED
CONNECTIONS. SEE CODE FIG. UW-16.1 FOR afHER TYPES
NarATION
127
a
SEE NOTATION ON FACING PAGE:
G
---+c
~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~__~~~~-te
D max
+ 3/4
2.
The maximum size of the opening is limited to the outside diameter of the attached
pipe plus % in.
3.
The weld throat shall be the greater ofthe minimum nozzle neck thickness required
by the Code UG-45(a) or that necessary to satisfy the requirements ofUW 18 for
the applicable loadings ofUG 22.
4.
The welding may effect the threads of couplings. It is advisable to keep the threads
above welding with a minimum 1;4 in. or cut the threads after welding.
5.
128
SUGGESTED MINIMUM
EXTENSION OF OPENINGS
The tables give the approximate minimum outside projection of openings. When
insulation or thick reinforcing pad are used it may be necessary to increase these
dimensions.
OUTSIDE PROJECTION, INCHES USING WELDING NECK FLANGE
NOM.
PRESSURE RATING OF FLANGE LB
FIPE
900
150
300
600
1500 2500
SIZE
!
1
Q)';::
"t:IV
'r;;.~
"0
~~;-t- . ~
SIS.
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
8
10
12
14
16
20
22
12
14
16
16
16
18
18
20
1:
"t:IV
'-Q)
"'.....
"0
:S ..
OQ,
~~:-r:~"~
-v
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
150
300
600
900
1500
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
10
6
6
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
AAcA
Flush
Pipe cut to the
curvature of vessel
Minimum extension
for welding
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
2500
8
10
10
12
12
14
16
d~
Extension for reinforcement
or other purpose
129
REINFORCEMENTS OF OPENINGS
DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
Vessels shall be reinforced around the openings, except single, welded and flued
openings not subject to rapid pressure fluctuations do not require reinforcement if
not larger than:
3Y:z in. diameter in not over 3/8 in. thick vessel wall;
23/ 8 in. diameter in over 3/8 in. vessel wall.
Threaded, studded or expanded connections for which the
hole cut is not greater than 23/ 8 in. diameter.
(Code UG-36(c)(3)(a)
The design procedure described on the following pages conforms to Code UG-36 through UG-43.
For openings exceeding these limits supplemental rules of Code 1-7 shall be applied
in addition to UG-36 through UG-43.
For reinforcement of openings in flat heads see Code UG-39.
A brief outline of reinforcement design for better understanding of the procedure is
described in the following pages.
The basic requirement is that around the opening the vessel must be reinforced with
an equal amount of metal which has been cut out for the opening. The reinforcement
may be an integral part of the vessel and nozzle, or may be an additional reinforcement
pad. (Fig. A)
This simple rule, however, needs further refinements as follows:
1. It is not necessary to replace the actually removed amount of metal, but only the
amount which is required to resist the internal pressure (A). This required thickness of the vessel at the openings is usually less than at other points of the shell
or head.
2. The plate actually used and nozzle neck usually are thicker than would be required according to calculation. The excess in the vessel wall (AJ) and nozzle
wall (A.z) serve as reinforcements. Likewise the inside extension of the opening
(A 3) and the area of the weld metal (A-/) can also be taken into consideration as
reinforcement.
3. The reinforcement must be within a certain limit.
4. The area of reinforcement must be proportionally increased if its stress value is
lower than that of the vessel wall.
5. The area required for reinforcement must be satisfied for all planes through the
center of opening and normal to vessel surface.
The required cross sectional area of the reinforcement shall then be:
The required area for the shell or head to resist the internal pressure (A). From
this area subtract the excess areas within the limit (AjA2A3A-/). If the sum of the
areas available for reinforcement (Aj+A 2+A 3+A-/) is equal or greater than the area
to be replaced (A), the opening is adequately reinforced. Otherwise the difference must be supplied by reinforcing pad (A5).
Some manufacturers follow a simple practice using reinforcing pads with a crosssectional area which is equal to the metal area actually removed for the opening. This
practice results in oversized reinforcement, but with the elimination of calculations
they find it more economical.
130
1.
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT
131
REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS
DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
(continued)
G
3.
LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT
NOTATION:
For other notations, see the preceding page.
r = thickness of the
vessel wall less cor- 4. STRENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT
rosion allowance,
I-------------------------l
If the strength of materials in AI A2 A3 A./ and A5 or the
inches.
material
of the reinforcing pad are lower than that of the
Ir = see preceeding page
vessel material, their area considered as reinforcement shall
In= nominal thickness
be proportionately decreased and the required area, A in
of nozzle wall irrespective of product inverse proportion increased. The strength ofthe deposited
form. less corrosion weld metal shall be considered as equivalent to the weaker
material of the joint.
allowance. inches.
Irn=required thickness
of seamless nozzle
wall. inches.
h = distance nozzle
projects beyond the
inner surface of the
vessel wall less corrosion allowance.
inches.
c = corrosion allowance,
inches.
d = see preceding page.
No credit shall be takenJor additional strength of reinforcement having higher stress value than that of the vessel wall.
EXAMPLES:
1.
2.
132
REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS
DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
( continued)
100
5. REINFORCEMENT IN DIFFERENT
PLANES FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
\
0.95
0.90
Since the circumferential stress in cylindrical shells and cones is two times greater
than the longitudinal stress, at the opening the plane containing the axis of the
shell is the plane of the greatest unit loading due to pressure. On the plane perpendicular to the vessel axis the unit loading
is one half of this.
0.85
0.80
~
...0
0.75 ~
...
;:J
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.551-+-+-++-+-~-+-++-+-+-I~~-+-~
1"'-.
O. 50 L...L---L.....L......L.....I...-.L......I---L......J.......L...J..-..r........J'--I.--l.......L.....L--'=
0"
10"
20"
30"
40"
50"
60 70
80 90'
Angle
4T ? PI..,45}
-(f *-*
PI,.,
F= 1.00"
Longitudinal
axis of shell
F= 0.5
F= 0.75
Longitudinal
axis of shell
133
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1.
tn
tm
Rn
~ ~ f-'"'-r--
tr
-,.
I
I
I,"
3*
DESIGN DATA:
Inside diameter of shell: 48 in.
Design pressure: 250 psi at 200 0 F
Shell material: SA-285-C
S=15,700 psi t = 0.625 in.
The vessel is spot radiographed.
No allowance for corrosion.
Nozzzle material: SA-53-B
S = 17,100 psi, tn = 0.432 in.
Nozzle nom. size: 6 in.
Extension of nozzle inside the vessel: 1.5 in.
h=2.5.tn=2.5 x 0.432=1.08 in.
The nozzle does not pass through seams.
Fillet weld size: 0.375 in.
PR
250x24
for shell: tr = - - - - = - - - - - - - - = 0 . 3 8 6 i n .
8E-0.6 15,700x1.0-0.6x250
for nozzle: t
=
m
PRn
8E-0.6P
250x2.88
--------=0.043in.
17,100x 1.0- 0.6x 250
2.224 in.
134
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 2.
In (I - Ir)
DESIGN DATA:
Inside radius of shell: R = 24 in.
Design pressure: P = 300 psi at 200 0 F.
Shell material: t = 0.500 in. SA-516-70 plate,
S = 20,000 psi
The vessel is spot examined
There is no allowance for corrosion
Nozzle nominal size: 6 in.
Nozzle material: SA-53 B
S=17,100psi.
t n =0.432 in.
Extension of nozzle inside the vessel: 1.5 in.
Fillet weld size inside: 0.500 in.;
Fillet weld size outside: 0.625 in.
Ratio of stress values: 17,100/20,000 = 0.855
PR
Shell, tr = -S-E---0-.6-P-
PR
SE -0.6P
Nozzle, tm = - - - "n- -
300x24
20,000xl-0.6x300
0.364in.
300x2.88
17.1 00 x 1.0 - 0.6 x 300
0.05Iin.
Since the strength of the nozzle material is lower than that of the vessel material, the required area for
reinforcement shall be proportionally increased and the areas available for reinforcement proportionally
reduced.
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED
A = dtr 5.761 x 0.364 =
2.097 sq. in.
Area increased: + 2tn x tr (1-17,100/20,000) = 2x 0.432 x 0.364 x (1-0.855) = 0.046 sq. in.
2.143 sq. in.
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE
AI = (Excess in shell.) Larger of the following:
(t - t r ) d = (0.500 - 0.364) x 5.761 = 0.784 sq. in. or
(t - tr) (tn + t) 2 = (0.500 - 0.364) x (0.432 + 0.500) x 2 = 0.254 sq. in.
Area reduced: -2 x tn (t -tr ) (1 -- 0.855) =
-2 x 0.432 x (0.500 - 0.364) (l - 0.855) = -0.017 sq. in.
0.767 sq. in.
A2 = (Excess in nozzle neck.) Smaller of following:
(tn - t rn ) 5t = (0.432 - 0.051) 5 x 0.500 = 0.953
(tn - trn) 5tn = (0.432 - 0.051) 5 x 0.432 = 0.823
Area reduced: 0.855 x 0.823 = 0.704 sq. in.
Since the strength of the nozzle is lower than that of the shell,
a decreased area shall be taken into consideration.
17,100/20,000 = 0.855,
0.855 x 0.823 =
0.704 sq. in.
A3 = (Inside projection.) tn x 2h = 0.432 x 2 x 1.08 = 0.933
Area decreased 0.933 x 0.855 =
0.797 sq. in.
A4 = (Area of fillet weld) 2 x 0.5 x 0.625 2 x 0.855 =
0.334 sq. in.
As = (Area of fillet weld inside) 2 x 0.5 x 5002 x 0.855 =
0.214 sq. in.
TOTAL AREA AVAILABLE
2.816 sq. in.
Additional reinforcement not required.
135
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 3.
DESIGN DATA:
Inside diameter of shell: 48 in.
Design pressure: 300 psi at 200 F.
Shell material: 0.500 in. SA-516-60 plate,
The vessel fully radiographed, E = I
There is no allowance for corrosion
Nozzle nominal size: 8 in.
Nozzle material: SA-53 B, 0.500 in. wall
Extension of nozzle inside the vessel: 0.5 in.
The nozzle does not pass through the main
seams.
Size of fillet welds 0.375 in.
(Reinforcement pad to nozzle neck.)
::,1
I,
~I I
-f--4F"1r-- I
tr =
Nozzle
PR
SE-0.6P
t
,
rn
300x24
17,100x1-0.6x300
PR
n
SE-0.6P
0.426 in.
300x3.8125
17,100xl-0.6x300
0.068 in.
136
STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS
JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL
A
B
The allowable stress value of the welds is the stress value of the
weaker material connected by the welds multiplied by the following factors:
Groove-weld tension
Groove-weld shear
Fillet-weld shear
3 2
Possible paths of failure:
1. Through <D - <D
2. Through ~ - ~
3. Through Q) - Q)
0.74
0.60
0.49
EXAMPLE 4.
A = 2.397 sq. in. Al = 0.484 sq. in.
137
STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS
JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL
EXAMPLE 5.
DESIGN DATA
A = 3.172 sq. in., Al = 0.641 sq. in., A2 = 0.907 sq. in.
dp = 12.845 in. outside diameter of reinforcing pad.
do = 8.625 in. outside diameter of nozzle.
dm = 8.125 in. mean diameter of nozzle.
S = 20,000 psi allowable stress value of vessel material
Sn = 17,100 psi allowable stress value of nozzle material
t = 0.5000 in. thickness of vessel wall.
0.375 in. leg of fillet - eeld a
0.250 in. leg of fillet - weld d
te = 0.250 in. thickness of reinforcing pad.
Check the strength of attachment of nozzle.
LOAD TO BE CARRRIED BY WELDS:
(A - A I)S = (3.172 - 0.641) x 20,000 = 50,620 lb.
LOAD TO BE CARRIED BY WLDS a, c, e:
(A2 + 2 tnt)S = (0.907 + 2 x 0.500 x 0.500) x 17,100 lb. = 24,059
STRESS VALUE OF WELDS:
Fillet - weld shear
0.49 x 20,000 = 9,800 psi
Groove - weld tension 0.74 x 20,000 = 14,800 psi
STRESS VALUE OF NOZZLE WALL SHEAR:
0.70 x 17,100 = 11,970 psi
STRENGTH OF WELDS AND NOZZLE NECK:.
a. Fillet weld shear
redo
red
= 13.55
= 12.76 x
x 0.375 x 9,800
0.500 x 11,970
= 49,796 lb.
= 76,368
c. Groove weld tension ;rdo x weld leg x 14,800 = 13.55 x 0.500 x 14.800
2
lb.
= 100,270 lb.
;rd
d. Filet weld shear _P_x weld leg x 9,800 = 20.18 x 0.25 x 9.800 = 49,433 lb.
2
e. Groove weld tension
138
R,-vR/ r2
EXAMPLE:
Given: Ri = 15 in., r = 8 in.
u
15-"'225 - 4 = 15-12.6886
2.3114 in.
EXAMPLE:
Given: Ri = 15 in.,
G = 24 in.,
F = 6 in.
r = 4.3125 in.
Find: X
Y = ...;rI5'-2--{-6-+-4-.3-12-5-Y = -J225-1 06 = W9
Y= 10.9
X= 24-10.9 = 13.1 in.
EXAMPLE:
Given: Ro = 12 in., a= 15, A = 6 in.
Find: F
Sin /3= 6/12 = 0.500 = 30 r= 30+15 = 45
F= Sin 45 x 6 = 0.7071 x 6 = 4.243 in.
When F is known, Find X as in Example C above.
~I
EXAMPLE:
Given: Ri = 24 in., F= 12 in., r= 8 in., SF= 2 in.
G=20 in.
Find: X
Y = Y~24-:2-=-(--:-:-12-:-+---:8-'-)2' = -J576-400 = 6.3 in.
2
X
20---6.63-2
2
=
11.37 in.
139
LENGTH OF COUPLING AND PIPE FOR OPENINGS
I-f+~
L~~~+-.j~
SEAN
R;
-V
>C
:>
>-
R.
Flrl
T
I
I.I~
!:!
l(
-"'"
.,r
~
10
b..
~ll~
tIN~/N:E!.h
-=--
+ r)2
X = V-V, V =VR;- (F_r)2, Y =V R?-(F
I
EXAMPLE
Ri = 24 in., Ro = 25 in., F = 8 in., r = 1 in.
Given:
Find: X
V =,.,/25 2- (8 _1)2 =V625 49 = 24 in.
~~
r;~
~~
SEAN'
V-
.J
'~-=:A,
~~
VESSEL
R{
:>
>.
~~
,rr
L.IN
,j
R? _ (F + r) 2
R i-(F-r)2,
= v- Y, v
Y
2
2
EXAMPLE
Given:
Ri = 29 in . Ro = 30 in., F = 18 in., r = 1 in.
Find: X
2
-V30 -(18-1)2 =-'/900-289 = 12.36 in.
V
2
2
-V29 2 - (18 + 1)2 ";841-361 = 10.95 in.
Y
2
2
X= 12.36-10.95 = 1.41 in.
NOZZLE IN CONE
When ex is less than 45 0
X=G-Y, Y=Ri-[tanex x(F+r)]
EXAMPLE
Ri = 24 in., G = 30 in . F = 12 in., r = 2 in.,
Given:
0: = 30 0
Find: X
Y = 24- [tan 30 0 (12 + 2)] = 24-8.08 = 15.92 in.
X = 30 15.92 = 14.08 in.
d ~x
'~1hA
~~J).
[\
COUPLING IN CONE
X=V+2Y, V=
: I ...
~ I ...
~~
Jy.~
V Y
I
...i
cos ex
Y = tan ex x r
EXAMPLE
tc = 2 in., r = 1 in., a = 30 0
Given:
Find: X
2
V = - - = 2.31 Y = 0.5774 x 1 = 0.5774
0.866
X = 2.31 + 2 x 0.5774 = 3.46 in.
140
for Access Openings, Openings for Inspection only the minimum wall thickness of necks shall not be less than the thickness computed from the applicable loadings in UG-22 such as internal or external pressure, stattic, cyclic,
dynamic, seismic, impact reactions, etc.
2.
for Nozzles and other openings (except access and inspection openings) the
minimum wall thickness of necks shall be the larger of he chickness computed from the applicable loadings in UG-22 or the smaller of wall thickness
determined in 3, 4, 5, 6 below.
3.
In vessels under internal pressure thicknes of the shell or head required for
internal pressure only, assuming = 1.0.
4.
In vessels under external pressure thickness of the shell or head for internal
pressure using it as an equivalent value for external pressure, assuming =1.0.
5.
6.
7.
The wall thickness of necks in no case shall be less than the minimum thickness specified in UG-16(b) for:
Shells and heads:
0.0625 in.
Unfired steam boilers:
0.2500 in.
In compressed air service:
0.0918 in.
8.
18"
800 psig
0.125"
Sch.60
Sch.60
0.750" Wall
0.750" Wall
2. Opening Diameter:
Internal Design Pressure:
Corrosion Allowance
The Vessel Wall Thickness
The Required Pipe for Manway:
The Required Pipe for Nozzle:
18"
150 psig
0.125"
0.3125"
Sch.l0
Std. Wt
0.250" Wall
0.375" Wall
1. Opening Diameter:
141
3. Opening Diameter:
18"
Internal Design Pressure:
140 psig
Corrosion Allowance
0.125"
The Vessel Wall Thickness
0.750"
The Required Pipe for Manway:
Sch. 10
The Required Pipe for Nozzle:
Sch.40
Std. Wt. 0.328" + 0.125" Corr. Allow.
4. External Design Pressure:
Material SA 516-60;
Outside diameter of cylindrical shell:
Shell thickness:
The required thickness for 14 in. 0.0.,
0.250" Wall
0.453" Wall (min.)
P = 35 psi
S= 17,100
D{) = 96 in.
t = 1 in.
12 in. long nozzle neck:
quired, but the thickness shall not be less than the smaller of:
2. The thickness required for the shell under 35 psi internal pressure (as
equivalent external pressure)
PR
35 X 47
.
t SE _ 0.6P
17,100 _ 32 = 0.097 In.
3. The minimum thickness of standard wall pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.)
The smaller of2. and 3. 0.097 for wall thickness of nozzle neck is
satisfactory.
5. External Design Pressure:
P = 15 psi
Material SA 516-60;
S= 17,100
Outside diameter of cylindrical shell: D{) = 36 in.
t=0.3125 in.
Shell thickness:
The required thickness for 14 in. 0.0.,-12 in. long nozzle neck:
1.
To withstand 15 psi external pressure approximately 0.02 in. wall required, but the thickness shall not be less than the smaller of the
following:
2.
The th ickness required for the shell under 15 psi internal pressure
t
3.
PR
15X17.6875
SE-0.6P
17,100-9
0016
.
In.
The minimum thickness of standard wall pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.)
The smaller of2. and 3. is 0.016 in., butthe thickness of the nozzle
neck shall be in no case less than 0.0625 in. UG-45(a)(2).
142
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
INTERNAL WORKING PRESSURE FOR PIPES
The Calculations Based on the Formula:
p=
2 SEt
D+ 1.2t'
where
112
3/4
1-114
1-112
Designation
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.160
XX-STG.
Pipe wall
thickness
.Min.
Nom.
0.109
0.095
0.147
0.129
0.164
0.187
0.294
0.257
0.099
0.113
0.154
0.135
0.218
0.191
0.308
0.270
0.133
0.116
0.154
0.179
0.219
0.250
0.313
0.358
0.140
0.123
0.191
0.167
0.250
0.219
0.334
0.382
0.145
0.127
0.200
0.175
0.281
0.246
0.400
0.350
0.154
0.135
0.191
0.218
0.343
0.300
0.382
0.436
114
287
661
1,703
1,803
1,878
731
1,988
143
Nom.
pIpe
SIze
2~
31;2
Designation
STD.
X-STG.
SCH-160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.120
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.120
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.120
SCH.160
XX-STG.
SCH.20
SCH.30
STD.
SCH.60
X-STG.
SCH.I00
SCH.120
Pipe wall
thickness
Nom. Min.
0.203 0.178
0.276 0.242
0.375 0.328
0.552 0.483
0.216 0.186
0.300 0.263
0.438 0.383
0.600 0.525
0.226 0.198
0.318 0.278
0.636 0.557
0.237 0.208
0.337 0.295
0.438 0.383
0.531 0.465
0.674 0.590
0.258 0.226
0.375 0.328
0.500 0.438
0.625 0.547
0.750 0.656
0.280 0.245
0.432 0.378
0.562 0.492
0.718 0.628
0.864 0.756
0.250 0.219
0277 0.242
0.322 0.282
0.406 0.355
0.500 0.438
0.593 0.519
0.718 0.628
144
10
12
14
Designation
SCH.140
SCH.160
XX-STG.
SCH.20
SCH.30
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.80
SCH.I00
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH.160
SCH.20
SCH.30
STD.
SCHAO
X-STG.
SCH.60
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH.160
SCH.I0
SCH.20
STD.
SCHAO
X-STG.
SCH.60
SCH.80
SCH.I00
SCH.120
SCH.140
Pipe wall
thickness
Nom. Min.
0.812 0.711
0.906 0.793
0.875 0.766
0.250 0.219
0.307 0.269
0.365 0.319
0.500 OA38
0.593 0.519
0.718 0.628
0.843 0.738
1.000 0.875
1.125 0.984
0.250 0.219
0.330 0.289
0.375 0.328
OA06 0.355
0.500 OA38
0.562 OA92
0.687 0.601
0.843 0.738
1.000 0.875
1.125 0.984
1.312 1.148
0.250 0.219
0.312 0.273
0.375 0.328
OA38 0.383
0.500 OA38
0.593 0.519
0.750 0.656
0.937 0.820
1.093 0.956
1.250 1.094
0
3,017
3,393
3,269
707
873
1,038
1,439
1,716
2,095
2,484
2,976
3,377
595
788
897
973
1,207
1,361
1,674
2,074
2,482
2,812
3,317
541
677
816
956
1,096
1,306
1,664
2,101
2,469
2,850
145
Pipe wall
thickness
Nom. Min.
10406 1.230
0.250 0.219
0.312 0.273
0.375 0.328
0.500 00438
0.656 0.574
0.843 0.738
1.031 0.902
1.218 1.066
10438 1.258
1.593 1.394
0.250 0.219
0.312 0.273
0.375 0.328
00438 0.383
0.500 00438
0.562 00492
0.750 0.656
0.937 0.820
1.156 1.012
1.375 1.203
1.562 1.367
1.781 1.558
0.250 0.219
0.375 0.328
0.500 00438
0.593 0.519
0.812 0.711
1.031 0.902
1.281 1.121
1.500 1.313
1.750 1.531
1.968 1.722
146
Nom.
pIpe
SIze
Designation
22
SCH.10
SCH.20 STD.
X-STG.
SCH.30
SCH.40
24 SCH.60
SCH.80
SCH.IOO
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH.160
26
30
Pipe wall
thickness
Nom. Min.
0.250 0.219
0.312 0.273
0.375 0.328
0.437 0.382
0.500 0.438
0.562 0.492
0.625 0.547
0.688 0.602
0.750 0.656
0.250 0.219
0.375 0.328
0.500 0.438
0.562 0.492
0.687 0.601
0.968 0.847
1.218 1.066
1.531 1.340
1.812 1.586
2.062 1.804
2.343 2.050
0.250 0.219
0.312 0.273
0.375 0.328
0.437 0.382
0.500 0.438
0.562 0.492
0.625 0.547
0.688 0.602
0.750 0.656
0.312 0.273
0.375 0.328
0.500 0.438
147
A53B
AI06B
stress
values
pSlg 17,100 15,600 13,OOC 10,800 8,700 5,900 4,000 2,500
Factor
1.000
Example:
The Maximum Allowance Pressure for 6" x Stg. Pipe With a Corrosion
Allowance of 118" From Table = 1,346 psi. - at Temperature 800 OF
The Max. Allow. Press. 1,346 x 0.6316 = 850 psig.
Example to find max. allow. pressure for any stress values:
The Max. Allow. Press. 1,346 Psig. From Tables
The Stress Value 13,000 psi.
13 000
For This Pipe The Max. Allow. Pressure
'
x 1,346 = 1,023 psi.
. 17,100
148
The required wall thickness for pipes, tabulated on the following pages, has been
computed with the following formula:
PR
t= SE-O.6P
, where
149
50
0.002
0.003
0.005
0.006
0.008
100
0.003
0.006
0.009
0.012
0.015
150
0.005
0.009
0.014
0.018
0.022
PRESSURE PSIG.
250
300
200
350
0.009
0.006 0.008
0.011
0.012 0.015 0.018 0.021
0.018 0.022 0.027 0.031
0.024 0.030 0.036 0.042
0.030 0.037 0.045 0.052
6
7
8
9
10
0.009
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.015
0.018
0.021
0.024
0.027
0.030
0.027
0.031
0.036
0.040
0.044
0.036
0.042
0.047
0.053
0.059
0.045
0.052
0.059
0.065
0.074
0.054
0.062
0.071
0.080
0.089
11
12
13
14
15
0.016
0.018
0.019
0.021
0.022
0.033
0.036
0.038
0.041
0.044
0.049
0.053
0.058
0.062
0.066
0.065
0.071
0.077
0.083
0.089
0.081
0.089
0.096
0.104
0.111
16
17
18
19
20
0.024
0.025
0.027
0.028
0.030
0.047
0.050
0.053
0.056
0.059
0.071
0.075
0.080
0.084
0.089
0.095
0.100
0.106
0.112
0.118
21
22
23
24
25
0.031
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.037
0.062
0.065
0.068
0.071
0.074
0.093
0.097
0.102
0,106
0.111
26
27
28
29
30
0.038
0.040
0.041
0.043
0.044
0.077
0.080
0.083
0.085
0.088
0.115
0.119
0.124
0.128
0.133
400
0.012
0.024
0.037
0.048
0.060
450
0.014
0.027
0.040
0.054
0.067
500
0.015
0.030
0.045
0.060
0.075
0.063
0.073
0.083
0.094
0.104
0.072
0.083
0.095
0.107
0.112
0.081
0.094
0.107
0.121
0.134
0.090
0.105
0.119
0.134
0.149
0.098
0.107
0.116
0.124
0.133
0.114
0.125
0.135
0.145
0.156
0.131
0.143
0.155
0.166
0.178
0.147
0.161
0.174
0.188
0.201
0.164
0.179
0.194
0.209
0.224
0.118
0.126
0.133
0.140
0.148
0.142
0.151
0.160
0.169
0.178
0.166
0.176
0.187
0.197
0.208
0.190
0.202
0.214
0.226
0.238
0.214
0.228
0.241
0.254
0.268
0.238
0.253
0.268
0.283
0.298
0.124
0.130
0.136
0.142
0,148
0.155
0.163
0.170
0.177
0.185
0.187
0.195
0.204
0.213
0.222
0.218
0.228
0.239
0.249
0.259
0.249
0.261
0.273
0.285
0.297
0.281
0.294
0.308
0.321
0.335
0.313
0.328
0.343
0.357
0.372
0.153
0.159
0.165
0.171
0.177
0.192
0.199
0.207
0.214
0.222
0.231
0.240
0.249
0.257
0.266
0.270
0.280
0.290
0.301
0.311
0.309
0.321
0.332
0.344
0.356
0.348
0.361
0.375
0.388
0.401
0.387
0.402
0.417
0.432
0.447
150
550
0.017
0.033
0.050
0.066
0.082
600
0.018
0.036
0.054
0.072
0.090
650
0.020
0.039
0.059
0.078
0.098
PRESSURE PSIG.
700
800
750
850
0.021 0.023 0.024 0.026
0.042 0.045 0.048 0.052
0.063 0.068 0.073 0.077
0.084 0.090 0.097 0.103
0.105 0.113 0.121 0.128
900
0.028
0.055
0.082
0.109
0.136
950
0.029
0.058
0.087
0.115
0.144
1,000
0.031
0.061
0.091
0.122
0.152
6
7
8
9
10
0.099
0.115
0.132
0.148
0.164
0.108
0.126
0.144
0.162
0.180
0.117
0.136
0.156
0.175
0.195
0.126
0.147
0.168
0.189
0.210
0.135
0.158
0.181
0.203
0.226
0.l45
0.l69
0.193
0.217
0.241
0.154
0.180
0.205
0.231
0.257
0.l63
0.191
0.218
0.245
0.272
0.173
0.201
0.230
0.259
0.288
0.182
0.212
0.243
0.273
0.303
11
12
13
14
15
0.181
0.197
0.214
0.230
0.246
0.197
0.215
0.233
0.251
0.269
0.214
0.234
0.253
0.273
0.292
0.231
0.252
0.273
0.294
0.315
0.248
0.271
0.293
0.316
0.338
0.265
0.289
0.313
0.337
0.361
0.282
0.301
0.333
0.359
0.385
0.299
0.326
0.354
0.381
0.408
0.316
0.345
0.374
0.403
'0.431
0.334
0.364
0.394
0.425
0.455
16
17
18
19
20
0.263
0.279
0.296
0.312
0.328
0.287
0.305
0.323
0.341
0.359
0.312
0.331
0.350
0.370
0.389
0.336
0.357
0.378
0.399
0.420
0.361
0.383
0.406
0.428
0.451
0.385
0.409
0.434
0.458
0.482
0.401
0.436
0.461
0.487
0.513
0.435
0.462
0.489
0.517
0.544
0.460
0.489
0.518
0.546
0.575
0.485
0.516
0.546
0.576
0.606
21
22
23
24
25
0.345
0.361
0.378
0.394
0.410
0,377
0.395
0.413
0.430
0.448
0.409
0.428
0.448
0.467
0.487
0.441
0.462
0.483
0.504
0.525
0.473
0.496
0.518
0.541
0.564
0.506
0.530
0.554
0.578
0.602
0.538
0.564
0.590
0.615
0.641
0.571
0.598
0.625
0.653
0.680
0.604
0.633
0.661
0.690
0.719
0.637
0.667
0.697
0.728
0.758
26
27
28
29
30
0.427
0.443
0.460
0.476
0.492
0.460
0.484
0.502
0.520
0.538
0.506
0.525
0.545
0.564
0.584
0.546
0.567
0.588
0.609
0.630
0.586
0.608
0.631
0.654
0.676
0.626
0.650
0.674
0.698
0.722
0.666
0.692
0.718
0.743
0.769
0.707
0.734
0.761
0.788
0.816
0.747
0.776
0.805
0.834
0.862
0.788
0.819
0.849
0.879
0.909
151
1,100
0.034
0.067
0.101
0.139
0.168
1,200
0.037
0.074
0.110
0.147
0.184
1,300
0.040
0.078
0.120
0.160
0.199
PRESSURE PSIG.
1,400 1,500 1,600 1,700
0.043 0.047 0.050 0.053
0.086 0.093 0.099 0.106
0.130 0.139 0.149 0.159
0.173 0.183 0.199 0.212
0.216 0.232 0.248 0.265
6
7
8
9
10
0.201
0.235
0.268
0.301
0.335
0.220
0.257
0.293
0.330
0.367
0.239
0.279
0.319
0.359
0.399
0.259
0.301
0.345
0.388
0.431
0.278
0.324
0.371
0.417
0.463
0.298
0.347
0.397
0.446
0.496
11
12
13
14
15
0.368
0.402
0.435
0.469
0.502
0.403
0.440
0.477
0.513
0.550
0.438
0.478
0.518
0.558
0.598
0.474
0.517
0.560
0.603
0.646
0.510
0.556
0.602
0.648
0.695
16
17
18
19
20
0.536
0.569
0.603
0.636
0.669
0.586
0.623
0.660
0.696
0.733
0.638
0.677
0.717
0.757
0.797
0.689
0.732
0.775
0.818
0.861
21
22
23
24
25
0.703
0.736
0.770
0.803
0.837
0.770
0.806
0.843
0.879
0.916
0.837
0.877
0.916
0.956
0.996
26
27
28
29
30
0.870
0.904
0.937
0.971
1.004
0.953
0.989
1.026
1.063
1.099
1.036
1.076
1.116
1.155
1.195
1,800
0.057
0.113
0.169
0.225
0.281
1,900
0.060
0.119
0.179
0.238
0.298
2,000
0.063
0.126
0.189
0.252
0.315
0.318
0.370
0.423
0.476
0.529
0.337
0.394
0.450
0.506
0.562
0.357
0.417
0.477
0.536
0.596
0.378
0.441
0.503
0.566
0.629
0.546
0.595
0.645
0.694
0.744
0.582
0.635
0.688
0.740
0.793
0.618
0.675
0.731
0.787
0.843
0.665
0.715
0.774
0.834
0.893
0.692
0.755
0.818
0.881
0.944
0.741
0.787
0.834
0.880
0.926
0.793
0.843
0.893
0.942
0.992
0.846
0.899
0.952
1.005
1.058
0.899
0.955
1.012
1.068
1.137
0.953
1.012
1.072
1.131
1.191
1.007
1.070
1.132
1.195
1.258
0.904
0.947
0.991
1.034
1.077
0.973
1.019
1.065
1.111
1.158
1.041
1.091
1.140
1.190
1.240
1.110
1.163
1.216
1.269
1.322
1.180
1.236
1.292
1.349
1.405
1.250
1.310
1.369
1.429
1.488
1.321
1.384
1.447
1.510
1.573
1.120
1.163
1.206
1.249
1.292
1.204
1.250
1.297
1.343
1.389
1.289
1.339
1.388
1.438
1.487
1.375
1.428
1.480
1.533
1.586
1.461
1.517
1.573
1.630
1.686
1.548
1.607
1.667
1.727
1.786
1.636
1.698
1.761
1.824
1.887
152
PRESSURE PSIG.
DIAM 2,100 2,200 2,300 2,400 2,500 2,600 2,700 2,800 2,900 3,000
1
2
3
4
5
0.067
0.133
0.199
0.266
0.332
0.070
0.140
0.209
0.279
0.349
0.074
0.147
0.220
0.293
0.366
0.077
0.154
0.230
0.307
0.383
0.080
0.161
0.241
0.321
0.401
0.084
0.168
0.251
0.335
0.419
0.088
0.175
0.262
0.349
0.436
0.091
0.182
0.273
0.364
0.454
0.095
0.189
0.284
0.378
0.472
0.098
0.196
0.294
0.393
0.491
6
7
8
9
10
0.398
0.464
0.531
0.597
0.663
0.419
0.488
0.558
0.628
0.697
0.439
0.512
0.586
0.659
0.732
0.460
0.537
0.613
0.690
0.767
0.481
0.561
0.641
0.722
0.802
0.502
0.586
0.670
0.753
0.834
0.524
0.611
0.700
0.785
0.872
0.545
0.636
0.727
0.818
0.908
0.567
0.661
0.756
0.850
0.944
0.589
0.687
0.785
0.883
0.981
11
12
13
14
15
0.730
0.796
0.862
0.928
0.995
0.767
0.837
0.907
0.976
1.046
0.805
0.878
0.951
1.025
1.098
0.843
0.920
0.997
1.073
1.145
0.882
0.962
1.042
1.112
1.202
0.921
1.004
1.088
1.172
1.255
0.960
1.047
1.134
1.221
1.308
0.999
1.090
1.181
1.271
1.362
1.039
1.133
1.228
1.322
1.416
1.079
1.177
1.275
1.373
1.471
16
17
18
19
20
1.061
1.127
1.194
1.260
1.326
1.116
1.185
1.255
1.325
1.395
1.171
1.244
1.317
1.390
1.463
1.226
1.303
1.380
1.456
1.533
1.282
1.363
1.443
1.523
1.603
1.339
1.421
1.506
1.590
1.673
1.396
1.483
1.570
1.657
1.745
1.453
1.544
1.635
1.725
1.816
1.511
1.605
1.700
1.794
1.888
1.569
1.667
1.765
1.863
1.961
21
22
23
24
25
1.392
1.459
1.525
1.591
1.658
1.464
1.534
1.604
1.673
1.743
1.537
1.610
1.683
1.756
1.829
1.610
1.686
1.763
1.839
1.916
1.683
1.763
1.843
1.923
2.004
1.757
1.841
1.924
2.008
2.092
1.832
1.919
2.006
2.093
2.181
1.907
1.998
2.089
2.179
2.270
1.983
2.077
2.172
2.266
2.360
2.059
2.157
2.255
2.353
2.451
26
27
28
29
30
1.724
1.790
1.856
1.924
1.989
1.813
1.883
1.952
2.022
2.092
1.902
1.976
2.049
2.122
2.195
1.994
2.069
2.146
2.223
2.299
2.084
2.164
2.244
2.324
2.404
2.175
2.259
2.343
2.426
2.510
2.268
2.355
2.442
2.529
2.617
2.361
2.452
2.543
2.633
2.724
2.455
2.549
2.644
2.738
2.832
2.549
2.647
2.745
2.843
2.942
153
To calculate the maximum force and moment, first evaluate p and y. Then determine
a, I, and L1 from Figures I, 2 and 3, for the specified p and y, substitute into the
equations below, and calculate F RRF, MRCM and MRLM.
P =.875 (~:)
y= Rm
T
If O'is greater than So, then use So as the stress due to design pressure.
III.M =
FRF
O~
__________
R,/r,,(.S
--..1-
Plot the value of F RRFas F RF and the smaller of MRCM and MRLM
as M RM. The allowable nozzle loads are bounded by the area
of F RF, 0, M RM.
~~
MRJo/
Rm=37.5
ro=15"
p=
T=.75"
P=150psi
y- 0')
Sv=31,500psi@460
S,,=20,000psi
y=
(Ri~ = 3.~; = 50
154
NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS
IN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS (continued)
Calculate Pressure Stress
MRLM
0&
MRJ,(
NOTATION:
ro
Rm
T
Sy
0'
Sa
fJ
r
a
Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless Numbers
L.1
= Dimensionless Numbers
FRRF
Dimensionless Numbers
pounds
Momentm , inch-pounds*
ment, inch-pounds
FRF
FRM
= Dimensionless Numbers
REFERENCES:
Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings, K. R.
Wichman, A. G. Hopper and 1. L. Mershon - Welding Research Council. Bulletin
107/August 1965 - Revised Printing - December 1968.
Standards for Closed Feedwater Heaters, Heat Exchange Institute, Inc., 1969.
155
NOZZLE LOADS
Fig.!
=l'Y=
I '''-,-,- 1-
"""-.,,, .~
,-~+
__
'0--'-
, I
- 'c'
--t--H
f,+-
I-
".;:.'-'--'
N-
--:.: fT-T ,
c;~.
r---- f--'
' ,
10
0
.05
,I
.15
.2
.25
.3
.35
.4
.45
. 'Y I '
'
.5
,
I
156
NOZZLE LOADS
Fig 2
'1
2
!_-----
103
10
.05
.1
.15
.2
.25
.3
.35
.4
.45
.5
157
NOZZLE LOADS
Fig. 3
104
9
8
7
6
S
4
10]
9
lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~!!~lIliiilii
2
102
9
8
7
6
3
2
10
.OS
.1
.IS
.2
.25
.3
.35
.4
{3
.45
.S
158
NOTES
159
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
At the junction of cone or conical section to cylinder (Fig. C and D) due
to bending and shear, discontinuity stresses are induced which are with
reinforcement to be compensated.
DESIGN PROCEDURE (The half apex angle
a 5'30 deg.)
160
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
r::-r
FORMULAS
a
Max.
l~ ..... ~;
30
e~
~
FIG. C
AeL
,
\ -L I')
y,
(Is-I)
cos a
The distance from the junction within which the additional reinforcement shall be situated, in.
a
Max.
30
FIG. 0
(l-~)tana
kQIfiL
SsE]
rL -
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the
reinforcement shall be situated, in.
0.25 x .,JRLfs
~~~)
SsE! 1 a" tan a
vR;i;
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall
be situated, in.
0.25 x vii;i;
NOTES: When atthe junction compressive loadsj; orji exceed the tensional loads determined by PR/
2 or PR)2 respectively, the design shall be in accordance with U2 (g): ("as safe as those provided by
the rules of the Code, Section VIII, Division 1.")
When the reducers made out of two or more conical sections of different apex angles without knuckle,
and when the half apex angle, a is greater than 30 deg., the design may be based on special analysis.
(Code 1-5 (f) & (g).
161
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
EXAMPLE
DESIGN DATA:
a
= 30 deg. half apex angle of cone.
P
RL
R.
S,
Sc
S,
t,
t"
te
tsl
RI .
-:\
tS5
trs
"
trL
=
=
It _
sp;-. '\
162
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
EXAMPLE (continued)
JUNCTION AT SMALL CYLINDER
1.
2.
3.
Factor k = 1
4.
5.
(1 -u-
+ (0.5/0.41) cos (30-4.8)x (0.5-0.41) x ..J84 x 0.5/cos 30= 0.77 sq. in.
A". - A.s =7.92-0.77 = 7.15 sq. in., the required cross sectional area of com pression ring.
Using 1~ thick bar, the required width of the bar: 7.15/1.5 -= 4.8 in.
Location of the compression ring:
Maximum distance from the junction: vfii:.,= ..J84 x 0.375 = 5.6 in.
Maximum distance of centroid from the junction:
vR;t;,= ..J84 x 0.375 = 1.4 in.
0.25
163
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction of cone to
cylinder, or at the junction of the large end of conical
section to cylinder when cone, or conical section doesn't
have knuckles and the value of ~, obtained from table E,
is less than a.
TABLE E - VALUES OF A
P/SE
0
0.002 0.005 0.010 0.02
0.04 0.08
7
~, deg
0
15
21
5
10
29
P/SE 0.125 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
~, deg
37
40
47
52
57
60
ex = 60 deg. for greater values of P/SE
Note: Interpolation may be made for intennediate values.
0.10
33
- LLts Lctc A
ATL --2-+-2-+
s
3[F~
D )
Calculate factor B. B = -
ATL
where
I = ADL ATL
s
14.0
Is
10.9
5. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine the available moment of inertia (see page 95) of the
ring only I. or the shell-cone or the ring-shell-cone section 1'.
164
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
(continued)
If lor l' is less than Is , or l's respectively, select stiffening ring with larger moment of inertia.
6. Determine the required cross-sectional area of reinforcement, A rL , sq. in.
(when compression governs):
A
= kQLRL tana
SE
rL
[1-
Y4(PR L - QL
QL
Ja~]
The distance from the junction within which the additional reinforcement shall be situated, in.
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in.
-.--;:r-r
O.2SJRL t s
R,
'""-1-
Lsts Lctc A
ATS =--+--+
s
2
2
2. Calculate factor B
B
r----
I /
t3J
VESSEL
VESSEL
WITHOUT
WITH
STIFFENING
STIFFENING
RING
RING
FIG. G
=~(FsDsJ
4 A
TS
where
F.~ = PN +~tan
a.
2
= Rs tana + Ls + LL -Rs
2
6Rs tan a
165
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
(continued)
3. From the applicable chart (pages 43 thru 47) read the value of A entering at the value of
B, moving to the left to the material/temperature line and from the intersecting point
moving vertically to the bottom of the chart.
For values of B falling below the left end of the material/temperature line for the design
temperature, the value of A = 2BIE.
If the value of B is falling above the material/temperature line for the design temperature: the cone or cylinder configuration shall be changed, and/or the stiffening ring relocated, the axial compression stress reduced.
For values of B having multiple values of A, such as wh n B falls on a horizontal portion of the curve, the smallest value of A shall be used.
4. Compute the value of the required moment of inertia:
For the stiffening ring only:
l'
= ADs
= ADs
Ars
10.9
Ars
14.0
5. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine the available moment of inertia (see page
95) of the ring only, I and of the ring-shell-cone section, /'. If lor /' is less than ~\. or ~\.
respectively, select stiffening ring with larger moment of inertia.
6. Determine the required cross-sectional area of reinforcement. Ars ' sq. in:
= kQsRs tan a
SE
rs
Aes =
The distance from the junction within which the additional reinforcement shall be situated,
in.
~Rsts
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in.
0.25~Rsts
NOTE: When the reducers made out of two or more conical sections of different apex
angles without knuckle, and when the half apex angle is greater than 60 degrees, the design
may be based on special analysis. (Code 1-8 (d) and (e).)
NOTATION
A = area of excess metal available for
e
166
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
(continued)
Do
Ds
S~E./SRER
fi
h
I
I'
I,
I's
Le
LL
Ls
QL
RL
Rs
S
SR
S,
te
tr
ts
a
~
2+fi Q'=-2-+ h
167
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
EXAMPLE
DESIGN DATA
11"
t.
,II .
SR
trL
trs
tc
t,
ts
168
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
EXAMPLE (continued)
B=
J FD
4(:r)
= 0.75
TL
3.
4.
5. Using two 2Y2 x Ih flat bars as shown, and the effective width of the shell:
1.10 x ..JDLI = 1.1 ..J96 x .025 = 5.389 in.,
The available moment of inertia: 5.365 in.4 (see page 95)
k = S,rEr = 17100 x 30 x 10 = 1 09
S~R
15700 x 30 x 106
.
PR
15 x 48
QL= 2 I +/1
2 + 100=460
ArL
2.
Asuming A.I
= 0,
Rs tan a LJ
RL2 - R.~
2 +2 + 6Rs tan a
24 x 0.5774
244
48 2 - 242
+ 2+ 6 x 24 x .5774
= 149.7 in.
169
REINFORCEMENT
AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER
EXAMPLE (continued)
F~=PN+ /2
tan a
= 15 x 149.7+30xO.5774=2263
4.
= 1.09
QI'=
A . = kQ,R" tan
S~E
T.I
P:~
+/2= 15
~ 24
+ 30 = 210 lb.lin.
=~
~2~~8~~5
The area of ring used for stiffening 1.25 in. 2 It is larger than the required
area for reinforcement.
The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction:
170
WELDING
OF PRESSURE VESSELS
There are several methods to make welded joints. In a particular case the choice
of a type from the numerous alternatives depend on:
1. The circumstances of welding
2. The requirements of the Code
3. The aspect of economy
171
Double V preparation requires only half the deposited weld metal required for
single V preparation.
Increasing the size of a fillet weld, its strength increases in direct proportion,
while the deposited weld metal increases with the square of its size.
Lower quality welding makes necessary the use of thicker plate for the vessel.
Whether using stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite is more
economical, depends on the size of vessel, welding equipment, etc. This must
be decided in each particular case.
172
~
IIZZZI
tfI2J
~//~
For circumferential
~
joint only
b.
c.
Spot
Not
Examined
Examined
1.00
0.85
0.70
0.90
0.80
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
~
4
i\ ,~\\~
?/~
Double-full
fillet lap joint
~~!
Single-full fillet
lap joint
with plug welds
tm~
173
NOTES
FOR TYPE 5:
(a) Circumferential joints for attachment
of heads not over 24 in. outside diameter
to shells not over ~ in. thick. Joints attaching hemispherical heads to shells are
excluded.
Joint Category B:
(b) Circumferential joints for the attachment to shells of jackets not over 5/8 in.
in nominal thickness where the distance
from the center of the plug weld to the
edge of the plate is not less than 1~ times
the diameter of the hole for the plug.
Joint Category: C
FOR TYPE 6:
(a) For the attachment of heads convex
to pressure to shells not over 5/8 in. required thickness, only with use of fillet
weld on inside of shell:
Joint Category: A, B
(b) For attachment of heads having pressure on either side, to shells not over 24
in. inside diameter and not over 'l4 required thickness with fillet weld on outside of flange only.
Joint Category: A, B
174
formed head
other than
hemispherical
DESIGN
CONDITION
JOINT TYPE
AND CATEGORY
I. The design is
based on joint
efficiency I. 0
or 0.9
(See design
conditions
listed below
when full
radiography
is
mandatory. )
UW-II
UW-12(d)
2. Full
radiographic
examination
is not
mandatory
UW-Il(b)
RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
JOINT
EFFICIENCY
POST WELD
HEAT
TREATMENT
Full
Spot
Per Code
UCS56
None
0.85
Joints Band C bUll welds in
nozzles and communicating
chambers that neither exceed
10 in. nom pipe size nor I 1/8 in
wall thickness do not require
Spot
0.80
any radiographic examination
except as required for ferritic
steel wit h tensile properties
enhanced by heat treatment
UHT-57
Per Code
UCS-56
175
JOINT TYPE
AND CATEGORY
JOINT
RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION EFFICIENCY
None
5. Vessels
Joints A shall be Type
operated
below -20F No. (I) (except for
austenitic chromium
or impact
nickel stainless steel).
test is
required for
the material Joints B shall be Type
No. (1) or No. (2).
or weld
metal UW- UW-2(b)(1) and (2).
2(b)
Joints C full penetation
welds extending through
the entire section of the
joint UW-2(b)(3).
(I)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Full
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
1.0
Full
Spot
No
Type (I)
1.0
0.85
0.70
Type (2)
0.90
0.80
0.65
POST WELD
HEAT
TREATMENT
Per Code
USC-56
Vessels
fabricated of
carbon or low
allow steel
shall be post
weld heat
treated
UW-2(a)
Per Code
UCS-56
1.0
176
JOINT TYPE
AND CATEGORY
JOINT
EFFICIENCY
POST WELD
HEAT
TREATMENT
Full
Spot
No
Full
Per Code
UCS-56
Per Code
UCS-56
RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
8. Electroslag
welding
Full
9. Final closure
of vessels
10. Seamless
vessel
sections or
heads
UW-II(a)
(5) (b)
UW-12(d)
II.
Joints
completed
by pressure
UW-12(f)
Any welds
UW-Il(a) (7)
Spot
1.0*
None
or when A or B
welds are type 3,
4, 5, 6
0.85*
Per Code
UCS-56
Any Welds
TYPE OF
JOINT
DEGREE OF EXAMINATION
OF HEAD TO SHELL JOINT
FULL
SPOT
NO
Hemi
spherical
NOl
1.00
0.85
0.70
N02
0.90
0.80
0.65
Others
ANY
1.00
0.85
177
lethal substances.
2. All butt welds in vessels in which the least nominal thickness at the welded
joint exceeds:
1 1/4 in. of carbon steel and 1 1/2 in. of SA-240 stainless steel
Exemption: Categories Band C butt welds in nozzles and communicating
chambers that neither exceed 10 in pipe size nor 1 1/8 in. wall thickness do not
require radiographic examination in any of the above cases.
3. All category A and D butt welds in vessel sections and heads where the design
of the joint or part is based on joint efficiency: 1.0, or 0.9. (see preceding
pages: Design of Welding Joints).
4. All butt welds joined by electroslag welding and all electrogas welding with any
single pass greater than 1 1/2 in.
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
1. In ferritic materials electroslag welds and electrogas welds with any single
pass greater than 1 1/2 in. shall be ultrasonically examined throughout their
entire length.
2. In addition to the requirements of radiographic examination, all welds made by the
electron beam process or by the inertia and continuous drive friction
welding process shall be ultrasonically examined for their entire length.
3. Ultrasonic examination may be substituted for radiography for the final closure
seam if the construction of the vessel does not permit interpretable radiograph.
178
r~
l
+-: 7----+
y
t ~ 3y
Taper either inside or outside
of vessel
t -, 1. -I
Tangent Line Y
t.f]f'~
Tangent Line
HEADS TO SHELLS
ATTACHMENT
,l ~ 3y Z z 1/2(ts-tW
The shell plate centerline may
be on either side of the head
plate centerline.
HEADS TO SHELLS
ATTACHMENT
J,
il:
3y
Z=..I/2 (th-ts)
179
WELD
MEANING OF SYMBO L
SYMBOL
/Y
dO
f I !
60
~
l I J
'C7
i ~ ~
60
t 2 t
r!
f } t~
r:;
60
cff
&
rrJ
, ,
OJ]
~
~
"g"
a
.....
Yl"
~
'\"
>
1
I
~Yl
v( ,Y.
SYMBOL INDICATES y.
GROOYE WELD WITH AN
ANGLE OF 60 DEGREES
ON ARROW SIDE
SYMBOL INDICATES y.
GROOYE WELD ON ARROW
SIDE AND ON OTHER SIDE
WITH AN ANGLE OF 60 DEGREES
SYMBOL INDICATES y.
GROOYE WELD ON ARROW
SIDE AND ON OTHER SIDE
WITH A ROOT OPENING
OF 1/8 IN.
180
WELD
MEANING OF SYMBOL
SYMBOL
[b
[b
Y4~
[b
J1
D=f~
~22r
~
f,
/7
~v.
-1
~Y:~
I W
'7"
La---1
t
~
I11III
~t>
1/ S
181
Code
Paragraph
UG-46(a)
Min. thickness
UG-16(b)(4)
3/32
in.
Flammable
and or
noxIOUS
gases and
liquids
UG-43 (b)(f)
Lethal
substances
Butt welded joints in vessels to contain lethal substances shall be fully radiographed.
UW-2(a)
UW-2(a)
USC-6(b)( 1)
Steam
Min. thickness
UG-16(b)(4)
Unfired
steam
boilers (1)
Water (2)
3/32
USC-6(b)(2)
UG-16(b)(3)
Minimum thickness
3/32
UG-16(b)(4)
NOTES:
1.
Unfired steam boilers may also be constructed in accordance with the rules
of Code Section I. (Code V-leg)
2.
Vessels in water service excluded from the jurisdiction of the Code are listed
in U-l(c)(6) and (7).
182
~
2,4, IS
~6
2,4,5,6,
8,9, II,
12, 14
4,6,8,9
11,12,14
15
1;{6
7, 10, 13,
16,20
7, 10, 13,
16,20
7, 10, 13,
16,20
1 ;{6
l~
7, 13, 16,
17,20
7, 13, 16,
17, 20, 19,
22
%'2
;{6
2,4,15
2,3,4,5,
5,6,8,9, 6,8,9, II
II, 12, 14 12, 14, 15
Applicable
Notes
5,6,8,9,
11,12,14
Us
Applicable
Notes
7, 10, II,
12, 14, IS
7, 10, II,
12,14, IS
1 !{6
lYs
Applicable
Notes
7, 13, 16,
17,20
7, 13, 16,
17,20
l~
~6
Y2
4,6,8,9 ,
7,8,9, II, 7,8,9, II,
11,12, .14
12, 14, IS 12, 14, IS
15
1~6
7, 10, 13,
16,20
7, 10, 13,
16,20
7, 10, 13,
16,20
1 ~6
1%
I%;
1~
& over
7, 13, 16,
17, 18,21
19, 20, 22
7, 13, 16,
17, 18,21
19,20,22
7, 13, 16,
17, 18,21
19,20,22
7, 13, 16,
17, 18, 19,
20,21
Ys
_.
Notes
(Brief Extracts of Code Requirements)
1. The minimum thickness of plate for welded construction shall be not UG-16 (b)
less than 1116.
The minimum thickness of shells and heads used in compressed air
UG-16 (b) (4)
service, steam service and water service shall be 3/32 in.
2. Manufacturers' marking shall be other than deep die stamping.
UG-77 (b)
UCS-2S
6. Double full fillet lap joint for longitudinal welded joints is acceptable.
Table UW-12
8. Single full fillet lap joint with plug weld for attachment of heads not
over 24 in. outside diameter to shells, acceptable.
Table UW-12
UW-3S (a)
acceptable.
UW-3S (a)
Table UW-12
183
CODE RULES RELATED TO VARIOUS WALL THICKNESSES OF VESSEL
(Continued)
Notes
(Brief Extracts of Code Requirements)
12. Single full fillet lap joints without plug welds acceptable for attachment of heads convex to pressure to shells.
Table UW-12
13. Welded joints of pres sure vessels subject to direct firing in category
B shall be type (1) or (2). Post weld heat treatment required.
UW-2 (d)
(I) (2)
14. Single welded butt joint without use of backing strip acceptable for
circumferential joints not over 24 in. outside diameter.
Table UW-12
15. Double full fillet lap joints for circumferential joint acceptable.
Table UW-12
16. Steel plates conforming to SA-36 and SA-283 shall not be used.
ueS-6 (b)(4)
17. The maximum thickness of reinforcement for but weld 31J 6 in.
UW-35 (a)
18. Butt welded joints in materials classified P-I shall be fully radiographed.
ueS-57
19. Post weld heat treatment ofP-1 materials is mandatory for all welded
connections and attachments.
Table ueS-56
20. Double welded butt joint or single welded butt joint with backing
strip shall be used for circumferential or longitudinal joints.
Table UW-12
21. Full radiographic examination of butt welded joints ofP-1 Grade 1,2,
and 3 materials is mandatory.
UW-II(a)(2)
22. Post weld heat treatment ofP-1 materials is not mandatory provided
that the material is pre-heated.
Table ueS-56
Note (2)(a)(b)
184
CLASSIFICATION
ATMOSPHERIC TANKS
Storage tank which has been
designed to operate at
pressures from atmospheric
through 0.5 psig.
In addition to the regulations of the above mentioned standards and code, the
occupational safety and health standards contain rules concerning tanks and vessels
as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
185
140
120
0..
100
80
g..
.VL-nr-
II
E-'
I, I
~ :~
Cl
:E
~
~
='
AH carbon and aHoy steels listed in the following pages and not shown below.
&
&
~~
/t"
1/~
-20
-40
-55_60
f-~t\~COde.
_r-r-r-I\
\SA-5I5 Gr 60, SA-285 Gr A B
_ f-i\.\SA-516 Gr 65 70 if not normalized
VI""'"'
2~ JlL
1 _ _
c-
..L
b---"III /V
C
:E
:E
NO IMPACT TEST IS
REQUIRED:
For bolts:
For nuts:
~
r----
----
-_.
l"-t
~
I
r-- - -
r---- r--
-~
--
---
SA-193 B7 to -55F
SA-307 B to -20F
SA-194 2H to -55F
For I Y2 thick, SA-515 Gr 60 plate the minimum design temperature is from Fig. USC66 - 50F.
1"-- ,.....
// ~:>V~~;f;~f;;i-~ /-~/)-//10:::/t;~d/'~~
EXAMPLE:
r~
1;;-
Temperature, FO
Impact test is not mandatory for materials which satisfy all of the following:
I. the thickness of material listed in curve
A does not exceed Y2 in.
2. the thickness of material listed in curves
B. C and D does not exceed I in.
20
40
60
80100120140
186
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
CARBON & ALLOW STEEL *
Form
Specifications
Nominal
Number
Number
Composition
SA-283
C
C
APPLICATION
Structural quality. For pressure vessel
may be used with limitations see note: 1
SA-285
C-Si
SA-515
(j)
C-Si
SA-515
65
C-Si
SA-515
70
C-Si
SA-516
55
C-Si
SA-516
(j)
C-Mn-Si
SA-516
65
C-Mn-Si
SA-516
70
C-Si
SA-234
WPB
'
C-Mn-Si
SA-105
ad
C-Si
SA-I8I
C-Mn-Si
SA-350
LFI
C-Mn
SA-350
LF2
C-Mn
SA-53
C-Mn
SA-106
ICr-1I5 Mo SA-I93
B7
SA-194
2H
SA-307
SA-36
SA-36
II)
0::
OJ)
c:
w:
II)
OJ)
c:
ro
't:i:
II)
0..
0:
OJ)
..
'0
co
....
ro
co
*Data of the most frequently used materials from ASME Code Section II and VIII.
187
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
CARBON & ALLOW STEEL *
(continued)
Form
Specification
Tensile
Strength
1,000 psi
Grade
p
Number
SA-283
55.0
30.0
SA-285
55.0
30.0
1,4
SA-515
(j)
60.0
32.0
1,4
SA-515
65
65.0
35.0
1,4
SA-515
70
70.0
38.0
1,4
SA-516
55
55.0
30.0
1,4
SA-516
(j)
60.0
32.0
1,4
SA-516
65
65.0
35.0
1,4
SA-516
70
70.0
38.0
1,4
SA-234
WPB
60.0
35.0
1,3
70.0
36.0
1,4
Number
Yield Point
1,000 psi
See
Notes
<lJ
0::
O/J
c::
'13
SA-105
SA-I8I
60.0
30.0
1,4
SA-350
LFI
60.0
30.0
1,4
SA-350
LF2
70.0
36.0
1,3
SA-53
60.0
35.0
1,3
SA-106
60.0
35.0
1,3
SA-193
B7
125.0_
105.0
SA-194
2H
SA-307
<lJ
O/J
c::
G:'"
Seamless
Pipe
O/J
.
"0
co
.....
co'"
Diam.':;::2Yz in.
55.0
60.0
SA-36
58.0
SA-36
36.0
1,3
188
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
CARBON & LOW ALLOY STEEL
(continued)
NOTES
1.
2.
SA-36 and SA-283 ABeD plate may be used for pressure parts in pressure
vessels provided all of the following requirements are met: UCS-6 (b)
(l) The vessels are not used to contain lethal substances, either liquid or
gaseous;
(2) The material is not used in the construction of unfired steam boilers (sec
Code U-l (g);
(3) With the exception of flanges, flat bolted covers, and stiffening rings the
thicckness of plates on which strength welding is applies does not exceed
5/8 in.
3.
Allowable stresses for temperatures of 700 0 F and above are values obtained
from time-dependent properties.
4.
Allowable stresses for temperatures of 750 0 F and above are values obtained
from time-dependent properties.
5.
70
29.5
200
28.8
30.2
29.3
30.0
28.6
900
22.4
1000
20.4
22.3
20.2
The values in the External Pressure Charts are intended for external pressure calculations only.
189
PROPERTIES OF lVIATERIALS
CARBON & LOW ALLOY STEEL
Maximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension 1000 psi."
Specitication
Numbcr Grade
-20
400
500
950
900
SA-283
15.7
15.7
15.3
14.8
SA-285
15.7
15.7
15.3
14.8
14.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
SA-SIS
60
17.1
17.1
16.4
15.8
15.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
SA-SIS
65
18.6
18.6
17.9
17.3
16.7
13.9
11.4
SA-SIS
70
20.0
20.0
19.4
18.8
18.1
14.8
SA-516
55
15.7
15.7
15.3
14.8
14.3
SA-516
60
17.1
17.1
16.4
15.8
SA-516
65
18.6
IR.6
17.9
5A-516
70
20.0
20.0
SA-234
WPB
17.1
SA-lOS
SA-181
SA-350
1000
5.9
4.0
2.S
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
12.0
9.3
6.7
4.0
2.5
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
15.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
17.3
16.7
13.9
11.4
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
19.4
18.8
18.1
14.8
12.0
9.3
6.7
4.0
2.5
17.1
. 17.1
17.1
15.6
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0. 2.5
20.0
19.6
18.4
17.8
17.2
14.8
12.0
9.3
6.7
4.0
2.5
17.1
16.3
15.3
14.8
14.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
LFI
17.1 .
16.3
15.3
14.8
14.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
SA-350
LF2
20.0
19.6
18.4
17.8
17.2
14.8
12.0
9.3
6.7
4.0
2.5
SA-53
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
15.6
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
SA-lOG
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
15.6
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
SA-193
B7:S;2W'
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0 -
25.0
23.6
21.0
17.0 12.5
8.5
4.5
SA-194
2H
SA-307
SA-36
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
SI\-36
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
15.6
130
10.8
8.7
5.9
I
---.--+--~-1----- -_._- ..
1"--
Stre~s
.!
: - - - - f-.
-_.
Values in this table may be intcrpolated to detennin'e values for intennediate temperatures._
The value~ shown in bold obtained from time-dependentpl'Ope/'/ies.
J
!
l
L_~..J..- _L~..,.. r
L ..__+-...-.J.~,,,~
The stress values shown in this table are used throughout tIllS book.
Pressure Vessel Handbook - 12th Edition
190
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
STAINLESS STEEL
P-No. 8 Group No. 1
TABLE 1
Product
o~
~~
Z
00
r;)
0
til
Smls. Pp.
SA312
TP304H
;:....~
Smls. Pp.
SA376
TP304
TP304H
F304
Forg.
SA376
SA182
'D
Forg.
Bar
SA182
SA-479
F304H
304
23
SA240
SA213
316
TP316
23
2
Smls. Th.
SA213
TP316H
SA312
SA312
TP316
til
Smls. Pp.
Smls. Pp.
TP316H
;:....~
Smls. Pp.
SA376
TP316
Smls. Pp.
Forg.
SA376
SA182
TP316H
~
I
-Z
F316
Forg.
SA182
SA-479
F316H
316
23
Spec. No.
Grade
Notes
SA240
SA-213
316L
TP316L
TP316L
o~
]~
0...
Notes
Smls. Pp.
Grade
~~
TP304
1=1
Spec. No.
TP304H
d
~~
E=
Product
SA213
.5
23
2
SA312
.2:!
Notes
304
TP304
Smls. Pp.
.
U "oc;::
Grade
SA240
SA213
Smls. Th.
til
~..I<i
00
Spec. No.
Plate
Smls. Th.
.-
TABLE 3
.
"oc;::
~
.2:!
1=1
.5
d
~~
E=
r;)
0
Plate
Smls. Th.
Bar
0...
TABLE 2
.....:I
<t:
Product
Spec. No.
Grade
Notes
""'0
Nt-"0 til
"01=1
">=~
SA240
SA-213
Smls. Pp.
SA312
304L
TP304H
TP304L
Bar
SA479
304L
Plate
Smls. Th.
25
~
0
Product
.....:I
<t:
00
TABLE 4
u
00
""'0
Nt-"0 til
"01=1
">=~
Plate
Smls. Th.
Smls. Pp.
Bar
SA312
SA-479
316L
MATERIALS
IN TABLE
1
2
3
4
-20-100 200
20.0
20.0
20.0
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
14.3
20.0
20.0
20.0
17.3
16.7
16.7
16.7
14.2
MATERIALS
IN TABLE
950
1000
14.3
10.6
15.4
11.4
14.0
lOA
15.3
11.3
300
18.9
IS.0
16.7
12.8
20.0
15.6
16.7
12.7
400
800
18.3
15.2
11.2
500
600
650
700
750
IS.8
15.5
17.5
16.6
16.2
11.7
12.9
12.3
12.0
11.5
13.8
14.7
14.0
13.7
13.5
13.3
15.8
10.2
10.9
10.4
10.0
9.8
11.7
17.0
16.3
18.0
16.6
16.1
19.3
12.6
12.1
11.9
14.3
13.3
12.3
14.8
14.0
13.5
13.2
15.1
13.7
10.9
10.2
10.0
9.8
11.7
10.4
FOR METAL TEMPERATURES NOT EXCEEDING
1300 1350
1050 1100
11 SO
1200
12S0
12.4
10.1
15.1
11.2
9.8
9.8
12.4
11.1
7.7
7.7
9.8
9.8
6.1
6.1
7.4
7.4
4.7
4.7
5.5
5.5
3.7
3.7
4.1
4.1
2.9
2.9
3.1
3.1
850
14.9
900
14.6
11.0
10.8
13.0
9.7
15.9
11.8
12.9
9.6
Note!
I
I
15.7
11.6
IS.6
11.5
12.7
9.4
DEG. OF.
1400
14S0
1500
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
I
I
NOTES:
1. These higher stress values exceed 2/3 but do not exceed 90% of the yield strength at temperature. Use 0
these stress values may result in dimensional changes due to permanent strain. These stress values are
not recommended for flanges or gasketed joints or other applications where slight amounts of distortion
can cause leakage or malfunction.
2. At temperatures above 1,000 F, these stress values apply only when the carbon is 0.04% or higher.
3. For temperatures above 1,000 F, these stress values may be used only if the material is heat treated by
heating it to a minimum temperature of 1,900 F and quenching in water or rapidly cooling by other
means.
191
THERMAL EXPANSION
Linear Thermal Expansion between 70F and Im:licated Temperature, Inches/IOO Feet
THE DATA OF THIS TABLE ARE TAKEN FROM THE AMERICAN STANDARD CODE
FOR PRESSURE PIPING. IT IS NOT TO BE IMPLIED THAT MATERIALS ARE SUITABLE
FOR ALL THE TEMPERATURES SHOWN IN THE TABLE.
MATERIAL
Carbon Steel
Austenitic
remp. CarbonMoly 5CrMo Stainl_
thru
IegF LowChrome
St..ls
Ithru 3 Cr Mol 9 CrMo 18 Cr 8 Ni
-325
-2.37
-2.22
-3.85
-300
-2.24
-2.10
-3.63
-275
-2.11
-1.98
-3.41
-250
-1.98
-1.86
-3.19
-225
-1:85
-1.74
-2.96
-200
-1.71
-1.62
-2.73
-175
-1.58
-1.50
-2.50
-150
-1.45
-1.37
-2.27
-125
-1.30
-1.23
-2.01
-LIS
-100
-1.08
-1.75
-t.OO
-0.94
-1.50
- 75
-0.84
-0.79
-1.24
- 50
-0.98
-0.68
-0.63
- 25
-0.49
-0.46
-0.72
0
-0.32
-0.46
25
-0.30
-0.14
-0.13
50
-0.21
70
0
0
0
0.22
100
0.23
0.34
125
0.42
0.40
0.62
0.61
0.58
150
0.90
175
1.18
0.76
0.80
1.46
0.99
0.94
200
1.75
1.21
1.13
225
1.40
250
1.33
2.03
275
1.61
2.32
1.52
2.61
300
1.82
1.71
325
2.04
2.90
1.90
350
2.26
2.10
3.20
375
2.48
2.30
3.50
400
2.70
2.50
3.80
4.10
425
2.93
2.72
2.93
4.41
450
3.16
4.71
3.14
475
3.39
3.62
3.35
5.01
500
3.86
3.58
5.31
525
550
4.11
3.80
5.62
4.35
4.02
5.93
575
4.60
4.24
6.24
600
4.86
4.47
6.55
625
4.69
6.87
5.11
650
4.92
7.18
675
5.37
7.50
5.63
S.14
700
5.38
7.82
725
5.90
8.15
750
6.16
5.62
775
6.43
5.86
8.47
8.80
6.70
6.10
800
9.13
6.34
6.97
825
6.59
9.46
7.25
850
6.83
875
9.79
7.53
7.07
10.n
900
7.81
7.31
10.46
925
8.08
7.56
10.80
8.35
950
7.81
11.14
975
8.62
8.06
11.48
1000
8.89
11.82
9.17
8.30
1025
n.16
1050
9.46
8.55
12.50
9.75
8.80
1075
12.84
10.04
9.05
1100
13.18
9.28
10.31
1125
13.52
9.52
10.57
I ISO
9.76
13.86
10.83
1175
14.20
11.10
10.00
1200
14.54
10.26
1225
11.38
10.53
14.88
11.66
1250
15.22
11.94
10.79
1275
11.06
15.56
17.22
1300
15.90
12.50
11.30
1325
16.24
n.78
11.55
1350
11.80
16.58
13.06
1375
n.05
16.92
13.34
1400
17.30
1425
17.69
1450
18.08
1475
18.47
1500
12Cr
nCr
27Cr
-2.04
-1.92
-1.80
-1.68
-1.57
-1.46
-1.35
-1.24
-1.11
-0.98
-0.85
-0.72
-0.57
-0.42
-0.27
-0.12
0
0.20
0.36
0.53
0.69
0.86
1.03
1.21
1.38
1.56
1.74
1.93
2.11
2.30
2.50
2.69
2.89
3.08
3.28
3.49
3.69
3.90
4.10
4.31
4.52
4.73
4.94
5.16
5.38
5.60
5.82
6.05
6.27
6.49
6.71
6.94
7.17
7.40
7.62
7.95
8.18
8.31
8.53
8.76
8.98
9.20
9.42
9.65
9.88.
10.11
10.33
10.56
10.78
11.01
25 Cr
20Ni
0
0.32
0.58
0.84
1.10
1.37
1.64
1.91
2.18
2.45
2.72
2.99
3.26
3.53
3.80
4.07
4.34
4.61
4.88
5.15
5.42
5.69
5.96
6.23
6.50
6.77
7.04
7.31
7.58
7.85
8.15
8.45
8.75
9.05
9.35
9.65
9.95
10.25
10.55
10.85
11.15
11.45
11.78
n.ll
12.44
12.77
13 ..10
13.43
13.76
14.09
14.39
14.69
14.99
15.29
Monel
67 Ni 30Cu
-2.62
-2.50
-2.38
-2.26
-2.14
2.02
-1.90
-1.79
-1.59
-1.38
-1.18
-0.98
-0.77
-0.57
-0.37
-0.20
0
0.28
0.52
0.75
0.99
1.22
1.46
1.71
1.96
2.21
2.44
2.68
2.91
3.25
3.52
3.79
4.06
4.33
4.61
4.90
5.18
5.46
5.75
6.05
6.34
6.64
6.94
7.25
7.55
7.85
8.16
8.48
8.80
9.n
9.44
9.77
10.09
10.42
10.75
11.09
11.43
11.77
12.11
n.47
12.81
13.15
13.50
13.86
14.22
14.58
14.94
15.30
15.66
16.02
3~
Nickel Aluminum
-2.25
-2.17
-2.07
-1.96
-1.86
-1.76
-1.62
-1.48
-1.33
-1.17
-1.01
-0.84
-0.67
-0.50
-0.32
-0.15
0
0.23
0.42
0.61
0.81
1.01
1.21
1.42
1.63
1.84
2.05
2.26
2.47
2.69
2.91
3.13
3.35
3.58
3.81
4.04
4.27
4.50
4.74
4.98
5.22
5.46
5.70
5.94
6.18
6.43
6.68
6.93
7.18
7.43
7.68
7.93
8.17
8.41
-4.68
-4.46
-4.21
-3.97
-3.71
-3.44
-3.16
-2.88
-2.57
-2.27
-1.97
-1.67
-1.32
-0.97
-0.63
-0.28
0
0.46
0.85
1.23
1.62
2.00
2.41
2.83
3.24
3.67
4.09
4.52
4.95
5.39
5.83
6.28
6.72
7.17
7.63
8.10
8.56
9.03
Gray
Bronze
ClISt Iron
0
0.21
0.38
0.5~
0.73
6.90
1.08
1.27
1.45
1.64
1.83
2.01
2.2
2.4
2.62
2.83
3.03
3.24
3.46
3.67
3.89
4.11
4.34
4.57
4.80
5.03
5.26
5.50
5.74
5.98
6.22
6.47
6.72
6.97
7.23
7.50
7.76
8.02
-3.98
-3.74
-3.50
-3.26
-3.02
-2.78
-2.54
-2.31
-2.06
-1.81
-1.56
-1.32
-1.25
-0.77
-0.49
-0.22
0
0.36
0.66
0.96
1.26
1.56
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.11
3.42
3.74
4.05
4.37
4.69
5.01
5.33
5.65
5.98
6.31
6.64
6.96
7.29
7.62
7.95
8.28
8.62
8.96
9.30
9.64
9.99
10.33
10.68
11.02
11.37
11.71
12.05
12.40
12.76
13.11
13.47
192
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS
When describing various vessel components and parts on drawings and in bill of
materials, it is advisable that a standard method be followed. For this purpose
it is recommended the use of the widely accepted abbreviations in the sequences
exemplified below. For ordering material the requirements of manufacturers
should be observed.
PART
DESCRIPTION
MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
BAR
[J::a
BOLT
CAP
ICJ
Screwed
COUPLING
I" - 6000 #
2" - 3000 #
1" - 6000 #
1" - 6000 #
Welding
ELBOW
SA-234 WPB
FLANGE
SA-181 1
Screwed
Socket
Welding
FORGED
FITTING
SA-lOS
GASKET
ASB.
HEAD
@
~
(JJ
Cplg.
Cplg.
Half Cplg.
4-1/2 Lg. Cplg.
SA-7
SA-lOS
SA-285 C
SA-515-70
SA-516-70
193
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS (cont.)
Long
[p Welding
Neck
18" - 300
RF. LWN
SA-181 1
PIPE
SA-53 B
cJ
PLATE
SA-285 C
[::J
Welding
REDUCER
SA-234 WPB
Welding
RETURN
SA-234 WPB
Welding
TEE
SA-234 WPB
\0
+;:..
U.S.A.
Germany
United Kingdom
Japan
SA285 Gr. B
P235 GH
HI
161 Gr400
SB410
SA 515 Gr60
SA 515 Gr70
SA 299
SA204Gr A
SA 387 Gr 12 Class 2
SA 387 Gr 22 Class 2
SA 516 Gr60
SA516Gr70
SA 572 Gr65
P265 GH
P295 GH
P355 GH
16 Mo3
13 CrMo4-5
10 Cr Mo 9-10
P275NH
P355NH
P460NH
HII
17 Mn4
161 Gr430
224 Gr340
225 Gr490
SB480
SPY 315
SPV356
SB480M
SCMV2Div.2
SCMV4Div.4
SA 240 - 410 S
X6Cr 13
X6 Cr Al13
X5 CrNi 18-10
X2 Cr N i 19-11
X5CrNiMo 17-12-2
X2CrNiMo 17-12-2
X2 CrNi Mo 18-15-4
SA 240 - 405
SA 240 - 304
SA240- 304 L
SA 240 - 316
SA 240 - 316 L
SA 240 - 317 L
19Mn6
15 Mo3
13 CrMo 44
10 CrMo 910
WStE285
,WStE 355
WStE460
630 Gr27
620 Gr 31
164 Gr 400, Lt 20
225 Gr 490, Lt. 20
SGV450
-
1.4000
1.4002
1.4301
1.4306
1.4401
403 S 17
405 S 17
304 S 31
304 S 11
316S31
410 S
405
304
304L
316
1.4404
1.4438
316S11
316L
317 L
AS ME Code II.
-_.
_ _ .-
_1 0028=-~,1 0088
DIN 17 102,
17155,17440
BS 1501,4360,
970, 1442
JIS G 3103,3115,4109,
3118,4304 sus
195
SPECIFICATION
FOR THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS
NOTES:
Pressure vessel users and manufacturers have developed certain standard practices
which have proven advantageous in the design and construction of pressure vessels. This
specification includes those practices which have become the most widely accepted and
followed.
These standards are partly references to the selected alternatives permitted by the
ASME Code, and partly described design and construction methods not covered by the
Code. The regulations of the Code are not quoted in this Specification.
AGENERAL
1. This Specification, together with the purchase order and drawings, covers the requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels.
2. In case of conflicts, the purchase order and drawings take precedence over this
Specification.
3. Pressure vessels shall be designed, fabricated, inspected and stamped in accordance with the latest edition ofthe ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section
VIII, Division 1, and its subsequent addenda.
4. Vessels and vessel appurtenances shall comply with the regulations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA).
5. Vessel Manufacturers are invited to quote prices on alternate materials and construction methods if economics or other aspects make it reasonable to do so.
6. All deviations from this Specification, the purchase order, or the drawings shall have
the written approval of the purchaser.
7. Vessel fabricator, after receipt of purchase order, shall furnish to purchaser checked
shop drawings for approval.
B. DESIGN
vessel should be designed for either wind or earthquake loading, whichever is greater.
4. Horizontal vessels supported by saddles shall be designed according to the method
of L. P. Zick (Stresses in Large Horizontal Pressure Vessels on Two Saddle Supports).
5. The deflection of vertical vessels under normal operating conditions shall not exceed 6 inches per 100 feet oflength.
196
Specification for the Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels (continued)
6. Stresses in skirts, saddles, or other supports and their attachment welds may exceed
the maximum allowable stress values of materials given in Part UCS of the ASME
Code by 33-1/3 percent.
7. Vessel manufacturers shall submit designs for approval when purchaser does not
furnish a design or does not specify the required plate thickness.
c. FABRICATIUN
1. Materials shall be specified by purchaser and their designation indicated on the
shop drawings. Materials shall not be substituted for those specified without prior
written approval of purchaser.
2. The thickness of plate used for shell and heads shall be 1/4-inch minimum.
3. Manufacturer's welding procedure and qualification records shall be submitted for
approval upon receipt of purchase order. Welding shall not be performed prior
to purchaser's approval of welding procedure and qualification.
All welding shall be done by the metallic shielded arc or the submerged arc
welding process.
Permanently installed backing strips shall not be used without written approval of
purchaser. When used, backing strips shall be the same composition steel as that
which they are attached to.
4. Longitudinal seams in cylindrical or conical shells, all seams in spherical shells and
built-up heads shall be located to clear openings, their reinforcing pads, and saddlewear plates. Circumferential seams of shell shall be located to clear openings,
their reinforcing pads, tray and insulation support rings, and saddle wear plates.
When the covering of circumferential seam by reinforcing pad is unavoidable, the
seam shall be ground flush and examined prior to welding the reinforcing pad
in place.
No longitudinal joints shall be allowed within the downcomer area or at any other
place where proper visual inspection of the weld is impossible.
The minimum size of fillet weld serving as strength weld for internals shall be
1/4 inch.
5. Skirt. Vertical vessels shall be provided with a skirt which shall have an outside
diameter equal to the outside diameter of the supported vessel .. The minimum
thickness for a skirt shall be 1/4 inch.
Skirts shall be provided with a minimum of two 2-inch vent holes located as high
as possible 180 degrees apart.
Skirts 4 feet in diameter and less shall have one access opening; larger than 4-foot
diameter skirts shall have two I8-inch 0.0. access openings reinforced with sleeves.
6. Base rings shall be designed for an allowable bearing pressure on concrete of 625 psi.
7. Anchor bolt chairs or lug rings shall be used where required and in all cases where
vessel height exceeds 60 feet. The number of anchor bolts shall be in multiples
of 4; a minimum of 8 is preferred.
8. Saddle. Horizontal vessels shall be supported by saddles, preferably by only two
whenever possible.
Saddles shall be welded to the vessel, except when specifically ordered to be
shipped loose. Saddles to be shipped loose shall be fitted to the vessel and matchmarked for field installation. The shop drawing shall bear detailed instruction
concerning this.
197
Specification for the Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels (continued)
When temperature expansion will cause more thao 3/8 inch change in the distance
between the saddles, a slide bearing plate shall be used. Where the vessel is
supported by concrete saddles 1/4 inch thick, corrosion plate 2 inches wider than
the concrete saddle shall be welded to the shell with a continuous weld. The
corrosion plate shall be provided with a 1/4 inch vent hole plugged with plastic
sealant after the vessel has been pressure tested.
9. Openings of 2 inches and smaller shall be 6000 lb forged steel full or half
coupling.
Openings 2-1/2 inches and larger shall be flanged.
Flanges shall conform to Standard ANSI BI6.5-1973.
Flange faces shall be as follows:
Raised face.
Raised face.
198
Specification for the Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels (continued)
The minimum thickness of internal plateworks and support rings shall not be less
than 1/4 inch.
Internal carbon steel piping shall be standard weight.
Internal flanges shall be ANSI 150-lb slip-on type or fabricated from plate.
Carbon steel internal flanges shall be fastened with carbon steel square-head
machine bolts and square nuts tack-welded to the flanges to avoid loosening.
Removable internals shall be made in sections which can be removed through
the manways.
Removable internals shall not be provided with corrosion allowance. For openings
connected to pump suction, a vortex breaker shall be provided.
11. Appurtenances. Vessels provided with manways, liquid level controls or relief
valves 12 feet above grade, shall be equipped with caged ladders and platforms.
Ladder and platform lugs shall be shop-welded to the vessel. Where vertical vessels
require insulation, fabricator shall furnish and install support rings. Reinforcing
rings may also be utilized in supporting insulation.
Insulation support rings shall be 1/2 inch less in width than the thickness of
insulation and spaced 12 foot-I/2 inch clear starting at the top tangent line. The
top ring shall be continuously welded to the head; all other rings may be attached
by a I-inch long fillet weld on 12-inch centers. The bottom head of insulated
vertical vessel shall be equipped with I/2-inch square nuts welded with their edges
to the outside of the head on approximately 12-inch square centers.
12. Fabrication tolerances shall not exceed the limits indicated in the table beginning on
page 200.
D. INSPECTION
1. Purchaser reserves the right to inspect the vessel at any time during fabrication to
assure that the vessel materials and the workmanship are in accordance with this
specification.
.
2. The approval of any work by the purchaser's representative and his release of a
vessel shall not relieve the manufacturer of any responsibility for carrying out the
provisions of this specification.
E. MISCELLANEOUS
1. Radiographic examination shall be performed when required by the ASME Code
or when determined by the economics of design.
2. The completed vessel shall be provided with a name plate securely attached to the
vessel by welding.
3. If the vessel is post-weld heat-treated, no welding is permitted after stress relieving.
4. Removable internals shall be installed after stress relieving.
5. The location of all vessel components openings, seams, internals, etc., of the vessel
shall be indicated on the shop drawings by the distance to a common reference
line. The reference line shall be permanently marked on the shell.
6. The hydrostatic test pressure shall be maintained for an adequate time to permit
a thorough inspection, in any case not less than 30 minutes.
7. Vessels shall not be painted unless specifically stated on order.
199
Specification for the Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels (continued)
F. PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT
1. After final hydrostatic test, vessel shall be dried and cleaned thoroughly inside and
outside to remove grease, loose scale, rust and dirt.
2. All finished surfaces which are not protected by blind flanges shall be coated with
rust preventative.
3. All flanged openings which are not provided with covers shall be protected by
suitable steel plates.
4. Threaded openings shall be plugged.
5. For internal parts, suitable supports shall be provided to avoid damage during
shipment.
6. Bolts and nuts shall be coated with waterproof lubricant.
7. Vessels shall be clearly identified by painting the order and item n urn ber in a
conspicuous location on the vessel.
8. Small parts which are to be shipped loose shall be bagged or boxed and marked
with the order and item number of the vessel.
9. Vessel fabricator shall take all necessary precautions in loading by blocking and
bracing the vessel and furnishing all necessary material to prevent damages.
G. FINAL REPORTS
1. Before the vessel is ready for shipment the manufacturer shall furnish purchaser
copies or reproducible transparency each of the following reports:
a. Manufacturer's data report.
b. Shop dra wings showing the vessel and dimensions "as built".
c. Photostatic copies of recording charts showing pressure during hydrostatic test.
d. Photostatic copies of recording charts showing temperature during post-weld
heat treatment.
e. Rubbing of name plate.
H. GUARANTEE
Manufacturer guarantees that the vessel fulfills all conditions as stated in this
Specification and that it is free from fault in design, workmanship and materiaL
Should any defect develop during the first year of operation, the manufacturer agrees
to make all necessary alterations, repairs and replacements free of charge.
200
Base Ring
a. Flatness
b. Out of level
+ 1/16
+ 1/8
Clips, Brackets
c. Distance to the reference line
1/4
+ 1/2
+ 10
_...'
+ 1/4
+ 1/4
201
VESSEL FABRICATION TOLERANCES
(continued)
Nozzles, (continued)
~
ill:=:::l
~11Fl
h
+ 1/8
+ 1/16
Saddle
k. Distance centerline of boltholes to
reference line . . .'. . . . . . . .
k. Distance centerline of boltholes to
centerline of shell . . . . . . . . .
+ 1/8
::t 1/8
::t 1/32
::t 1/8
per Ft.
Shell
O.
1/8
per 10ft.
max. 1-1/2
p. Vessels for internal pressure. The difference
between the maximum and minimum inside
diameters at any cross section shall not exceed
one percent of the nominal diameter at the
cross section. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1%
Omax -
0min = p
::t 1/32
per Ft.
Tray Support
r. Out of level in any direction.
::t 1/32
per Ft.
202
VESSEL FABRICATION TOLERANCES
( continued)
Tray Support (continued)
'L~
wH
x
1F4
-+4-
+
+
+
+
+ 1/16
1/8
1/4
1/8
1/8
Weir Plate
y. Height . . .
+ 1/16
+ 1/8
:t 1/4
x. Out of level
203
API Specification for
SCOPE - This Specification covers material, design, fabrication and testing requirements for vertical, cylindrical, above-ground, shop fabricated, welded, steel
storage tanks for oilfield service in standard sizes as tabulated below.
MATERIAL
Plates shall conform to the following ASTM Standards:
A26, A283, C or D, and A285 C.
MINIMUM PLATE TIllCKNESS
Shell and deck: 3/16 in., Bottom: l;4 in., Sump:
15-6 diam Deck: l;4 in.
n
B
3fs in.
CONSTRUCTION
The bottom of the tank shall be flat or conical; the latter
may be skirted or unskirted. Fig. A, B, C. The deck shall be
conical. The slope of the bottom and deck cone = 1: 12.
WELDING
Bottom shell and deck plate joints shall be double-welded
butt joints with complete penetration. Fig. D. The bottom
and the deck shall be attached to the shell by doublewelded butt joint or 3/16 in filet welds, both inside and outside. Fig. E through K.
OPENINGS
Tanks shall be furnished with 24 in. x 36 in. extended neck
cleanout. API Std. 12F Fig. 4.
TESTING
The tank will be tested with air 1Yz times the maximum design pressure.
PAINTING
One coat Primer.
TANK DIMENSIONS
Nominal
Capacity
bbl.
90
100
IS 0
200
210
250
300
400
500
500
750
Tolerance
Working
Capacity
bbl.
72
79
129
166
200
224
266
366
466
479
746
-
Outside
Diameter
ft. in.
Height
ft.
7-11
9- 6
9- 6
12- 0
10- 0
11- 0
12- 0
12- 0
12- 0
15- 6
15- 6
10
12
10
15
15
15
20
25
16
24
l/g in.
3/8 in.
204
MATERIALS
The most commonly used plate materials of those permitted by this standard:
A 283 C, A 285 C, A 36, A 516-55, A 516-60
thickness.
WELDED JOINTS
The type of joints at various locations shall be:
Vertical Joints in Shell
Butt joints with complete penetration and complete fusion as attained by double
welding or by other means, which will obtain the same quality of joint.
Horizontal Joints in Shell
Complete penetration and complete fusion butt weld.
Bottom Plates
Single-welded, full-fillet lap joint, or single-welded butt joint with backing strip.
Roof Plates
Single-welded, full-fillet lap joint. Roofplates shall be welded to the top angle of
the tank with continuous fillet weld on the top side only.
Shell to Bottom Plate Joint
Continuous fillet weld laid on each side of the shell plate. The size of each weld
shall be the thickness of the thinner plate.
The bottom plates shall project at least 1 inch width beyond the outside edge of
the weld attaching the bottom to shell plate.
INSPECTION
Butt Welds
Inspection for quality of welds shall be made by the radiographic method. By
agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, the spot radiography may be
deleted.
Fillet Welds
Inspection of fillet welds shall be made by visual inspection.
205
TESTING
Bottom Welds
1.
Air pressure or vacuum shall be applied using soapsuds, linseed oil, or other
suitable material for detection of leaks, or
2.
After attachment of at least the lowest shell course, water shall be pumped
underneath the bottom and a head of 6 inches shall be maintained inside a
temporary dam.
Tank Shell
1.
2.
Painting all joints on the inside with highly penetrating oil, and examining
outside for leakage.
3.
Applying vacuum.
Appendix A -
Appendix B -
Appendix C -
Appendix D -
Technical Inquiries
Appendix E -
Appendix F -
Appendix G -
Appendix H -
Appendix I -
Appendix J -
Appendix K -
Appendix L -
Apprndix M -
Appendix N -
Appendix 0 -
Appendix P -
Appendix S -
206
...
SHELL
Plate
Mean diameter
of tank
thickness
feet
inches
Smaller than 50 ......................................... ..... 3h 6
50 to 120, excl. ................................................ 14
120 to 200, incl. .............................................. 5/16
Over 200 ......................................................... 3/g
t=
SELF-SUPPORTING
CONE ROOF
400
SIll
Maximum t = Yz in.
9: 12 slope
Maximum e = 37 deg.
Minimum e = 9 deg. 28 min. 2: 12 slope
t = RI
SELF-SUPPORTING
DOME AND
UMBRELLA ROOF
n.
Maximum t = Yz in.
R = radius of curvature of roof, in feet
Maximum R = 0.8 D (unless otherwise specified
by the purchaser.
Maximum R = l.2D
The cross-sectional area of the top angle plus the participating area ofthe shell and roof plate shall be equal
or exceed the following:
For Self-Supporting
Cone Roofs:
For Self-Supporting
Dome and Umbrella Roofs:
D2
DR
3,000 sin e
1,500
The participating area shall be determined using Figure
F -1 of this Standard.
BOTTOM
207
. .
208
PIPING CODES
PIPE WALL THICKNESS AND ALLOWABLE PRESSURE
FORMULAS
Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure
P =
PD()
2(SE + Py)
+A
Pd + 2SEA + 2J:!.PA
2(SE + Py P)
2SE(tm -A)
D() - 2y(tm - A)
2SE(tm -A)
P = d - 2y(t - A) + 2tl/1
m
V ALUES OF S, 1000 psi.
For materials ASTM A53B and AI06B
For metal temperatures not exceeding Deg. F.
-20 to 650
700
750
800
15.0
14.4
13.0
10.8
External Pressure
For determining wall thickness and stiffening
requirements, the procedures outlined in Paras.
UG-28, 29 and 30, Section VIII, Division 2 of
the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
shall be followed.
USAS B31.2-1968
FUEL GAS PIPING
This Code covers the design, fabrication,
installation and testing of piping systems for
fuel gases such as natural gas, manufactured
gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - air mixtures above the upper combustible limit, liquetied petroleum gas (LPG) in the gaseous phase,
or mixtures of these gases.
ANSI B31.3-1999
CHENnCALPLANTAND
PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING
(a) This Code prescribes requirements for
the materials, design. fabrication. assembly, erection, examination. inspection, and testing of
piping systems subject to pressure or vacuum.
(b) This Code applies to piping systems
handling all tluids, including fluidized solids,
and to all types of service . including raw, intermediate and finished chemicals, oil and other
petroleum products, gas, steam, air. water, and
refrigerants. except as provided in 300.1.2 or
300.1.3. Only Category D and M fluid services
as defined in 300.2 are segregated for special
consideration.
Internal Pressure
tl/1
=t+A
P = 2SEt
D
t =
PD
2SE
=t+c
= 2[SE
Pd
P (I
Y) J
PD
t = 2(SE + PY)
(see notes 1, 7 & 8)
V ALVES OF S, 1000 psi.
For materials ASTM A53B and AI06B
For metal temperatures not exceeding Deg. F.
-20 to 100
200
300
400
500
1.gtg 20.00 20.0 20.0 20.0 18.9
External Pressure
For determining wall thickness and stiffening
requirements the procedures outlined in Paras.
UG-28, 29 and 30, Section VIII, Div. I of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code shall
be followed.
209
Summary of Major Requirements of
PIPING CODES
(Continued from facing page)
NOTATION
NOTES
F = for cast iron pipe casting quality factor F shall be used in place of E.
P = internal design pressure, or maximum
1. The minimum thickness for the pipe selected, considering manufacturer's minus
tolerance, shall not be less than tm . The minus tolerance for seamless steel pipe is
12.5% of the nominal pipe wall thickness.
2. Where steel pipe is threaded and used for
steam service at pressure above 250 psi, or
for water service above 100 psi with water
temperature above 200 oF, the pipe shall be
seamless, having the minimum ultimate tensile strength of 48,000 psi and weight at
least equal to sch. 80 of ANSI B36.20. (Code
ANSI B31.1, Para. 104.1.2C.l)
3. Piping systems installed in open easements
which are accessible to the general public or
to individuals other than the owner of the
piping system or his employee or agent,
shall be designed in accordance with ANSI
B31.8. (Code ANSI B31.02, Para. 201.1)
tm
y&Y
900 1
Temperature
and
F
below 950 1000 1050
FerriticSteels
0.40.50.7 0.7
Austenitic Steels 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
1250
and
llOO above
0.7 0.7
0.5 0.7
as:
y= _d_
d + Do
4. When not specifically required by a gas using process or equipment, the maximum
working pressure for piping systems installed in buildings intended for human use
and occupancy shall not exceed 20 psig.
{Code ANSI B31.2, Para. 201.2.1)
5. Every piping system, regardless of anticipated service conditions, shall have a design
pressure of at least 10 psig between the temperatures of minus 20 0 F and 250 oF. (Code
ANSI B31.2, Para. 201.2.2,b)
6. Where the minimum wall thickness is in excess of 0.10 of the nominal diameter, the
piping system shall meet the requirements
of ANSI B31.3. (Code ANSI B31.2, Para.
203)
7. Pipe with t equal to or greater than D/6, or
P/SE greater than 0.385, requires special
consideration, taking into account design and
material factors such as theory of failure,
fatigue and thermal stresses.
8. Pipe bends shall meet the flattening limitations of the applicable Code.
210
Summary of Major Requirements of
PIPING CODES
PIPE WALL THICKNESS AND ALLOW ABLE PRESSURE
CODE & SCOPE
FORMULAS
Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure
ANSI B3I.4-1998
LIQUID TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
=t+A
PiD
t = 2S ' where
til
ANSI B31.5-2000
REFRIGERATION PIPING
Internal Pressure
t/ll
This Code provides minimum requirements for the materials, design, fabrication,
assembly, erection, test, and inspection of
refrigerant and secondary coolant piping for
temperatures as low as 320F (whether erected
on the premises or factory assembled) except
as specifically excluded in the following paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code
Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping in their respectivejurisdictions.
This Code shall not apply to:
2St
Do - 2yt
or
Pd
2 (S + Py - P)
-=-:-:--..::.......:,~-,...,
, where
External Pressure
The pressure design thickness, t, shall be determined in accordance with Code, Para.
504.1.3.
ANSI B3I.8-1999
GAS TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTING PIPING SYSTEMS
This Code covers the design, fabrication,
installation, inspection, testing, and the safety
aspects of operation and maintenance of gas
transmission and distribution systems, including gas pipelines, gas compressor stations, gas
metering and regulating stations, gas mains, and
service lines up to the outlet of customer's meter
set assembly. Included within the scope of this
Code are gas storage equipment of the closed
type, fabricated or forged from pipe or fabricated from pipe and fittings and gas storage
lines.
PD,)
= 2 (S + Py)
P =
(a) any self-contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters' Laboratories or other nationally recognized testing laboratory;
(c) piping designed for external or internal
gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi (103 kPa)
regardless of size.
=t+c
P =2S1 x Fx Ex T where
D
'
S = specified minimum yield strength, psi.
For pipe materials ASTM A 53 Band
A 106 B, S - 35,000 psi.
t
211
PIPING CODES
(Continued from facing page)
NOTATION:
A = Sum of allowance, inches for threading and grooving as required under
Code, Para. 402.4.2, corrosion as required under Code, Para 402.4.2, and
increase in wall thickness if used as
protective measure under Code Para.
402.1.
For internal pressure, the sum of allowances in inches thread and groove
depth, manufacturers' minus tolerance,
plus corrosion and erosion allowance.
For external pressure, the sum in
inches of corrosion and erosion allowances, plus manufacturers' minus tolerance.
Factor T
1.000
0.967
0.933
0.900
0.867
If
y - d+ Do
D&
A
B
C
D
0.72
0.60
0.50
0.40
P&
tt
tn
tmj=
NOTES:
1. In selection of pipe the manufacturers' minus tolerance shall be taken into consideration. The minus tolerance for seamless steel
pipes is 12.5% of the nominal wall thickness. This tolerance may be used also when
specification is not available.
2. Pipe bends shall meet the flattening limitations of the applicable Code.
3. Classification of Locations. In Code B31.8,
Para. 840.2, four classes are described as a
basis for prescribing the types of construction.
4. Limitation by Pipe Design Factors, Code
B3 1. 8, Para. 841. 111-114.
5. Least Nominal Wall Thickness, Code B31.8,
Table 841.141.
The formulas and regulations are extracted from
the American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping with the permission of the publisher, The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers.
212
NOTES
213
RECTANGULAR
TANKS
:;'lat-walled tanks due to their mechanically disadvantageous shape are used for low
lydrostatic pressure only. The quantity of material required for rectangular tanks is
righer than for cylindrical vessels of the same capacity. However, sometimes the applicaion of rectangular tanks is preferable because of their easy fabrication and the good
ltilization of space.
MAXIMUM SIZE
Unstiffened tanks may be not larger than 30 cu. ft. and tanks with stiffenings, 140 cubic
feet capacity.
::;or larger tanks, the use of stay rods is advisable for economic reasons.
~ATIO OF SIDES
[f all sides are equal, the length of one side: B =
where V
Preferable ratio: Longer side: 1.5 B; Shorter side: 0.667 B
W;
= volume
cu. ft.
DESIGN
rhe formulas on the following pages are based on maximum allowable deflection:
.1, = ti2, where ta denotes the thickness of side-plate.
Values of a and {J
R aho,"[
. H ofl
H
0.25
Constant, {J 0.024
Constant, a 0.00027
0.286
0.031
0.00046
R allo,"[
. H of7
H
Constant, {J
Constant, a
1.5
0.26
0.043
1.0
0.16
0.022
height of tank
0.333
0.041
0.00083
2.0
0.34
0.060
length of tank
0.4
0.056
0.0016
2.5
0.38
0.070
3.0
0.43
0.078
0.5
0.080
0.0035
3.5
0.47
0.086
0.667
0.116
0.0083
4.0
0.49
0.091
LL~
[he stiffenings may be attached to the tank wall either by intermittent or continuous
welding and may be placed inside or outside.
~IBLIOGRAPHY
:anti K. Mahajan: "Design of Procas Equipment.", Pressure Vessel Handbook Publishing. Inc. 1990.
214
RECTANGULAR TANKS
UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
WITH TOP-EDGE STIFFENING
NOTATION
a
E
G
= factor depending on ratio of length and height of tank, H/L (See Table)
= modulus of elasticity, psi.; 30,000,000 for carbon steel
= specific gravity of liquid
H = height of tank, in
I = moment of inertia, in.4
I = maximum distance between supports, inches
L = length of tank, nches
R = reaction with subscripts indicating the location, lb./in.
S = stress value of plate, psi. as tabulated in Code, Tables ues - 23
t = required plate thickness, inches
ta = actual plate thickness, inches
tb = required plate thickness for bottom, inches
t8 = actual thickness of bottom, inches
w = load perunit of length lb./in.
y = deflection of plate, inches
t =
B
'\ IPHO.036G
V
S
Ed
max -
I - - - - . -..----~-~-----------
STIFFENING FRAME
w=
R1 = O.3w
0.036 GH2
R2
O.7w
Minimum required moment of inertia
for top-edge stiffening:
lmin=
BOTTOM PLATE
WHEN SUPPORTED BY BEAMS
t b
1:
:r
18
!. S
1.254 yO.036 G H
..
215
RECTANGULAR TANKS
EXAMPL.ES
DESIGN DATA
designed capacity:
78 inches
34 inches
52 inches
'\ / 0.063
t = 78
34 '>( 10.036
15,700
+ 0.0625
1 = 0 1729 .
.
m.
STIFFENING FRAME
0.036
342 =
20.808 lbiin
2
I
_ =
mm
R 1 - = 0.3
R2 = 0.6
X
X
6.24 X 784
= 0.214 in4
192 x 30.000,000 x 0.1875
1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 3/16 (.18 in4) satisfactory for stiffening at the top of the tank
39
= ----"-~~~=
= 0.275
/15,700
1.254
in.,
0.036x 1x34
Using 4 beams, .1
0.1875
-= 26 in.
Jo0.036
15,700
x 1 x 34
= 26.63 in.
216
RECTANGULAR TANKS
WITH VERTICAL STIFFENINGS
NOTATION
p =
E
]{
I
G
I
L
S
w
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
I---L-J
I.
t = I
PH 0.036 G
S
LOADS, lb/in
- O.036GH2
W2
STIFFENING FRAME
0.0642. 0.036 GH 1
z=------S
RJ L"
I min = 192
E I(J
217
RECTANGULAR TANKS
WITH VERTICAL STIFFENINGS
EXAMPLES
DESIGN DATA
E = 30,000,00 psi
H=
B=
S =
I =
78 in.
34 in.
52 in.
J 5,700 psi
26 in.
Content: Water
G= 1
34
HII= 26= 1.31:jJ=0.22
+ corr. allow
0.0625 in.
0.1702 in.
X 1 X 34 3 X 26 = 0 1504' 3
Zmm. = 0.0642 X 0.036
15700
.
m.
,
2 X 2 X 31J 6 (.19 in. 3) satisfactory for vertical stiffening
w=
0.036 X 1 X 342
2
'min
_
6.24 X 78 in.4
_ 0 "'2' 4
-192 X 30,000,000 X 0.125 - .J m.
20.81b.lin.
218
RECfANGULAR TANKS
Under Hydrostatic Pressure
WITH HORIZONTAL STIFFENINGS
NOTATION
E
G
H
I
L
p
R
S
t
ta
w
I.
SPACING OF
STIFFENINGS
.1
HI = 0.6H
REQUIRED PLATE
THICKNESS
H2 = O.4H
..
0.036 GH
S
= 0. 311 V
w = 0.036 GH 2
LOAD Ib./in.
RJ
= 0.06
R2
= 0.3 w
R2
= 0.64 w
I I
RI L
192 E ta
I
2
R2
L4
192 E ta
I
219
RECTANGULAR TANKS
WITH INTERMEDIATE HORIZONTAL STIFFENINGS
EXAMPLES
DESIGN DATA:
Designed capacity = 1,000 gallon = 134 cu. ft. (approx.)
Content: water
s= 15,700 psi, using SA 285 Cmaterial
Corrosion allowance = lit 6 in.
The side of a cube-shaped tank for the designed capacity:
Preferred proportion of sides:
width = 0.667 X 5.12 = 3.41 ft; approx. 42 inches
length = 1.500 X 5.12 = 7.68 ft; approx. 92 inches
height =
5.12 ft; approx. 60 inches
SPACING OF STIFFENINGS:
HI = 0.6
H= 36 in.
H2 = O.4H= 24 in.
t.J
LOADS:
2
/.
w = 0.036 X 21 X 60 = 64 .81b .m.
R2 =0.3w= 19.441b'/in.
RI =0.06w=3.891b'/in.
3.89 X 92
-04690' 4
II - 192 X 30,000,000 X 0.25 - .
m.
_
19.44 X 92 4
96 . 4
7 m.
220
TIE
ROD
S U p.p 0 R T
..
-+
+-
REQUIRED
PLATE
THICKNESS
when a:!!b
LOAD ON
TIE ROD
EXAMPLE
DESIGN DATA
Length=30 ft., width=12 ft., height=15 ft.
hJ = 60 in
G = I
S = 20,000 psi.
S = 20,000 psi.
Sp = 20,000 psi
h2 = 120 in
= 0.7
x 60
0.036 x 1 x 120
20,000
= It/> rods
A =
20,000
P=ab 0.036 Gh
REQUIRED CROSS
SECTIONAL AREA
OF TIE ROD
= 60 in.
b = 60 in.
t = 0.7b
...
0.036 G h
Sp
221
CORROSION
Vessels or parts of vessels subject to thinning by corrosion, erosion or mechanical
abrasion shall have provision made for the desired life of the vessel by suitable
increase in the thickness of the material over that determined by the design
formulas, or by using some other suitable method for protection (Code UG-25b).
The Code does not prescribe the magnitude of corrosion allowance except for vessels
with a required minimum thickness of less than 0.25 in. that are to be used in steam,
water or compressed air service, shall be provided with corrosion allowance of not less
than one-sixth of the required minimum thickness. The sum of the required minimum
thickness and corrosion allowance need not exceed 1/4 in. This requirement does not
apply to vessel parts designed with no x-ray examination or seamless vessel parts
designed with 0.85 joint efficiency. (Code UCS-25).
For other vessels when the rate of corrosion is predictable, the desired life of the vessel
will determine the corrosion allowance and if the effect of the corrosion is indeterminated, the judgment of the designer. A corrosion rate of 5 mils per year (lI16 in. = 12
years) is usually satisfactory for vessels and piping.
The desired life time of a vessel is an economical question. Major vessels are
usually designed for longer (15-20 years) operating life time, while minor vesse1s
for shorter time (8-10 years).
The corrosion allowance need not be the same thickness for all parts of the vessel if
different rates of attack are expected for the various parts (Code UG-25 c).
There are several different methods for measuring corrosion. The simplest way is the
use ofteltale holes (Code UG-25 e) or corrosion gauges.
Vessels subject to corrosion shall be supplied with drain-opening (Code UG-25 0.
All pressure vessels subject to iinternal corrosion, erosion, or mechanical abrasion
shall be provided with inspection opening (Code UG-46).
To eliminate corrosion, corrosion resistant materials are used as lining only, or for the
entire thickness of the vessel wall.
The rules of lining are outlined in the Code in Part UCL, Apendix F and Par. UG-26.
The vessel can be protected against mechanical abrasion by plate pads which are
welded or fastened by other means to the exposed area of the vessel.
In vessels where corrosion occurs, all gaps and narrow pockets shall be avoided by
joining parts to the vessel wall with continuous weld.
Internal heads may be subject to corrosion, erosion or abrasion on both sides.
222
SELECTION OF CORROSION RESISTANT MATERIALS
The generally accepted temperature limit for a good grade compressed asbestos sheet, also called
asbestos composition sheet, is 7500F. However, some grades are successfully used at considerable higher temperatures. This type of sheet is used for smooth flanges. For rough flanges,
gaskets cut from asbestos-metallic sheet or formed by folding asbestos-metallic cloth are preferred. The latter ,and gaskets cut from felted asbestos sheet, are indicated for flanges when
bolt pressures are necessarily limited because of the type of flange meterial.
II. Data from the Pfaulder Company are given from the special point of view of the suitability of the
gasket material for use with glass-lined steel equipment.
III. Data in this column apply specifically to Silastic 181, a special silicone rubber for use in gasketing
produced by Dow-Corning Corporation.
IV. Fiberglas fabric filled with Silastic silicone rubber (polysiloxane elastomer) has a usable compressibility of about 20 per cent and shows the chemical resistance cited here over the temperature
range from -85 to 3920F. For Fiberglas fabric filled with chemically resistant synthetic rubber,
the temperature range is approximately -40 to 2570F. Both the silicone rubber and the ordinary
synthetic rubber are available as gasket materials in which the reinforcing fabric is a metal cloth
(brass, aluminum, iron, stainless steel). The chemical properties of these constructions are the
same as those given here for the Fiberglas-reinforced material, with the properties of the metal in
the cloth imposed upon them. The metal-cloth construction for increased mechanical strength
and electrical conductivity.
223
V. Teflon is the DuPont trade-name for polymerized tetrafluorethylene. It is completely inert in the
presence of all known chemicals. It is not affected by any known solvent or combination of
solvents. It is chemically stable up to 6170F but, being a plastic, it is not recommended for
gasket applications above 3920F or for high pressures unless confined in a tongue-and-groove or
similar joint.
Sources of Data: A - Armstrong Cork Co.; C - Connecticut Hard Rubber Co.; D - Dow-Corning
Corp.; E - E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.; J - Johns-Manville Corp.; P - The Pfaudler Co.;
S - Stanco Distributors, Inc.; U - United States Rubber Co.
Information on gasket materials compiled by McGraw-Hili, "Chemical Engineers Handbook,"
Third Edition.
224
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF METALS
Resistance Ratings: A = Good; F = Fair;
C = Caution- depends on conditions;
X = Not recommended.
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acid. crude................................. C
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Vapors................................................. X
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Acetic anhydride.................................. C
Acetone....................... _.......................... A
Acetylene ................................................ A
Aluminum chloride .............................. X
Aluminum sulfate....................... _....... X
Alun1s ....................................................... X
Ammonia gas. dry ............................... F
~Ioist .................................................... F
Ammonium chloride............................ F
Ammonium hydroxide ................ _...... A
Ammonium nitrate .............................. F
Ammonium phosphate ....................... C
Ammonium sulfate.............................. F
Aniline. aniline oiL ............................. A
Aniline dyes........................................... Barium chloride .................................... Barium hydroxide....................... _....... Hariul11 sulfide ...................................... Beer .......................................................... C
Beet sugar liquors ................................ C
Benzene. benzoL ................................. A
Benzine. petroleum ether. naphtha A
Black sulfate liquor............................. A
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Bromine .................................................. X
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225
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF GASKETS
(SEE CHEMICALS ON OPPOSITE PAGE)
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20. Highly corroJive to nickel al/oYJ at elevated temperatureJ. Recommendation applieJ to "dry" gaJ at ordinary temperatureJ.
21. 4S% - boil at 330.
22. Room temperature - over SO%.
23 Not for temperatureJ over 390F.
24. Up to 140F.
2~. Up to 200F.
26. Up to 176F.
27. 10% maximum; boiling.
2S. ~O%; 320.
29. Do not UJe if iron contamination is not
permiIJible.
10% - room temperature.
Hot.
Unsatisfactory for hot gases.
Hastelloy "C" to 15So,
Room temperature to 15So. Corrosion increases with increaJe in concentration aJ
well as temperature.
3~. Dilute at room temperature.
36. AI/ack increaseJ when only partially Jubmerged; fume! very corrosive.
37. HaJtelloy "C" to 212.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
226
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF METALS
Resistance Ratings: A
Good; F
Fair;
Caution - depends on conditions;
C
Not recommended.
X
=
=
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..
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.......
Butane....... _.............._.........._........ A
Butyl alcohol, butanoL............. A,
Calcium chloride ..........._.........._. F
Calcium hypochlorite ..............._ C
Carbolic acid, phenoL............... A lo
Carbon dioxide, dry..............._... F
Wet.............................................. C
Carbon tetrachloride ..............._ C
Chlorine, dry._............................. A
Wet............................................... X
Chromic acid................................. C
Citric acid.._ .........._ ............._ ..... X
Ethers .............................................. C
Ethylene glycoL......................... A
Ferric chloride.............................. X
Ferric sulfate................................ X
F ormaldehyde ..........._ ................. Fn
Formic acid.................................... X
~~~f~;~~:.~:~~~~~=~=~~~~~~:::~:=~~~~~~~~~~~~: A
A
Gasoline, sour..._........................... C
Refined........................................ A
Glycerin, glyceroL...................... An
Hydrochloric acid,OSOF.......... X
Hydrofluoric acid, cold, <65% .. X
)65%
X
X
Hot <65%
)65%
X
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A
A
A
A
F
C
C
X
C;
...
:l
U
C
C
A
A
A
C
F
C
X
-
A
C
X
X
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
C
20. Highly corrosive to nickel alloys at elevated temperatures. Recommendation applies to "dry" gas at ordinary temperatures.
21. 48% - boil at 330.
22. Room temperature - over 80%.
23 Not for temperatures over 390F.
24. Up to 140F.
25. Up to 200F.
26. Up to 176F.
27. 10% maximum; boiling.
28. 50%; 320.
29. Do not use if iron contamination is not
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
A
A
A
0
0.
Vl
1-0
.Q
~~
",..c
",-
A
C
A
A
A
A
A
C
X
X
:l
-CI:::
..c
<11~
A
A
~c
,Bw ~u
<11'-
...
.....
~ ....C
~
'" 0
~
i: 0
~ "'U <11 C ... <11 <:cv
U5 C3U5 p~ ~ 0: E-<
X
X
A
A
A
X
A C A
A A A
these tables.
<11 V
A
A
A
._
U <11
'"
A
A
C
C
C
F
A
X
....
.....
.....
11)
C
-
1-0
"'05 rg~ .g
c<11 ...0 <1I.Q . iii
::;
~ p:)
~
;>
.....
1-0
Miscellaneous
Woven
Rubber
Frictioned
X
F
X
A
A
A
A
A
A
X
A
A
A
F
F
A
A
A
F
A
A
A
A
A
X
X
X
F
X
X F X
X F X
X X X
F A X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
A
C
F
A
A
X
X
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
F
F
A
F
F
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
-
A
A
A
A
A
Xu F31
A C
F C
F
A
X
F
permissible.
10% - room temperature.
Hot.
U1zsatisfactory for hot gases.
Hastelloy "c" to 158
Room temperature to 158. Corrosion increases with increase in concentration as
well as temperature.
Dilute at room temperature.
Attack increases when only partially sub
merged; fumes very corrosive.
Hastelloy "c" to 212.
232
FABRICATING CAPACITIES
THE TABLES BELOW ARE FOR DATA OF FABRICATING CAPACITIES OF THE SHOP
WHICH HAVE TO BE KNOWN BY THE VESSEL DESIGNER. THE COLUMNS HAVE BEEN
LEFT OPEN AND ARE TO BE FILLED IN BY THE USER OF THIS HANDBOOK
ACCORDING TO THE FACILITIES OF THE SHOP CONSIDERED.
MAXIMUM
WIDTH in.
MAXIMUM
THICKNESS in.
MINIMUM
DIAMETER in.
MAXIMUM
SIZE
MINIMUM
DIAMETER in.
MINIMUM
SIZE
MINIMUM
DIAMETER in.
MAXIMUM
SIZE
MINIMUM
DIAMETER in.
MAXIMUM
SIZE
MINIMUM
DIAMETER in.
MAXIMUM
SIZE
MINIMUM
DIAMETER in.
ROLLING PLATES
TENSILE STRENGTH
OF PLATE
psi.
NOTE:
FOR MATERIAL OF HIGHER
STRENGTH THE THICKNESS
OR WIDTH OF THE PLATE
MUST BE REDUCED IN
DIRECT PROPORTION TO
THE HIGHER STRENGTH
~
ROLLING ANGLES
~
~
ROLLING BEAMS
ROLLING CHANNELS
LEG
IN
LEG
OUT
LEG
IN
LEG
OUT
~ FLANGES
ON
~FLANGES
IN
e:::tFLANGES
OUT
~ ON
EDGE
233
FABRICATING CAPACITIES
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
MINIMUM
RADIUS in.
SCHEDULE
BENDING PIPES
PLATE
THICKNESS in.
MINIMUM
INSIDE
RADIUS in.
PLATE
THICKNESS in.
MINIMUM
INSIDE
RADIUS in.
PLATE
THICKNESS in.
MAXIMUM
DIAMETER
OF HOLE in.
PLATE
THICKNESS in.
MAXIMUM
DIAMETER
OF HOLE in.
BENDING PLATES
WITH PRESS BRAKE
PUNCHING HOLES
inches
TYPES OF WELDINGS
AVAILABLE
FURNACES FOR STRESS
RELIEVING
HEIGHT
WIDTH
ft.
MAX. TEMPERA TU RE
ft.
f.
LENGTH
ft.
234
MINIMUM RADIUS:
and method of bending depends upon the thickness of the pipe waU, it being
possible, for example, to bend extra heavy pipe to a smaller radius than pipe of
standard weight. As a general rule, wrought iron or steel pipe of standard weight
may readily be bent to a radius equal to five or six times the nominal pipe diameter. The minimum radius for standard weight pipe should, as a rule, be three
and one-half to four times the diameter. It will be understood, however, that
the minimum radius may vary considerably, depending upon the method of bending. Extra heavy pipe may be bent to radii varying from two and one-half times
the diameter for smaller sizes to three and one-half to four times the diameter for
larger sizes.
(3 Y2 to 4d)
(2Y2 to 4d)
Standard Pipe
235
PIPE ENGAGEMENT
LENGTH OF THREAD ON PIPE TO MAKE A TIGHT JOINT
t/1~~~
l
-i--(
t--
TIl'.
~ .r...
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Dimension
A
inches
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Dimension
A
inches
1/8
1/4
3-1/2
1-1/16
1/4
3/8
1-1/8
3/8
3/8
1-1/4
1/2
1/2
1-5/16
3/4
9/16
1-7/16
11/16
10
1-5/8
1-1/4
11/16
12
1-3/4
1-1/2
11/16
3/4
2-1/2
15/16
~J
~~~
Tap
Drill
Size in.
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Size in.
1/8
11/32
2-3/16
1/4
7/16
2-1/2
2-9/16
3/8
19/32
3-3/16
1/2
23/32
3-1/2
3-11/16
3/4
15/16
4-3/16
1-5/32
5-5/16
1-1/4
1-1/2
6-5/16
1-1/2
1-23/32
Tap
Drill
236
BEND ALLOWANCES
For 90 0 Bends in Low-Carbon Steel
Metal
Thickness
(t) in.
1/32
1/16
3/32
1/8
1/4
1/2
0.032
0.050
0.062
0.078
0.090
0.125
0.188
0.250
0.313
0.375
0.437
0.500
0.059
0.087
0.105
0.128
0.146
0.198
0.289
0.382
0.474
0.566
0.658
0.750
0.066
0.101
0.118
0.142
0.160
0.211
0.302
0.395
0.488
0.580
0.672
0.764
0.079
0.114
0.132
0.155
0.173
0.224
0.316
0.409
0.501
0.593
0.685
0.777
0.093
0.129
0.145
0.169
0.187
0.243
0.329
0.424
0.515
0.607
0.699
0.791
0.146
0.168
0.183
0.202
0.217
0.260
0.383
0.476
0.569
0.661
0.752
0.845
0.254
0.276
0.290
0.310
0.324
0.367
0.443
0.519
0.676
0.768
0.860
0.952
w=a+b-
bend allowance
w=a+b+c-
w=a+b+c+d-
w=a+b+c+d+e-
= metal thickness,
237
LENGTH OF STUD BOLTS
FOR FLANGES *
.-_______~~==~~--------------------------1-.--------_4~--,_
Height of Heavy Nut
(Equals nominal stud diam.)
Min. Thickness of Flange
L = 2A + t + r
---L3.
L---~~~!!Sr.===]fC=::rr:::=-- 4.
"r" Rounding-off
1. Length of the stud bolts do not include the heights of the point.
(1.5 times thread pitch)
2. Plus tolerance of fig. thk's.
Sizes 18 in. & smaller 0.12 in.
Sizes 20 in. and larger 0.19 in.
3. Minus tolera'nce of stud length
238
HORIZONTAL VESSELS
,-
$-C~--~
End View
Ref. line
&
ELEVATION
Saddle
MISCELLANEOUS
DETAILS
1
GENERAL
SPECIFICATIONS
TITLE BLOCK
END VIEW
239
PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.)
VERTICAL VESSELS
I-
I I
~ IJE--------E
Elevation
Orien tation
Base
MISCELLANEOUS DETAILS
I
rr.
General
SpecifiCations
Tille Block
<i. Name
t
00
B.-_l. .....~_
ORIENTATION PLAN
E. Dimensioning.
All locations on the elevation
drawing shall be shown
with tailed dimensions
measured from the reference line.
F. Locate long seams, after
everything is in place on
elevation.
G. Mark vessel centerlines vi!
degrees: 0 0 , 90 0 , 180 0 ,
270 0 and use it in the
same position on all other
orientations.
240
PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.)
00
Nozzle on
Top or Bottom
\
Seal Pan
Baffle
-->---~ Partition t
00
270 0
90 0
Ladder Lugs
--I
...
conical
orientaone for
one for
L
'1
180 0
00
270 0
Lowest
Point of
Plate "D"
180 0
ORIENTATIONS
241
PREFERRED LOCATIONS
Of Vessel Components and Appurtenances
L
c.
D. Name plate above manway or liquid level control, or level gauge. If there is no man way ,
5'-0" above base.
E. Lifting lugs - if the weight of the vessel is uniform, "E" dimension is equal .207 times the
overall length of vessel.
~J
242
COMMON ERRORS
in detailing pressure vessels
A.
Interferences
Openings, seams, lugs, etc. interfere with each other. This can occur:
1. When the location on the elevation and orientation is not checked. The
practice of not showing openings etc. on the elevation in their true position,
may increase the probability of this mistake.
2. The tail dimensions or the distances between openings on the orientation
do not show interference, but it is disregarded, that the nozzles, lugs etc.,
have certain extension. Thus it can take place that:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
B.
Changes.
Certain changes are necessary on the drawing which are carried out on the elevation, but not shown 011 the orientation or reversed. Making changes, it is
advisable to ask the question: "What does it affect?"
For example:
The change of material affects:
Bill of material
Schedule of openings
General specification
Legend
Orientation
Elevation
Location of internals
Location of other components.
C.
D.
E.
243
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
VESSEL TO BE CONSTRUCTED IN STRICT ACCORDANCE WITH THE LATEST
EDITION OF THE ASME CODE SECTION VIII. DIV. I. FOR PRESSURE VESSELS
AND IS TO BE SO STAMPED. INSPECTION BY COMMERCIAL UNION INSURANCE
CO. OF AMERICA.
DESIGN
MAX. A.
WORKING.
MAX. A.
N. &C.
HYDRO.
TEST
PRESSURE PSIG. @
TEMPERATURE of.
~~L-I-M-I-T-E-D-B-y------------~--------+---------4----------4--------~
a~------------------~--------~--------~---------+--------~
WIND PRESS. LBS/SQ. FT.
CORROSION ALLOW. IN.
ffi~~------------------~--------~-------------------+--------~
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT
~~2~~~:~r~~c
Q~E~R~E~C=T~IO~N~(-S-H-IP~P-I-N-G~)--~---------+~L~O~N~G~I=T~U~D~I~N~A~L-J~O~I~N~T~~------~
WEIGHT LBS.
EFFICIENCY
WEIGHT FULL
W/WATER LBS.
SA.
SHELL
HEAD
THK.
...
FLANGE
TYPE
THK
-SKIRT
~
a::
w
NOZZLE NECK
BASE
BOLTING
ANCH. BOLT
:IE
COUPLING
SADDLES
WELDED
FITTING
GASKET
PAINT
VESSELS
REQUIRED:
APPROX.
SHIPPING
WEIGHT LBS.
~
~
METAL. WELD
'"0
:;0
tTl
en
en
VIII
IX
:;0
tTl
Go
a
f
iii
c3
f
"!
-
GoO
i-~~~::::
IoC
<
tTl
en
en
tTl
Z r
Z 0tTl
C1 -i
rJJ
METAL. WELD
r
(;0
\7
SHOP NOTES
,-..
(')
pacts.
CHIP TO SOUNDJ
of vessel.
METAL. WELD
HEAD TO SHELL
WELD DETAIL
-:......
Detailing openings as shown on the opposite page with data exemplified in the schedule of
openings below, eliminates the necessity of detailing every single opening on the shop
drawing.
'"t:I
~
tTl
til
til
c::
o""'C
<:
tTl
til
til
tTl
otTl
~
rJJ
t"'"
o
'6
o
::s
.....
~
c-/
DRAIN
N-I
11-/
INLET
MAR"
MAtVWAY
SERVICE
ISIZEI RATING I
W.N.
IXHlxH
lXH !XH.
TYPE
: 15CH.
IBORE,
.3(}()
5Ye
LG.
SA 5".JB
MAT"L.
NECK
MAT'L.
0.5. I
1.5.
PROJ.
WELD
DETAIL
DWG.
I b I C
WELD SIZE
SCHEDULE
OF
OPENINGS
Vl
246
TRANSPORTATION OF VESSELS
1.
TRANSPORTATION BY TRUCK.
The maximum size of loads which may be carried without special permits
a. weight approximately 40.000 lbs.
b. width of load 8 ft., 0 in.
c. height above road 13 ft., 6 in. (height of truck 4 ft., 6 in. to 5 ft., 0 in.)
d. length of load 40 ft., 0 in.
Truck shipments over 12 ft., 0 in. width require escort. It increases considerably the costs of transportation.
2.
TRANSPORTATION BY RAILROAD.
247
PAINTING
OF STEEL SURF ACES
PURPOSE
The main purpose of painting is the preservation of a steel surface. The paint retards
the corrosion 1., by preventing the contact of corrosive agents from the vessel surface and
2., by rust inhibitive, electro-chemical properties of the paint material.
The paints must be suitable to resist the effects of the environment, heat, impact,
abrasion and action of chemicals.
SURFACE PREPARATION
The primary requisite for a successful paint job is the removal of mill scale, rust, dirt,
grease, oil and foreign matter. Mill scale is the bluish-gray, thick layer of iron oxides
which forms on structural steel subsequent to the hot rolling operation. If the mill
scale is intact and adheres tightly to the metal, it provides protection to the steel, however, due to the rolling and dishing of plates, completely intact mill scale is seldom
encountered in practice.
If mill scale is not badly cracked, a shop primer will give long life in mild environments,
provided that the loose mill scale, rust, oil, grease, etc. are removed.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
The selection of paint and surface preparation beyond the technical aspects is naturally
a problem of economics.
The cost of paint is normally 25-30% or less of the cost of painting a structure, thus the
advantage of using high quality paint is apparent. Sixty percent or more of the total
expense of a paint job lies in the surface preparation and the cost of preparation to
different degrees is varying in a proportion of 1 to 10-12. For example, the cost of
sandblasting is .about 10-12 times higher than that of the hand wire brushing. The cost
of surface preparation should be balanced against the increased life of the vessel.
SELECTION OF PAINT SYSTEMS
The tables on the following pages serve as guides to select the proper painting system
and estimate the required quantity of paint for various service conditions. The data
tabulated there have been taken from the Steel Structures Painting Council's specifications and recommendations.
Considering the several variables of painting problems, it is advisable to request the
assistance of paint manufacturers.
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
ABRASION
When the painting must resist abrasion, the good adhesion of the coating is particularly
important. For maximum adhesion, blast cleaning is the best and also pickling is satisfactory. Pretreatments such as hot phosphate or wash primer are excellent for etching
and roughening the surface.
Urethane coatings, epoxies and vinyl paints have very good abrasion resistance. Zincrich coating, and phenolic paints are also good. Oleoresinous paints may develop much
greater resistance by incorporation of sand reinforcement.
248
HIGH TEMPERATURE
Below temperatures of 500-600 0 F to obtain a good surface for coating, hot phosphate
treatment is satisfactory. Above 500-600 0 F a blast cleaned surface is desirable.
Recommended Paints:
Up to
250 F
300 F
400 F
550 F
800 F
CORROSIVE CHEMICALS
Theoretically, one gallon of paint covers 1600 square feet surface with 1 mil (0.001 inch)
thick coat when it is wet.
The dry thickness is determined by the solid (non volatile) content of the paint, which
can be found in the specification on the label, or in the supplier's literature.
If the content of solids by volume is, for example, 60%, then the maximum dry coverage
(spreading rate) theoretically will be 1600 x .60 = 960 square feet.
THE CONTENT OF SOLIDS OF PAINTS BY VOLUME %
Spec.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
a
9
11
Paint
Red Lead and Raw linseed Oil
Primer
Red Lead, Iron Oxide, Raw Linseed Oil and Alkyd Primer
Red Lead, Iron Oxide, and Fractionated Linseed Oil Primer
Extended Red Lead, Raw and
Bodied Linseed Oil Primer
Zinc Dust, Zinc Oxide, and Phenolic
Varnish Paint
Red Lead, Iron Oxide, and Phenolic
Varnish Paint
Aluminum Vinyl Paint
White (or Colored) Vinyl Paint
Red Iron Oxide, Zinc Chromate,
Raw Linseed Oil and Alkyd
Primer
Spec.
No.
96
12
~2
13
96
14
70
15
16
60
47
14
17
70
101
102
103
104
106
107
Paint
In practice, especially with spray application, the paint never can be utilized at 100
percent. Losses due to overspray, complexity of surface (piping, etc.) may decrease the
actual coverage to 40-60%, or even more.
249
PAINTING
TABLE I, PAINT SYSTEMS
System
Number
SSPCPS
1.01
Not
1.02
1.03
Condensation, chemical fumes, brine drippings and other extremely corrosive conditions are not present
Req'd
or
2.01
Steel surfaces exposed to the weather,
high humidity, infrequent immersion in
fresh or salt water or to mild chemical
atmospheres
Not
or
Req'd
Total
4th 5th ThickCoat Coat ness
14
(1.7)
14
(1.7)
I
(1.7)
104
(1.3)
14
104
(1.0)
104
104
104
(1.3)
104
104
(1.0)
104
104
104
104
A
(1.7)
C
(1.5)
D
(1.5)
B
(l.5)
2.04
4.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
(1.5)
104
( 1.5)
104
( 1.5)
104
104
5.0
104
( 1.0)
104
(1.0)
104
4.0
4.0
3.5
(1.5)
4.03
4.04
3rd
Coat
(1.7)
1.06
2.03
2nd
Coat
1.05
2.02
1st
Coat
5,6,
8, or
10
1,2,
3, or
4
10
( 1.5)
5, or 6
( 1.5)
103
( 1.0)
5,6
or 103
5, or 6
5.5
( 1.5)
10
Not
Req'd
..
..
-3
or
8
6
or 8
6
or 8
Not
Req'd
H
(1.5)
fl.O
8
(1.5 )
4.0
9
(1.2)
G
(1.5)
4.0
0.02
6.03
7.01
8.01
9.01
10.01
10.02
6 or
8
( 1.5)
Not
Req'd
13
(1.0)
1.0
Not
Req'd
M
31
(wet)
31
(wet)
Not
Req'd
12
63
Not
Req'd
Not
Req'd
6 or
7.0
0.5)
G
0.5)
10
Steel vessels and noating structures exposed to fresh or salt water, fouling water
and weather
4.5
G
0.01
4.0
or
5.0
(2.0)
7.0
6.25
G
G
63
(.5-2)
N
(31 )
(31 )
0
(15-18)
0
(25)
(8-15)
63100
P
35
250
TABLE I, PAINT SYSTEMS (continued)
Paint and Dry Thickness, mils
See Table IV
System
Number
SSPCPS
1st
Coat
CONDITION
2nd
Coat
3rd
Coat
Total
4th 5th ThickCoat Coat ness
11.01
12.00
13.00
6
or
10
Not
Req'd
16
16
(16)
(16)
32
Specification
Number
SSPC-PT 2-64
SSPC-PT 3-64
Converting the surface of steel to a heavy crystaline layer of insoluble salts of phosporic acid for
the purpose of inhibiting corrosion and improving
the adhesion and performance of paints to be
applied.
SSPC-PT 4-64
251
PAINTING
TABLE Il,SURFACE PREPARATION SPECIFICATIONS
Reference
to
Table I
SOLVENT CLEANING
Specification
Number
SSPC-SP 1-63
Removal of oil, grease, dirt, soil, saits, and contaminants with solvents, emulsions, cleaning compounds, or steam.
SSPC-SP 2-63
SSPC-SP 3-63
SSPC-SP 4-63
SSPC-SP 5-63
SSPC-SP 6-63
SSPC-SP 7-63
PICKLING
SSPC-SP 8-63
Complete removal of all mill scale, rust, and rustscale by chemical reaction, or by electrolysis, or
by both. The surface shall be free of unreacted
or harmful acid, alkali, or smut.
10
SSPC-SP 10-63T
252
PAINTING
T ABLE IV. P AIN:rS
Reference
to
Table I
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
102
103
104
106
107
Material
Number
1-64TNo.
2-64 No.
3-64T No.
tfl
4-64TNo.
5-64TNo.
6-64TNo.
8-64 No.
9-64 No.
Z
0
--
E-o
6 -<
8 u
9 ~
u
11-64T No. 11 ~
12-6.J No. 12 Q.,
13-64 No. 13 tfl
14-64T No. 14 u
15-68T No. 15 Q.,
16-68T No. 16 ~
102-64 No.1 02
103-64T No.1 03
104-64 No.1 04
106-64 No. 106
107-64T No.1 07
-.------r-----~------------~~--------------~~~~~~~--~
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
TT-P-86c
TT-P-86c
TT-P-86c
TT-P-645
II
::s-< .~....=
1-0
C':I
o S
C':I
<'U
::s~
g~'-0
MIL-P-15929B CI')
o...::s
C':I
MIL-P-16738B "; ~
1-0 ::s
MIL-P-15929B Q)~
~
II
VR-3
~~
MIL-P-15931A II >
~
~ d
MAP-44
>:
MIL-E-15935B ;"1:1
.~ -<
MIL-E-15936B :-= Q)
52-MA-602a
::s\I .S+=l
MIL-P-15147C
MIL-C-18480A i ~
MIL-C-15203c
...Jc
253
PAINTING
TABLE V, CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF COATING MATERIAL
'"
;::I
o
t::
or;;
>. <I)
>< ..
0
c.~
~o
Acetaldehyde . . . . . . . .
Acetic acid, 10% ......
Acetic acid, glacial . . . . .
Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alcohol, amyl . . . . . . . .
Alcohol butyl, normal ...
Alcohol, ethyl . . . . . . . .
Alcohol, isopropyl . . . . .
Alcohol, methyl . . . . . . .
Aluminum chloride . . . . .
Aluminum sulphate. . . . .
Ammonia, liquid . . . . . .
Ammonium chloride ....
Ammonium hydroxide ..
Ammonium nitrate . . . . .
Ammonium sulphate ....
Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boric acid. . . . . . . . . . .
Butyl acetate. . . . . . . . .
Calcium chloride. . . . . . .
Calcium hydroxide . . . . .
Calcium hypochlorite ...
Carbon disulphide . . . . .
Carbon tetrachloride ....
Chlorine gas . . . . . . . . .
Chlorobenzene . . . . . . . .
Chloroform . . . . . . . . . .
Chromic acid, 10% .....
Chromic acid, 60% .....
Citric acid. . . . . . . . . . .
Copper sulphate . . . . . . .
Diethyl ether. . . . . . . . .
Ethylene glycol . . . . . . .
Ferric chloride. . . . . . . .
Ferric sulphate . . . . . . . .
Formaldehyde, 40% ....
Formic acid, 20%. . . . . .
Formic acid, conc . . . . . .
Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrochloric acid, 10%. .
Hydrochloric acid, 30% ..
Hydrochloric 4cid, conc ..
Hydrofluoric acid, 10%. .
Hydrofluoric acid, 40% . .
1 2 1 1 1 1 3 223 323
1 211 1 143 344 3 4
1 2 1 1 1 143 344 3 4
3 331 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
1 1 1 1 1 143 333 2 3
1 111 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 3
1 111112111112
1 I I I 1 121 1 1 1 1 2
1 111112111112
1 112224113313
1 111114112212
1 11322313313
1 111113113312
1 11322313313
1 1 1 1 1 131 133 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 131 133 1 2
4 4 2 4
2 3 2 244
4 441 1 133 344 3 4
1 111111111111
1 I I I 1 1 344 3 3 1 3
1 111112112212
1 1 121 121 122 1 2
1 2 2 3 224 1 } 221 3
4 441 1 144 444 3 4
4 441114444444
1 224 444 2 1 443 4
4 441114444444
4 441 1 144 444 4 4
2 224 3 342 244 2 4
2 224 3 3 4 2 244 2 4
1 111112112212
1 111111111111
4 441 1 144 4 4 444
1 1 1 1 1 121 1 1 1 1 2
1 111 1 131 133 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 121 122 1 2
1 111113112213
1 1 1 1 1 131 122 1 3
1 111113112213
4 4 1 1 1 121 1 4 4 2 4
1 1 1 1 1 121 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 131 133 1 3
1 221 1 131 133 1 3
1 221 113 1 133 1 3
1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 1 1 322 221 3
254
PAINTING
TABLE V, CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF COATING MATERIAL
(continued)
.....u
2
1
2
1
2
4
4
1
1
4
1
2
2
3
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
1
1
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1
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1
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3
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32
3 1
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4 1
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3. 3
3 2
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c<:t
.....
s:::
o
u
.....
...
:a
...o
~
.5
bll
I:
:a.!!l
:c::s
~
255
AI
256
7.
ABBREVIA TIONS:
Authorized Inspector
AI
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
MAWP
Maximum Design Metal Temperature
MDMT
Quality Control
QC
Radiographic Examination
RT
Serial Number
SIN
SIO
Shop Order
Welding Procedure Specification
WPS
Al
257
PART II.
GEOMETRY AND LAYOUT OF PRESSURE VESSELS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
258
GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS
(See examples on the facing page.)
SQUARE
A
Area
A
a2
d
1.414 a
2
d
A
0,7071 d or a=-fA
RECTANGLE
A
Area
A
axb
d
-Va2 +b2
a
-V d 2 - b2 or a =4
-V d 2
- a2 or b =..4.
a
PARALLELOGRAM
A
Area
A
axb
A
a
b
A
b
RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE
Area
A
axb
A
-2-
a
b
c
-V c2 -b2
-Vc2 -a2
-Va2 +b2
-V s (s - a) X (s - b)
\Ii (a + b + c)
X (s -
c)
-V s (s - a)
\Ii(a+b+c)
X (s - b) X (s -
c)
259
EXAMPLES
(See formulas on the facing page.)
SQUARE
Given:
Find:
Side
Area
Diagonal
Area
a = 8 in.
A- a2 = 82 = 64 sq. in.
d = 1.414 a = 1.414 x 8 = 11.312 in.
A = ~ = 11.~122 = 64 sq. in.
Diagonal
{64 = 8 in.
Side a =
t J
Side b=
m = 5 in.
= 3 in.
~2=
4 in.
PARALLEWGRAM
Given: Height a = 8 in., and the side b = 12 in.
Area A = a x b = 8 x 12 = 96 sq. in.
Find:
Height
-t = i~ = 8 in.
= 4= 9 6 = 12 in.
8
a =
Side b
-%4 = 8 in.
Side
Area
A = -ys(s-a)x(s-b)x(s-e)=
-Y6 (6 - 3) x (6 - 4) x (6 - 5) =
260
GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS
(See examples on the facing page.)
RIGHT TRIANGLE WITH 2 45 ANGLES
A = Area
A =a
A = 1.414a
h=0.7071a
a= 1.414h
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
A = Area
A=axh
h=0.886a
a=1.155h
TRAPEWID
A
Area
A = (a+b)h
2
REGULAR HEXAGON
A = Area
R = Radius of circumscribed circle
r = Radius of inscribed circle
A = 2.598 a 2 = 2.598 R2 = 3.464r2
R=a=1.155r
r = 0.866 a = 0.866R
a=R=1.155r
REGULAR OCTAGON
A = Area
R = Radius of circumscribed circle
r = Radius of inscribed circle
A = 4.828 a 2 = 2.828 R2 = 3.314r2
R = 1.307 a = 1.082r
r = 1.207 a = 0.924R
a = 0.765 R = 0.828r
REGULAR POLYAGON
A = Area
n = Number of sides
360 0
oc
13= 1800 = oc
n-
=n a
R = ...Jr2 + a
= ...JR2 - a; a = 2...JR2- r2
261
EXAMPLES
(See formulas on the facing page.)
Given:
Side
Find:
Area
8 in.
a2
A = 2=
Side
b= 1.414
"4
2- ="2
= 32 sq. in.
Q2
a=1.414x8=11.312in.
Given:
Side
Fine:
A = 8 in.
Area
= 27712
.
A = a 2x h = 8 x 26.928 = .5.5A24.
2
.
sq. m.
TRAPEZOID
Given:
Side
Find:
Area
REGULAR HEXAGON
Given:
Side
a = 4 in.
Find:
Area
Given:
Find:
Area
Side
a = 0.765
m.
REGULAR POLYGON
Given:
Find:
A= nra=
5x6.252 x9.125 = 14258
.
2
. sq. m.
262
GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS
(See examples on the facing page.)
CIRCLE
A
Area
C = Circumference
C =dxn=dx3.1416
CIRCULAR SECTOR
A
Area
a = Arc
ex: = Angle
A = r n x 360
a
r x oc x 3.1416
180
ex: = 57.297xa
r = 2A
CIRCULAR SEGMENT
A
Area
ex: = Angle
c = Cord
A
Area of sector minus area of triangle
h
see table on page 290
c
see table on page 290
ELLIPSE
A = Area
P = Perimeter
A = Jrxa)(b=3.1416xaxb
An approximate formula for perimeter:
ELLIPSE
Locating points on ellipse
a
C = Ratio of minor axis to major axis
b
-Va2 - 2C x y2)
x
a
N =
(lj-Y,
where
263
EXAMPLES
(See formulas on the facing page.)
CIRCLE:
Given:
Radius r = 6 in.
Find Area:
A = r2 x n = 6 2 x 3.1416 = 113.10 sq. in. or
A = J2 x 0.7854 = 122 x 0.7854 = 113.10 sq. in.
Circumference C= d x n = 12 x 3.1416 = 37.6991 in.
The length of arc for an angle, if IX = 60
Arc = 0.008727 d x IX = 0.008727 x 12 x 60 = 6.283 in.
CIRCULAR SECTOR:
Given:
Radius r = 6 in.
Angle = 60
.
Find Area:
A = r2 n x ~
360 -- 62 n x 60
360 -- 18 .85 sq. m.
Arc a = r x ex 1~~1416 = 6 x 60 1~03.1416 = 6.283 in.
Angle
CIRCLULAR SEGMENT:
Radius r = 6 in.
Given:
Find Area: A
Area of sector
r2
Jr
600
Angle ex = 90
x360=6 2 x3.1416x
~~O
ELLIPSE:
Given: Half axis,
Find:
A =
Area
Perimeter
8 in. and
b = 3 in.
y=
~~2
"9=
EXAMPLE:
How many V4 in. holes have same areas as a 6 in. diam. pipe?
N= (D/d)2
(6/0.25)2 242 576 holes
Area of6 in. pipe = 28,274 in. 2
Area of576, V4 in. holes = 28,276 in. 2
= =
264
GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS
(See examples on the facing page.)
CUBE
~
V= Volume
V= a 3
a =
tv
SQUARE PRISM
01;;>
V = Volume
V = axbxe
V
a=liC
b=
ae
e=aJi
PRISM
V = Volume
A = Area of end surface
V = h x A
This formula can be applied for any shape of end surface if
h is perpendicular to end surface.
CYLINDER
V = Volume
S = 3.1416 x d x
CONE
V = Volume
2 S = Area of conical surface
V = 3. 1416 x r x h = 1.0472 x r2 x h
I
d
~r2
3.1416 re = 1.5708 de
x h2
FRUSTUM OF CONE
V = Volume
S = Area of conical surface
V = 0.2618h (D2 + Dd + d 2)
a = R-r
e = ~a2 + h2
S = 1.5708e(D+d)
265
EXAMPLES
(See formulas on the facing page.)
CUBE
Given:
Side
Find:
Volume V = a 3
a = 8 in.
~512
SQUARE PRISM
a
Given: Side
Side
Find:
Volume V = a x b x c x
Side
a =~
V
c =-axb
=--
bxc
PRISM
Given: End surface
Find:
4 in.
and h
6 in.,
Volume V = 3.1416 x
r2
and h = 8 in.
= 8 x 12 = 96 cu. in.
V= h x A
=8
A = 12 sq. in.,
Volume
CYLINDER
Given:
Find:
8 in.
x h
12 in.
=
CONE
Given:
Find:
6 in.,
and h = 12 in.
Volume V = 1.0472 x
c
= ~r2 + h 2
r2
13.416 in.
3.1416 x r x c =
Find:
Volume
266
GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS
(See examples on the facing page.)
SPHERE
V = Volume
A = Area of Surface
3
V= 4lrxr"3= lrxd
4.1888 r3 = O.5236d 3
A = 4lr x r2 = lrd2
SPHERICAL SEGMENT
V = Volume
V = 3.1416 x m2(r-~)
A = 2lr x r x m
SPHERICAL ZONE
V = Volume
V = O.5236h
(3C:
4
-t-
3C} + h 2 )
A = 2lr rh = 6.2832 rh
TORUS
R
V = Volume
Area of Surface
V = 19.739 Rr2
2.4674 Dd2
39.478Rr
A
9.8696Dd
267
EXAMPLES
(See formulas on the facing page.)
SPHERE
Given: Radius
Find:
Volume
or
Area
or
r =
V =
V =
A =
A =
6 in.
4.1888 r3 = 4.1888 x 216 = 904.78 cu. in.
0.5236 d 3 = 0.5236 x 1728 = 904.78 cu. in.
4 lCr 2 = 4 x 3.1416 x 6 2 = 452.4 sq. in.
lCd 2 = 3.1416 x 122 = 452.4 sq. in.
SPHERICAL SEGMENT
Given:
Find:
(6-~)=141.37cu.in.
SPHERICAL ZONE
Given:
Find:
2
Volume V= 0.5236 x 3 x (3; 8 + 3 x ~1.6252 + 32) = 248.74 cu. in.
Area
TORUS
Given:
Find:
268
GEOMETRICAL
PROBLEMS & CONSTRUCTIONS
A
116
=
=4 in.
LENGTH OF PLATE FOR CYLINDER
L = 7r X D
EXAMPLE
L
Length of
plate
D = Mean
diameter
~ R2 _ (C/2)2
'
269
GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
A
y= b
v'l-~
0.8 D (approx.)
0.9 D (approx.)
0.173 D (approx.)
I X = V'R2
- 4 y:z
= VR 2 - X2
2
270
@...L:J'
tan A
=...!..
a, b
~<;
b
tan B = a
a, b
~a
=~
@.j.
a
sin A = c
a, c
~.
a
cos B = c
a, c
/'1
A, b
A~
=~
b = a x cot A
a
c
= sin A
a =- b x tan A
c -
b
cos A
A, c
AL:::1<!l
a = cxsinA
A, c
;/1
b = c x cos A
= 12 in.
6
Find Angle A = - = 0.500
12
sin 0.500 = 30 0
lbJ
A.2::J
A
=V
3 2 + 4 2 =-v'9+i6
=v'25 = 5 in.
/1a
A, b
Find side c
(I
A, a
Side a = 6 in. c
a, c
A, a
EXAMPLES
FORMULAS
C~
271
Frustum of ECCENTRIC CONE
EXAMPLE
Given:
Tan a =
_
0-01
36-24
H
= ~= 0.500 = 26 0 .34'
1
36
2. H = 'taii"Q. =0':500 = 72 in., H2 = H -H 1 =
72- 24 = 48 in.
3. Divide the base circle into 12 equal parts.
4. Draw chords Cl, C2, C3, etc. to the dividing points.
5. Calculate the length of the chords C \ ' C 2' C 3' etc. using Factor, C from table "Segments
of Circles for Radius = 1 on page 290 .
6. Calculate the lengths of SI, S2, etc. and Si, S2' etc.
At The Bottom
Factor c times
mean radius
30 0
60 0
Chords, CI C 2 .
in.
9.317~
CI =
18.000~
VH2
At The Top
Factor c times
mean radius
C2
I, 2
S 1, 2 ... ft.-in.
SI =
6'-0
90 0
C2 =
C3 =
25.452"
6' - 2 0/16
S3 = 6'-4%
120 0
C4 =
31.176 "
S4 =
1500
C5
34.776"
S5 = 6' - 710/16
S6
S2 =
6'-6 7/16
=V H2 + 0 2 = 6' - 8Vl
v'H~
Chords, C I C 2 etc.
in.
Cl=
6.212
C2 = 12.000-
C'2
1,2 ...
SI,2 . . . ft.-in.
S ... = 4'-0 %
S2 = 4'-1 ~
= 4'-2'0/,6
53
C3 =,
16.968"
C4=
20.784 "
S4 = 4'-40/,6
C5 = 23.184 "
S5 = 4'-50/,6
S6 =VHi + 0 2I
4'-5 11h6
272
CSE
, where
C
S
E
Enter chart on facing page at the left hand side at the desired capacity of the vessel.
Move horizontally to the line representing the value of F.
From the intersection move vertically and read the value of D.
The length of vessel
4 V 2 ,where V
D
D
1T
=
=
EXAMPLE
Design Data:
P = 100 psi, V = 1,000 cu. ft., S = 16,000 psi.,
Find the optimum diameter and length
F= _ _ _--"1:. .: 0-=.0 _ __
E = 0.80,
C = 0.0625 in.
= 0.125 in.- 1
FROM:
" Nomographs Gives Optimum Vessel Size," by K. Abakians, Originally published in HYDROCARBON PROCESSING, Copyrighted Gulf Publishing Company, Houston. Used with permission.
273
100,000
80,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20.000
t:
10,000
8,000
6.000
5.000
4,000
3.000
B2.000
uJ
:::;::
:l
:; 1,000
;;. 800
...I
600
uJ
Vl
500
Vl
uJ
400
;;.
300
200
100
80
60
SO
40
30
/ 1/
20
10
V
I.S
3
4
5
6
VESSEL DIAMETER, D FT.
910
15
20
274
FLAT RINGS MADE OF SECTORS
I~I
3
SECTORS
0,7070
I~I
i"
6
SECTORS
sr
D
d =
4
SECTORS
#
#
0.3830
I;'
8
SECTORS
: it
275
FLAT RINGS MADE OF SECTORS (cont.)
100r------.------.------.------,,------r-----~
I.l.
20
E-<
70
60
~
~
18
16
~
CI')
-<
tZl
<
~
40
1.3
-<
30
12
1:4-
~
~
E-<
-<
.....l
20
1.1
10
EXAMPLE
NUMBER OF SECTORS
Determine the required plate size for a 168 in. 0.0., 120 in. I.D. ring made of
6 sectors
1. D/d = 1.4; 02 = 28,224 sq. in.
2. From chart (above) the required area of plate is 50% of the area that would
be required for the ring made of one piece.
3. Area required 28.224 x 0.50 = 14,112 sq. in.
4. Divide this area by the required width of plate (facing page). Width = 0.5
x 168 = 84 14,112/84 = 167.9 inches, the length of plate.
5. Add allowance for flame cut.
276
FRUSTUM OF
CONCENTRIC CONE
Given:
D = Mean diameter at the large end.
D J = Mean diameter at the small end.
H = Height of the frustum.
r
D
c= --.jH2 + b2
fJ= r.. x 360
D-D]
b=-2-'
e
=--.!;L
Sin a
tan a= Q
H
R = c+e
R- r
-cos
jJ=L x 360
R
=-]
] 2
277
FRUSTUM OF CONCENTRIC CONE
Made from two or more Plates
Given:
D
DJ
H
tan
D
Elevation
IX
12.
rJ
~b2 + H2
DJ 12
..!..) --
c+e
D x 1fX 57.296
2Rn
sm
IX
X
Y
R x sin r + W'
R x sinr + I"
Z -=
e x sin
V = e x cos
IENGlH
y
3 Plates: 2X + 2Y + 2Z
4 Plates: 2X+ 3Y+ 3Z
6 Plates: 2X + 5 Y + 5Z
cl_
Required Plate
278
LAYOUT
1.
2.
3.
4.
Side view
of cone
5.
Half of the
bottom view
Fig. A
- 6.
CALCULATION
To find the curvature of the plate by calculation,
the simensions ]1 - 2 1, ]1 _ 31, etc. and 0 - ]1, 0 _
21 , etc. shall be determined.
Fig. B shows as an example the calculation of 0-4 1
only (marked S, ).
If the bottom circle is divided into 12 equal spaces,
C3 = 2 R x sin 45
S3
Fig.B
VH2 + C]
279
il4 = 0.500=260-34'
Tana=D D 1 = 36
il/
=~ = 72 in. H =H-H =
tan a 0.500
'2
1
72 - 24 = 48 in.
Divide the base circle into equal parts.
H=.J2.
4.
5.
Calculate the length of the chords C1 ' C2' C3' etc. using Factor C from table
"Segments of Circles for Radius = 1" on page 290.
6.
Calculate the lengths of S1' S2' etc. and Sj, Sj, etc.
At The Bottom
Factor c times
mean radius =
hords, c/ ' C2 ... in.
30
60
90
150
C]
C2 =
C3 =
C =
C5 =
9.137"
18.000"
25.452"
31.176"
34.776"
...f H2 + C2}, 2=
S}, 2 . . . [1. in,
S. = 6' - 6 7116
S5 = 6' - 7 15 116
At The To
Factor c times
mean radius =
Chords, C], C2 etc. in.
C] =
6.212"
C =
16.968"
20.784"
23.184"
C =
C5 =
280
BENT AND MITERED PIPE
The length of a pipe bent to any shape is equal to the
length measured on the centerline of pipe. Example:
(The pipe bent as shown)
Given: R = 8 in., RI = 6 in.,
Find the length of pipe, L.
L = R It''x
ex
nO
~ = 36 0
1=
2 in.
~ + RI ". -'l- +
180
180
8x3.14 x 2L-+6x3.14 x
180
36 +2
180
15.82 in.
= 378 in.
EXAMPLE
Given:
r
10 in. d = 2.375 in., c = 1 in.
L = 10 2 x 3.14 = 93.08 in.
2.375 + 1
Mitered Elbow
To find the angle of cut for any elbow, divide the total
number of degrees of the elbow by twice the number
of cuts.
EXAMPLES
90 0 : 6 = 15 0
3 cuts x 2
6
90 0 : 4 = 22V20
2 cuts x 2 = 4
2 cuts x 2 = 4
120 0 :4= 300
The length of pipe required to form any shapes by mitering is the sum of the centerline lengths of the pipe sections.
281
INTERSECTION OF
CYLINDER &
PLANE
When the intersecting plane is not
perpendicular to the axis of the
cylinder, the intersection is an
ellipse.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE INTERSECTING ELLIPSE
la
EXAMPLE
11
(a 4 - a 3 ) cos 40 0
12
(a 4 - a 2 ) cos 40 0
a1
hI
--=--~
~n 40 0
h2
= ----"'--,.....
0
~n 40
etc.
282
INTERSECTION OF CYLINDERS
of equal diameters with angle of intersection 90 0
-~--,~ f--
---
-+"\.
!'\
I
I
""
'"1"\ - 1/
/l
'.:Ie,
.......
I
j
.......
/'
./
~ C31 C4
........
./
./
1
I
~ ~"
t-
'/4 OF
f-
l-
L
w
~
C3
C2
w
~
ci\
C3 \
C4
~
~
~
~-~c,
a:
Ll-
C1
(..)
'/40F
.......
OF
lL'
'12
::)
(..)
a:
DEVELOPMENT OF PATTERNS
=
=
=
=
r sin a
rsin2a
r cos a
r
283
INTERSECTION OF CYLINDERS
of unequal diameters with angle of intersection 90 0
+-+-+~.--.
c b
b c
w
U
Z
c::
W
LL
~
;:)
c::
Divide the circumference of the small cylinder into as many equal parts as necessary
for the desired accuracy. Draw an element
at each division point. Project distances
C 1 ' c 2 etc. to the circumference of the
larger cylinder and draw elements at each
points. The intersecting points of the
elements of the large and small cylinder
determine the curve of intersection.
DEVELOPMENT OF PATTERNS
EXAMPLE
284
INTERSECTION OF CYLINDERS
with non intersecting axes
abc
l
L
DEVELOPMENT OF PATTERN
Draw a straight line of equal length
to the circumference of the branch
cylinder and divide it into the same
number of equal parts as the circumference. Draw an element
through each division perpendicular
to the line. Determine the length
of the elements by projection or
calculation. (See example below).
By connecting the end point of the
elements the stretched out curve of
the intersection can be developed.
u
z
a:
w
V
lh
u..
~
:::>
12~
13 ' \
14
~
I~
Ie
a:
1=
sin 300
c'2, = r cos
c3 = r
'6
30 0
11 = yR2_ (r + C2)2
=V R2_ (r + e l )2
1'2,
13 =
14=
15 =
V R2_ r2
VR2-(r -c l )2
285
cr:
w
u.
~
::J
cr:
u
EXAMPLE
for calculation of length of elements
c 6 :::: r sin a:
radius, R6
h6 tan {3
JR~ - c~
11'
X -2JL
360
etc.
286
I
I
112
--------f--- - - - -7- - - - I
/
-Ii
""-V '
;,
\ \. "J\ -_~+_+
-
"""'-I
\ ,,'V"'
- ~b..-"J-..t- - - - - r - - +
03)(
1'-..,1;
R,
Y2 Y,
!J
-/
'/
V
-----
R2
0,
: '
:/
OJ w
u
z
w
II:
12
11
u.
::>
II:
-u
\
I
,r--........
i'
I
I
I
"
"
'23t567
1\
.K~>-+>-~-~
LJ
I
!J
I
\\,\
-H
"i
34
~
EXAMPLE
for calculation
elements.
of
length
of
VR;- x;,
RI = VR2 - y;,
II =
etc_
etc_
287
TRANSITION PIECES
connecting cylindrical and rectangular shapes
DEVELOPMENT
D~
______
____- ,
A-3'
A-2'
A-4'
e=b-c
D
~=
cos a
Vf2 + e 2
d=r
sin a
f=a-d
gr-:2-+-h-=-2
=V
LENGTH OF ELEMENTS
288
TRANSITION PIECES
connecting cylindrical and rectangular shapes
DEVELOPMENT
Divide the circle into equal parts and
draw an element at each division
point.
Find the length of each element by
triangulation or by calculation. The
elements are the hypotenuse of the
triangles one side of which is
A-I', A-2', A-3' etc. and the other
side is the height of the transition
piece.
A-1
EXAMPLE
for calculation of length of elements
c = r X cos ex
d == r X sin ex
e = V(b-d)2+(c-a)2
k
= v' e2 + h2
289
= Diameter
x 0.38268
= 20
= 7.6536 inches
0.38268
To find the length of chords for any desired number of spaces not shown in the
table:
180
C = Diameter X sin
number of spaces
EXAMPLE:
It is required to divide a 100 inch diameter circle into 120 equal parts
C
= 100
x sin
~
= 100
120
x sin 1 30
= 100
0.0262
= 2.62 inches
Spaces
No. of
Spaces
No. of
Spaces
No. of
Spaces
1
2
3
0.00000
1.00000
0.86603
0.70711
26
27
28
29
0.12054
0.11609
0.11196
0.10812
51
52
53
54
0.06153
0.06038
0.05924
0.05814
76
77
78
79
0.04132
0.04079
0.04027
0.03976
5
6
7
8
0.58779
0.50000
0.43388
0.38268
30
31
32
33
0.10453
0.10117
0.09802
0.09506
55
56
57
58
0.05709
0.05607
0.05509
0.05414
80
81
82
83
0.03926
0.03878
0.03830
0.03784
9
10
11
12
0.34202
0.30902
0.28173
0.25882
34
35
36
37
0.09227
0.08964
008716
008481
59
60
61
62
0.05322
0.05234
0.05148
0.05065
84
85
86
87
0.03739
0.03695
0.03652
0.03610
13
14
15
16
0.23932
0.22252
0.20791
0.19509
38
39
40
41
0.08258
0.08047
0.07846
0.07655
63
64
65
66
0.04985
0.04907
0.04831
0.04758
88
89
90
91
0,03569
0.03529
0.03490
0.03452
17
18
19
20
0.18375
0.17365
0.16460
0.15643
42
43
44
45
0.07473
0.07300
0.07134
0.06976
67
68
69
70
0.04687
0.04618
0.04551
0.04487
92
93
94
95
0.03414
0.03377
0.03341
0.03306
21
22
23
24
25
0,14904
0.14232
0.13617
0.13053
0.12533
46
47
48
49
50
0.06824
0.06679
0.06540
0.06407
0.06279
71
72
73
74
75
0.04423
0.04362
0.04302
0.04244
0.04188
96
97
98
99
100
0.03272
0.03238
0.03205
0.03173
0.03141
No. of
290
1
V
~
e
De~
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
~~
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
SO
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
h
t
" ~aa.\\l.S
-c~
./
Area
0.017
0.034
0.052
0.069
0.087
0.104
0.122
0.139
0.157
0.174
0.191
0.209
0.226
0.244
0.261
0.279
0.;'96
0.314
0.331
0.349
0.366
0.383
0.401
0.418
0.436
0.453
0.471
0.488,
0.506
0.523
0.541
0.556
0.575
0.593
0.610
0.628
0.645
0.663
0.680
0.698
0.715
0.733
0.750
0.767
0.785
0.803
0.820
0.838
0.855
0.873
0.890
0.908
0.925
0.942
0.960
0.977
0.995
1.012
1.030
1.047
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0013
0.0018
0.0024
0.0030
0.017
0.034
0.052
0.069
0.087
0.104
0.122
0.13'l
0.156
0.174
0.191
0.209
0.226
0.243
0.261
0.27!!
0.295
0.312
0.330
0.347
0.364
0.381
0.398
0.415
0.432
0.449
0.466
0.483
0.500
0.51;
0.534
0.551
0.568
0.584
0.601
0.618
0.634
0.651
0.667
0.684
0.700
0.716
0.733
0.749
0.765
0.781
0.797
0.813
0.829
0.845
0.861
0.877
0.892
0.908
0.923
0.939
0.954
0.970
0.985
1.000
0.003~
0.0046
00054
0.0064
0.0074
O.O()85
0.0097
0.01 JO.
0.0123
0.0137
0.015 I
0.0167
0.0183
0.0200
0.0218
0.0237
0.0256
0.0276
0.0297
0.0318
0.0340
0.0363
0.0387
0.0411
0.0436
0.0462
0.0489
0.0516
0.0544
0.0573
0.0603
0.0633
0.0664
0.0695
0.0728
0.0761
0.0795
0.0829
0.0865
0.0900
0.0937
0.0974
0.1012
0.1051
0.1090
0.1130
0.1171
0.1212
0.1254
0.1296
0.1340
of Seg-
e
Deg
U.UWl
1.065
1.082
1.100
1.117
1.134
1.152
1.169
'1.187
U04
1.222
1.239
1.257
1.274
,1.291
1.309
1.326
77 1.344
78 1.361
79 1.379
80 1.396
81 1.414
82 1.431
83 1.449
84 1.466
85 1.483
86 1.501
87 1.518
88 :1.536
89 1.553
90 1.571
91 1.588
92 1.606
93 1.623
94 1.641
95 1.658
96 1.675
97 1.693
98 1.710
99 1.728
100 1.745
101 1.763
102 1.780
103 1.798
104 1.815
105 1.833
106 1.850
107 1.867
108 1.885
109 1.902
110 1.920
111 1.937
112 1.955
113 1.972
114 1.990
115 2.007
116 2.025
117 2.042
118 2.059
119 2.077
12012.094
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0007
0.0009
0.0012
0.0014
0.0018
0.00;'1
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0046
0.0053
0.0060
0.0068,
0.0077
0.0086
0.0096
0.0106
0.0118
0.0130
0.0142'
0.0156
0.0171
0.0186
0.0202
0.0219
0.0237
0.0256
0.0276
0.02'l7
0.0319.
0.0342
0.0366
0.0391
0.0417
0.0444
0.0473
0.0502
0.0533
0.0564
0.0597
0.0631
0.0667
0.0703
0.0741
0.0780
0.0821
0.0862
0.0905
of Seg-
men!
Deg
0.1384
0.1428
0.1474
0.1520
0.1566
0.1613
0.1661
0.1710
0.1759
0.1808
0.1859
0.1910
0.1961
0.2014
0.2066
0.2120
0.2174
0.2229
0.2284
0.2340
0.2396
0.2453
0.2510
0.2569
0.2627
0.2686
0.2746
0.2807
0.2867
0.2929
0.2991
0.3053
0.3116
0.3180
0.3244
0.3309
0.3374
0.3439
0.3506
0.3572
0.3639
0.3707
0.3775
0.3843
0.3912
0.3982
0.4052
0.4122
0.4193
0.4264
0.4336
0.4408
0.4481
0.4554
0.4627
0.4701
0.4775
0.4850
0.4925
0.5000
1.015
1.030
1.045
1.060
1.075
1.089
1.104
1.118
1.133
1.147
1.161
1.176
1.190
1.204
1.217
1.231
1.245
1.259
1.272
1.286
1.299
1.312
1.325
1.338
1.351
1.364
1.377
1.389
1.402
1.414
1.426
1.439
1.451
1.463
1.475
1.486
1.498
1.509
1.521
1.532
1.543
1.554
1.565
1.576
1.587
1.597
1.608
1.618
1.628
1.638
1.648
1.658
1.668
1.6 T7
1.687
1.696
1.705
1.714
1.723
1.732
0.0950
0.0995
0.1042
0.1091
0.1140
0.1191
0.1244
0.1298
0.1353
0.1410
0.1468
0.1527
0.1588
0.1651
0.1715
0.1780
0.1847
0.1916
0.1985
0.2057
0.2130
0.2204
0.2280
0.2357
0.2436
0.2517
0.2599
0.2682
0.2767
0.2854
0.2942
0.3032
0.3123
0.3215
0.3309
0.3405
0.3502
0.3601
0.3701
0.3803
0.3906
0.4010
0.4117
0.4224
0.4333
0.4444
0.4556
0.4669
0.4784
0.4901
0.5019
0.5138
0.5259
0.5381
0.5504
0.5629
0.5755
0.5883
0.6012
0.6142
Area
men!
A
Area
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
7;'
73
74
75
76
of Segmen!
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
2.112
2.129
2.147
2.164
2.182
2.199
2.217
2.234
2.251
2.269
2.286
2.304
2.321
2.339
2.356
2.374
2.391
2.409
2.426
2.443
2.461
2.478
2.496
2.513
2.531
2.548
2.566
2.583
2.600
2.618
2.635
2.653
2.670
2.688
2.705
2.723
2.740
2.758
2.775
2.792
2.810
2.827
2.845
2.862
2.880
2.897
2.915
2.932
2.950
2.967
2.984
3.002
3.019
3.037
3.054
3.072
3.089
3.107
3.124
3.142
a.SOif!
0.5152
0.5228
0.5305
0.5383
0.5460
0.5538
0.5616
0.5695
0.5774
0.5853
0.5933
0.6013
0.6093
0.6173
0.6254
0.6335
0.6416
0.6498
0.6580
0.6662
0.6744
0.6827
0.6910
0.6993
0.7076
0.7160
0.7244
0.7328
0.7412
0.7496
0.7581
0.7666
0.7750
0.7836
0.7921
0.8006
0.8092
0.8178
0.8264
0.8350
0.8436
0.8522
0.8608
0.8695
0.8781
0.8868
0.8955
0.9042
0.9128
0.9215
0.9302
0.9390
0.9477
0.9564
0.9651
0.9738
0.9825
0.9913
1.000
1.741
1.749
1.758
1.766
1.774
1.782
1.790
1.798
1.805
1.813
1.820
1.827
1.834
1.841
1.848
1.854
1.861
1.867
1.873
1.879
1.885
1.891
1.897
1.902
1.907
1.913
1.918
1.922
1.927
1.932
1.936
1.941
1.945
1.949
1.953
1.956
1.960
1.963
1.%6
1.970
1.973
1.975
1.978
1.980
1.983
1.985
1.987
1.989
1.991
1.992
1.994
1:995
1.996
1.997
1.998
1.999
1.999
2.000
2.000
2.000
0.6273
0.6406
0.6540
0.6676
0.6812
0.6950
0.7090
0.7230
0.7372
0.7514
0.7658
0.7803
0.7950
0.8097
0.8245
0.8395
0.8545
0.8697
0.8850
0.9003
0.9158
0.9313
0.9470
0.9627
0.9786
0.9945
1.0105
1.0266
1.0427
1.0590
1.0753
1.0917
1.1082
1.1247
1.1413
1.1580
1.1747
1.1915
1.2083
1.2252
1.2422
1.2592
1.2763
1.2933
1.3105
1.3277
1.3449
1.3621
1.3794
1.3967
1.4140
1.4314
1.4488
1.4662
1.4836
1.5010
1.5185
1.5359
1.5533
1.5708
291
Shell
I. S.
Diam.
1'/.t
IV2
2V2
3V2
12
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
0.1875
0.2500
0.3750
0.4375
0.6875
1.0000
1.8125
14
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
0.1250 0.2500
0.3125
0.3750
0.5625
0.8125
1.5000
16
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250 0.1875
0.2500
0.3125
0.5000
0.6875
1.2500
0.1250 0.1875
0.2500
0.3125
0.4375
0.6250
1.1250
18
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
20
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250 0.1250
0.1875
0.2500
0.3750
0.5625
1.0000
0.1875
0.2500
0.3750
0.5000
0.8750
22
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250 0.1250
24
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
0.1875
0.1875
0.3125
0.4375
0.8125
0.1250
0.1875
0.3125
0.4375
0.7500
26
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
28
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
0.1250
0.1875
0.3125
0.3750
0.6875
0.1875
0.2500
0.3750
0.6250
30
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
0.1250
32
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
0.1250
0.1250 0.2500
0.3750
0.5625
34
0.0625
0.0625 0.0625
0.1250
0.1250 0.2500
0.3125
0.5625
36
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
0.1250 0.2500
0.3125
0.5000
0.3125
0.5000
38
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
0.1250 0.1875
40
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
0.1250 0.1875
0.2500
0.5000
0.2500
0.4375
42
48
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
0.1250 0.1875
0.0625
0.0625
0:0625
0.1250 0.1875
0.2500
0.3750
0.1875
0.3750
54
0.0625 0.0625
0.0625
0.1250 0.1250
60
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
0.1875
0.3125
0.1875
0.3125
0.1250
0.2500
66
0.0625 0.0625
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
72
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
78
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
0.1250
0.2500
84
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
0.1250
0.2500
90
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625 0.0625
0.1250
0.1875
96
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625 0.0625
0.1250
0.1875
102
0.0625
0.0625 0.0625
0.1250
0.1875
108
0.0625
0.0625 0.0625
0.1250
0.1875
114
0.0625
0.0625 0.0625
0.1250
0.1875
0.0625
0.1250
120
0.0625 0.0625
126
0.0625 0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
132
0.0625 0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
138
0.0625 0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
144
0.0625 0.0625
0.0625
0.1250
292
Shell
I. S.
Diam.
10
12
3.0625
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
30
14
2.5000 4.1250
7.000
16
2.0625
3.1875
4.1250
8.000
18
1.7500 2.6250
3.3750
4.8750
9.0000
20
1.5625
2.3125
2.8750
4.0000
5.6250 10.0000
22
1.3750 2.0625
2 5000
3.4375
4.6875
6.4375
24
1.2500
1.8125
2.2500
3.0625
4.0625
5.3750
26
1.1875
1.6875
2.0625
2.7500
3.6250 4.6875
28
1.0625
1.5000
1.8750
2.5000
3.2500 4.1875
5.3125 6.8125
8.9125
30
1.0000
1.4375
1.7500
2.3125
3.0000
3.8125
4.8125
7.5000
15.0000
11.0000
7.1875 12.0000
I
6.0000
32
0.9375
1.3125
1.6250
2.1250
2.7500
3.5000
4.3750 5.4375
6.6875
10.4375
34
0.8750
1.2500
1.5000
2.0000
2.5625
3.2500
4.0625 4.8125
6.0625
9.0000
36
0.8125 0.8125
1.4375
1.8750
2.4375
3.0625
3.7500 4.5625
5.5625
8.1250
38
0.7500
1.1250
1.3125
1.7500 2.2500
2.8750
3.5000 4.2500
5.1250
7.3125
40
0.7500
1.0625
1.2500
1.6875
2.1250
2.6875
3.3125 4.0000
4.8125
6.7500
42
0.6875
1.0000
1.1250
1.5675
2.0000
2.5625
3.1250 3.7500
4.5000
6.3125
48
0.3125
0.875
1.0625
1.1875
1.7500 2.1875
2.6875
3.1875
3.8125
5.2500
54
0.5625
0.7500
0.9375
1.1875
1.5625
1.9375
2.3125
2.8125
3.3125
4.5625
60
0.4375
0.6875
0.8125
1.0625
1.3750
1.6875
2.1250 2.5000
2.9375
4.0000
66
0.4375
0.6250
0.7500
1.0000
1.2500
1.5625
1.8750 2.2500
2.6875
3.6250
72
0.3750 0.5625
0.6875
0.8750
1.1250
1.4375
1.7500 2.0625
2.4375
3.2500
78
0.3750 0.5000
0.6250
0.8125
1.0625
1.3125
1.5625
1.8750
2.2500
3.0000
84
0.3750 0.5000
0.5625
0.7500
1.0000
1.1875
1.4375
1.7500
2.0625
2.7500
90
0.3125 0.4375
0.5625
0.6875
0.4375
1.1250
1.3750 1.8750
1.9375
2.5625
96
0.3125
0.5000
0.6875
0.8750
1.0625
1.2500 1.5000
1.8125
2.3750
1.1875
1.4375
1.6875
2.2500
1.1250 1.3750
1.5625
2.1250
0.4375
102
0.3125 0.3750
0.5000
0.6250
0.8125
1.0000
108
0.2500 0.3750
0.4375
0.6250
0.7500
0.9375
114
0.2500 0.1875
0.4375
0.5625
0.6875
0.8750
1.062<;
1.2500
1.5000
2.0000
120
0.2500 0.1875
0.4375
0.5625
0.6875
0.8125
1.0000 1.1875
1.4375
1.8750
0.9375
1.1250
1.3750
1.8125
0.9375
1.1250
1.3125
1.7500
126
0.2500 0.3125
0.3750
0.5000
0.6250
0.8125
132
0.2500 0.3125
0.3750
0.5000
0.6250
0.7500
138
0.1825 0.3125
0.3750
0.4375
0.5625
0.7500
0.8750 1.0625
1.2500
1.6250
144
0.1825
0.3125
0.4375
0.5625
0.6875
0.8750 1.0000
1.1875
1.5625
0.3125
293
TABLE FOR LOCATING POINTS
ON 2: 1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS
V'!
I
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
D= 12
Y
2.9580
2.8284
2.5980
2.2360
1.6583
0
D= 14
y
3.4641
3.3541
3.1622
2.8722
2.4494
1.8027
0
D= 16
y
3.9686
3.8729
3.7081
3.4641
3.1225
2.6457
1.9364
0
D= 18
y
4.4721
4.3878
4.2426
4.0311
3.7416
3.3541
2.8284
2.0615
0
!
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
~IC jy
T!lngent
Lme
D= 20
Y
4.9749
4.8989
4.7697
4.5825
4.3301
4
3.5707
3
2.1794
0
D= 22
Y
5.4772
5.4083
5.2915
5.1234
4.8989
4.6097
4.2426
3.7749
3.1622
2.2912
0
D= 24
y
5.9791
5.9160
5.8094
5.6568
5.4543
5.1961
4.8734
4.4721
3.9686
3.3166
2.3979
12
0
D= 26
y
x
1
6.4807
2
6.4226
3
6.3245
4
6.1846
5
6
6
5.7662
7
5.4772
8
5.1234
9
4.6904
10
4.1533
11
3.4641
12
2.5
13
0
D= 28
y
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
6.9821
6.9282
6.8374
6.7082
6.5383
6.3245
6.0621
5.7445
5.3619
4.8989
4.3301
3.6055
2.5980
0
D;;: 30
y
x
1
7.4833
2
7.4330
3
7.3484
7.2284
7.0710
6.8738
6.6332
6.3442
6
5.5901
11
5.0990
12
4.5
13
3.7416
14
2.6925
15
0
D-32
x
Y
1
7.9843
2
7.9372
3
7.8581
4
7.7459
5
7.5993
6
7.4162
7.1937
7
8
6.9282
6.6143
9
10
6.245
11
5.8094
12
5.2915
13
4.6636
14
3.8729
15
2.7838
16
0
D=34
x
Y
1
8.4852
8.4409
2
3
8.3666
4
8.2613
8.1240
5
7.9529
6
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
7.7459
7.5
7.2111
6.8738
6.4807
6.0208
5.4772
4.8218
4
2.8722
0
D= 36
Y
8.9861
8.9442
8.8741
8.7749
8.6458
8.4852
8.2915
8.0622
7.7942
7.4833
7.1239
6.7082
6.2249
5.6568
4.9749
4.1231
2.9580
0
x
1
2
3
4
5
D= 38
y
9.4868
9.4472
9.3808
9.2870
9.1651
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
x
294
TABLE FOR LOCATING POINTS
ON 2: 1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS (Cont.)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
D=38
9.0138
8.8317
8.6168
8.3666
8.0777
7.7459
7.3654
6.9282
6.4226
5.8309
5.1234
4.2426
3.0413
0
D-40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
9.9874
9.9498
9.8868
9.7979
9.6824
9.5393
9.3675
9.1651
8.9302
8.6602
8.3516
8
7.5993
7.1414
6.6143
6
5.2678
4.3589
3.1225
0
D=42
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10.4881
10.4523
10.3923
10.3078
10.198
10.0623
9.8994
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
9.7082
9.4868
9.2330
8.9442
8.6168
8.2462
7.8262
7.3484
6.8007
6.1644
5.4083
4.4721
3.2015
0
D=48
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
x
1
2
3
4
5
11.9896
11.9583
11.9059
11.8322
11.7367
11.619
11.4782
11.3137
11.1243
10.9087
10.6654
10.3923
10.0871
9.7467
9.3675
8.9442
8.4705
7.9372
7.3314
6.6332
5.8094
4.7958
3.4278
0
D= 54
y
13.4907
13.4629
13.4164
13.351
13.2665
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
13.1624
13.0384
12.8939
12.7279
12.5399
12.3288
12.0934
11.8322
11.5434
11.225
10.8743
10.4881
10.0623
9.5916
9.0691
8.4852
7.8264
7.0710
6.1846
5.0990
3.6400
0
D=60
x
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
14.9917
14.9666
14.9248
14.8661
14.7902
14.6969
14.586
14.4568
14.3091
14.1421
13.9553
13.7477
13.5185
13.2665
12.9904
12.6886
12.3592
12
11.6082
11.1803
10.7121
10.198
9.6306
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
9
8.2915
7.4833
6.5383
5.3851
3.8405
0
D=66
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
16.4924
16.4697
16.4317
16.3783
16.3095
16.225
16.1245
16.0078
15.8745
15.7242
15.5563
15.3704
15.1658
14.9416
14.6969
14.4309
14.1421
13.8293
13.4907
13.1244
12.7279
12.2984
11.8322
11.3248
10.7703
10.1612
9.4868
8.7321
7.8740
6.8738
5.6558
4.0311
0
D= 72
x
1
2
17.9931
17.9722
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
17.9374
17.8885
17.8255
17.7482
17.6564
17.5499
17.4284
17.2916
17.1391
16.9706
16.7854
16.5831
16.3631
16.1245
15.8666
15.5885
15.2889
14.9666
14.6202
14.2478
13.8474
13.4164
12.9518
12.4499
11.9059
11.3137
10.6654
9.9498
9.1515
8.2462
7.1937
5.9160
4.2130
0
D=78
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Y
19.4936
19.4743
19.4422
19.3972
19.3391
19.2678
19.1833
19.0853
18.9737
18.8481
18.7083
295
TABLE FOR LOCATING POINTS
ON 2: 1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS (Cont.)
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
D=78
18.554
18.3848
18.2003
18
17.7834
17.5499
17.2988
17.0294
16.7407
16.4317
16.1012
15.748
15.3704
14.9666
14.5344
14.0712
13.5739
13.0384
12.4599
11.8322
11.1467
10.3923
9.5524
8.6023
7.5
6.1644
4.3874
0
D=84
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
20.994
20.9762
20.9464
20.9045
20.8507
20.7846
20.7063
20.6155
20.5122
20.3961
20.267
20.1246
19.9687
19.799
19.615
19.4165
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
19.2029
18.9737
18.7283
18.4662
18.1865
17.8885
17.5713
17.2337
16.8745
16.4924
16.0857
15.6525
15.1905
14.6969
14.1686
13.6015
12.9904
12.3288
11.6082
10.8167
9.9373
8.9442
7.7942
6.4031
4.5552
0
D=90
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
20.1556
19.8997
19.6278
19.3391
19.0329
18.7083
18.3644
18
17.6139
17.2047
16.7705
16.3095
15.8193
15.2971
14.7394
14.1421
13.5
12.8062
12.052
11.225
10.3078
9.2736
8.0777
6.6332
4.7169
0
D=96
y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
22.4944
22.4778
22.4499
22.4109
22.3607
22.2991
22.2261
22.1416
22.0454
21.9374
21.8174
21.6852
21.5407
21.3834
21.2132
21.0297
20.8327
20.6216
20.3961
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
23.9948
23.9792
23.9531
23.9165
23.8694
23.8118
23.7434
23.6643
23.5744
23.4734
23.3613
23.2379
23.103
22.9565
22.798
22.6274
22.4444
22.2486
22.0397
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
21.8174
21.5812
21.3307
21.0654
20.7846
20.4878
20.1742
19.8431
19.4936
19.1246
18.735
18.3235
17.8885
17.4284
16.9411
16.4241
15.8745
15.2889
14.6629
13.9911
13.2665
12.48
11.619
10.6654
9.5916
8.3516
6.8556
4.8734
0
D= 108
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
26.9954
26.9815
26.9583
26.9258
26.884
26.8328
26.7722
26.7021
26.6224
26.533
26.4339
26.3249
26.2059
26.0768
25.9374
25.7876
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
25.6271
25.4558
25.2735
25.0799
24.8747
24.6577
24.4285
24.1868
23.9322
23.6643
23.3827
23.0868
22.7761
22.4499
22.1077
21.7486
21.3717
20.9762
20.5609
20.124f
19.666
19.1833
18.6748
18.1384
17.5713
16.9706
16.3325
15.6525
14.9248
14.1421
13.2947
12.3693
11.3468
10.198
8.8741
7.2801
5.1720
0
D= 120
29.9958
29.9833
29.9625
29.9333
29.8957
29.8496
29.7951
296
TABLE FOR LOCATING POINTS
ON 2: 1 ELLIPOIDAL HEADS (Cont.)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
D=120
29.7321
29.6606
29.5804
29.4915
29.3939
29.2874
29.l719
29.0474
28.9137
28.7706
28.6182
28.4561
28.2843
28.1025
27.9106
27.7083
27.4955
27.2718
27.037
26.7909
26.533
26.2631
25.9808
25.6856
25.3772
25.0549
24.7184
24.367
24
23.6167
23.2164
22.798
22.3607
21.9032
21.4243
20.9225
20.3961
19.8431
19.2614
18.6481
18
17.3133
16.5831
15.8035
14.9666
14.0624
13.0767
55
56
57
58
59
60
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
10.9896
10.7703
9.3675
7.6811
5.4543
0
0= 132
y
32.9962
32.9848
32.9659
32.9393
32.9052
32.8634
32.8139
32.7567
32.6917
32.619
32.5384
32.45
32.3535
32.249
32.1364
32.0156
31.8865
31.749
31.603
31.4484
31.285
31.1127
30.9314
30.7409
30.541
30.3315
30.1123
29.8831
29.6437
29.3939
29.1333
28.8617
28.5788
28.2843
27.9777
27.6586
27.3267
26.9815
26.6224
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66X
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
26.2488
25.8602
25.4558
25.035
24.5967
24.1402
23.6643
23.1679
22.6495
22.1077
21.5407
20.9464
20.3224
19.666
18.9737
18.2414
17.4642
16.6358
15.748
14.7902
13.7477
12.5996
11.3137
9.8361
8.0622
5.7227
0
0= 144
Y
35.9965
35.9861
35.9687
35.9444
35.9131
35.8748
35.8295
35.7771
35.7176
35.6511
35.5774
35.4965
35.4083
35.3129
35.2101
35.0999
34.9821
34.8569
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
34.7239
34.5832
34.4347
34.2783
34.1138
33.9411
33.7602
33.5708
33.3729
33.1662
32.9507
32.7261
32.4923
32.249
31.9961
31.7333
31.4603
31.1769
30.8828
30.5778
30.2614
29.9333
29.5931
29.2404
28.8747
28.4956
28.1 025
27.6948
27.2718
26.8328
26.3771
25.9037
25.4116
24.8998
24.367
23.8118
23.2325
22.6274
21.9943
21.3307
20.6337
19.8997
19.1246
18.303
17.4284
16.4924
15.4839
14.3875
67
68
69
70
71
72
13.1814
11.8322
10.2835
8.4261
5.9791
0
NOTE:
The curvature
of an ellipsoidal
head either
inside or outside
is a true
ellipse.
The parallel
curve of the
opposite side
is not ellipse
and the
data of
this table
are not
applicable
to locate
points on
that geometrically undetermined
curve.
( especially
in the case
of heavy
walled heads)
297
LENGTH OF ARCS
1. These tables are for locating points on pipes and shells by measuring
A.
270"
90"
O.D. = 30"
Nozzle located @ 30
From table the length of
arc = 7.8438 in.
180"
B.
O.D. = 30"
Nozzle located @ 60
The arc to be measured from the
closest centerline
The nozzle is @ 30 from the 90
<L. The length of this arc: 7.8438 in.
270"
180"
c.
270"
90"
180"
D.
270"
90"
1800
O.D. = 30"
Nozzle located @ 22~0
From table length of 1 arc on
30" 0.0. Pipe =0.26180
0.26180 x 22.5 =5.890 in.
298
LENGTH OF ARCS
DEGREES
Diam.
1
t il
~
0.00873
0.04363
10
0.08727
15
20
25
0.13090
0.17453
0.21817
0.01148
0.0625
0.1250
0.1875
0.2188
1'h
0.01658
0.0938
0.1563
0.2500
0.3438
30
0.26180
0.2813
0.3438
0.4063
0.5000
0.02073
0.0938
0.2188
0.3125
0.4063
0.5313
0.6250
2'h
0.02509
0.1250
0.2500
0.3750
0.5000
0.6250
0.7500
0.9063
0.03054
0.1563
0.3125
0.4688
0.6250
0.7500
3'h
0.03491
0.1875
0.3438
0.5313
0.6875
0.8750
1.0625
-<
Z
0.03927
0.1875
0.4063
0.5938
0.7813
0.9688
1.1875
0.04855
0.2500
0.5000
0.7188
0.9688
1.2188
1.4688
0.05781
0.2813
0.5938
0.8750
1.1563
1.4375
1.7500
0.07527
0.3750
0.7500
1.1250
1.5000
1.8750
2.2500
10
0.09381
0.4688
0.9375
1.4063
1.8750
2.3488
2.8125
12
0.11126
0.5625
1.1250
1.6563
2.2188
2.7813
3.3438
12
0.10472
0.5313
1.0625
1.5625
2.0938
2.6250
3.1563
14
0.12217
0.6250
1.2188
1.8438
2.4375
3.0625
3.6563
16
0.13963
0.6875
1.4063
2.0938
2.7813
3.5000
4.1875
Q"
Q"
~
0
Z
18
0.15708
0.7813
1.5625
2.3438
3.1563
3.9375
4.7188
20
0.17453
0.8750
1.7500
2.6250
3.5000
4.3750
5.2500
22
0.19199
0.9688
1.9063
2.8750
3.8438
4.8125
5.7500
24
0.20944
1.0625
2.0938
3.1563
4.1875
5.2500
6.2813
26
0.22689
1.1250
2.2813
3.4063
4.5313
5.6875
6.8125
28
0.24435
1.2188
2.4375
3.6563
4.8750
6.0938
7.3488
30
0.26180
1.3125
2.6250
3.9375
5.2500
6.5313
7.8438
32
0.27925
1.6172
2.7813
4.1875
5.5938
6.9688
8.3750
34
0.29671
1.6224
5.9375
7.4063
8.9063
0.31416
1.5625
2.9688
3.1563-
4.4375
36
4.7188
6.2813
7.8438
9.4375
:x::
38
0.33161
1.6563
3.3125
4.9688
6.6250
8.2813
9.9375
40
0.34907
1.7500
3.5000
5.2500
6.9688
8.7188
10.4688
~
~
~
42
0.36652
1.8438
3.6563
5.5000
7.3438
9.1563
11.0000
48
0.41888
2.0938
4.1875
6.2813
8.3750
12.5625
:x::
til
54
0.47124
2.3438
4.7188
7.0625
9.4375
10.4688
11.7813
60
0.57360
2.6250
5.2500
7.8438
10.4688
13.0938
15.7188
17.2813
til
~
14.1250
66
0.57596
2.8750
5.7500
8.6250
11.5313
14.4063
72
0.62832
3.1250
6.2813
9.4375
12.5625
15.7188
18.8438
78
0.68068
3.4063
6.8125
10.2188
13.6250
17.0313
20.4063
-<
84
0.73304
3.6563
7.3438
11.0000
14.6563
18.3125
22.0000
90
0.78540
3.9375
7.8438
11.7813
15.7188
19.6250
23.5625
96
102
0.83776
4.1875
8.3750
12.5625
16.7500
20.9375
25.1250
0.89012
4.4375
8.9063
13.3438
17.8125
22.2500
26.7188
108
0.94248
4.7188
9.4375
14.1250
18.8438
23.5625
28.9063
114
0.99484
4.9688
9.9375
14.9375
19.9063
24.8750
29.8438
120
1.04720
5.2500
10.4688
15.7188
20.9375
26.1875
31.5313
126
1.09956
5.5000
11.0000
16.5000
22.0000
27.5000
33.0000
132
1.15192
5.7500
11.5313
17.2813
23.0313
28.8125
34.5625
138
1.20428
6.0313
12.0313
18.0625
24.0938
30.0938
36.1250
144
1.25664
6.2813
12.5625
18.8438
25.1250
31.4063
37.6875
~
~
299
LENGTH OF ARCS
DEGREES
Diam.
"-l
N
r;;
"-l
i:I..
35
40
45
90
180
270
360
2.35619
3.14159
0.30543
0.78540
1.57080
1
1 V,
0.4063
0.4688
0.5313
1.0313
2.0625
3.0938
0.5938
0.6563
0.7500
1.5000
3.0000
4.4688
5.9688
0.7188
0.8438
0.9375
1.8750
3.7188
5.5938
7.4688
2V,
0.8750
1.0000
1.1250
2.2500
4.5313
6.7813
9.0313
1.0625
1.2188
1.3750
2.7500
5.5000
8.2500
11.0000
0.34907
0.39270
4.1250
Q:
3%
1.2188
1.4003
1.5625
9.4375
12.5625
1.3750
1.5625
1.7813
3.1563
3.5313
6.2813
.J
7.0625
10.5938
14.1250
1.6875
1.9375
2.1875
4.3750
8.7500
13.0938
17.4688
2.0313
2.3125
2.5938
5.2188
10.4063
15.6250
20.8125
27.0938
<
Z
2.6250
3.0938
3.3750
6.7813
13.5625
20.3125
10
3.2813
3.7500
4.2188
8.4375
16.8750
25.3438
33.7813
12
3.9063
4.4375
5.0000
10.0000
20.0313
30.0313
40.0625
12
3.6563
4.1875
4.7188
9.4375
18.8438
29.2813
37.0625
14
4.2813
4.8750
5.5000
11.0000
22.0000
33.0000
43.9688
16
4.8750
5.5938
6.2813
12.5625
25.1250
37.6875
50.2500
18
5.5000
6.2813
7.0313
14.1250
28.2813
42.4063
56.5625
20
6.9688
7.8438
15.7188
31.4063
47.1250
62.8438
22
6.0938
6.7188
7.6875
8.6563
17.2813
34.5625
51.8438
69.1250
24
7.3438
8.3750
9.4375
18.8438
37.6875
56.5625
75.4063
26
7.9375
9.0625
10.2188
20.4063
40.8438
61.2500
81.6875
28
8.5625
9.7813
11.0000
22.0000
43.9688
65.9688
87.9688
30
9.1563
10.4688
11.7813
23.5625
47.1250
70.6875
94.2500
32
9.7813
11.1563
12.5625
25.1250
50.2500
75.4063
100.5313
34
10.3750
11.8750
13.3438
26.7188
53.4060
80.1250
106.8125
36
11.0000
12.5625
14.1250
28.2813
56.5625
84.8125
113.0938
38
11.5938
13.2500
14.9375
29.8438
59.6875
89.5313
119.3750
40
12.2188
13.9688
15.7188
31.4063
62.8438
94.2500
125.6563
42
12.8438
14.6563
16.5000
33.0000
65.9688
98.9688
131.9375
48
14.6563
16.7500
18.8438
37.6875
75.4063
113.0938
150.7813
"-l
54
16.5000
18.8438
21.2188
42.4063
84.8125
127.2500
169.6563
til
60
18.3125
20.9375
23.5625
47.1250
94.2500
141.3750
188.5000
'-
66
20.1563
23.0313
25.9065
51.8438
103.6875
155.5000
20~.3.~
72
22.0000
25.1250
28.2813
56.5625
113.0938
169.6563
226.1875
78
23.8125
27.2188
30.6250
61.2500
122.5313
183.7813
245.0313
84
25.6563
29.3125
33.0000
65.9688
131.9375
197.9063
263.9063
90
27.5000
31.4063
35.2438
70.6875
141.3750
212.0625
282.7500
96
29.3125
33.5000
37.6875
75.4063
150.7813
226.1875
301.5938
102
31.1563
35.5938 40.1250
80.1250
160.2188
240.3438
320.4375
til
"-l
::z::
.J
.J
::z::
"-l
"-l
::!!
-<
Q
108
33.0000
37.6875
42.4063
84.8125
169.6563
354.4688
339.2813
114
34.8125
39.7813 49.7813
89.5313
179.0625
268.5938
358.1250
120
36.6563
41.8750 47.1250
94.2500
188.5000
282.7500
377.0000
126
38.5000
43.9688
49.4688
98.9688
197.9063
296.8750
395.8438
132
40.3125
46.0625
51.8438
103.6563
207.3438
311.0313
414.6875
138
42.1563
48.1563
54.1875
108.3750
216.7813
325.1563
433.5313
144
43.9688
50.2500
56.5625
113.0938
226.1875
339.2813
452.3750
300
Dia.
}(4
~2
;(4
~6
~2
VB
%2
~6
}{2
}i
%
Yi6
IJ{2
VB
lYa2
Ks
1%'2
Yz
IJ{2
Us
1~2
%
2J{2
IY(S
2Ya2
~
2%2
l~(S
2J{2
VB
2~2
l?{S
3}{2
Circum.
.04909
.09818
.14726
.19635
.29452
.39270
.49087
.58905
.68722
Area
.00019
.00077
.00173
.00307
.00690
.01227
.01917
.02761
.03758
.78540
.88357
.98175
1.0799
1.1781
l.2763
1.3744
1.4726
.04909
.06213
.07670
.09281
.11045
.12962
.15033
.17257
1.5708
1.6690
1.7671
1.8653
1.9635
2.0617
2.1598
2.2580
.19635
.22166
.24850
.276.88
.30680
.33824
.37122
.40574
2.3562
2.4544
2.5525
2.6507
2.7489
2.8471
2.9452
3.0434
.44179
.47937
.51849
.55914
.60132
.64504
.69029
.73708
Dia.
2.
~6
Va
~6
}i
~6
VB
J{6
Yz
Us
%
lY(6
~
I;J{S
VB
1?{6
3.
k6
VB
;J{s
7'4
~{6
%
J{s
Yz
Us
%
lY(s
~
Ws
VB
I%;
4.
k6
VB
--1.
k6
VB
~6
}i
?{6
%
J{6
Yz
Yt6
%
lk6
%
1;J{6
VB
1~6
3.1416
3.3379
3.5343
3.7306
3.9270
4.1233
4.3197
4.5160
4.7124
4.9087
5.1051
5.3014
5.4978
5.6941
5.8905
6.0868
.7854
.8866
.9940
1.1075
l.2272
1.3530
1.4849
1.6230
1.7671
1.9175
2.0739
2.2365
2.4053
2.5802
2.7612
2.9483
~6
}i
Yi6
VB
K6
Yz
Yt6
%
lY(S
~
1:l16
VB
lYis
5.
h'6
Va
Circum.
Area
Dia.
3.1416
3.3410
3.5466
3.7583
3.9761
4.2000
4.4301
4.6664
4.9087
5.1572
5.4119
5.6727
5.9396
6.2126
6.4918
6.7771
~6
}4
Yi6
6.2832
6.4795
6.6759
6.8722
7.0686
7.2649
7.4613
7.6576
7.8540
8.0503
8.2467
8.4430
8.6394
8.8357
9.0321
9.2284
9.4248
9.6211
9.8175
10.014
10.210
10.407
10.603
10.799
10.996
11.192
11.388
11.585
11.781
11.977
12.174
12.370
7.0686
7.3662
7.6699
7.9798
8.2958
8.6179
8.9462
9.2806
9.6211
9.9678
10.321
10.680
11.045
11.416
11. 793
12.177
12.566
12.763
12.959
13.155
13.352
13.548
13.744
13.941
14.137
14.334
14.530
14.726
14.923
15.119
15.315
15.512
12.566
12.962
13.364
13.772
14.186
14.607
15.033
15.466
15.904
16.349
16.800
17.257
17.728
18.190
18.665
19.147
15.708
15.904
16.101
19.635
20.129
20.629
VB
K6
Yz
Yt6
%
1!{6
~
W6
VB
1~i6
6.
Va
}4
VB
Yz
%
~
Ys
7.
VB
}i
VB
Yz
%
~
Ys
8.
VB
}i
VB
Yz
%
~
Ys
9.
Va
}i
VB
Yz
%
~
Ys
10.
Va
}i
Circum.
Area
16.297
16.493
16.690
16.886
17.082
17.279
17.475
17.671
17.868
18.064
18.261
18.457
18.653
21.135
21.648
22.166
22.691
23.221
23.758
24.301
24.850
25.406
25.967
26.535
27.109
27.688
18.850
19.242
19.63)
20.028
20.420
20.813
21.206
21.598
28.274
29.465
30.680
31.919
33.183
34.472
35.785
37.122
21.991
22.384
22.776
23.169
23.562
23.955
24.347
24.740
38.485
39.871
41.282
42.718
44.179
45.664
47.173
48.707
25.133
25.525
25.918
26.311
26.704
27.096
27.489
27.882
50.265
51.849
53.456
55.088
56.745
58.426
60.132
61.862
28.274
28.667
29.060
19.452
29.845
30.238
30.631
31.023
63.617
65.397
67.201
69.029
70.882
72.760
74.662
76.589
31.416
31.809
32.201
78.540
80.516
82.516
301
Dia.
10.
Circum.
Area
84.541
86.590
88.664
90.763
92.886
34.558
34.950
35.343
35.736
36.128
36.521
36.914
37.306
95.033
97.205
99.402
101.62
103.87
106.14
108.43
110.75
37.699
38.092
38.485
38.877
39.270
39.663
40.055
40.448
113.10
115.47
117.86
120.28
122.72
125.19
127.68
130.19
40.841
41.233
41.626
42.019
42.412
42.804
43.197
43.590
132.73
135.30
137.89
140.50
143.14
145.80
148.49
151.20
43.982
44.375
44.768
45.160
45.553
45.946
46.338
46.731
153.94
156.70
159.48
162.30
165.13
167.99
170.87
173.78
Y2
%
%:
VB
47.124
47.517
47.909
48.302
48.695
49.087
49.480
49.873
176.71
179.67
182.65
185.66
188.69
191. 75
194.83
197.93
VB
50.265
50.658
201.06
204.22
11.
VB
~
Y2
%
%:
VB
12.
VB
7.i
Y2
%
%:
VB
13.
VB
Y2
%
%:
VB
14.
VB
~
Y2
%
%:
VB
15.
VB
16.
Dia.
Circum.
Area
Dia.
Circum.
51.051
51.444
51.836
52.229
52.622
53.014
207.39
210.60
213.82
217.08
220.35
223.65
VB
69.508
69.900
70.293
70.686
71.079
71.471
71.864
384.46
388.82
393.20
397.61
402.04
406.49
410.97
53.407
53.800
54.192
54.585
54.978
55.371
55.763
56.156
226.98
230.33
233.71
237.10
240.53
243.98
247.45
250.95
72.257
72.649
73.042
73.435
73.827
74.220
74.613
75.006
415.48
420.00
424.56
429.13
433.74
438.36
443.01
447.69
56.549
56.941
57.334
57.727
58.119
58.512
58.905
59.298
254.47
258.02
261.59
265.18
268.80
272.45
276.12
279.81
75.398
75.791
76.184
76.576
76.969
77.362
77.754
78.147
452.39
457.11
461.86
466.64
471.44
476.26
481.11
485.98
59.690
60.083
60.476
60.868
61.261
61.654
62.046
62.439
283.53
287.27
291.04
.294.83
298.65
302.49
306.35
310.24
78.540
78.933
79.325
79.718
80.111
80 503
80.896
81.289
490.87
495.79
500.74
505.71
510.71
515.72
520.77
525.84
62.832
63.225
63.617
64.010
64.403
64.795
65.188
65.581
314.16
318.10
322.06
326.05
330.06
334.10
338.16
342.25
81.681
82.074
82.467
82.860
83.252
83.645
84.038
84.430
530.93
536.05
541.19
546.35
551.55
556.76
562.00
567.27
65.973
66.366
66.759
67.152
67.544
67.937
68.330
68.722
346.36
350.50
354.66
358.84
363.05
367.28
371.54
375.83
84.823
85.216
85.608
86.001
86.394
86.786
87.179
87.572
572.56
577.87
583.21
588.57
593.96
599.37
604.81
610.27
69.115
380.13
32.594
32.987
33.379
33.772
34.165
Y2
%
%
VB
(continued)
Y2
%
VB
17.
VB
Y2
%
%
VB
18.
VB
~
Y2
%
%:
VB
19.
VB
~
Y2
%
%
VB
20.
VB
Y2
%
%:
VB
21.
VB
~
Y2
%
%:
~
22.
Y2
%
Ys
23.
VB
~
%
Y2
%
%:
VB
24.
VB
Y2
%
%:
VB
25.
VB
~
Y2
%
%:
VB
26.
VB
Y2
%
%:
VB
27.
VB
Y2
%
VB
II
Area
302
Circum.
Area
87.965
88.357
88.750
89.143
89.535
89.928
90.321
90.713
615.75
621.26
626.80
632.36
637.94
643.55
649.18
654.84
34.
91.106
91.499
91.892
92.284
92.677
93.070
93.462
93.855
660.52
666.23
671.96
677.71
683.49
689.30
695.13
700.98
35.
706.86
712.76
718.69
724.64
730.62
736.62
742.64
748.69
36.
7.i
%
%
%
94.248
94.640
95.033
95.426
95.819
96.211
96.604
96.997
97.389
97.782
98.175
98.567
98.960
99.353
99.746
100.138
754.77
760.87
766.99
773.14
779.31
785.51
791.73
797.98
37.
Ys
7.i
%
%
%
100.531
100.924
101.316
101.709
102.102
102.494
102.887
103.280
804.25
810.54
816.86
823.21
829.58
835.97
842.39
848.83
38.
103.673
104.065
104.458
104.851
105.243
105.636
106.029
106.421
855.30
861.79
868.31
874.85
881.41
888.00
894.62
901.26
39.
Dia.
28.
7.i
%
%
%
~
~
29.
7.i
%
%
%
~
VB
30.
~
~
31.
~
~
32.
Ys
7.i
%
%
%
~
VB
Dia.
7.i
VB
%
%
~
~
7.i
VB
%
%
~
VB
Ys
7.i
VB
Y2
%
~
~
7.i
VB
Y2
%
~
Ys
Ys
7.i
%
Y2
%
~
~
Circum.
Area
106.814
107.207
107.600
107.992
108.385
108.778
109.170
109.563
907.92
914.61
921.32
928.06
934.82
941.61
948.42
955.25
40.
109.956
110.348
110.741
111.134
111.527
111.919
112.312
112.705
962.11
969.00
975.91
982.84
989.80
996.78
1003.8
1010.8
41.
113.097
113.490
113.883
114.275
114.668
115.061
115.454
115.846
1017.9
1025.0
1032.1
1039.2
1046.3
1053.5
1060.7
1068.0
42.
)16.239
116.632
117.024
117.417
117.810
118.202
118.596
118.988
1075.2
1082.5
1089.8
1097.1
1104.5
1111.8
1119.2
1126.7
43.
119.381
119.773
120.166
120.559
120.951
121.344
121.737
122.129
1134.1
1141.6
1149.1
1156.6
1164.2
1171.7
1179.3
1186.9
122.522
122.915
123.308
123.700
124.093
124.486
124.878
125.271
1194.6
1202.3
1210.6
1217.7
1225.4
1233.2
1241.0
1248.8
Dia.
7.i
VB
%
%
~
~
7.i
%
%
%
~
~
7.i
%
Y2
%
~
~
Ys
7.i
VB
~
%
~
Ys
44.
Ys
74
%
%
%
~
Ys
(continued)
Circum.
Area
125.664
126.056
126.449
126.842
127.235
127.627
128.020
128.413
1256.6
1264.5
1272.4
1280.3
1288.2
1296.2
1304.2
1312.2
128.805
129.198
129.591
129.983
130.376
130.769
131.161
131.554
1320.3
1328.3
1336.4
1344.5
1352.7
1360.8
1369.0
1377.2
131.947
132.340
132.732
133.125
133.518
133.910
134.303
134.696
1385.4
1393.7
1402.0
1410.3
1418.6
1427.0
1435.4
1443.8
135.088
135.481
135.874
136.267
136.659
137.052
137.445
137.837
1452.2
1460.7
1469.1
1477.6
1486.2
1494.7
1503.3
1511.9
138.230
138.623
139.015
139.408
139.801
140.194
140.586
140.979
1520.5
1529.2
1537.9
1546.6
1555.3
1564.0
1572.8
1581.6
141.372
141.764
142.157
142.550
142.942
143.335
143.728
144.121
1590.4
1599.3
1608.2
1617.0
1626.0
1634.9
1643.9
1652.9
33.
Ys
7.i
%
Y2
%
~
Ys
Ys
7.i
VB
Y2
%
~
Ys
45.
I
Ys
74
%
72
%
~
Ys
303
Dia.
Circum.
Area
Dia.
46.
144.513
144.906
145.299
145.691
146.084
146.477
146.869
147.262
1661.9
1670.9
1680.0
1689.1
1698.2
1707.4
1716.5
1725.7
52.
147.655
148.048
148.440
148.833
149.226
149.618
lSO.011
150.404
1734.9
1744.2
1753.5
1762.7
1772.1
1781.4
1790.8
1800.1
53.
lSO.796
151.189
151.582
151.975
152.367
152.760
153.153
153.545
1809.6
1819.0
1828.5
1837.9
1847.5
1857.0
1866.5
1876.1
54.
153.938
154.331
154.723
155.116
155.S09
155.902
156.294
156.687
1885.7
1895.4
1905.0
1914.7
1924.4
1934.2
1943.9
1953.7
55.
157.080
157.472
157.865
158.258
158.650
159.043
159.436
159.829
1963.5
1973.3
1983.2
1993.1
2003.0
2012.9
2022.8
2032.8
56.
160.221
160.614
161.007
161.399
161.792
162.185
162.577
162.970
2042.8
2052.8
2062.9
2073.0
2083.1
2093.2
2103.3
2113.5
57.
Va
%
%
%
%
Ys
47.
Va
%
72
%
%
Ys
48.
Ys
7.i
%
72
%
%
Ys
49.
Ys
~
%
%
%
%
Ys
SO.
Ys
7.i
%
%
%
%
Ys
51.
Ys
7.i
%
%
%
%
Ys
Va
%
%
%
%
Ys
Ys
7.i
%
}1
%
%
Ys
Ys
7.i
%
%
%
%
Ys
Ys
%
72
%
%
Ys
Ys
%
72
%
%
Ys
Ys
7.i
%
72
%
%
Ys
Area
Dia.
163.363
163.756
164.148
164.541
164.934
165.326
165.719
166.112
2123.7
2133.9
2144.2
2154.5
2164.8
2175.1
2185.4
2195.8
58.
166.504
166.897
167.290
167.683
168.075
168.468
168.861
169.253
2206.2
2216.6
2227.0
2237.5
2248.0
2258.5
2269.1
2279.6
59.
16~.646
2290.2
2300.8
2311.5
2322.1
2332.8
2343.5
2354.3
2365.0
60.
170.039
170.431
170.824
171.217
171.609
172.002
172.395
172.788
173.180.
173.573
173.966
174.358
174.751
175.144
175.536
2375.8
2386.6
2397.5
2408.3
2419.2
2430.1
2441.1
2452.0
61.
175.929
176.322
176.715
177.107
177.500
177.893
178.285
178.678
2463.0
2474.0
2485.0
2496.1
2507.2
2518.3
2529.4
2540.6
62.
179.071
179.463
179.856
180.249
180.642
181.034
181.427
181.820
2551.8
2563.0
2574.2
2585.4
2596.7
2608.0
2619.4
2630./
63.
Circum.
Va
~
VB
%
%
Ys
Ys
7.i
%
72
%
%
Ys
Ys
%
72
%
%
Ys
Ys
7.i
%
%
%
%
Ys
Ys
7.i
%
72
%
%
Ys
Ys
7.i
%
%
%
%
Ys
(continued)
Circum.
Area
182.212
182.605
182.998
183.390
183.783
184.176
184.569
184.961
2642.1
2653.5
2664.9
2676.4
2687.8
2699.3
2710.9
2722.4
185.354
185.747
186.139
186.532
186.925
187.317
187.710
188.103
2734.0
2745.6
2757.2
2768.8
2780.5
2792.2
2803.9
2815.7
188.496
188.888
189.281
189.674
190.066
190.459
190.852
191.244
2827.4
2839.2
2851.0
2862.9
2874.8
2886.6
2898.6
2910.5
191.637
192.030
192.423
192.815
193.208
193.601
193.993
194.386
2922.5
2934.5
2946.5
2958.5
2970.6
2982.7
2994.8
3006.9
194.779
195.171
195.564
195.957
196.350
196.742
197.135
197.528
3019.1
3031.3
3043.5
3055.7
3068.0
3080.3
3092.6
}l04.9
197.920
198.313
198.706
199.098
199.491
199.884
200.277
200.669
3117.2
3129.6
3142.0
3154.5
3166.9
3179.4
3191.9
3204.4
304
~I
64.
VB
~
Yz
%
%
Ys
65.
VB
}i
Yz
Ys
%
Ys
66.
VB
%
~1
Ys
%
Ys
67.
VB
3i
Yz
Ys
%
Ys
68.
VB
Yz
%
%
VB
69.
VB
~
Y2
%
%
Ys
Circum.
Area
Dia.
3217.0
3229.6
3242.2
3254.8
3267.5
3280.1
3292.8
3305.6
70.
204.204
204.596
204.989
205.382
205.774
206.167
206.560
206.952
3318.3
3331.1
3343.9
3356.7
3369.6
3382.4
3395.3
3408.2
7l.
207.345
207.738
208.131
208.523
208.916
209.309
209.701
2lO.094
3421.2
3434.2
3447.2
3460.2
3473.2
3486.3
3499.4
3512.5
72.
210.487
210.879
211.272
211.665
212.058
212.450
212.843
213.236
3525.7
3538.8
3552.0
3565.2
3578.5
3591.7
3605.0
3618.3
73.
213.628
214.021
214.414
214.806
215.199
215.592
215.984
216.377
3631.7
3645.0
3658.4
3671.8
3685.3
3698.7
3712.2
3725.7
74.
216.770
217.163
217.555
217.948
218.341
218.733
219.126
219.519
3739.3
3752.8
3766.4
3780.0
3793.7
3807.3
3821.0
3834.7
75.
201.062
201.455
201.847
202.240
202.633
203.025
203.418
203.811
VB
Yz
%
%
Ys
VB
Yz
Ys
%
Ys
VB
Yz
Ys
%
Ys
VB
~
Ys
%
Ys
VB
Yz
Ys
%
Ys
VB
Y2
Ys
%
VB
Area
Dia.
219.911
220.304
220.697
221.090
221.482
221.875
222.268
222.660
3848.5
3862.2
3876.0
3889.8
3903.6
3917.5
3931.4
3945.3
76.
223.053
223.446
223.838
224.231
224.624
225.017
225.409
225.802
3959.2
3973.1
3987.1
4001.1
4015.2
4029.2
4043.3
4057.4
77-
226.195
226.587
226.980
227.373
227.765
228.158
228.551
228.944
4071.5
4085.7
4099.8
4114.0
4128.2
4142.5
4156.8
4171.1
78.
229.336
.229.729
230.122
230.514
230.907
231.300
231.692
232.085
4185.4
4199.7
4214.1
4228.5
4242.9
4257.4
4271.8
4286.3
79.
232.478
232.871
233.263
233.656
234.049
234.441
234.834
235.227
4300.8
4315.4
4329.9
4344.5
4359.2
4373.8
4388.5
4403.1
80.
235.619
236.012
236.405
236.798
237.190
237.583
237.976
238.368
4417.9
4432.6
4447.4
4462.2
4477.0
4491.8
8l.
Circum.
4506.7
4521.5
(continued)
Circum.
Area
238.761
239.154
239.546
239.939
240.332
240.725
241.117
241.510
4536.5
4551.4
4566.4
4581.3
4596.3
4611.4
4626.4
4641.5
241.903
242.295
242.688
243.081
243.473
243.866
244.259
244.652
4656.6
4671.8
4686.9
4702.1
4717.3
4732.5
4747.8
4763.1
245.044
245.437
245.830
246.222
246.615
247.008
247.400
247.793
4778.4
4793.7
4809.0
4824.4
4839.8
4855.2
4870.7
4886.2
Yz
248.186
248.579
248.971
249.364
249.757
%
%
250.149
250.542
4901.7
4917.2
4932.7
4948.3
4963.9
4979.5
4995.2
5010.9
VB
Yz
%
%
Ys
VB
Yz
Ys
%
Ys
VB
3/
/8
Yz
Ys
%
Ys
VB
}i
Ys
Ys
~
Yz
Ys
%
VB
VB
Y2
%
%
VB
250.935
251.327
251.720
252.113
252.506
252.898
253.291
253.684
254.076
5026.5
5042.3
5058.0
5073.8
5089.6
5105.4
5121.2
5137.1
254.469
254.862
255.254
255.647
256.040
256.433
256.825
257.218
5153.0
5168.9
5184.9
5200.8
5216.8
5232.8
5248.9
5264.9
I
305
~1~cumI~~_
Dia.
Circum.
82.
257.611
258.003
258.396
258.789
259.181
259.574
259.967
260.359
5281.0
5297.1
5313.3
5329.4
5345.6
5361.8
5378.1
5394.3
88.
260.752
261.145
261.538
261.930
262.323
262.716
263.108
263.501
5410.6
5426.9
5443.3
5459.6
5476.0
5492.4
5508.8
5525.3
89.
263.894
264.286
264.679
265.072
265.465
265.857
266.250
266.643
5541.8
5558.3
5574.8
5591.4
5607.9
5624.5
5641.2
5657.8
90.
267.035
267.428
267.821
268.213
268.606
268.999
269.392
269.784
5674.5
5691.2
5707.9
5724.7
5741.5
5758.3
5775.1
5791.9
91.
270.177
270.570
270.962
271.355
271. 748
272.140
272.533
272.926
5808.8
5825.7
5842.6
5859.6
5876.5
5893.5
5910.6
5927.6
92.
273.319
273.711
274.104
274.497
274.889
275.282
275.675
276.067
5944.7
5961.8
5978.9
5996.0
6013.2
6030.4
6047.6
6064.9
VB
34
%
Yz
%
:Va
Area
1- - - -
VB
74
%
Yz
%
:Va
---- - ---83.
Ys
74
%
Yz
%
:Va
--84.
VB
34
%
Yz
%
:Va
85.
VB
34
%
Yz
Ys
74
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
VB
74
%
Yz
%
%
:Va
VB
34
%
Yz
%
%
%
:Va
--- ---- ---86.
VB
74
%
7:!
%
:Va
87.
VB
34
%
Yz
%1
:Va
Ys
Ys
74
%
Yz
%
%
Dia.
Circum.
Are.
295.310
295.702
296.095
296.488
296.881
297.273
297.666
298.059
6939.8
6958.2
6976.7
6995.3
7013.8
7032.4
7051.0
7069.6
298.451
298.844
299.237
299.629
300.Q22
300.415
300.807
301.200
7088.2
7106.9
7125.6
7144.3
7163.0
7181.8
7200.6
7219.4
301.593
301.986
302.378
302.771
303.164
303.556
303.949
304.342
7238.2
7257.1
7276.0
7294.9
7313.8
7332.8
7351.8
7370.8
304.734
305.127
305.520
305.913
306.305
306.698
307.091
307.483
7389.8
7408.9
7428.0
7447.1
7466.2
7485.3
7504.5
7523.7
307.876
308.269
308.661
309.054
309.447
309.840
310.232
310.625
7543.0
7562.2
7581.5
7600.8
7620.1
7639.5
7658.9
7678.3
311.018
311.410
311.803
312.196
312.588
312.981
313.374
313.767
7697.7
7717.1
7736.6
7756.1
7775.6
7795.2
7814.8
7834.4
276.460
276.853
277.246
277.638
278.031
278.424
278.816
279.209
6082.1
6099.4
6116.7
6134.1
6151.4
6168.8
6186.2
6203.7
94.
279.602
279.994
280.387
280.780
281.173
281.565
281.958
282.351
6221.1
6238.6
6256.1
6273.7
6291.2
6308.8
6326.4
6344.1
95.
282.743
283.136
283.529
283.921
284.314
284.707
285.100
285.492
6361.7
6379.4
6397.1
6414.9
6432.6
6450.4
6468.2
6486.0
96.
285.885
286.278
286.670
287.063
287.456
287.848
288.241
288.634
6503.9
6521.8
6539.7
6557.6
6575.5
6593.5
6611.5
6629.6
97.
289.027
289.419
289.812
290.205
290.597
290.990
291.383
291.775
6647.6
6665.7
6683.8
6701.9
6720.1
6738.2
6756.4
6774.7
98.
292.168
292.561
292.954
293.346
293.739
294.132
294.524
294.917
6792.9
6811.2
6829.5
6847.8
6866.1
6884.5
6902.9
6921.3
99.
VB
34
%
Yz
%
:Va
Ys
74
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
VB
74
%
Yz
%
%
:Va
VB
74
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
Ys
34
%
7:!
%
%
Ys
- - - - - - - ----93.
VB
74
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
(continued)
Ys
Ys
74
%
Yz
%
Ys
306
Dia.
100.
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
%
:Va
101.
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
%
:Va
102.
Ys
!4
Yz
%
%
:Va
103.
VB
!4
%
Yz
%
%
:Va
104.
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
%
:Va
--lOS.
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
%
:Va
Circum.
Area
Dia.
314.16
314.55
314.95
315.34
315.73
316.12
316.52
316.91
7854
7873
7893
7913
7933
7952
7972
7992
106.
317.30
317.69
318.09
318.48
318.87
319.27
319.66
320.05
8012
8032
8052
8071
8091
8111
8131
8151
107.
320.44
320.84
321.23
321.62
322.Dl
322.41
322.80
323.19
8171
8191
8211
8231
8252
8272
8292
8312
108.
323.59
323.98
324.37
324.76
325.16
325.55
325.94
326.33
8332
8352
8372
8393
8413
8434
8454
8474
109.
326.73
327.12
327.51
327.91
328.30
328.69
329.08
329.48
8495
8515
8536
8556
8577
8597
8618
8638
110.
329.87
330.26
330.65
331.05
331.44
331.83
332.22
332.62
8659
8679
8700
8721
8741
8762
8783
8804
111.
Circum.
Area
Dia.
333.01
333.40
333.80
334.19
334.58
334.97
335.37
335.76
8825
8845
8866
8887
8908
8929
8950
8971
112.
336.15
336.54
336.94
337.33
337.72
338.12
338.51
338.90
8992
9014
9035
9056
9077
9098
9119
9140
113.
339.29
339.69
340.08
340.47
340.86
341.26
341.65
342.04
9161
9183
114.
9225
9246
9268
9289
9310
342.43
}42.83
343.22
343.61
344.01
344.40
344.79
345.18
9331
9353
9374
9396
9417
9439
9460
9481
115.
9503
116.
%
%
Ys
345.58
345.97
346.36
346.75
347.15
347.54
347.93
348.33
9525
9546
9568
9589
9611
9633
9655
VB
348.72
349.11
Yz
349.90
350.29
Ys
351.Q7
351.47
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
%
:Va
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
%
:Va
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
~4
Ys
VB
!4
%
Yz
%
%
:1
Ys
!4
%
Yz
~
~
%
%
349.50
350.68
9677
9698
9720
9742
9764
9786
9808
9830
Circum.
Area
351.86
352.25
352.65
353.04
%
%
:Va
353.43
353.82
354.22
354.61
9852
9874
9897
9919
9941
9963
9985
10007
355.00
355.39
355.79
356.18
356.57
356.96
357.36
357.75
10029
10052
10074
10097
10119
10141
10163
10185
358.14
358.54
358.93
359.32
359.71
360.11
360.50
360.89
10207
10230
10252
10275
10297
10320
10342
10365
361.28
361.68
362.07
362.46
362.86
363.25
363.64
364.03
10387
10410
10432
10455
364.43
364.82
365.21
365.60
366.00
366.39
366.78
367.18
10568
10590
106l}
10636
10659
10682
10705
10728
367.57
367.96
368.35
368.75
369.14
369.53
369.92
370.32
10751
10774
10798
10821
10844
10867
10890
10913
Ys
!4
Yz
VB
~
~
Yz
%
%
Ys
VB
~
~
9204
Yz
%
%
Ys
VB
~
~
Yz
%
%
Ys
VB
!4
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
117.
VB
!4
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
10477
10500
10522
10545
307
Dia.
118.
Ys
~
%
~
%
~
Ys
119.
Ys
%
~'2
%
~
Ys
120.
Ys
~
%
~
%
~
Ys
121.
Ys
~
%
~
Ys
122.
Ys
%
~
~.
Ys
123.
Ys
~
%
Y2
%
~
Ys
Circum.
Area
370.71
371.11
371.49
371.89
372.28
372.67
373.Q7
373.46
10936
10960
10983
11007
11030
11053
11076
11099
373.85
374.24
374.64
375.03
375.42
375.81
376.21
376.60
11122
11146
11169
11193
11216
11240
11263
11287
125.
376.99
377.39
377.78
378.17
378.56
378.96
379.35
379.74
11310
11334
11357
11381
11404
11428
11451
11475
126.
380.13
380.53
380.92
381.31
381.70
382.10
382.49
382.88
11499
11522
11546
11570
11594
11618
11642
11666
127.
383.28
383.67
384.06
384.45
384.85
385.24
385.63
386.02
11690
11714
11738
11762
11786
11810
11834
11858
128.
386.42
386.81
387.20
387.60
387.99
388.38
388.77
389.17
11882
11907
11931
11956
11980
12004
12028
12052
129.
Dia.
I Circum.
~I
Ys
~
%
~
Ys
Ys
%
Y2
%
~
Ys
Ys
~
%
~
%
~
Ys
.-
Ys
~
%
Y2
%
~
Ys
Ys
%
Y2
%
~
Ys
VB
~
%
Y2
%
~
Ys
Area
( continued)
~I Circum~j~_a_
389.56
389.95
390.34
390.74
391.13
391.52
391.92
392.31
12076
12101
12125
12150
12174
12199
12223
12248
130.
392.70
393.09
393.49
393.88
394.27
394.66
395.06
395.45
12272
12297
12321
12346
12370
12395
12419
12444
131.
395.84
396.23
396.63
397.02
397.41
397.81
398.20
398.59
12469
12494
12518
12543
12568
12593
12618
12643
132.
398.98
399.38
399.77
400.16
400.55
400.95
401.34
401.73
12668
12693
12718
12743
12768
12793
12818
12843
133.
402.13
402.52
402.91
403.30
403.70
404.09
404.48
404.87
12868
12893
12919
12944
12970
12995
13020
13045
134.
405.27
405.66
406.05
406.44
406.84
407.23
407.62
408.02
13070
13096
13121
13147
13172
13198
13223
13248
135.
Ys
%
Y2
YS
~
Ys
Ys
%
Y2
%
~
Ys
Ys
%
~
%
~
Ys
Ys
~
%
Y2
%
~
Ys
Ys
~
%
~
Ys
VB
~
VB
Y2
%
~
Ys
408.41
408.80
409.19
409.59
409.98
410.37
410.76
411.16
13273
13299
13324
13350
13375
13401
13426
13452
411.55
411.94
412.34
412.73
413.12
413.51
413.91
414.30
13478
13504
13529
13555
13581
13607
13633
13659
414.69
415.08
415.48
415.87
416.26
416.66
417.05
417.44
13685
13711
13737
13763
13789
13815
13841
13867
417.83
418.23
418.62
419.01
419.40
419.80
420.19
420.58
13893
13919
13946
13972
13999
14025
14051
14077
420.97
42l.37
421.76
422.15
422.55
422.94
423.33
423.72
14103
14130
14156
14183
14209
14236
14262
14288
424.12
424.51
424.90
425.29
425.69
426.08
426.47
426.87
14314
14341
14367
14394
14420
14447
14473
14500
308
Dia.
136.
VB
}i
%
Y2
%;
Ys
137.
VB
}i
%
Y2
%
%;
Ys
138.
VB
}i
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
13~.
~il
~4
3/
"8
H
%
%
Ys
140.
VB
~/8
Y2
%
%;
Ys
H.
Ys
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
I Circum. I
Area
427.26
427.65
428.04
428.44
428.83
429.22
429.61
430.01
14527
14553
14580
14607
14633
14660
14687
14714
142.
430.40
430.79
431.19
431.58
431.97
432.36
432.76
433.15
14741
14768
14795
14822
14849
14876
143.
Dia.
VB
~
%
H
%
%
Ys
Ys
%
H
%
14903
%;
14930
Ys
I Circum.
Area
Dia.
446.11
446.50
446.89
447.29
447.68
448.07
448.46
448.86
15837
15865
15893
15921
15949
15977
16005
16033
148.
449.25
449.64
450.03
450.43
450.82
451.21
451.61
452.00
16061
16089
16117
16145
16173
16201
16229
16258
149.
452.39
452.78
453.18
453.57
453.96
454.35
454.75
455.14
16286
16314
16342
16371
16399
16428
16456
16485
150.
455.53
-455.93
456.32
456.71
457.10
457.50
457.89
458.28
16513
16542
16570
16599
16627
16656
16684
16713
151.
458.67
459.07
459.46
459.85
460.24
460.64
461.03
461.42
16742
16770
16799
16827
16856
16885
16914
16943
152.
461.82
462.21
462.60
462.99
463.39
463.78
464.17
464.56
16972
17000
17029
17058
17087
17116
17145
17174
153.
VB
}i
%
Y2
%
%;
Ys
VB
%
Y2
%
%;
Ys
--144.
433.54
433.93
434.33
434.72
435.11
14957
14984
435.50
435.90
436.29
15094
15121
15148
436.68
437.08
437.47
437.86
438.25
438.65
439.04
439.43
15175
15203
15230
15258
15285
15313
15340
15367
145.
439.82
440.22
440.61
441.00
44l.40
441.79
442.18
442.57
15394
15422
15449
15477
15504
15532
15559
15587
146.
442.97
443.36
443.75
444.14
444.54
444.93
445.32
445.72
15615
15642
15670
15697
15725
15753
15781
15809
147.
VB
}i
15012
15039
15067
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
VB
}i
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
Ys
}i
H
%
%;
Ys
VB
}i
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
Ys
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
Ys
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
VB
}i
%
Y2
%
%;
Ys
VB
}i
%
Y2
%
%;
51
( &onl;nued)
Circum.
Area
464.96
465.35
465.74
466.14
466.53
466.92
467.31
467.71
17203
17232
17262
17291
17321
17350
17379
17408
468.10
468.49
468.88
469.28
469.67
470.06
470.46
470.85
17437
17466
17496
17525
17555
17584
17614
17643
471.24
471.63
472.03
472.42
472.81
473.20
473.60
473.99
17672
17702
17731
17761
17790
17820
17849
17879
474.38
474.77
475.17
475.56
475.95
476.35
476.74
477.13
17938
17967
17997
18026
18056
18086
18116
477.52
477.92
478.31
478.70
479.09
479.49
479.88
480.27
18146
18175
18205
18235
18265
18295
18325
18355
480.67
481.06
481.45
481.84
482.24
482.63
483.02
483.41
18385
18415'
18446
18476
18507
18537
18567
18597
17908
309
Dia.
154.
VB
!-i
%
Y2
%
%
VB
155.
VB
X
%
Y2
VB
%
VB
156.
VB
!-i
%
Y2
%
%
VB
157.
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
158.
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
159.
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
Circum.
Area
483.81
484.20
484.59
484.99
485.38
485.77
486.16
486.56
i8627
18658
18688
18719
18749
18779
18809
18839
160.
486.95
487.34
437.73
488.13
488.52
488.91
489.30
489.70
18869
18900
18930
18961
18991
19022
19052
19083
161.
490.09
490.48
490.88
491.27
491.66
492.05
492.45
492.84
19113
19144
19174
19205
19235
19266
19297
19328
162.
493.23
493.62
494.02
494.41
494.80
495.20
495.59
495.98
19359
19390
19421
19452
19483
19514
19545
19576
163.
496.37
496.77
497.16
497.55
497.94
498.34
498.73
499.12
19607
19638
19669
19701
19732
19763
19794
19825
164.
499.51
499.91
500.30
500.69
S01.09
S01.48
S01.87
S02.26
19856
19887
19919
19950
19982
20013
20044
20075
165.
Dia.
VB
!-i
%
Y2
%
%
:Va
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
VB
!-i
%
Y2
%
%
VB
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
I Circum.
Area
Dia.
S02.66
S03.05
S03.44
S03.83
S04.23
S04.62
505.01
S05.41
20106
20138
20169
20201
20232
20264
20295
20327
166.
S05.80
506.19
506.58
506.98
S07.37
507.76
508.15
508.55
20358
20390
20421
20453
20484
20516
20548
20580
167.
508.94
S09.33
S09.73
510.12
510.51
510.90
511.30
511.69
20612
20614
20675
20707
20739
20771
20803
20835
168.
512.08
512.47
512.87
513.26
513.65
514.04
514.44
514.83
20867
_ 20899
20931
20964
20996
21028
21060
21092
169.
515.22
515.62
516.01
516.40
516.79
517.19
517.58
517.97
21124
21157
21189
21222
21254
21287
21319
21351
170.
518.36
518.76
519.15
519.54
519.94
520.33
520.72
521.11
21383
21416
21448
21481
21513
21546
21578
21610
171.
Va
X
%
Y2
%
%
:Va
VB
X
%
Y2
VB
%
VB
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
VB
X
%
Y2
%
%
VB
(continued)
Circum.
Area
521.51
521.90
522.29
522.68
523.08
523.47
523.86
524.26
21642
21675
21707
21740
21772
21805
21838
21871
524.65
525.04
525.43
525.83
526.22
526.61
527.00
527.40
21904
21937
21969
22002
22035
22068
22101
22134
527.79
528.18
528.57
528.97
529.36
529.75
530.15
530.54
22167
22200
22233
22266
22299
22332
22366
22399
530.93
531.32
531.72
532.11
532.SO
532.89
533.29
533.68
22432
22465
22499
22532
22566
22599
22632
22665
534.07
534.47
534.86
535.25
535.64
536.04
536.43
536.82
22698
22731
22765
22798
22832
22865
22899
22932
537.21
537.61
538.00
538.39
538.78
539.18
539.57
539.96
22966
22999
23033
23066
23100
23133
23167
23201
310
Dia.
172-
Ys
~
Y2
%
~
Ys
173.
Ys
~
Y2
%
~
Ys
174.
Ys
Y2
%
~
Ys
175.
Ys
Yz
%
34
Ys
176.
Ys
Y2
%
~
Ys
177.
Ys
~
Y2
%
~
Ys
I Circum.
540.36
540.75
541.14
541.53
541.93
542.32
542.71
543.10
Area
23235
23268
23302
23336
23370
Dia.
178.
Ys
~
Y2
23404
23438
23472
Ys
543.50
543.89
544.28
544.68
545.Q7
545.46
545.85
546.25
23506
23540
546.64
547.03
547.42
547.82
548.21
548.60
549.00
549.39
23779
23813
23848
23882
23917
23951
23985
549.78
550.17
550.57
550.96
551.35
551.74
552.14
552.53
24053
24087
24122
24156
24191
24225
24260
24294
552.92
553.31
553.71
554.10
554.49
554.89
555.28
555.67
24329
24363
24398
24432
24467
24501
24536
24571
182.
556.06
556.46
556.85
557.24
557.63
558.03
558.42
558.81
24606
183.
179.
Ys
23575
23609
23643
23677
23711
23745
Y2
%
~
Ys
180.
Ys
Y2
%
~
Ys
24019
24640
24675
24710
24745
24780
24815
24850
181.
Ys
Y2
%
~
Ys
Ys
~
Vs
Y2
%
~
Ys
Ys
Y2
%
~
Ys
Circum.
Area
559.21
559.60
559.99
560.38
560.78
561.17
561.56
561.95
24885
24920
24955
24990
25025
25060
25095
25130
184.
562.35
562.74
563.13
563.53
563.92
564.31
564.70
565.10
25165
25200
25236
25271
25307
25342
25377
25412
185.
565.49
565.88
566.27
566.67
567.06
567.45
567.84
568.24
25447
25482
25518
25553
25589
25624
25660
25695
186.
568.63
-569.02
569.42
569.81
570.20
570.59
570.99
571.38
25730
25765
25801
25836
25872
25908
25944
25980
187.
571.77
572.16
572.56
572.95
573.34
573.74
574.13
574.52
26016
26051
26087
26122
26158
26194
26230
26266
188.
574.91
575.31
575.70
576.09
576.48
576.88
577.27
577.66
--
26302
26338
26374
26410
26446
26482
26518
26554
Dia.
Ys
Y2
%
~
Y8
Ys
Y2
%
~
Ys
Ys
~
Yz
%
~
Ys
Ys
~
Y2
%
~
Ys
Ys
Vs
Y2
%
~
Ys
189.
Ys
~
Y2
(continued)
Circum.
578.05
578.45
578.84
579.23
579.63
580.02
580.41
580.80
26590
26626
26663
26699
26736
26772
26808
26844
581.20
581.59
581.98
582.37
582.77
583.16
583.55
583.95
26880
26916
26953
26989
27026
27062
27099
27135
584.34
584.73
585.12
585.52
585.91
586.30
586.59
587.09
27172
27208
27245
27281
27318
27354
27391
27428
587.48
587.87
588.27
588.66
589.05
589.44
589.84
590.23
27465
27501
27538
27574
27611
27648
27685
27722
590.62
591.01
591.41
591.80
592.19
592.58
592.98
593.37
27759
27796
27833
27870
27907
27944
27981
28018
593.76
594.16
594.55
594.94
595.33
28055
28092
28130
28167
28205
28242
28279
28316
~5.73
Ys
596.12
596.51
Area
311
Dia.
190.
Ys
~4
Y2
%
:Ji
Ys
191.
Ys
Ii
%
Y2
%
:Ji
Ys
192.
Ys
~
%
Y2
%
:Ji
Ys
193.
VB
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
194.
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
:Ji
Ys
195.
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
Circum.
Area
Dia.
596.90
597.29
597.68
598.08
598.47
598.86
599.25
599.64
28353
28390
28428
28465
28503
28540
28578
28615
196.
600.04
600.44
600.83
601.22
601.62
602.01
602.40
602.79
28652
28689
28727
28764
28802
28839
28877
28915
197.
603.19
603.58
603.97
604.36
604.76
605.15
605.54
605.94
28953
28990
29028
29065
29103
29141
29179
29217
198.
606.33
606.72
607.11
607.51
607.90
608.29
608.58
609.08
29255
29293
29331
29369
29407
29445
29483
29521
199.
609.47
609.86
61026
610.65
61l.05
611.43
611.83
612.29
29559
29597
29636
29674
29713
29751
29789
29827
200.
612.61
613.00
613.40
613.79
614.18
614.57
614.97
615.36
29865
29903
29942
29980
30019
30057
201.
30096
30134
Ys
!4
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
Ys
U
%
Y2
%
:Ji
VB
Ys
!4
%
Y2
%
:Ji
Ys
Ys
!4
%
~2
%
:Ji
Ys
Ys
~
%
Y2
%
:Ji
Ys
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
I Circum. I
Area
Dia.
( continued)
Circum.
Area
634.60
635.00
635.40
635.79
636.18
636.57
636.97
637.36
32047
32086
32126
32166
32206
32246
32286
32326
637.74
638.15
638.54
638.93
639.32
639.72
640.11
640.50
32366
32405
32445
32485
32525
32565
32605
32645
Ys
640.88
641.28
641.67
642.07
642.46
642.85
643.24
643.63
32685
32725
32766
32806
32846
32886
32926
32966
VB
!4
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
644.03
644.43
644.82
645.21
645.61
646.00
646.39
646.78
33006
33046
33087
33127
33168
33208
33249
33289
647.17
647.57
647.96
648.35
648.75
649.14
649.53
649.93
33329
33369
33410
33450
33491
33531
33572
33613
650.31
650.71
651.10
651.50
651.89
652.28
652.57
653.07
33654
33694
33735
33775
33816
33857
33898
33939
615.75
616.15
616.54
616.93
617.32
617.72
618.11
618.50
30172
30210
30249
30287
30326
30364
30403
30442
202.
618.89
619.29
619.68
620.08
620.47
620.86
621.25
621.64
30481
30519
30558
30596
30635
30674
203.
622.04
622.44
622.83
623.22
623.62
624.01
624.40
624.79
30791
30830
30869
30908
30947
30986
31025
31064
204.
625.18
625.58
625.97
626.36
626.76
627.15
627.54
627.94
31103
31142
31181
31220
31260
31299
31338
31377
205.
628.32
628.72
629.11
629.51
629.90
630.29
630.58
63l.08
31416
31455
31495
31534
31574
31613
31653
31692
206.
63l.46
631.86
632.26
632.65
633.05
633.43
633.83
634.29
31731
31770
31810
31849
31889
31928
31968
32007
207.
Ys
!4
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
Ys
%
Y2
%
%
Ys
30713
30752
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
:Ji
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
Ys
!4
%
Yz
%
%
Ys
312
DAVIT
l
3"
I
I __ -~3"
1~--+---4.\ ~~
! ~--
CENTER LINE
-4~~:.y-c~
I
4-_ _-4111......
FLANGE
1u--~
..0 ..
-tr
--,
".
'~,
-I
__
.~
EYE BOLT _ _ ,
/DAVITARM
,
1
I,
r-
,/""
..1
IVSLEEVE
Tt
STIFFENIN:'Ai"
U BAR-:tj
'
1/2 "
PLATE
-1
'\t
~5/8
====-
I : !!. . . .
if'
SLEEVE
=i
FLANGE
RATING
SIZE
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PLATE
_+-+-_1-1/2"
H"D)~ ''"~-or~l~ht,;--4
NOTES:
'-IH+--
'I/~
OAVIT ARM
'\,
"
/' RING
.I'~
-HIt- , - _ .
1\
'::::-;:::
'\ ' l
,_'1'2"
EYE BOLT _ _
3"
300-
900 -
12 14 16 18 20 24 12 14 16 18 20 24 12 14 16 18 20 24 12 14 16 18 20 24
NO. OF
LIST
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
DAVIT ARM
SLEEVE
EYE-BOLT
V-BAR
LIST -I
1-1/2"-XH PIPE
2"-XH PIPE
5/8 q,
5/8 q,
RING
PLATE
HANDLE
5/8
5/8
5/8
STIFFENER
--
q,
LIST -2
2"-XXH PIPE
2-1/2" -STD PIPE
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
1 1 2 2 2
LIST - 3
2"-XXH PIPE
2-1/2"-STD PIPE
q,
q,
1"
I"
q,
1"
I"
q,
q,
I"
--
3/8"
q,
313
FIXED STAIR
Conforms to the requirements of
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSHA) STANDARDS
Fixed stairs will be provided where operations necessitate regular travel between levels.
Fixed stairways shall be designed to carry a load of five times the normal live load anticipated
but never less than to carry a moving concentrated load of 1,000 pounds.
Minimum width: 22 inches
Angle of stairway rise to the horizontal: 30 to 50 degrees.
Railings shall be provided on the open sides of all exposed stairways. Handrails shall be
provided on at least once side of closed stairways, preferably on the right side descending.
Each tread and nosing shall be reasonably slip-resistant.
Stairs having treads of less than nine-inch width should have open risers. Open ,rating type
treads are desirable for outside stairs.
See figure for minimum dimensions. Bolts Y2
1<1
Bolt holes
9/16 1<1
Ansle to
Horizontal
30 0
32 0
33 0
35 0
3S o
3S o
40 0
41 0
43 0
45 0
4S o
4S o
49 0
35'
OS'
41'
lS'
52'
29'
OS'
44'
22'
00'
3S'
lS'
54'
Riee
(in inches)
S~
Tread Run
(in inches)
11
lOy'
7
7~
7~
7Y.
10
9y'
10~
10~
9~
9~
S
S~
S~
9
Sy.
Sy.
9
S~
S~
9~
9~
'"
MIDRAIL
BAR 2xl/4
HANDRAIL POST
ANGLE 2x2.3/8
ANGLE 10 HORIZONTAL
314
HINGE
NOTE
LUG-A
A ==
VR2 - (R/2)2
B ==
VR2 -
R + 2% - A
R + 2% - B
R = Radius of flange
LUG-B
WELDED TO FLANGE
FLG. DIAM.
RATING
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
12
14
16
18
20
24
12
14
16
18
20
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
24
1 1/2
315
LADDER
Conforms to the requirements of
STANDARD ANSI A14.3-1974 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXED LADDERS.
OUTSIDE OF
SHELL OR
INSULATION
SIDE STEP
.>"""'1".......=---'-
THROUGH STEP
24 in. min.
30 in. max.
SIDE RAIL
(note 5)
P=
RUNG
314 II BAR
NOTES
1. Cage is not required where the length of climb is 20 feet or less above ground
level.
2. Horizontally offset landing platform shall be provided at least every 30 ft. of
climbing length. Where safety devices are used, rest platforms shall be provided
at maximum interwalls of 250 feet.
3. All material: steel conforming to ASTM A 36
4. Instead of the above specified structural shapes any other structural steel of
equivalent strength may be used. To avoid damages during shipping or galvanizing, structural angles are widely used for side rail and vertical members of the
cage.
5. The recommended minimum size of side rails under normal atmospheric condition 2 1/2 x 3/8 in. flat bar,although 2 x 1/4 bars are frequently used in practice.
6. All burrs and sharp edges shall be removed.
7. Protective Coating: one shop coat primer and one field coat of paint or hot dip
galvanizing.
316
MIST
EXTRACTOR
Mist extractors by separating mist, undesirable liquids from vapor, steam, liquids,
etc. improve the performance of various process equipments. They are manufactured from metal or plastic mesh and available in any required size and shape.
~II~
detail A or B
'ANGLE 1Klxl/8
DETAIL - A
DETAIL -
DETAIL - B
Use 6 I 12.5 beam support in center of mist extractor, when the diameter is greater
than 6 ft.
SPECIFICATION
THICKNESS OF PAD
WIRE
MESH
THICKNESS OF WIRE
MATERIAL OF WIRE
DENSITY Ib./Cu. ft.
PRESSURE DROP
MA TERIAL CARBON STEEL
GRID
4"
6"
.011 "
.011 "
BEARING BAR
l"x3/16"
CROSS BAR
BEARING BAR SPACING
CROSS BAR SPACING
WEIGHT Ib./sq.ft.
~ if>
lx3/16"
y.. if>
3-9/16
4"
3-9/16
4"
5.7
7.4
12"
12"
317
NAME PLATE
Pressure vessels built in accordance with the requirements of the Code may be stamped
with the official symbol "U" to denote The American Society of Mechanical Engineers' standard. (Code UG-11S and 116)
Pressure vessels stamped with the Code-symbol shall be marked with the following:
1. manufacturer's name; preceded with the words: "certified by";
maximum allowable working pressure, (MA WP) psi at temperature, of;
maximum design metal temperature at maximum allowable working pressure,
psi (MDMT);
manufacturer's serial number; (SIN);
year built
Abbreviations may be used as shown in parenthesis.
2. the appropriate abbreviations indicating the type of construction, service, etc.,
as tabulated:
When inspected by a user's inspector
USER
Arc or gas welded
W
Lethal service
L
Unfired steam boiler
US
Direct firing
OF
Fully radiographed and UW-II (a)(S) not applied
Rfl
Joints A & D fully radiographed; UW-Il(a)(5)(b) applied
R12
Spot radiographed
RTI
When RTl, RT2 or RT3 are not applicable
Rf4
Post weld heat treated
ill
Part of the vessel post weld heat treated
PHT
Nonstationary Pressure Vessel
NPV
1. Symbol "UM" shall be used when the vessel is exemptedfrom inspection [Code U-l (k)].
2.
For vessels made of5%, 8% and 9% nickel sheets, the use afnameplates is mandatory
for shell thickness below ~ in.; name plates are preferred on all thicknesses.
Code ULT-1l5(c)
USER
CERTIFIED BY
OMEGA TANK CO.
MA WP 250 psi II 650'F
MDMT 6S0'F It 250 psi
S/N-19560
Year built: 1996
W-L
RT 1
HT
The name plate shall be affixed directly to the shell. Ifadditional name plate is used on
skirts, supports, etc., it shall be marked: "Duplicate."
Lettering shall be not less than 5/32 in. high. The Code-symbol and serial number shall
be stamped, the other data may be stamped, etched, cast or impressed.
Commonly used material for name plate 0.32 in. stainless steel or '/s in carbon steel.
The name plate shall be seal welded to uninsulated vessel or mounted on bracket if
the vessel is insulated, and located in some conspicuous place; near manways, liquid
level control, level gage, about S ft. above ground, etc.
318
PLATFORM
Conforms to the requirements of
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSHA) STANDARDS
3 ft 6
In
ma)(
MIDRAIL
BAR 2x1/4
/ANGLE 5x3xY.
1/
SECTION
walking surfaces.
Max. spacing of supports 6 ft.
Max. spacing of handrail posts 6 ft.
Drill one 9/16 J drain hole in checkered
CHANNEL 6x8.2
ALTERNATIVE SUPPORTS
319
SKIRT
OPENINGS
FILLET WELD
VENT HOLES
In service of hydrocarbons or other
combustible liquids or gases the
skirts shall be provided with minimum of two 2 inch vent holes located as high as possible 180 degrees
apart. The vent holes shall clear
head insulation. For sleeve may be
used coupling or pipe.
ACCESS OPENINGS
The shape of access openings may
be circular or any other shapes.
Circular access openings are used
most frequently with pipe or bent
plate sleeves. The projection of
sleeve equals to the thickness of
fireproofing or minimum 2 inches.
_The projection of sleeves shall be
increased when necessary for reinforcing the skirt under certain loading conditions.
Diameter (D) = 16 - 24 inches
PIPE OPENINGS
The shape of pipe openings are circular with a diameter of 1 inch larger than the diameter of flange.
Sleeves should be provided as for
access openings.
TYPES OF SKIRT ACCESSES
320
VORTEX BREAKER
The purpose of vortex breakers is to eliminate the undesirable vortexing of
liquids.
Cross and flat-plate baffles are frequently used with a wipth of two times the
nozzle diameter.
For a high degree of effectiveness under severe swirling conditions the width of
the baffle should be four times the nozzle diameter. The height above the outlet
should be about half the nozzle diameter but may be several inches if required
larger clearance for other reasons.
R11'1
~.-~
VORTEXING OF LIQUIDS
0= DIAMETER OF PIPE
c...
GRATING
GRATING BAFFLE
FLAT AND CROSS PLATE BAFFLES
321
PART III.
MEASURES AND WEIGHTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
322
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
Schedule numbers and weight designations are in agreement with ANSI B36.1 0 for
carbon and alloy steel pipe and ANSI B36.19 for stainless steel pipe.
Nom
pipe
size
Schedule No.
Carbon
& alloy
steels
10~
.065
.088
.119
.330
.424
.535
.0570
.0451
.0310
.141
.141
.141
.1073
.0955
.0794
.1320
.1041
.0716
40
80
10S
405
80S
....
Sid.
X-Stg.
.675
.675
.675
.545
.493
.423
.065
.091
.126
.423
.567
.738
.1010
.0827
.0609
.171
.171
.177
.1427
.1295
.1106
.2333
.1910
.1405
...
40
105
40S
Sid.
.840
.840
.670
.622
.083
.109
.671
.850
.1550
.1316
.220
.220
.1764
.1637
.3568
.3040
80
160
80S
...
X-Slg.
...
. ..
XXStg.
.840
.840
.840
.546
.466
.252
.147
.187
.:294
1.087
1.310
1.714
.1013
.0740
.0216
.220
.220
.220
.1433
.1220
.0660
.2340
.1706
.0499
...
40
80
10S
405
80S
Std.
X-Stg.
1.050
1.050
1.050
.834
.824
.742
.083
.113
.154
.857
1.130
1.473
.2660
.2301
.1875
.275
.275
.275
.2314
.2168
.1948
.6138
.5330
.4330
160
...
1.050
1.050
XXSIg. 1.050
.675
.614
.434
.188
.218
.308
1.727
1.940
2.440
.1514
.1280
.0633
.275
.275
.275
.1759
.1607
.1137
.3570
.2961
.1479
..
40
80
105
40S
80S
..
Std.
X.SIg.
1.315
1.315
1.315
1.097
1.049
.957
.109
.133
.179
1.404
1.678
2.171
.4090
.3740
.3112
.344
.344
.344
.2872
.2740
.2520
.9448
.8640
.7190
.. .
160
.. .
.. .
....
1.315
1.315
1.315
.877
.815
.599
.219
.250
.358
2.561
2.850
3.659
.2614
.2261
.1221
.344
.344
.344
.2290
.2134
.1570
.6040
.5217
.2818
1.660
1.660
1.442
1.380
.109
.140
1.806
2.272
.7080
.6471
.434
.434
.3775
.3620
1.633
1.495
1.278
1.160
.896
.191
.250
.382
2.996
3.764
5.214
.5553
.4575
.2732
.434
.434
.434
.3356
.3029
.2331
1.283
1.057
.6305
40
80
160
...
.. .
40
80
160
...
.0740
.0568
.0364
.0-49
.068
.095
.410
.364
.302
.. .
1~
.0804
.0705
.0563
.307
.269
.215
.540
.540
.540
.. .
1~
.106
.106
.106
.405
.405
.405
Sid.
X.SIg.
.. .
.0320
.0246
.0157
Weight
per
foot
lb.
. ...
.186
.244
.314
Wall
thickness
in.
105
405
80S
40
80
..
Trans
verse
area
sq. in.
Inside
diam.
in.
Std.
X.SIg.
...
Outside
diam.
in.
40S
80S
Weight
Designation
40
80
4
i
Stainless
steels
.. .
40
.. .
....
...
XX.Stg.
10S
40S
....
80S
XSIg.
Std.
. ..
XX-Stg.
1.660
1.660
1.660
lOS
40S
....
Std.
1.900
1.900
1.682
1.610
.109
.145
2.085
2.717
.9630
.8820
.497
.497
.4403
.4213
2.221
2.036
80S
XStg.
1.900
1.900
XXStg. 1.900
1.500
1.337
1.100
.200
.281
.400
3.631
4.862
6.408
.7648
.6082
.4117
.497
.497
.497
.3927
.3519
.2903
1.767
1.405
.950
2.157
2.067
2.041
.109
.154
.167
2.638
3.652
3.938
1.583
1.452
1.420
.622
.622
.622
.5647
.5401
.5360
3.654
3.355
3.280
...
...
. ..
10S
40S
....
Std.
...
2.375
2.375
2.375
323
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (con't.)
Schedule No.
NomCarbon Staininal
& alloy less
pipe
steels
steels
size
2
(CONT.)
80
...
. ..
80S
. ..
.. .
160
...
...
., .
...
...
2~
40
..
80
160
.. .
...
.. .
...
...
40
.. .
...
80
.. .
.. .
160
...
...
. ..
10S
40S
80S
...
...
..
X.Stg.
'"
.
Wt. of
water
per ft.
pipe lb.
Outside
surface
per ft.
sq. ft.
Inside
surface
per ft.
sq. ft.
Transverse
area
sq. in.
2.375
2.375
2.375
2.000
1.939
1.875
.188
.218
.250
4.380
5.022
5.673
1.363
1.279
1.196
.622
.622
.l:22
.5237
.5074
.4920
3.142
2.953
2.761
2.375
2.375
2.375
1.150
1.689
1.503
.312
.343
.436
6.883
7.450
9.029
1.041
.767
.769
.622
.622
.622
.4581
.4422
.3929
2.405
2.240
1.714
.
Std.
2.875
2.875
2.875
2.635
2.469
2.441
.120
.203
.217
3.53
5.79
6.16
2.360
2.072
2.026
.753
.753
.753
.6900
.6462
.6381
5.453
4.788
4.680
X.Stg.
2.875
2.875
2.875
2.323
2.125
1.771
.276
.375
.552
7.66
10.01
13.69
1.834
1.535
1.067
.753
.753
.753
.6095
.5564
.4627
4.238
3.547
2.464
'"
...
XXStg.
.
'"
XX-Stg.
. ...
. ...
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.260
3.250
3.204
.120
.125
.148
4.33
4.52
5.30
3.62
3.60
3.52
.916
.916
.916
.853
.851
.940
8.346
8.300
8.100
. ..
40S
. ..
Std.
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.124
3.068
3.018
.188
.2.6
.241
6.65
7.57
8.39
3.34
3.20
3.10
.916
.916
.916
.819
.802
.790
7.700
7.393
7.155
...
. ..
80S
. ...
1.500
3.500
3.500
2.992
2.922
2.900
254
.289
.300
8.80
9.91
10.25
3.06
2.91
2.86
.916
.916
.916
.785
.765
.761
7.050
6.700
6.605
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
2.875
2.687
2.624
2.300
.312
.406
.438
.600
10.64
13.42
14.32
18.58
2.81
2.46
2.34
1.80
.916
.916
.916
.916
.753
.704
.687
.601
6.492
5.673
5.407
4.155
4.000
4.000
3.760
3.744
.120
.128
4.97
5.38
4.81
4.78
1.047
1.047
.984
.981
11.10
11.01
3.732
3.704
3.624
3.548
3.438
3.364
.134
.148
.188
.226
.281
.318
5.58
6.26
1.11
9.11
11.17
12.51
4.75
4.66
4.48
4.28
4.02
3.85
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
.978
.971
.950
.929
.900
.880
10.95
10.75
10.32
...
...
...
., .
10S
. ..
..
. ..
'"
X.Stg.
. ...
. ...
..
XX-Stg.
. ...
.,
..
. ...
40
405
Sid.
80
80S
X.Slg.
4.000
4.000
4.000
4.000
4.000
4.000
XX-Slg.
4.00u
4.000
4.000
3.312
3.062
2 728
.344
.469
.636
13.42
17.68
22.85
3.73
3.19
2.53
1.047
1.047
1.047
.867
.802
.716
8.62
7.37
5.84
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.260
4.244
4232
.120
.128
.134
5.61
5.99
6.26
6.18
6.14
611
.1.178
1.178
1.178
1.115
1.111
1.110
14.25
14.15
14.10
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.216
4.110
4.124
.142
.165
.188
6.61
7.64
8.56
6.06
5.92
5.80
1.178
1.178
1.178
1.105
1.093
1.082
13.98
13.6J
13.39
...
. ...
...
Weight
per
foot
lb.
...
10S
...
.. .
3i
Wall
thickness
in.
. .
'
...
...
...
. ..
. ..
...
105
.. .
..
...
.. .
...
.. .
..
.. .
...
9.89
9.28
8.89
324
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (con't.)
Schedule No.
Nom
inal
Carbon Stain
pipe & alloy less
size
steels
steels
o","d'i diam.
""d,
Weight
designa diam
tion
in.
in.
Wall
thick
ness
in.
Weight Wt. of
per
water
foot
per ft.
pipe Ib
lb.
4.500
4.090
4026
4.000
.205
.237
.250
9.39
10.79
11 35
5.71
5.51
5.45
1.178
1.178
1.178
1.071
1.055
1.049
13.15
12.73
12.57
4.500
4.500
4.500
3.958
3.938
3.900
.271
.281
.300
12.24
12.67
13.42
5.35
5.27
5.19
1.178
1.178
1.178
1.038
1.031
1.023
12.31
12.17
11.96
4.500
4.500
4.500
3.876
3.826
3.750
.312
.337
.375
14.00
14.98
16.52
5.12
4.98
4.78
1.178
1.17B
1.178
1.013
1.002
.982
11.80
11.50
11.04
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
3.624
3.500
3.438
3.152
.438
.500
.531
.674
1900
21.36
2260
27.54
4.47
4.16
4.02
3.38
1.178
1.178
1.178
1.178
.949
.916
.900
.826
10.32
9.62
9.28
7.80
5.295
5.047
4.859
4.813
.134
.258
.352
.375
7.770
14.62
19.59
20.78
9.54
8.66
8.06
7.87
1.456
1.456
1.456
1.456
1.386
1.321
1.272
1.260
22.02
20.01
18.60
18.19
4.500
40
405
Std.
4
ICQNT.J
.. .
...
80
80S
X.Stg.
120
.. .
.. .
160
.. .
...
. ..
.
.. .
XX.Stg .
105
405
Std.
80S
XStg.
5.563
5.563
5.563
5.503
XXStg .
5.563
5.563
5.563
5.563
4.688
4.563
4.313
4.063
.437
.500
.625
.750
23.95
27.10
3296
38.55
7.47
7.08
6.32
5.62
1.456
1.456
1.456
1.456
1.227
1.195
1.129
1.064
17.26
16.35
14.61
12.97
6625
6.625
6.625
6.3-57
6.287
6.265
.134
.169
.180
9.29
11.56
12.50
13.70
13.45
13.38
1.735
1.735
1.735
1.660
1.650
1.640
31.75
31.00
30.81
6.625
6.625
.6.625
6.249
6.187
6.125
.188
.219
.250
12.93
15.02
17.02
13.31
13.05
12.80
1.735
1.735
1.735
1.639
1.620
1.606
30.70
30.10
29.50
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.071
6.065
5.875
5.761
.277
.280
.375
.432
18.86
18.97
25.10
28.57
12.55
12.51
11.75
11.29
1.735
1.735
1.735
1.735
1.591
1.587
1.540
1.510
28.95
28.99
27.10
26.07
6.625
6.f\25
6.625
6.625
5.625
5501
.500
.562
.71 R
.864
32.79
36.40
45.30
53.16
10.85
10.30
9.16
8.14
1.735
1.735
1.735
1.735
1.475
1.470
1.359
1.280
24.85
23.77
21.15
18.83
13.40
14.26
14.91
23.6
23.6
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.180
2.178
2.175
54.5
54.3
54.1
16.90
18.30
19.64
23.2
23.1
22.9
2.26
2.26
2.161
2.152
53.5
53.1
2.26
2.148
52.7
.. .
.,
40
80
.
'
...
120
160
...
.. .
. ..
..
105
. ...
. ..
...
.. .
..
...
...
"
. ...
. ..
. ..
40S
Std.
80
80S
X-Stg.
.. .
120
160
...
...
...
...
...
.
40
...
XX-Stg
...
.. .
4.~00
lOS
. ...
.. .
....
5.18'1
4.897
.. .
.. .
....
8.625
8.295
.148
.158
.165
.. .
.. .
...
...
. ...
...
. ..
. ...
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.249
8.219
8.187
.188
.203
.219
. ...
8.625
8.625
8.329
8.309
23.5
325
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (con't.)
Schedule No.
NomCarbon Staininal
pipe & alloy less
steels
size
steels
..
20
30
8
ICONT.)
'"
'"
21.43
22.40
24.70
22.7
22.5
22.2
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.136
2.127
2.115
52.2
51.8
51.2
8.625
8.625
8.625
7.981
7.937
7.921
.322
.344
.352
28.55
30.40
31.00
21.6
21.4
21.3
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.090
2.078
2.072
50.0
49.5
49.3
8.625
8.625
8.625
7.875
7.813
7.687
.375
.406
.469
33.10
35.70
40.83
21.1
20.8
20.1
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.062
2.045
2.013
48.7
47.9
46.4
8.625
8.625
8.625
7.625
7.439
7.375
.500
.593
.625
43.39
50.90
53.40
19.8
18.8
18.5
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.006
1.947
1.931
45.6
43.5
42.7
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
7.189
7.001
6.875
6.813
.718
.812
.875
.906
60.70
67.80
72.42
74.70
17.6
16.7
16.1
15.8
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.26
1.882
1.833
1.800
1.784
40.6
38.5
37.1
36.4
Std.
. ...
...
.. .
60
...
...
. ...
. ...
80
100
80S
120
140
.,
..
X-Stg.
'"
.238
.250
.277
...
...
'
Outside
surface
per ft.
sq. ft.
8.149
8.125
8.071
405
...
Weight Wt. of
per
water
foot
per ft.
pipe Ib
lb .
8.625
8.625
8.625
.
.
"
Wall
thickness
in.
.
.
40
"
...
...
...
...
...
XX-Stg.
160
"
105
"
"
...
...
'"
.
. ...
..
10.750 10.420
10.750 10.374
10.750 10.344
.165
.188
.203
18.65
21.12
22.86
36.9
36.7
36.5
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.73
2.72
2.71
85.3
84.5
84.0
10.750 10.310
10.750 10.250
10.750 10.192
.219
.250
.279-
2H'O
28.03
31.20
36.2
35.9
35.3
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.70
2.68
2.66
83.4
82.6
81.6
10.750 10.136
10.750 10.054
10.750 10.020
.307
.348
.365
34.24
38.66
40.48
35.0
34.4
34.1
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.65
2.64
2.62
80.7
79.3
78.9
10.750
10.750
10.750
9.960
9.750
9.687
.395
.500
.531
43.68
54.74
57.98
33.7
32.3
31.9
2.S1
2.81
2.81
2.61
2.55
2.54
77.9
74.7
73.7
10.750
10.750
10.750
9.564
9.314
9.250
.593
.718
.750
64.40
77.00
SO.10
31.1
29.5
29.1
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.50
2.44
2.42
71.8
68.1
67.2
10.750
10.750
10.750
10.750
9.064
8.750
8.625
8.500
.843
1.000
1.063
1.125
89.20
104.20
109.90
116.00
27.9
26.1
25.3
24.6
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.37
2.29
2.26
2.22
64.5
60.1
58.4
56.7
12.750 12.390
12.750 12344
.180
.203
24.16
27.2
52.2
52.0
3.34
3.34
3.24
3.23
120.6
119.9
12.750 12.312
12.750 12.274
12.750 12.250
.219
.238
.250
29.3
31.8
33.4
51.7
51.5
j13
3.34
3.34
3.34
3.22
3.22
3.12
119.1
118.5
118.0
"
'"
...
20
...
. ...
...
. ...
..
....
.
40
405
Std.
60
80S
X-Stg.
...
. ..
...
'"
"
"
30
..
'"
10
"
80
100
., ..
.. .
...
...
...
160
...
120
140
.. .
"
'" .
. ...
lOS
.. .
....
...
20
...
..
. ..
..
12 .. .
"
'"
. ...
'"
326
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (con't.)
Schedule No.
Nom
inal
Carbon Stain
pipe & alloy less
steels
steels
size
..
30
40S
12
.279
37.2
50.7
3.34
3.19
.300
40.0
50.5
3.34
3.18
116.1
...
12.750 12.090
.330
43.8
49.7
3.34
3.16
114.8
12.750 12.062
.344
45.5
49.7
3.34
3.16
114.5
Std.
12.750 12.000
.375
49.6
48.9
3.34
3.14
113.1
12.750 11.938
.406
53.6
48.5
3.34
3.13
111.9
12.750 11.874
.438
57.5
48.2
3.34
3.11
111.0
12.750 11.750
.500
65.4
46.9
3.34
3.08
108.4
12.750 11.626
.562
73.2
46.0
3.34
3.04
106.2
12.750 11.500
.625
80.9
44.9
3.34
3.01
103.8
12.750 11.376
.687
88.6
44.0
3.34
2.98
101.6
12.750 11.064
12.750 11.000
.843
108.0
41.6
3.34
2.90
96.1
.875
110.9
41.1
3.34
2.88
95.0
125.5
39.3
3.)4
2.81
90.8
140.0
37.5
3.34
2.75
86.6
12.750 10.313
1.219
150.1
36.3
3.34
2.70
83.8
10.126 1.312
161.0
34.9
3.34
2.65
80.5
146.0
X.Stg.
80
.,
100
.,
. ...
....
..
Trans
Inside
surface verse
area
per ft.
sq. in.
sq. ft.
12.750 12.150
.
. ...
120
Outside
surface
per ft.
sq. ft.
12.750 12.192
60
(CONT.)
Weight Wt. of
water
per
foot
per ft.
pipe lb
IbJ
. ...
40
80S
Wall
thick
ness
in.
116.9
.,
.
. ...
.,
. ...
12.750
.,
. ...
14.000 13.624
14.000 13.560
14.000 13'.524
.188
28
63.4
3.67
3.57
.220
32
63.0
3.67
3.55
145.0
.238
35
62.5
3.67
3.54
144.0
.250
37
62.1
3.67
3.54
143.0
.312
46
60.8
3.67
3.50
140.5
Std.
14.000 13.500
14.000 13.375
14.000 13.250
.375
55
59.7
3.67
3.47
137.9
.406
58
59.5
3.67
3.45
137.0
....
14.000 13.188
14.000 13.124
.438
63
58.5
3.67
3.44
135.3
14.000 13.062
.469
68
58.1
3.67
3.42
134.0
14.000 13.000
14.000 12.814
.500
72
57.4
3.67
3.40
132.7
.593
85
55.9
3.67
3.35
129.0
14.000 12.750
.625
89
55.3
3.67
3.34
127.7
14.000 12.688
14.000 12.500
.656
94
54.7
3.67
3.32
126.4
80
.750
107
51.2
3.67
3.27
122.7
100
14.000 12.125
.937
131
50.0
3.67
3.17
115.5
120
14.000
1.093
151
47.5
3.67
3.09
109.6
103.9
140
160
.. .
..
10
20
30
40
14
X.Stg.
60
11.814
14.000 11.500
14.000 11.313
. ...
14.000 11.188
140
160
.' .
1.250
171
45.0
3.67
3.01
1.344
182
43.5
3.67
2.96
100.5
190
42.6
3.67
2.93
98.3
1.406
327
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (con't.)
Schedule No.
Nom
inal
Carbon Stain
pipe & alloy less
size
steels
steels
...
. ..
. ...
...
. ..
10
..
. ...
..
20
.. .
...
. ..
...
...
. ..
40
...
30
...
16
. ...
. ..
X.SIg.
...
. ..
60
.. .
...
...
.., .
. ...
.. .
...
. ...
80
100
...
. ...
120
.
...
. ...
140.
...
. ..
...
...
.., .
....
...
. ...
...
.,
160
10
20
"
..
. ...
..
Std.
\Veight WI. of
per
water
per ft.
foot
lb)
pipe lb
Ou tsi de
surface
per fl.
sq. ft.
Inside
Trans
surface verse
per ft.
area
sq. in.
sq. ft.
.188
32
4.09
192.0
4.20
4.06
190.0
.250
40
42
83.3
82.5
4.20
.238
82.1
4.20
4.06
189.0
16.000 15.438
16.000 15.375
16.000 15.31-2
.281
47
81.2
4.20
4.04
.312
344
52
57
80.1
4.20
4.03
187.0
185.6
80.0
4.20
4.01
184.1
16.000 15.250
16.000 15.188
16.000 15.124
.375
.406
.438
63
68
73
79.1
78.6
78.2
4.20
182.6
181.0
4.20
4.00
3.98
3.96
180.0
16.000 15.062
16.000 15.000
16.000 14.938
.469
.500
.531
78
83
88
77.5
76.5
75.8
4.20
4.20
4.20
3.94
3.93
3.91
178.5
176.7
175.2
16.000 14.688
16.000 14.625
16.000 14.500
.656
.687
.750
108
112
122
73.4
72.7
71.5
4.20
4.20
4.20
3.85
3.83
3.80
169.4
168.0
165.1
16.000 14.314
16.000 13.938
16.000 13.564
.843
1.031
1.218
137
165
193
69.7
66.0
62.6
4.20
4.20
4.20
3.75
3.65
3.55
160.9
152.6
144.5
16.000 13.124
16.000 13.000
16.000 12.814
1.438
1.500
1.593
224
23~
4.20
4.20
4.20
3.44
3.40
335
135.3
132.7
245
58.6
57.4
55.9
18.000 17.500
18.000 17.375
18.000 17.250
.250
.312
.375
47
59
71
104.6
102.5
101.2
4.71
4.71
4.71
4.58
4.55
4.51
Ul.0
237.1
233.7
18.000 17.124
18.000 17.000
18.000 16.876
.438
.500
.562
82
93
105
99.5
98.2
97.2
4.71
4.71
4.71
4.48
4.45
4.42
229.5
227.0
224.0
16.000 15.624
16.000 15.524
16.000 15.500
4.20
1~9.Q
30
...
X.SIg
40
...
...
...
. ...
., ..
..
18.000 16.813
18.000 16.750
18.000 16.500
.594
.625
.750
110
116
138
96.1
95.8
92.5
4.71
4.71
4.71
4.40
4.39
4.32
222.0
. ..
...
. ...
. ...
. ...
18.000 16.375
18.000 16.126
18.000 15.688
.812
.937
1.156
149
171
208
91.2
88.5
83.7
4.71
4.71
4.71
4.29
4.22
4.11
210.6
204.2
193.3
.. , .
. ...
18.000
18.000
18.000
18.000
15.250
...
1.375
1.562
1.687
1.781
244
275
294
309
79.2
75.3
72.7
71.0
4.71
4.71
4.71
4.71
3.99
3.89
3.83
3.78
182.7
173.8
168.0
163.7
.
...
60
..
18
Sid.
Wall
thick
ness
in.
...
80
100
..
...
120
140
...
160
. ..
...
'0'
. .. .
14.876
14.625
14.438
220.5
213.8
328
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (con't.)
Schedule No.
Nominal
Carbon Stainpipe & alloy less
size
steels
steels
10
.. .
20
.. .
30
.. .
20
'"
..
..
'
..
...
.
....
. ...
Std.
X-Stg.
"
..
.. .
...
. ...
. ...
60
.. .
..
. ...
40
.. .
80
100
120
140
..
"
"
"
'"
'"
22
.
.
.
. .0.
,.0 .
..0.
. ...
.
.
....
...
Weight WI. of
water
per
foot
per flpipe lb
lb.
Outside
surface
per ft.
sq. ft.
TransInside
surface verse
area
per flsq. ft.
sq. in.
20.000 19.500
20.000 19.374
20.000 19.250
.250
.313
.375
53
66
79
130.0
128.1
126.0
5.24
5.24
5.24
5.11
5.08
5.04
299.0
295.0
291.1
20.000 19.124
20.000 19.000
20.000 18.875
.438
.500
.562
92
105
117
125.1
122.8
121.1
5.24
5.24
5.24
5.01
4.97
4.94
28S.0
283.5
279.8
20.000
20.000
20.000
20.000
18.814
18.750
18.376
18.250
.593
.625
.812
.875
123
129
167
179
120.4
119.5
114.9
113.2
5.24
5.24
5.24
5.24
4.93
4.91
4.81
4.78
278.0
276.1
265.2
261.6
20.000
20.000
20.000
20.000
18.188
17.938
17.438
17.000
.906
1.031
1.281
1.500
20.000 16.500
20.000 16.313
20.000 16.064
1.750
1.S44
1.968
185
209
256
297
342
357
379
112.7
109.4
103.4
9S.3
92.6
90.5
87.9
5.24
5.24
5.24
5.24
5.24
5.24
5.24
4.76
4.80
4.56
4.45
4.32
4.27
4.21
259.S
252.7
238.8
227.0
213.8
209.0
202.7
160
. '"
.. .
.. ..
.. .
'"
22.000 21.500
22.000 21.376
22.000 21.250
.250
.312
.375
58
72
87
157.4
155.6
153.7
5.76
5.76
5.76
5.63
5.60
5.56
363.1
358.9
354.7
.. .
'"
.. , .
22.000 21.126
22.000 2LOOO
22.000 20.876
.437
.500
.562
103
115
129
152.0
150.2
148.4
5.76
5.76
5.76
5.53
5.50
5.47
350.5
346.4
342.3
22.000 20.750
22.000 20.624
22.000 20.500
.625
.688
.750
143
157
170
146.6
144.8
143.1
5.76
5.76
5.76
5.43
5.40
5.37
338.2
334.1
330.1
24.000 23.500
24.000 23.376
24.000 23.250
.250
.312
.375
63
79
95
189.0
186.9
183.8
6.28
6.28
6.28
6.15
6.12
6.09
435.0
430.0
424.6
24.000 23.125
24.000 23.000
24.000 22.876
.437
.500
.562
110
125
141
181.8
181.0
178.5
6.28
6.28
6.28
6.05
6.02
5.99
420.0
416.0
411.0
24.000 22.750
24.000 22.626
24.000 22.500
.625
.687
.750
156
171
186
175.9
174.2
172.1
6.28
6.28
6.28
5.96
5.92
5.89
406.5
402.1
397.6
.968
1.031
1.218
1.531
238
253
297
367
165.8
163.6
158.2
149.3
6.28
6.28
6.28
6.28
5.78
5.74
5.65
5.48
382.3
378.0
365.2
344.3
.. .
.. .
.. .
10
.. .
....
'"
.
0"
...
,0
....
. ...
... .
....
'"
.
Std.
20
X-Stg.
30
24
Wall
thickness
in.
40
'"
'"
60
...
SO
100
'"
....
'"
....
24.000
24.000
24.000
24.000
22.064
21.938
21.564
20.938
329
PROPERTIES OF PIPE (con't.)
Schedule No.
Nominal
Carbon Stainpipe & alloy less
steels
size
steels
24
iCONT.)
120
140
.. .
160
.. .
.. .
.. .
26
...
.. .
.. .
.. .
.. .
.. .
30
... .
....
. , ..
....
... .
'0'
....
....
20.376
19.876
19.625
19.314
1.812
2.062
2.187
2.343
429
484
510
542
141.4
134.4
130.9
127.0
6.28
6.28
6.28
6.28
5.33
5.20
5.14
5.06
326.1
310.3
302.0
293.1
.250
.312
.375
67
84
103
221.4
219.2
217.1
6.81
6.81
6.81
6.68
6.64
6.61
510.7
505.8
500.7
'0'
....
... .
.....
... .
... .
....
26.000 25.500
26_000 25.376
26.000 25.250
...
....
....
26.000 25.126
26.000 25.000
26.000 24.876
.437
.500
.562
119
136
153
215.0
212.8
210.7
6.81
6.81
6.81
6.58
6.54
6.51
495.8
490.9
486.0
26.000 24.750
26.000 24.624
26.000 24.500
.625
.688
.750
169
186
202
208.6
206.4
204.4
6.81
6.81
6.81
0.48
6.45
6.41
481.1
476.2
471.4
30.000 29.376
30.000 29.250
30.000 29.125
.312
.375
.437
99
119
138
293.7
291.2
288.7
7_85
7.85
7.85
7.69
7.66
7.62
677.8
672.0
666.2
30.000 29.000
30.000 28.875
30.00C 28.750
.500
.562
.625
158
177
196
286.2
283.7
281.3
7.85
7.85
7.85
7.59
7.56
7.53
660.5
654.8
649.2
0'
... .
0'
.0
.. , .
....
'0'
....
10
,0'
....
.. .
.. .
.. , .
....
... .
....
20
....
....
...
10
24.000
24.000
24.000
24.000
Wall
thickness
in.
w
w
ANSI B 36.10
DIMENSIONS OF PIPE
V.
v..
-~
%
1
0.405
0.540
0.675
--0.8-40
1.050
1.315
- - ---
Iv..
1.660
1~
1.900
2
2.375
--- --2.875
2~
3
3.500
3~
4.000
--- --4
4.500
5.563
5
6
6.625
- - --8
8.625
10
10.750
12
12.750
- - --14
14.000
16
16.000
18
18.000
- - --20
20.000
24
24.000
303
30.000
Schad.
20
Sched.
30
Std.
Weight
Sched.
40
-----------------------
---
------------------
0.068
0.088
0.091
0.068
0.088
0.091
-0.109
0.113
0.133
--
-.
..
-------
0.250
0.250
0.250
-- ,_....
0.250
0.250
0.312
-------.----.-----.
--
0.109
0.113
0.133
-0.140
0.145
0.154
-0.203
0.216
0.226
--
0.312
0.312
0.312
0.375
0.375
0.438
0.237
0.258
0.280
-_._-0.322
0.365
0.375
-----0.375
0.375
0.375
------
------
------
0.375
0.375
0.500
0.500
0.562
0.625
0.375
0.375
0.375 3
--
-0.250
0.250
0.250
-0.277
0.307
0.330
~-.--
-------
0.140
0.145
0.154
-0.203
0.216
0.226
-0.237
0.258
0.280
-0.322
0.365
0.406
---- ._--
0.438
0.500
0.562
--.---0.593
0.687
--
Schad.
60
..
--.
--
---
-------------
--0.406
0.500
0.562
---_ .. 0.593
0.656
0.750
---0.812
0.968
--
Extra
Strong
Sched.
80
0.095
0.119
0.126
0.095
0.119
0.126
--
--
0.147
0.154
0.179
0.147
0.154
0.179
-0.191
0.200
0.218
--0.276
0.300
0.318
--0.337
0.375
0.432
---0.500
0.593
0.687
-0.191
0.200
0.218
-0.276
0.300
0.318
-0.337
0.375
0.432
-.-~-
0.500
0.500
0.500
.-_ .. __ ... --0.500
0.500
0.500
~---
0.500
0.500
0.500 3
-------
0.750
0.843
0.937
----.~
1.031
1.218
--
Sched.
100
Sched.
120
.-------------------
---------
--
-.-----0.438
0.500
0.562
--
0.593
0.718
0.843
--0.937
1.031
1.156
-1.281
1.531
--
------
0.718
0.843
1.000
----1.093
,1.218
1.375
--1.500
1.812
-
--
Sched.
140
--
--
--
--
----------------
Sched.
160
.---0.187
0.218
0.250
~--
0.250
0.281
0.343
--0.375
0.438
--
--
0.531
0.625
0.718
XX
Strong
.--
--
--
0.294
0.308
0.358
-0.382
0.400
0.436
--
0.552
0.600
0.636 3
-0.674
0.750
0.864
~-
------
0.812
1.000
1.125
-1.250
1.438
1.562
--
0.906
1.125
1.312
---1.406
1.593
1.781
0.875
--
--
1.750
2.062
1.968
2.343
--
.-
Nomina
Pipe
Size
--.
-----.---
V.
v..
-~
%
1
--
Iv..
1~
-2V2
3
3~
-4
5
6
-8
10
12
-14
16
18
-20
24
30
331
332
Internal
Area
Sq. In.
Sq. Ft.
External
Surface
Per Ft.
Length
Sq. Ft.
Internal
Surface
Per Ft.
Length
Theoretical
Weight Per
Ft. Length
ID
Tubing
Inches
.125
.110
.105
.095
.085
.1104
.1288
.1353
.1486
.1626
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.0982
.1060
.1086
.1139
.1191
.668
.605
.583
.538
.490
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
.075
.065
.060
.055
.050
.1772
.1924
.2003
.2083
.2165
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1244
.1296
.1322
.1348
.1374
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
.150
.135
.125
.1 IO
.105
.095
.1590
.1810
.1964
.2206
.2290
.2463
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1963
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
.085
.075
.065
.060
.055
.050
.2642
.2827
.3019
.3117
.3217
.3318
7/8
7/8
7/8
7/8
7/8
7/8
.150
.135
.125
.IIQ
.105
.095
7/8
7/8
7/8
7/8
7/8
7/8
D of
Tubing
Inches
Wall
Thickness
Inches
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
Constant
C
OD
-ID-
Metal Area
(Transver.;c
Metal Area)
Sq. In.
.375
.405
.415
.435
.455
172
201
211
232
254
1.667
1.543
1.506
1.437
1.374
.1964
.1780
.1715
.1582
.1442
.441
.389
.362
.335
.307
.475
.495
.505
.515
.525
276
300
312
325
338
1.316
1.263
1.238
1.214
1.190
.1296
.1144
.1065
.0985
.0903
.1178
.1257
.1309
.1388
.1414
.1466
.961
.887
.834
.752
.723
.665
.450
.480
.500
.530
.540
.560
248
282
306
344
357
384
1.667
1.563
1.500
1.415
1.389
1.339
.2STT
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1518
.1571
.1623
.1649
.1676
.1702
.604
.541
.476
.442
.408
.374
.580
.600
.620
.630
.640
.650
412
441
471
486
502
518
1.293
1.250
1.210
1.190
1.172
1.154
.1776
.1590
.1399
.1301
.1201
.1100
.2597
.2875
.3068
.3370
.3473
.3685
.2291
.2291
.2291
.2291
.2291
.2291
.1505
.1584
.1636
.1715
.1741
.1793
1.I61
1.067
1.001
.899
.863
.791
.575
.605
.625
.655
.665
.685
405
448
478
526
542
575
1.522
1.446
1.400
1.336
1.316
1.277
.3416
.3138
.2945
.2p44
.2540
.2328
.085
.075
.065
.060
.055
.050
.3904
.4128
.4359
.4477
.4596
.4717
.2291
.2291
.2291
.2291
.2291
.2291
.1846
.1898
.1950
.705
.725
.745
.755
.765
.775
609
.2003
.2029
.717
.641
.562
.522
.482
.441
680
698
717
736
1.241
1.207
1.174
1.159
1.144
1.129
.2110
.1885
.1654
.1536
.1417
.1296
.ISO
I
I
I
I
.135
.125
.110
.105
.095
.3848
.4185
.4418
.4778
.4902
.5153
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.1833
.1911
.1964
.2042
.2068
.2121
1.362
1.247
1.168
1.046
1.004
.918
.700
.730
.750
.780
.790
.810
600
653
689
745
764
804
1.429
1.370
1.333
1.282
1.266
1.235
.4006
.3669
.3436
.3076
.2952
.2701
I
I
I
I
I
I
.085
.075
.065
.060
.055
.050
.5411
.5675
.5945
.6082
.6221
.6362
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2173
.2225
.2278
.2304
.2330
.2356
.831
.741
.649
.602
.555
.507
.830
.850
.870
.880
.890
.900
844
885
927
949
970
992
1.205
1.176
1.149
r.136
1.124
1.111
.2443
.2179
.1909
.1772
.1633
.1492
= pounds
.1~77
644
.2608
.2454
.2212
.2128
.1955
= 1.0
333
PROPERTIES OF TUBING
Area
Metal
Sq. Fe
Sq. Ft. Weight
Weight Weight
(TransExternal Internal per Fe
per Ft. per Ft.
0.0.
Thick- Internal Surface Surface Length
Length Length
1.0.
0 0
verse
of
BWG
ness
Area
per Ft.
per Ft.
Adm.
Copper Steel Tubing Constant _ _ Metal
Tubing Gage Inches Sq. In.
Length
Length
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Inches
C"
[ 0
Area)
--~-~-------------~----~-----------------
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
10
II
12
13
14
15
.134
.120
.109
.095
.083
.072
.[001
.1164
.1301
.1486
.1655
.1817
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.0935
.1008
.1066
.1139
.1202
.1259
.766
.705
.655
.586
.524
.464
.801
.738
.685
.613
.548
.485
.703
.647
.601
.538
.480
.425
.357
.385
.407
.435
.459
.481
156
182
203
232
258
283
l.751
1.623
1.536
1.437
1.362
1.299
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
16
17
18
19
20
22
.065
.058
.049
.042
.035
.028
.1924
.2035
.2181
.2299
.2419
.2543
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1636
.1296.424
.1333
.383
.1380
.329
.1416
.285
.1453
.240
.1490
.195
.443
.400
.344
.298
.251
.204
.389
.351
.30 I
.262
.221
.179
.495
.509
.527
.541
.555
.569
300
317
340
359
377
397
1.263.1144
1.228 .1033
1.186 .0887
1.155 .0769
1.126 .0649
1.098 .0525
10
11
12
13
14
15
.134
.120
.109
.095
.083
.072
.1825
.2043
.2223
.2463
.2679
.2884
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1963
.1262
.1335
.1393
.1466
.1529
.1587
1.005
.920
.851
.758
.674
.594
.882
.807
.746
.665
.591
.521
.482
.510
.532
.560
.584
.606
285
JI9
347
384
418
450
1.556
1.471
1.410
1.339
1.284
1.238
.961
.880
.813
.724
.644
.568
.2067
.1904
.1767
.1582
.1413
.1251
.2593
.2375
.2195
.1955
.1739
.1534
1-.:...-...--------------------------------------------3/4
16
.065
.3019
.1963
.1623
.518
.542
.476
.620
471
1.210 .1399
3/4
17
.058
.3157
.1963
.1660
.467
.489
.429
.634
492
1.183 .1261
3/4
18
.049
.3339
.1963
.1707
.400
.418
.367
.652
521
1.150 .1079
3/4
19
.042
.3484
.1963
.1744
.346
.362
.318
.666
543 .1.126 .0934
3/4
20
.035
.3632
.1963
.1780
.291
.305
.267
.680
566
1.103 .0786
3/4
22
.028
.3783
.1963
.1817
.235
.246
.216
.694
590
1.081
.0635
1......:...:...-...-------------....:...:.;...;.;;.-...:..;:..-=-------------------.:..:..:...:- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.442
.3119
7/8
10
.134
.2894
.2291
.15891.156
1.2091.060
451
.607
1.378 .2846
494
7/8
11
.120
.3167
.2291
.1662 1.055
1.103
.968
.635
1.332 .2623
7/8
12
.109
.3390
.2291
.1720
.972
1.017
.892
529
.657
1.277 .2328
7/8
13
.095
.3685
.2291
.1793
.863
.902
.791
575
.685
1.234 .2065
7/8
14.083.3948.2291
.1856.765
.-800.702
616
.709
1.197 .1816
7/8
15
.072
.4197
.2291
.1914
.673
.704
.617
655
.731
1.174 .1654
7/8
16
.065
.4359
.2291
.1950
.613
.641
.562
.745
680
l.l53 .1489
.759
7/8
17
.058
.4525
.2291
.1987
.552
.577
.506
706
1.126 .1272
IS
.049
.4742
.2291
.2034
.471
.493
.432
.777
7/S
740
1.106 .1099
766
7/8
19
.042
.4914
.2291
.2071
.407
.426
.374
.791
. 087 .0924
794
7/S
20
.035
.5090
.2291
.2107
.342
.358
.314
.805
1.068 .0745
822
22
.028
.5268
.2291
.2144
.276
.289
.253
.819
7/8
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
1
I
I
10
II
12
13
14
15
.134
.4208
.120.4536
.109
.4803
.095
.5153
.083
.5463
.072 .5755
.261S
.2618
.2618
.261S
.2618
.2618
.1916 1.351
.19901.229
.2047 1.131
.2121 1.001
.2183
.886
.2241
.778
16
17
18
19
20
22
.065
.058
.049
.042
.035
.028
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2278
.2314
.2361
.2398
.2435
.2471
.5945
.6138
.6390
.6590
.6793
.6999
.740
.665
.567
.490
.411
.331
Courtesy of
.708
.636
.542
.468
.393
.317
1.413 1.239
1.2861.128
1.182 1.037
1.047
.918
.927
.813
.814
.714
= 1.0
.649
.584
.498
.430
.361
.291
.732
.760
.782
.810
.834
.856
656
707
749
804
852
898
1.366
1.316
1.279
1.235
1.199
1.168
.3646
.3318
.3051
.2701
.2391
.2099
.870
.S84
.902
.916
.930
.944
927
957
997
1028
1059
1092
1.149
1.131
1.109
1.092
1.075
1.059
.1909
.1716
.1464
.1264
.1061
.0855
334
HEADS
For vessels of small and medium diameters ellipsoidal heads are used most
commonly, while large diameter vessels are usually built with hemispherical or
flanged and dished heads.
Heads may be of seamless or welded construction.
STRAIGHT FLANGE
Formed heads butt-welded to the shell need not have straight flange when the
head is not thicker than the shell according to the Code Par. UG-32 & 33, but
in practice heads except hemisphericals are used with straight flanges.
The usual length of straight flanges: 2 inches for ellipsoidal, I 1/2 inches for
flanged and dished and 0 inches for hemispherical heads.
Formed heads thicker than the shell and butt-welded to it shall have straight
flange.
On the following pages the data of the most commonly used heads are listed.
The dimensions offlanged and dished heads meet the requirements of ASME Code.
WEIGHT OF HEADS See tables beginning on page 374
VOLUME OF HEADS See page 4116
SURF ACE OF HEADS See page 425
335
DIMENSIONS
~.1
D
HEMISPHERICAL
I..
"
.1
D
ELLIPSOIDAL
ET
~r
I.
L(R)7
D
ASME FLANGED & DISHED
.I
WALL THICKNESS
DIAM
ETER
D
14
16
18
20 '
22
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
24
HEADS
14
,-
OF
h
M
Ys
Y2
VB
lYs
1~
12
1.125
2.625
1.56
15
1.125
2.750
1.65
18
1.125
2.875
1.75
18
1.250
3.500
1.69
21
1.375
3.688
1.72
24
1.500
3.875
1.75
12
1.500
2.750
1.46
15
1.500
2.875
1.54
16
1.500
3.313
1.56
18
1.500
3.563
1.62
20
1.500
3.813
1.65
24
1.500
3.813
1.75
12
1.875
2.938
1.39
14
1.875
3.188
1.44
15
1.875
3.563
1.46
18
1.875
3.750
1.52
20
1.875
4.000
1.56
24
1.875
4.000
1.65
14
2.250
3.375
1.36
15
2.250
3.750
1.39
18
2.250
3.875
1.46
20
2.250
4.188
1.50
24
2.250
4.188
1.58
18
2.625
3.625
l.41
18
2.625
4.063
1.41
20
2.625
4.313
1.44
24
2.625
4.375
1.50
18
3.000
4.250
1.36
20
3.000
4.500
1.39
24
3.000
4.563
1.46
20
3.375
4.688
1.36
24
3.375
4.813
1.41
24
3.750
5.000
l.39
336
DIMENSIONS
OF
HEADS
WALL THICKNESS
ETER
D
26
28
L(R).
r
h
M
L (R)
r
h
30
L (R)
r
h
32
L (R)
r
h
34
L(R)
r
h
36
L (R)
r
h
38
L (R)
r
h
40
42
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
r
48
54
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
r
h
60
L (R)
r
h
M
VB
Y2
24
1.625
4.500
1.72
26
1.750
4.813
1.72
30
1.875
4.875
1.75
30
2.000
5.563
1.72
24
1.625
4.438
1.72
26
1.750
4.750
1.72
30
1.875
4.813
1.75
30
2.000
5.500
1.72
24
1.875
4.500
1.65
26
1.875
4.750
1.69
30
1.875
4.813
1.75
30
2.000
5.375
1.72
34
2.125
5.563
1.75
36
2.250
5.938
1.75
36
2.375
6.500
1.72
40
2.500
6.625
1.69
40
2.625
7.188
1.72
42
3.000
8.000
1.69
54
3.250
8.938
1.77
60
3.625
10.000
1.77
34
30
2.125 2.125
5.500 6.000
1.75
1.69
36
36
2.250 2.250
5.875 5.813
1.75
1.75
36
36
2.375 2.375
6.438 6.375
1.72
1.72
40
36
2.500 2.500
6.563 6.938
1.69
1.69
40
40
2.625 2.625
7.125 7.063
1.72
1.72
42
42
3.000 3.000
8.750 8.688
1.69
1.69
48
48
3.250 3.250
9.750 9.750
1.72
1.72
60
54
3.625 3.625
9.875 10.688
1.77
1.72
Ys
178
I%;
1%
24
24
24
24
24
24
2.250 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125
4.688 4.875 5.000 5.188 5.375 5.625
1.50
1.46
1.39
1.41
1.56
1.36
24
24
24
24
24
26
2.250 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125
4.938 5.375 5.563 5.688 5.875 6.063
1.46
1.39
1.36
1.50
1.41
1.60
30
30
30
30
30
30
2.250 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125
5.000 5.125 5.375 5.500 5.750 5.938
1.60
1.65
1.54
1.50
1.46
1.44
30
30
30
30
30
30
2.250 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125
5.500 5.625 5.813 6.000 6.188 6.375
1.60
1.54
1.50
1.44
1.65
1.50
30
30
30
30
30
30
2.250 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125
6.063 6.188 6.313 6.438 6.625 6.813
1.46
1.44
1.60
1.65
1.54
1.54
36
36
36
36
36
36
2.250 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125
5.750 5.938 6.125 6.313 6.500 6.688
1.69
1.52
1.52
1.75
1.62
1.58
36
36
36
36
36
36
-2.375 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125
6.375 6.438 6.563 6.750 6.938 7.125
1.69
1.48
1.52
1.72
1.62
1.60
36
36
36
36
36
36
2.500 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125
7.000 7.000 7.125 7.313 7.438 7.625
1.48
1.69
1.52
1.69
1.62
1.58
40
40
40
36
36
36
2.625 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125
7.000 7.000 7.125 7.125 8.000 8.125
1.72
1.48
1.72
1.65
1.52
1.56
42
42
42
42
42
42
3.000 3.000 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125
8.625 8.563 8.500 8.625 8.813 9.000
1.69
1.58
1.54
1.69
1.69
1.62
48
48
48
48
48
48
3.250 3.250 3.250 3.375 3.750 4.125
9.625 9.500 9.375 9.438 9.625 9.750
1.72
1.72
1.65
1.60
1.72
1.69
54
54
54
54
54
54
3.625 3.625 3.625 3.625 3.750 4.125
10.625 10.563 10.500 10.438 10.438 10.563
1.69
1.65
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
337
DIMENSIONS
OF
HEADS
WALL THICKNESS
DIAM
ETER
D
lYz
1%
l~
30
4.500
6.125
1.39
30
4.500
6.563
1.39
30
4.875
6.375
1.36
30
4.875
6.750
1.36
30
5.250
6.938
1.34
1%
2~
2Yz
2~
L(R)
26
28
30
L (R)
r
h
M
32
L (R)
r
h
M
34
L (R)
r
h
M
36
L (R)
r
h
M
38
L (R)
r
h
M
40
L (R)
r
h
M
h
M
L (R)
42
h
M
L (R)
r
h
48
L(R)
r
h
M
54
L (R)
r
h
M
60
L(R)
r
h
M
30
30
30
4.500 4.875 5.250
7.000 7.188 7.375
1.39
l.36
1.34
36
36
36
36
4.500 4.875 5.250 5.625
6.875 7.063 7.313 7.500
1.46
1.44
1.41
1.39
36
36
36
36
36
4.500 4.875 5.250 5.625 6.000
7.313 7.500 7.813 7.875 8.063
1.46
1.44
1.41
1.39
1.36
36
36
36
36
36
4.500 4.875 5.250 5.625 6.000
7.813 8.000 8.125 8.313 8.500
1.46
1.44
1.41
1.39
1.36
36
36
36
36
36
4.500 4.875 5.250 5.625 6.000
8.313 8.438 8.625 8.813 8.938
1.46
1.44
1.41
1.39
1.36
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
4.500 4.875 5.250 5.625 6.000 6.750 7.500
9.188 9.250 9.438 9.563 9.750 10.125 10.500
1.52
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.41
1.34
1.36
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
4.500 4.875 5.250 5.625 6.000 6.750 7.500 8.250
9.875 10.063 10.188 10.375 10.563 10.875 11.250 11.625
1.56
l.54
1.48
1.50
1.46
1.36
1.41
1.39
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
4.500 4.875 5.250 5.625 6.000 6.750 7.500 8.250 9.000
10.688 10.875 11.000 11.188 11.313 11.688 12.000 12.375 12.750
l.62
1.58
1.54
1.52
1.50
1.46
1.39
1.41
1.36
338
DIMENSIONS
OF
HEADS
WALL THICK.NESS
DIAM
ETER
66
L (R)
r
h
72
L (R)
r
h
78
L (R)
r
h
84
L (R)
r
h
90
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
96
h
M
L (R)
r
102
108
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
114
M
L (R)
r
120
126
L (R)
r
h
132
L (R)
r
h
M
66
4.000
11.000
l.77
72
4.375
12.000
1.77
78
4.750
13.000
l.77
84
5.125
14.000
1.77
90
5.500
15.125
1.77
96
5.875
16.125
1.77
96
6.125
17.938
1. 75
102
6.500
18.938
1.75
Y2
66
4.000
10.938
1.77
72
4.375
11.938
1.77
72
4.750
13.813
1.72
84
5.125
13.938
1.77
84
5.500
15.813
1.72
90
5.875
16.875
1.72
96
6.125
17.875
1.75
102
6.500
18.875
1.75
108
6.875
19.875
1.75
114
7.250
20.875
1.75
120
7.625
21.875
1.75
60
4.000
1l.750
1.72
72
4.375
11.875
1.77
72
4.750
13.750
1.72
84
5.125
13.875
1.77
84
5.500
15.750
1.72
90
5.875
16.813
1.72
96
6.125
17.750
1.75
102
6.500
18.750
1.75
108
6.875
19.813
1.75
114
7.250
20.813
1.75
120
7.625
21.813
1.75
126
8.000
22.875
1.75
60
4.000
11.625
l.72
72
4.375
11.875
1.77
72
4.750
13.688
1.72
84
5.125
13.813
1.77
84
5.500
15.688
1.72
90
5.875
16.750
l.72
96
_6.125
17.688
1.75
102
6.500
18.750
1.75
108
6.875
19.750
1.75
114
7.250
20.750
1.75
120
7.625
21.750
1.75
126
8.000
22.813
1.75
VB
60
4.000
11.563
1.72
66
4.375
12.625
1.72
72
4.750
13.563
1.72
84
5.125
13.750
1.77
84
5.500
15.625
1.72
90
5.875
16.625
1.72
Y6
6.125
17.625
1.75
102
6.500
18.688
1.75
108
6.875
19.685
1.75
114
7.250
20.688
1.75
120
7.625
21.688
l.75
120
8.000
23.688
1.72
1
60
4.000
1l.500
1.72
66
4.375
12.500
1.72
72
4.750
13.500
1.72
84
5.125
13.688
1.77
84
5.500
15.563
1.72
90
5.875
16.563
1.72
96
6.125
17.563
1.75
102
6.500
18.563
1.75
108
6.875
19.625
1.75
114
7.250
20.625
1.75
120
7.625
21.625
1.75
120
8.000
23.563
1.72
lYs
60
4.000
11.438
l.72
66
4.375
12.438
1.72
72
4.750
13.438
1.72
78
5.125
14.438
1.72
84
5.500
15.500
1.72
90
5.875
16.500
1.72
90
6.125
18.500
1.72
96
6.500
19.438
1.72
108
6.875
19.563
1.75
108
7.250
21.500
l.72
120
7.625
21.563
1.75
120
8.000
23.500
l.72
1~
J%
60
4.000
1l.375
l.72
66
4.375
12.375
1.72
72
4.750
13.375
1.72
78
5.125
14.375
1.72
84
5.500
15.438
1.72
90
5.875
16.438
l.72
90
6.125
18.375
1.72
96
6.500
19.375
1.72
108
6.875
19.500
1.75
108
7.250
21.438
1.72
120
7.625
21.500
1.75
120
8.000
23.438
l.72
60
4.125
11.375
l.72
66
4.375
12.313
1.72
72
4.750
13.313
1.72
78
5.125
14.313
1.72
84
5.500
15.313
1.72
84
5.875
17.313
1.72
90
6.125
18.250
1.72
96
6.500
19.313
1.72
108
6.875
19.438
1.75
108
7.250
21.375
l.72
114
7.625
22.313
1.72
120
8.000
23.750
1.72
339
DIMENSIONS
OF
HEADS
WALL THICKNESS
DIAM
ETER
iY2 1%
I%;
1%
2~
2~
2.~
66
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
L(R) 60
4.500 4.875 5.250 5.625 6.000 6.750 7.500 8.250 9.000
r
h
11.500 11.688 11.813 12.000 12.125 12.438 12.813 13.125 13.500
M
1.58
1.54
1.65
1.50
1.46
1.58
1.41
1.39
1.62
72
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
L (R) 66
4.500 4.875 5.250 5.625 6.000 6.750 7.500 8.250 9.000
r
12.313 12.500 12.625 12.750 12.938 13.250 13.563 13.938 14.313
h
1.60
1.44
M
1.54
1.65
1.72
1.50
1.46
1.58
1.69
78
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
L (R) 72
4.875 5.250 5.625 6.000 6.750 , 7.500 8.250 9.000
4.75
r
13.250 13.250 13.438 13.563 13.750 14.063 14.375 14.750 15.063
h
M
l.65
1.62
1.56
1.52
1.48
1.46
1.72
1.69
1.72
84
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
L (R)
5.250 5.625 6.000 6.750 7.500 8.250 9.000
5.125
5.125
r
14.250 14.188 14.250 14.375 14.500 14.875 15.188 15.500 15.875
h
1.72
M
1.60
1.48
1.69
1.56
1.72
1.65
1.72
1.52
90
~4
~4
M4
~4
84
84
84
84
84
L(R)
5.500 5.500 5.500 5.625 6.000 6.750 7.500 8.250 9.000
r
h
15.250 15.188 15.125 15.188 15.313 15.625 16.000 16.313 16.625
M
l.58
1.52
1.69
1.62
1.54
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
L (R)
96
h
M
L (R)
102
108
h
M
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
114
120
h
M
L(R)
r
h
M
L (R)
126
h
M
L(R)
132
h
M
84
5.875
17.250
1.69
90
6.125
18.125
1.72
96
6.500
19.250
1.72
108
6.875
19.313
1.75
108
7.250
21.313
1.72
114
7.625
22.250
l.72
120
8.000
23.313
1.72
84
5.875
17.125
1.69
90
6.125
18.125
1.72
96
6.500
19.125
1.72
102
6.875
20.125
1.72
108
7.250
21.250
1.72
114
7.625
22.188
1.72
120
8.000
23.250
1.72
84
5.875
17.063
1.69
90
6.125
18.063
1.72
96
6.500
19.063
1.72
102
6.875
20.063
1.72
108
7.250
2l.188
1.72
114
7.625
22.125
1.72
120
8.000
23.125
1.72
84
5.875
17.000
1.69
90
6.125
18.000
1.72
96
6.500
19.000
1.72
102
6.875
20.000
1.72
108
7.250
2l.063
1.72
114
7.625
22.063
1.72
120
8.000
23.063
1.72
84
6.000
17.063
1.69
90
6.125
17.938
1.72
96
6.500
18.938
1.72
102
6.875
19.938
1.72
108
7.250
20.938
1.72
114
7.625
21.938
1.72
120
8.000
23.000
1.72
84
6.750
17.313
1.62
90
6.750
18.125
1.65
96
6.750
18.938
1.69
102
6.875
19.813
1.72
108
7.250
20.813
l.72
114
7.625
21.813
1.72
120
8.000
22.875
1.72
84
7.500
17.625
l.58
90
7.50
18.375
1.62
96
7.500
19.188
1.65
102
7.500
20.000
1.69
108
7.500
20.813
1.72
114
7.625
21.625
1.72
120
8.000
22.750
1.72
84
8.250
17.875
1.54
90
8.250
18.688
1.58
96
8.250
19.500
1.60
102
8.250
20.312
1.62
108
8.250
21.125
1.65
114
8.250
21.938
1.69
120
8.250
22.750
1.72
84
9.000
18.188
1.52
90
9.000
19.000
1.54
96
9.000
19.813
1.56
102
9.000
20.563
1.60
108
9.000
21.438
1.62
114
9.000
22.188
1.65
120
9.000
23.000
l.65
340
DIMENSIONS
OF
HEADS
WALL THICKNESS
DIAM
ETER
138
144
DIAM
SEE
PAGE
138
144
lyg
l;i
1% lY2
132
132
L (R)
132
132
132
132
132
132
8.375 8.375 8.375 8.375 8.375 8.375 8.375 8.375
r
23.938 23.875 23.813 23.750 23.688 23.625 23.563 23.500
h
1.75
1.75
1.75
l.75
M
1.75
1.75
1.75
l.75
L (R) 132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
r
8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750
h
25.875 25.813 25.750 25.625 25.563 25.500 25.438 25.313
M
l.72
l.72
1.72
l.72
l.72
l.72
l.72
1.72
ETER
D
Y8
325
WALL THICKNESS
1%
1%
1%
2~
2Y2 2%
L (R) 132
130
130
130
130
132
132
130
r
8.375
8.375 8.375 8.375 8.375 8.375 8.375 9.000
23.438 23.375 23.313 23.500 23.375 23.250 23.125 23.250
h
1.69
M
1.75
1.72
1.72
1.75
1.75
l.72
l.72
132
132
132
132
L (R)
132
132
132
132
r
8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750 9.000
25.250 25.188 25.125 25.063 24.938 24.813 24.625 l4.625
h
l.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
M
1.72
1.72
1.72
TOLERANCES
WALL THICKNESS (APPROXIMATION)
MINIMUM
REQ'D. THICKNESS
*
OTHER TYPES
HEMISPHERICAL
To 1"
1" To 2"
2" To 3"
excl.
"
"
0.1875
0.3750
0.6250
0.0625
0.1250
0.2500
0.1250
0.1250
0.2500
3" To 3.5"
3.5" To 4"
4" To 4.5"
"
"
0.7500
1.1250
1.5000
0.3750
0.500
0.6250
0.3750
0.5000
0.6250
4.5" To 5"
5" To 5.5"
5.5" & Over
"
"
1.7500
2.0000
2.0000
0.7500
0.8750
1.0000
0.7500
0.8750
1.0000
"
341
FLANGES
FLANGE FACING FINISH
In pressure vessel construction only gasket seats of flanges, studded openings, etc.
require special finish beyond that afforded by turning, grinding or milling.
.
The surface finish for flange facing shall have certain roughness regulated by
Standard ANSI B16.5. The roughness is repetitive deviation from the nominal
surface having specified depth and width.
Raised faced flange shall have serrated finish having 24 to 40 grooves per inch. The
cutting tool shall have an approximate 0.06 in. or larger radius resulting 500
microinch approximate roughness IANSI B16.5, 6.3.4.1.1
The side wall surface of gasket groove of ring joint flange shall not exceed 63
microinch roughness. IANSI B16.5-6.3.4.3./
Other finishes may be furnished by agreement between user and manufacturer.
The finish of contact faces shall be judged by visual comparison with Standard ANSI
B46-1.
The center part of blind flanges need not to be finished within a diameter which equals
or less than the bore minus one inch of the joining flange. IANSI B16.5-6.3.31
Surface symbol used to designate roughness r is placed either on the line indicating
the surface or on a leader pointing to the surface as shown below. The numbers: 500
and 63 indicate the height of roughness; letter "c" the direction of surface pattern:
"concentric-serrated" .
342
I SO lb. FLANGES
STANDARD ANSI B16.5
1. All dimensions are in inches.
2. Material most commonly used, forged
steel SA 105. Available also in stainless
steel, alloy steel and non-ferrous metal.
3. The 1/16 in. raised face is included in
dimensions C, D and J.
4. The lengths of stud bolts do not include
the height of crown.
5. Bolt holes are 1/8 in. larger than bolt
diameters.
6. Flanges bored to dimensions shown unless otherwise specified.
7. Flanges for pipe sizes 22, 26, 28 and 30
are not covered by ANSI BI6.S.
SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENSION K
AND DATA ON BOLTING.
Diameter
of
Bore
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Length
Through
Hub
SLIp ON
J~
aW?tW4@J .H=tI
I
I.
I .1
Ua
BLIND
Diameter
of Hub
at Point
of
Welding
Diameter
of
Hub
at
Base
Outside
Diameter
of
Flange
Thickness
of
Flange
.62
.82
1.05
.88
1.09
1.36
1~
2~6
2~6
.84
1.05
1.32
1~,
3Y2
1 V2
3%
11~6
4~
1.38
1.61
2.07
1.70
1.95
2.44
2~
2~
1.66
1.90
2.38
2~6
2~6
3~6
5
6
3Y.r
2.47
3.07
3.55
2.94
3.57
4.07
2.88
3.50
4.00
4~
4
5
6
4.03
5.05
6.07
4.57
5.66
6.72
4.50
5.56
6.63
5~
6~6
7~6
9
10
11
8.72
10.88
12.88
91~6
13Y2
16
19
1 V.
12
7.98
10.02
12.00
14
16
18
13.25
15.25
17.25
21
23V2
25
1%
20
Y.r
%
1
,Yo.
1Y.r
2
2Y.r
3
10
22
24
26
28
30
2V2
2~
2~
21~6
lV.
1~6
1~
1~6
Hi6
1~6
3~6
41~6
4%
7
7VJ
8V2
1~
11~6
4V2
2~6
14.14
16.16
18.18
5
5
5Y2
2V2
2 1!ti6
14.00
16.00
18.00
19.25
21.25
23.25
20.20
22.22
24.25
5Y.
2~
3~
3~
20.00
22.00
24.00
22
To be
specified
26.25
28.25
30.25
3~
26.00
28.00
30.00
28V2
34~
30~
32~
36V2
51~6
5
5 1..i6
5~
2~
3 7ti6
3V2
8.63
10.75
12.75
12
14%
15~
18
19~
24~
26Y.
27V2
29Y2
32
38~
a
I.6
1~6
1~6
1~6
1
1~
1~
1~
1~6
11~6
11~6
1 .
343
150 lb.
LONG WELDING NECK
H
I- I'
~,
Il~
~,
~~
~
~
~r-N-
~
~
~~
~
Ll~
Lel!gth of Bolts
No.
of
Holes
Diam.
of
Bolts
-Bolt
Circle
K
1~
l' Yi6
4
4
2Y2
2Y.
4
4
4
3%
AY.
5
5Y2
67i6
8
8
8
7~6
8Y2
10%
12%
15
8
12
12
Y2
Y2
Y2
2~
2)1
23A
3Va
2~
Y2
Y2
%
%
%
4
8
~
Raised
Face
0/.
%
Diameter Nominal
of
Pipe
Bore
Size
N
~
3Y.
3Y2
3Y.
2~
3l7.
3Yz
2~
4%
3~
1~
1~
5Y2
3)1
6
7
3~
%
%
%
11%
31.
---
Length
2~
7Y2
8Y2
9Y2
Y.
Ring
Joint
Outside
Diameter
3~
'"
4Y.
20/.
3~
9
d)
3%
.~
4~
CIl
Q)
2~
3~
4~
4%
3~
.s.
3~
4~
4Yz
4J1
5Y2
6Y2
<;
s:::
7%
4~
9~
14~
4.~
4~
17
4~
5~
5~
12
0.
s
12
c:
CIl
'"
11)
14~
8
10
12
12
16
16
1
1
18%
5~
5~
21~
1~
22%
5Yz
6
6
6).1
16
18
20
1Y.
25
6Y.
6~
1~
1~
27~
22
27~
20
20
20
29Y2
6Y2
7
7
7J1
26~
20
22
24
29~
31 ~
33~
24
28
28
1~
1~
1~
31%
34
36
7
7
---.
28Y2
30Yz
32Y2
26
28
30
16~
18Y2
21
23
7~
14
16
18
10-14
344
eEl
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Length
Through
Hub
nt:ln~l
~~
1,1.
WELDING NECK
~.
,~ 9--;t
~~
U6
SLIP ON
J
a~HII
I. I~ : I I ~.
BLIND
Diameter
of Hub
at Point
of
Welding
Diameter
of
Hub
at
Base
Outside
Diameter
of
Flange
Thickness
of
Flange
.62
.82
1.05
.88
1.09
1.36
2116
2JA
27i6
VI
1
1116
.84
1.05
1.32
1 Y2
1 V.
2Y.
33A
4%
~6
4V.
%
' 116
1114
1Y2
2
1.38
1.61
2.07
1.70
1.95
2.44
2'116
2 3,4
1116
1!6
HI6
1.66
1.90
2.38
2Y2
2 3,4
3t16
5JA
6Y.
6Y2
3A
'!6
V.
2Y2
3
3Y2
2.47
3.07
3.55
2.94
3.57
4.07
3
3Y.
3!6
1 Y2
1'116
1~
2.88
3.50
4.00
3 15
7Y2
8JA
9
1
1 Y.
1 !6
4
5
6
4.03
5.05
6.07
4.57
5.66
6.72
3a
3Ye
3V.
1 V.
2
2116
4.50
5.56
6.63
10
11
12Y2
lJA
la
17i6
8
10
12
7.98
10.02
12.00
8.72
10.88
12.88
4a
4%
5Y.
27i6
2Y.
2V.
8.63
10.75
12.75
15
17Y2
20Y2
1 V.
2
14
16
18
13.25
15.25
17.25
14.14
16.16
18.18
5%
6JA
3
3JA
3Y2
14.00
16.00
18.00
19
21
23
25Y2
28
2Y.
2JA
2a
20
22
24
19.25
21.25
23.25
20.20
22.22
24.25
6a
6Y2
6%
3~
4Y1,
20.00
22.00
24.00
23Y.
25JA
27%
30Y2
33
36
2Y2
2Y.
26
28
30
To be
spedfled
26.25
28.25
30.25
7JA
7JA
7~
7~
8~
28a
30Y2
38~
40~
8JA
26JA
28 JA
30JA
32~6
43
3Y.
3a
3%
Y2
..
2~6
5~
116
4%
5JA
5~
7
8Y.
10JA
12%
14~
16~
IV.
2~
345
300 lb.
LONG WELDING NECK
1. All dimensions are in inches.
2. Material most commonly used, forged
steel SA 105. Available also in stainless
steel, alloy steel and non-ferrous metal.
3. The 1/16 in. raised face is included in
dimensions J and M.
4. The length of bolts do not include the
height of crown.
5. Bolt holes are 1/8 in. larger than bolt
diameters.
6. Dimensions, M (length of welding necks)
are based on data of major manufacturers. Long welding necks with necks
longer than listed are available on special
order.
SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENSION J.
Outside
Diameter
of
Raised
Face
Length of Bolts
No.
of
Holes
Diam.
of
Bolts
Bolt
Circle
Pia
11 Yl6
2
2!12
2'%
3%
U.
Raised
Face
Ring
Joint
Outside
Diameter !Nominal
Diameter Length
of
Pipe
Bore
Size
4
4
4
3
3~
2V.
3~
4~
23A
4~
3~6
3X
2Y2
a
a
43A
31~6
5V.
5V2
60/.
7lA
40/.
5lA
6~6
7~6
a
a
7V.
5~
5!/2
4V.
51A
2Y2
3
3Y2
53A
4
5
6
a!/2
12
9lA
10 5/.
5~
ay.
10%
12
6!4
123A
15
13
16
16
15IA
lOlA
120/.
10
173A
7~
143A
12
16lA
laV2
20
20
21
24
20IA
22!/2
7~
8~
2H4
8X
163A
19
21
14
16
18
23
24
23Y.
25lA
27lA
24
24
27
29IA
93A
32
29Y2
2a
34Y2
31 !/2
28
28
37
333A
39lA
10
IOY2
IlIA
10~
27%
11
l1Y2
29!/2
31 !/2
121A
333A
12
1014
20
22
24
26
28
30
346
A
~
~
1.4
1~
2
2~
3
3~
5
6
8
10
.88
1.09
1.36
1.70
1.95
2.44
2.94
3.57
4.07
4.57
5.66
6.72
14
16
18
8.72
10.88
12.88
14.14
16.1.6
18.18
20
22
24
20.20
22.22
24.25
26
26.25
28.25
30.25
12
28
30
BLIND
Diameter
of
Hub
at
Base
2~
2Y-.
1
1!t1,
.84
1.05
1.32
1%
2~,
2%
2~
lVa
v..
3Y,
1
1 ~,
1 y,
11~,
2%
v..
3,
p~
3Y2
2Vi
4!t1,
4%
4%
5%
5 "V,
6
6~
6%
6~
2Y-.
2 1!t1,
2 "V,
3Y,
3~6
3 1!tl6
3%
4 v..
6%
4Y2
7Y,
8Y,
7%
8%
8Y,
8%
a.~H II
I I~
~
I I ~
Diameter
of Hub
at Point
of
Welding
Length
Through
Hub
Diameter
of
"'Bore
Nominal
Pipe
Size
SLIp ON
1.66
1.90
2.38
2.88
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.56
6.63
8.63
10.75
12.75
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
22.00
24.00
26~
28~,
30;1,
1 Y2
2Y,
2Y2
2~
3;1,
3 1;1,
4%
5Y-.
Outside
Diameter Thickness
of
of
Flange
Flange
3~
0/16
%
4%
4%
5Y-.
6Y,
6Y2
7Y2
8Y-.
9
5~
10
11
12Y2
8Va
1!t1,
1~6
%
1
1 y,
1 v..
1%
1%
1 Y2
1%
1%
12%
15
17Y2
14~
20Y2
2Y-.
16~
23
25Y2
28
2%
lOY-.
19
21
23Y,
2Y,
2Y2
2Y,
30Y2
2~
25Y-.
33
27%
2%
36
28%
301~,
32 1;1,
3~
3~
347
400 lb.
LONG WELDING NECK
"I Il~
I" I
~
-
~~
~~
I"-
~
~
~~
l"-
~r-N-
I'
~
LL-
Length of Bolts
No.
of
Holes
Diam.
of
Bolts
Bolt
Circle
1%
11~6
2
2~
2.
3Y.
4Y.
5
5Y2
6~6
70/16
8Y2
lOY.
12lA
15
16~
18Y2
21
23
25~
27~
29Y2
31 Y2
33lA
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24
24
1%
1%
1 Y2
1%
llA
28
28
28
Y2
Y.
%
Y.
lA
%
lA
lA
~
%
.
%
1
1Y.
%,"
Raised
Face
Ring
Joint
Diameter Nominal
Outside
of
Diameter Lenath
Pipe
Bore
Size
3 v..
3Y2
3%
3lA
4
_3
4
4Y2
4Y.
4~
5
5.
6%
4~
4~
4lA
5
5
5~
7~
2 3.4
30/16
310/16
4%
5Y2
5lA
5~
7.
5~
5~
5~
2%
3~
9~
10%
13
15~
1~
17lA
1~
20Y..
22Y2
24~
27
3Y2
6~
8Y.
9
9Y4
10
8Y.
8Y2
29~
10
32
10~
11 Y.
1~
34Y2
11 Y2
1.
2
37
12~
39~
13
12
12 3.4
IOY2
13Y2
1
1
2Y2
7lA
.4
2Y.
9~
3~
5lA
6
6%
7)12
8
8Y.
8~
10~
12%
14lA
16lA
19
21
23Ye
27Y.
v..
1~
2~
3
cu
3~
rJl
,:::
0
Q..
12
'0.
-;
s::
's
0
s::
rJl
S
10-14
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
t/.l
20
22
24
26
28
30
348
WELDING NECK
Nominal
Pipe
Size
A
~
1~
.88
1.09
1.36
1.70
1.95
2.44
o/.t
1
1Y<l
2~
14
16
18
2.94
3.57
4.07
4.57
5.66
6.72
8.72
10.88
12.88
14.14
16.16
18.18
20
22
24
20.20
22.22
24.25
26
28
30
26.25
28.25
30.25
3
3~
4
5
6
8
10
12
Diameter Diameter
of Hub
of
at Point
Hub
of
at
Welding
Base
Length
Through
Hub
Diameter
of
Bore
2~6
2Y<l
2~6
1
1 !li6
2%
1 Y.
2~
2%
3Ye
3Y-.
3a
4
4Y2
lY-.
1~6
10/.
1'!6
1'0/16
2Y.
2a
Outside
Diameter Thickness
of
of
Flange
Flange
.84
1.05
1.32
1.66
1.90
2.38
2.88
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.56
6.63
1 Y2
1%
2Y.
4%
4%
10~
7~6
8~
1 Y2
13
14
1 .
8.63
10~
16Y2
10.75
12.75
13Y2
20
22
3~
30/16
51A
6Y.
6Y2
3'0/16
7Y2
2Y2
2~
4%
5Y-.
8Y-.
9
~6
%
'!li6
'!6
.
1
1 Y.
1Y-.
1a
1~
4%
2%
5Y-.
3a
6Y.
3%
6Y2
7
3'!li6
4!6
17
23~
2~
7Y-.
4%
14.00
16.00
18.00
19Y2
21 Y2
27
29Y-.
3Y-.
7Y2
7~
5Y-.
3Y2
34y-'
3~
5Y2
24
26Y-.
28Y-.
32
20.00
22.00
24.00
37
29~6
40
31%
33'0/16
421A
44Y2
15~
2!6
2Y2
2%
349
600 lb.
LONG WELDING NECK
,- I~
H
K
Il~
~~~
I'-
~-N~
~
'__-i
~~
LL~
Length of Bolts
No.
of
Holes
Diam.
of
Bolts
Bolt
Circle
K
1 :V.
l' Y16
2
14Raised
Face
Ring
Joint
4
4
4
4
4
8
Y2
8Y2
8
8
8
8
8
12
*
*
a
.
1
1
10%
12*
15
12
16
20
1 Y.
l'A
1 v..
16 'A
20
20
20
24
24
24
la
1 Y2
1%
13*
17
19'A
20t.
23*
25*
1%
1*
la
30%
33
11 Ya
12
13
12Y2
28
28
28
la
2
2
36
38
40 'A
13 'A
13 3,4
14
14 'A
2Y2
2.
3%
4Y.
5
5Y2
6~6
7~6
18 Y2
21
23
25'A
27 v..
29Y2
31 Y2
33*
0/.
%
%
~
Diameter Nominal
Outside
of
Diameter Length
Pipe
Bore
Size
3 v..
3Y2
3Y2
3Y2
3~
-3~
"2Y.
3a
4
4 v..
4/{
4
4X
2Y2
4Y2
5
3~6
31~6
5
5Y2
5M
6Y2
6M
S'A
40/.
7M
7*
20/.
3 v..
4Y2
5
5.
60/.
7'A
8Y2
10Y2
11 Y2
28Y2
4~
Y2
:y..
2*
I
Iv..
l~
2
Q)
5~
S'A
.~
6
6*
7
0..
8~
13Y2
8%
9!4
9
9YJ
10 v..
11
15*
17
19Y2
21 Y2
11~
24
13'A
13~
14Y2
til
Q)
7Y2
8*
10*
8Y2
10
10M
28 v..
12
s=
0
=
til
('is
Q)
S
('is
CI:l
12-20
2Y2
3
3Y2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
350
Nominal
Pipe
Size
%
1
1Y-.
1~
Length
Through
Hub
Diameter
of
Bore
.88
1.09
1.36
2%
1~
2~
2~
1%
1.70
1.95
2.44
2.
3~
1%
1%
1~
2~
2.94
3.57
4.57
4Va
2Y2
4~
2~
6
8
5.66
6.72
8.72
5
5Y2
6%
3%
4
10
12
14
10.88
12.88
14.14
7~
7~
4%
16
18
20
24
16.16
18.18
20.20
24.25
26
28
30
26.25
28.25
30.25
2
2~
3
4
8%
8Y2
9
2V.
3Y.
4~
5V.
Diameter
of
Hub
at
Base
.84
1.05
1.32
1~
1~
5V.
2~,
5%
lV.
2~
2~
6~
1 Y.
1.66
1.90
2.38
4V.
Outside
Diameter Thickness
of
of
Flange
Flange
4~
%
1
1~
8~
1 Y2
1%
2.88
3.50
4.50
4~
6~
11 Y2
1~
1~
5.56
6.63
8.63
7~
9~
13~
15
2~
2~
10.75
12.75
14.00
11 ~
9%
9~
18Y2
14~
21~
2~
16Y2
24
17~
25~
3Y.
3%
16.00
18.00
20.00
24.00
20
27~
3~
22~
24~
31
33~
29Y2
41
4~
5~
11 ~
11 ~
26%
30~
32~
42~
281~
46
5Y2
5%
12~
30~
35
48~
5~
9~
11 Y2
5~
Diameter
of Hub
at Point
of
Welding
6
6~
351
900 lb.
LONG WELDING NECK
I Il~
,- /-
~'\
~-j
~
~
~
~
~
~r-N-
tJ
~~
LL~
Length of Bolts
No.
of
Holes
Diam.
of
Bolts
Bolt
Circle
1%
1'!ti6
2
2Y2
2%
3%
4Y.
5
6~
7~
8Y2
10%
12~
15
161A
18Y2
21
23
27lA
29Y2
31 Y2
33~
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
~
~
.
1
%
%
3lA
3Y2
4
4%
4%
~.
Raised
Face
4lA
41Y,
5
5
Ring
Joint
Diameter Nominal
Outside
of
Diameter Length
Pipe
Bore
Size
5Y2
41A
-4 )12
5
5
5)12
6Y2
7Y2
7Y2
5~
5~
4Y.
6~
6lA
6
9lA
6~
4%
5
6lA
11
12Y2
15Y2
7Y2
7 3,4
7~
7Y2
8~
11~
9){
10
9)12
lOY.
14Y2
16Y2
10~
11 ){
17~
11 ){
11~
12~
13 )12
141A
20
221A
5JA
1 Y.
l1A
1 Y.
1%
1%
1%
1Y2
1%
1.
2
2Y2
29Y2
35Y2
13Y2
17 Y.
2~
37Y2
40lA
17Y2
3
3
18~
18lA
19Y2
20
18Y2
21
22
24lA
27
42~
18~
7~
17~
Y2
%
2!t\6
2YI
2~
9
0)
,~
rJJ
0)
12
'0..
C;
'8=
0
=
91A
24Y2
29Y2
0..
til
CIl
0)
1220
JJ
1
1Y-t
l,Y2
2
2Y2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
26
28
30
352
eEl
Nominal
Pipe
Size
A
~
y..
1
1~
1~
...II
.88
1.09
1.36
2%
2%
2.
1.70
1.95
2.44
2~
I.
F:
~:
.~ e!~
1.lt~
SLIP ON
JJ
a~.4~ II
I I~
~
I I ~
BLIND
Diameter
of
Hub
at
Base
1~
.84
1.05
1.32
lYl
1%
4%
5Ya
2~6
5~
1
1 Y.
2Y2
6~
lYa
2%
4Ya
7
8Yl
1 Y2
4.
1%
1%
3~
1%
1%
2~
2.94
3.57
4.57
4Ya
4%
2~
4~
3~6
5.66
6.72
8.72
6Y.
4Y.
6%
8%
41~6
10.88
12.88
10
11 Y.
11 %
1.66
1.90
2.38
Outside
Diameter Thickness
of
of
Flange
Flange
2Yl
3
4
WELDING NECK
Diameter
of Hub
at Point
of
Welding
Length
Through
Hub
Diameter
of
Bore
:~~
I.
J
~
1~
Q,
>...a
."
II
2Yl
2.88
3.50
4.50
9%
10Yl
1%
5~
6%
12~
2Ya
5.56
6.63
8.63
7%
9
llYl
14%
2.
15Y2
3~
19
3%
10.75
12.75
14.00
14Yl
17%
19Y1
23
26Yl
4~
29Y2
5~
21%
32Yl
36
38%
46
5%
6%
7
8
1~
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
'u
II
...
Q,
II
...a
-----
--
12~
12~
14
16
5%
6~
7Ya
------
16.00
18.00
20.00
24.00
23Y2
25~
30
4.
353
1500 lb.
LONG WELDING NECK
1. All dimensions are in inches.
2. Material most commonly used, forged
steel SA 105. Available also in stainless
steel, alloy steel and non-ferrous metal.
3. The 1/4 in. raised face is not included in
thickness J but is included in length M.
4. The length of bolts do not include the
height of crown.
S. Bolt holes are 1/8 in. larger than bolt
diameters.
6. Dimensions, M (length of welding necks)
are based on data of major manufacturers. Long welding necks with necks
longer than listed are available on special
order.
SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENSION J.
Outside
Diameter
of
Raised
Face
Length of Bolts
No.
of
Holes
Diam.
of
Bolts
Bolt
Circle
%Raised
Face
Ring
Joint
Outside
Diameter Nominal
Diameter Length
of
Pipe
Bore
Size
4
4
4
4Yi
5
6~
8
8
8
1
1Y.
1~
7V2
6!4
6~
4.
2~
5~
9Y2
7~
7~
6~
3
4
1Y2
1~
1%
11Y2
12Y2
15Y2
9~
9~
lOY.
10 Y2
.]2
1 a
2
19
22Y2
25
12~
12
15
16
16
18Y2
21
23
27~
v..
12
12
16~
4
4
8
16
16
16
16
5Y2
.
2~
5~
27~
30Y2
32~
39
11
J1
1~
12
5
6
8
14~
13 ~
15 Yi
16
17
17Y2
19 Y2
21 Y,
24 J1
18Y2
20)1
22 )1
23Y2
25~
30
13~
10
12
14
21~
25~
12-20
16
18
20
24
354
WELDING NECK
~~~'l~
~I.~~I:====~==:::~--~
SLIP ON
Nominal
Pipe
Size
y..
1
ly..
1~
Length
Through
Hub
Diameter
of
Bore
...
tJ
;;
-...
~
Q.
.88
1.09
1.36
2%
3Y.
3Y2
1.70
1.95
2.44
3%
4%
5
2~6
2.94
3.57
4.57
5%
6%
7Y2
3Y.
3%
5.66
6.72
8.72
9
10%
12Y2
10.88
12.88
16V2
BLIND
Diameter
of Hub
at Point
of
Welding
Diameter
of
Hub
at
Base
.84
1.05
1.32
Outside
Diameter Thickness
of
of
Flange
Flange
11~6
5~
1~6
5Y2
l~
2~
6~
1%
1.66
1.90
2.38
2%
7~
3~
3%
9~
1V2
1%
2
4V2
5~
10Y2
12
4~
2.88
3.50
4.50
6Y2
14
5Y.
6
7
5.56
6.63
8.63
8
12
16V2
19
21%
14%
17%
26Y2
30
7~
1~6
11~6
1%
2%
2%
>.
2~
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
.a
'tJ
tJ
cc
'utJ
...
Q.
tJ
.a
~
18~
9
10
10.75
12.75
9~
2~
2%
3
3%
4~
6V2
355
2500 lb.
LONG WELDING NECK
I_lt~
I"
'"
~"
~~
~,,~~
~
~t-N-
"
~~
~
LL~
Length of Bolts
No.
of
Holes
Diam.
of
Bolts
Bolt
Circle
H'.
14,"
Raised
Face
Ring
Joint
Diameter Nominal
Outside
of
Diameter Length
Pipe
Bore
Size
3Y2
3*
5~
5~
5~
5~
4~
5*
5~
2~
4
4
8
1
1 Y.
1
5Y.
5*
6*
6~
6Y2
7~
2~
3~
7~
7Y2
3*
4Y.
5
7*
8~
9~
6~6
1 Y.
1 v..
1 Y2
7~6
lOY.
8
8
12
'*
2
2
12*
14Y2
17v..
12
13'14
15 v..
12*
14 ~
16
12*
lS
12
12
2Y2
2*
21 v..
24e
19 Y2
21 ~
22 ~
l'Yi6
2
2~
2.
3%
4
4
4
*
*
10*
1ov..
10~
1
CI)
.~
V>
CI)
4Y2
5 v..
6Y2
0..
'S,.
~
12
's'"
0
'"
1.t
1~
2
2~
V>
CIS
8Y2
20~
8
9
CI)
E
CIS
v..
CIl
12
14*
17e
12-20
5
6
8
10
12
356
r~=t
t.~
Nominal
Pipe
Size
150
300
400
Va
Va
Va
Va
U2
U2
U2
%2
5/
/32
5/
/ ~2
~{2
~{~
/32
1~
~{2
~{2
5/
/32
/32
~'32
J{6
"!{2
U6
?{2
J{6
?{2
1X
2
2/-2
3
1500
900
2500
Distance, inches
5/
/32
5/
-32
5/
/32
5/
.I 32
600
5/
/32
5/
~{2
~{2
1/
S/
/32
~{6
~{6
~32
~2
K6
5/ 732
5/
/32
~32
~2
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
5/
/32
/32
K2
5/
/32
K2
?{2
~2
J{6
~2
5/
/32
?{z
?{z
!{2
K6
732
Va
7/
/31
~/
/)2
I/.
/a
Va
Va
Va
~2
~2
~2
~{2
!{2
~2
~
~2
~
~
~{6
K6
K6
~2
~2
!{2
}\6
J{6
%2
K~
~
s/
716
~2
~6
~6
~2
~2
3{6
~l2
~l2
K6
$/
J{6
-
Va
Va
Va
Va
5/
732
/32
7/
Va
U2
3{6
J/
/16
3/
;16
~{2
K2
732
Va
Va
Va
Va
Va
Va
Va
Va
K2
~~2
$/
~32
~32
5/
/32
$/
732
5/
732
~~2
~32
U2
4
5
7/
RING NUMBERS
Nominal Pipe Size
..QJ .c
/a /a
QJ I
=.-
Q.,U
150
300,400,600
900
1500
2500
Nominal Pipe Size
QJ
.. .c
/aQJ /aI
=-
~u
150
300,400,600
900
1500
2500
3.4
Vi
.
.
R3&
R37
R37
R39
R3B
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
R40
R41
R41
R44
R42
R43
R45
R45
R46
R47
R4B
R49
R49
R50
R51
R52
R53
R53
R54
R55
R5&
R57
R57
R58
R60
R59
R&l
R62
R63
R64
R65
R66
R67
R&8
R69
R70
R71
R72
R73
R74
R75
R76
R77
R78
R79
... ..
. .. ... ...
357
A
~ '"
a:
r
t-
~t-
,,'
STUDDING OUTLETS
All dimensions are in inches.
Material most commonly used,
forged steel SA-105.
150lb
SIZE lliICK
(BORE)
B
T
1/2
3/4
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.25
2.25
2.56
2.56
2.75
2.75
3.00
aD
A
3.50
3.88
4.25
4.62
5.00
6.00
7.00
7.50
8.50
9.00
10.00
11.00
13.50
16.00
19.00
21.00
23.50
25.00
27.50
32.00
RF
STUD
STUDS
aD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI
R
C
J
M
I
1.38
1.69
2.00
2.50
2.88
3.62
4.12
5.00
5.50
6.19
7.31
8.50
10.62
12.75
15.00
16.25
18.50
21.00
23.00
27.25
2.38
2.75
3.12
3.50
3.88
4.75
5.50
6.00
7.00
7.50
8.50
9.50
11.75
14.25
17.00
18.75
21.25
22.75
25.00
29.50
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
7/8
7/8
1
1
11/8
11/8
11/4
13
13
13
13
13
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
TAP
HOLE
DEPlli DEPlli
E
F
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.31
1.31
1.50
1.50
1.69
1.69
1.88
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.75
1.75
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.31
2.31
2.50
2.50
2.75
300lb
SIZE lliICK
(BORE)
B
T
1/2
3/4
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
1.50
1.75
1.75
1.75
2.00
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.25
2.56
2.75
2.75
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.44
aD
A
3.75
4.62
4.88
5.25
6.12
6.50
7.50
8.25
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.50
23.00
25.50
28.00
30.50
36.00
RF
STUD
STUDS
aD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI
R
C
J
M
I
1.38
1.69
2.00
2.50
2.88
3.62
4.12
5.00
5.50
6.19
7.31
8.50
10.62
12.75
15.00
16.25
18.50
21.00
23.00
27.25
2.62
3.25
3.50
3.88
4.50
5.00
5.88
6.62
7.25
7.88
9.25
10.62
13.00
15.25
17.75
20.25
22.50
24.75
27.00
32.00
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
7/8
1
11/8
11/8
11/4
11/4
11/4
11/2
13
11
11
11
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
TAP
HOLE
DEPlli DEPlli
E
F
0.75
0.94
0.94
0.94
1.12
0.94
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.31
1.50
1.69
1.69
1.88
1.88
1.88
2.25
1.25
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.75
1.50
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
2.00
2.31
2.50
2.50
2.75
2.75
2.75
3.19
359
~
1:
a:
it....
~w
<Il
STUDDING OUTLETS
"
It
I-
1500lb
SIZE rnICK
(BORE)
T
B
1(2
3/4
1
11/4
11/2
2
21(2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
2.19
2.19
2.44
2.44
2.75
2.44
2.75
2.94
3.19
3.62
3.44
3.88
4.31
4.56
5.00
5.50
5.94
6.38
7.31
OD
A
4.75
5.12
5.88
6.25
7.00
8.50
9.62
10.50
12.25
14.75
15.50
19.00
23.00
26.50
29.50
32.50
36.00
38.75
46.00
RF
STUD
STUDS
OD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI
J
I
C
M
R
1.38
1.69
2.00
2.50
2.88
3.62
4.12
5.00
6.19
7.31
8.50
10.62
12.75
15.00
16.25
18.50
21.00
23.00
27.25
3.25
3.50
4.00
4.38
4.88
6.50
7.50
8.00
9.50
11.50
12.50
15.50
19.00
22.50
25.00
27.75
30.50
32.75
39.00
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
16
16
16
16
3/4
3/4
7/8
7/8
1
7/8
1
11/8
11/4
11(2
13/8
15/8
17/8
2
21/4
21(2
23/4
3
31(2
10
10
9
9
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
HOLE
TAP
DEP1H DEP1H
E
F
1.12
1.12
1.31
1.31
1.50
1.31
1.50
1.69
1.88
2.25
2.06
2.44
2.81
3.00
3.38
3.75
4.12
4.50
5.25
1.75
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.31
2.00
2.31
2.50
2.75
3.19
3.00
3.44
3.88
4.12
4.56
5.06
5.50
5.94
6.88
2500lb
SIZE rnICK
(BORE)
B
T
1(2
3/4
1
11/4
11(2
2
21(2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
2.19
2.19
2.44
2.75
2.94
2.75
2.94
3.19
3.62
4.12
4.56
4.56
5.50
5.94
OD
A
5.25
5.50
6.25
7.25
8.00
9.25
10.50
12.00
14.00
16.50
19.00
21.75
26.50
30.00
. STUDS
RF
STUD
OD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI
R
C
J
M
I
1.38
1.69
2.00
2.50
2.88
3.62
4.12
5.00
6.19
7.31
8.50
10.62
12.75
15.00
3.50
3.75
4.25
5.12
5.75
6.75
7.75
9.00
10.75
12.75
14.50
17.25
21.25
24.38
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
3/4
3/4
7/8
1
11/8
1
11/8
11/4
11(2
13/4
2
2
21(2
23/4
10
10
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
TAP
HOLE
DEP1H DEP1H
F
E
1.12
1.12
1.31
1.50
1.69
1.50
1.69
1.88
2.25
2.62
3.00
3.00
3.75
4.12
1.75
1.75
2.00
2.31
2.50
2.31
2.50
2.75
3.19
3.69
4.12
4.12
5.06
5.50
required.
The outlets are available also in
stainless and other alloy steels.
Air test holes are optional.
360
NOTES
361
ua
.-
A ---I
~:""""::...:...,...,I;Z-..;.;';;';';';~~~
WELDING FITTINGS
1.
ANSI B 16.9
All dimensions are in inches.
2.
3.
4.
5.
90 Long Radius
Reducing Elbow _
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Dimensions
Outside
Diameter
0.840
1.050
1fA,,,
~UJ~
F/s
....
7h6
Pl1I6
1 ....
1Y2 ....
1315
lY2
7/s
23!t6
1%
1~
lY2
1.660
Fls
2%
lY4
2 11I6
l~
lY2
1.900
2V4
Ills
3V4
1~
27116
1~
1~
2.375
Pis
4 1I6
3 1I6
lY2
1~
2~
2.875
3~
1~
5 !t6
2Y2
15
3 !t6
lYz
3.500
4Y2
6Y4
4%
2Y2
4.000
5V4
2Y4
7Y4
3~
5Y2
2~
4.500
21;2
8Y4
6V4
2Yz
5.563
7~
31/8
10 5!t6
7%
3Yz
6.625
3%
12 15/16
95h6
3~
8.625
12
I 65!t6
12 5/16
15
614
20 k
10
I 5 /s
12
18 3/8
IV4
.--,,~
~.7
. ~.
lffTYili
~AJ-A-'
1800 Long
Radius Elbow
10
90 Short Radius Elbow
Cap
10.750
12
12.750
18
1h
24 3/8
14
14.000
21
8%
28
14
21
6~
1h
16
16.000
24
10
32
16
24
18
18.000
27
llY4
36
18
27
20
20.000
30
12~
40
20
30
10
22
22.000
33
13Y2
44
10
10
24
24.000
36
15
48
1O~
12
26
26.000
39
16
52
1O~
... .
30
30.000
45
18~
ffi
24
30
36
45
lOY2 ... .
362
WELDING FITTINGS
1.
2.
3.
4.
~
r-t--
ANSI B 16.9
All dimensions are in inches
Welding fitting material conforms to SA 234 grade WPB.
Sizes 22,26 and 30 in. are not covered by ANSI B 16.9.
For wall thicknesses see page 322.
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Yz
Yz
3/S
Yz
1
1
%
Yz
114
}li4
1
%
Yz
lYz
IY2
114
1
%
Y2
lYz
114
1
%
2Yz
2Yz
2
lYz
Pi4
1
3
2Yz
2
lYz
114
3Y2
3Yz
3
2Yz
2
lYz
4
3Yz
3
2Yz
2
lYz
Outside
Diameter
.840
.675
l.050
.840
1.315
l.050
.840
l.660
1.315
1.050
.840
l.900
1.660
1.315
1.050
.840
2.375
l.900
l.660
1.315
1.050
2.875
2.375
l.900
l.660
1.315
3.500
2.875
2.375
l.900
l.660
4.000
3.500
2.875
2.375
1.900
4.500
4.000
3.500
2.875
2.375
l.900
[G.~J
Dimensions
Outlet
Tee
G
1
1
Jl/s
11/S
1
1
11/s
11/s
...
...
, ...
lYz
lYz
lYz
lYz
lYz
lYz
...
2
2
P/s
P/s
P/s
P/s
214
214
214
214
214
P/s
P/s
P/s
P/s
214
214
214
214
214
....
2Yz
....
2Yz
2Yz
2Yz
2Yz
2Yz
3
3
3
3
3
3%
3%
3%
33/8
]3/8
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
41/8
41/8
4 1/s
4 1/s
4 1/s
4 1/s
23/8
21/8
2
1%
3
2%
25/s
2Yz
214
V/8
314
3
27/8
2%
3%
35/8
3Yz
31;4
31/8
4 1/s
4
37/s
3%
3Yz
33/s
lYz
2
2
2
...
2Yz
2Yz
2Y2
2Y2
3
3
3
3
, ..
3Yz
3Yz
3Yz
3Yz
....
3Yz
3Yz
3Yz
3Yz
....
4
4
4
4
....
4
4
4
4
4
f---t-
lG-~GJ
Reducing Tee
[J]
Concentric Reducer
LJl
'---
----
Eccentric Reducer
363
F'---t_.l ,
WELDING FITTINGS
[c.-J
ANSI B 16.9
All dimensions are in inches
Welding fitting material confonns to SA 234 grade WPB.
Sizes 22, 26 and 30 in. are not covered by ANSI B 16.9.
For wall thicknesses see page 322.
1.
2
3.
4.
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Tee
~.--t-
lc-~cJ
Reducing Tee
[Jl
10
-'-'--
12
.--..I
Concentric Reducer
eJl
'-'-
14
16
-.-.
18
Eccentric Reducer
Outlet
5
4
312
3
212
2
6
5
4
312
3
212
8
6
5
4
312
10
8
6
5
4
12
10
8
6
5
14
12
10
8
6
16
14
12
10
8
6
18
16
14
Dimensions
Outside
G
Diameter
47/8
5.563
47/8
4.500
47/8
4.000
47/s
3.500
47/8
2.875
47/8
2.375
55/8
6.625
55/8
5.563
55/8
4.500
55/8
4.000
55/8
3.500
55/8
2.875
7
8.625
7
6.625
7
5.563
7
4.500
7
4.000
10.750
8.625
6.625
5.563
4.500
12.750
10.750
8.62.5
6.625
5.563
14.000
12.750
10.750
8.625
6.625
16.000
14.000
12.750
10.750
8.625
6.625
18.000
16.000
14.000
8Yz
8Yz
8Yz
812
812
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
13Y2
1312
1312
47/8
45/8
4'h
43/8
4Y4
4 1/8
55/8
53/8
51/8
5
47/8
....
4~
5
5
5
5
5
....
5Y2
512
5Y2
512
512
7
65/8
63/8
6 1/8
6
....
812
8
75/8
712
7Y4
10
9Y2
9
8 5/8
8Y2
11
....
10 5/8
10 1/8
13
13
13
13
9~
93/8
12
12
11 5/8
111/8
10~
10 1/8
1312
13
13
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
....
8
8
8
8
...
....
14
14
14
14
14
....
15
15
364
WELDING FITTINGS
1.
2
3.
4.
rL,
ANSI B 16.9
All dimensions are in inches
Welding fitting material conforms to SA 234 grade WPB.
Sizes 22, 26 and 30 in. are not covered by ANSIB 16.9.
For wall thicknesses see page 322.
Nominal
Pipe
Size
r'---L.--
Outside
Diameter
Tee
15
15
15
18
12
10
8
12.750
10.750
8.625
13'lS
13'lS
13'lS
12 5/8
12'/8
11%
20
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
20.000
18.000
16.000
14.000
12.750
10.750
8.625
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
14Y:z
14
14
13 5/8
13'/8
12%
.'
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
22.000
20.000
18.000
16.000
14.000
12.750
10.750
16'lS
.,
16'lS
16'lS
16Y:z
16Y:z
16Y:z
16'lS
16
15Y:z
15
15
14 5/8
14'/8
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
24.000
22.000
20.000
18.000
16.000
14.000
12.750
10.750
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
16Y:z
16
16
15 5/8
15'/8
30
24
22
20
18
16
30.000
24.000
22.000
20.000
18.000
16.000
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
21
22
24
30
[G+-J
Dimensions
Outlet
16Y2
2OY2
20
19'1S
19
..
20
20
20
20
20
20
--+-
lG--GJ
Reducing Tee
..
20
20
20
20
....
.. ,.
....
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
E3
Concentric Reducer
..
24
24
24
.,
...
[I]
ell
'---'-'
....
Eccentric Reducer
365
at
GATE VALVES
(WEDGE AND DOUBLE DISC)
Pr.ssur., lit. per Sq. In.
Nominal
Sill,
Inch.s
150
1~
1~
.,
2~
300
9~
1~
2
2)12
.-
11~
11~
13
14
14
llY.
-,:t
4
5
6
8
10
12
1400
1600
1800
2000
2400
9
10
10)12
11~
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
16
18
19)12
23~
18
26~
19~
30
30
33
36
39
45
32~
35~
38~
41 )12
48)12
Nominal
150
Inches
9~
13
llYa
12
15
15Ya
16)12
1~
9~
Siz',
8~
8~
8)12
9
7
7)12
3~
.,...
S
8~
7)12
._~~_l 400
--
Dim.nsion A, Inches
5~
1~
1)12
6
7
7~
.,
1500
2500
Dimlmion A, Inches
10
11
12
14)12
10
11
12
14~
17~
16~
16~
20
15
18
22
24
29
33
38
40)12
44)12
12Y.
13~
15Ya
18~
22~
21 )12
26)12
31~
27~
36
26)12
32~
40~
39
44)12
49)12
54)12
50
56
60~
48
52
61
65~
76~
I
HOminal
Size,
Inches
8~
8~
1~
9~
9~
1)12
~~.~~~.
900- ...
_-1~_~=r2s00-
Dimension A, Inches
10
11
12
10
12Ve
11
13Ya
12
15~
14Y.
17Ya
-16Ys
20~
~---- 1 - - - ' _ 18Ys
23. 21 Y.
26Ya
26Y.
31%
36)12
28
2
14Y.
9Y.
llY.
11Y.
lOY.
2~
16Y.
13Y.
13Ve
._-1--'
3
11~
15Y.
14Y.
14Y.
4
12Y.
18Ve
16Y.
17Ve
22Y.
15Y.
5
18Y.
20Ya
16)12
19Y.
22Y. --~-- - -24Y.
--"40j~
29Y. - 33Y.
17Y.
8
23Y.
26Y.
.-'--33Y. -- 39Ye
50Ya
18Y.
26Y.
31---"-Ya _ 1 0 _ ------- - - - - -_ .... _45Y.
38Y.
56Ya
20Ye
30Y. I 33Y.
1~_ ---_
.. _- - 14
40Ya
50~
30Y.
32Y.
35Y.
f---- - - -.-..... 16
44Ya
5SYe
33Y.
3SY.
39Y.
----"- t-48)12
18
61Ye
36Y.
38Y. I--43Y.
-- - - - ----------- - . - - -=--
2~
8
3
8~
4
9~
Q,
>010)12
S
to11
6
CI'
c:
8
12
&i2
10
13~
14)12
12
14
IS~
16)12
16
18- - - 1----....
17~-t--39~1-41 ~ -- 47~
20
"8~
-20)12
24
4Sv.-T48Ya
55Y.
c:
'0
900
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
17
20
22
26
31
33
35
39
43
47
'55
600
Nominal
Sil.,
InchIS
CI
600
DimlllSion A, Inches
.....
400
--~.
_.
-~---
20
24
52)12
66Ye
61~
nY.
366
~m
J,-
~2XA...j
-t
.~
-A-
Raised Face
Class,lb
Nominal
SiZI,
InchlS
V,
~
1
lY.
,V,
2
2V,
3
3V,
4
5
6
8
300
150
400
600
Dimension 2 x A, Inchls
10V,
11 V,
12V,
13Y.
14
8
8V,
9V,
10V,
11 V,
14
16
19V,
v,
7V,
8V,
9V,
11 V,
13
14
7V,
8V,
9
9V,
11 V,
13
14
17
20
22
26
16
18
19V,
23V,
15~
17V,
22
Nominal
Sin,
InchlS
Lb.
Sq. In.
- -900 PrlsSun,15~
2500_
JIll'
Dimlnslon 2 x A, Inchls
1
lY.
,V,
2
2V,
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
9
10
11
12
14V,
16V,
15
18
22
24
29
33
38
40V,
9
10
11
12
14V,
16V,
18V,
21 V,
26V,
27~
32~
39
44V,
49V,
lOY.
10~
12Y.
13~
15Y.
17~
20
22~
26V,
31Y.
36
40Y.
50
56
V,
f---
300
150
400
600
Dimension 2 x A, Inches
6K,
6K,c _ 6K,
7V,
7V,
7V,
8V,
8V,
1
8V,
-lY.
9
9
_._- - .9
,V,
9V,
9V,
9V,
7
2
8Yi
11Y.
11Y.
1lY.
- - - - - ->-2V,
9
12Y.
13Y.
13Y.
3
13Y.
14Y.
14Ya
4
12
104Y.
16Y.
17Y.
----5
14Yi"--- -16Y.
20Y.
- - - -c------ -1lBY.
16V,
6
lBY.
19Y.
22Y.
8
20
22Ya
23Y.
26Y.
10
25
25Y.
26Y.
31 Y.
12
2B
2BY.
30Y.
33Y.
14
31 Yi16
36V,
-
-~
~--
Nominal
Size,
Inches
900 __ 1.~_~-=-r=.2500
WL
Dimension 2 x A, Inches
V,
- - -~
- - - f - -9- . -
1
lY.
,V,
10
11
12
104Y.
16Y.
15Y.
lBY.
22Y.
204Y.
29Y.
33Y.
3ay.
40Ye
2
2V,
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
9
10
11
12
14Y.
16Y.
lBY.
21 Y.
26Ya
2B
33Y.
39Y.
o4SY.
SOY.
10%
__'2Y.
13Ye
15Y.
17Ye
20Y.
- -23
--26Ye--_ .. 31~
36V,
40Ye
50Ye
56Ye
367
-~-~-
00
~A~
Raised Face
Pressure, lit. per III- In.
Nominal
Siz.,
150
400
600
Dimltlsion A. Inches
Inches
2
2)4
300
Nominal
Sin,
Inches
8
8)4
10)4
11)4
11)4
)4
11)4
13
13
14
14
2500
1500
900
Dimension A, Inches
lOY.
10~
10
10
12Y.
1~
11
11
13~
1)4
12
14)4
12
14)4
lSY.
16)4
16)1
20
9)4
12)4
3Yt
10)4
13~
11)4
14
13
lS~
14
17)4
19}1
22
21
23Yt
26
lSVz
22~
26Vz
31
3
4
15
24Yt
lS
26)4
28
30
33
22
21Vz
26)1
24
27~
36
29
32~
40~
10
33
50
12
38
40)4
39
44)1
8
10
12
16
17
2
2)4
14
17~
31~
56
49Vz
Nominal
SiZt,
150
Inches
300
400
600
Dimension A, Inches
6U.
6U.
Vz
7Vz
7Y2
)4
4 13l.
SY.
5)4
1~
1Vz
9)1
7._- r--10-- f - - - -1--. - llY.
llY.
sVz
r-llY.
--
2 --2Vz
3
9
10
12
13Vz
9
9)4
NomiMI
Size,
Inches
1----
2500
lOY.
10~
8Vz
10
10
12Y.
9
--9)1
1~
11
11
13Va
1)1
12
12
lS~
14Y.
14Y.
17Va
16Y.
16Y.
20~
lSY.
lSY.
23
13Y.
13Y.
13Y.
- .- - - t -14Y.
14Y.
16Y.
14Y.
17Y.
--lay.
16Y.
20Y.
----- t--- '-- r - - - 19%
lSY.
22Y.
f-- --
14Vz
---=--S
20
23%
26Y.
- - - - - - 1 -21- Y.
- - -1---10
26Y.
25
25Y.
31 Y.
-- ._- I-- - - - 1------- t - - . - - 12
30Y.
33Y.
2S . - 28Y.
..--14
31)1
-~
1500
Dimension A, Inches
8Vz
2
2)1
12Y.
900
lSY.
21%
26Va
22Y.
26Y.
31~
24Y.
36Vz
- - - e-------=-- f - 28
40Va
29Y.
33Y.
f------
10
33Y.
39Y.
50Va
12
3SY.
4SY.
S6Va
14
40Va
SO~
368
SCREWED COUPLINGS
Full Coupling
111
I-A-J
Half Coupling
Half Coupling
Full Coupling
Nominal
Pipe
Size
6000lb
3000lb
6000lb
3000lb
Diameter Length
B
A
DiameteJ
B
1/8
1 1/4
3/4
1 1/4
7/8
5/8
3/4
5/8
7/8
1/4
1 3/8
3/4
1 3/8
11/16
3/4
11/16
3/8
1 1/2
7/8
1 1/2
1 1/4
3/4
7/8
3/4
I 1/4
1/2
1 7/8
I 1/8
1 7/8
1 1/2
15/16
1 1/8
15/16
I 1/2
3/4
I 3/8
1 3/4
1 3/8
1 3/4
2 3/8
1 3/4
2 3/8
2 1/4
13/16
1 3/4
13/16
2 1/4
1 1/4
2 5/8
2 1/4
2 5/8
2 1/2
1 5/16
2 1/4
1 5/16
2 1/2
1 1/2
3 1/8
2 1/2
3 1/8
1 9/16
2 1/2
19/16
33/8
33/8
3 5/8
1 11/H
I 11/16 3 5/8
2 1/2
3 5/8
3 5/8
3 5/8
4 1/4
1 13/16
3 5/8
1 13/16 4 1/4
4 1/4
4 1/4
4 1/4
2 1/8
4 1/4
2 1/8
3 1/2
4 1/2
43/4
4 1/2
53/4
2 1/4
43/4
2 1 /4
53/4
43/4
5 1/2
43&4
6 1/4
23/8
5 1/2
23/8
6 1/4
369
Screwed
Bell and
Spigot
-D-.
'E----i-
--3
Cap
Cross
Reducing
Straight Size
Crossover
Elbow
45- Degree
.~
Welded
..-
Soldered
~ ~ 'T.
I
.~
+ +*+ +
t
fJ\i
Y'E
90 - Degree
r rC r
Turned Down
G-t
G--+
G-E
G-&
Turned Up
&t
@--+-
&*
e-e-
C*
Base
Double Branch
L. ~ '4
+-r T
Long Radius
F'
Reducing
Side Outlet
(Outlet Down)
Side Outlet
(Outlet Up)
~
~ ~
370
Flanged
Screwed
Bell and
Spigot
Welded
le
Street
Soldered
Joint
Connecting
Pipe
Expansion
-+-
--
"*-
-e-
t::::::=I-
-E:3-
-::::f
-a::::JE7
Lateral
r y r
Orifice Plate
-1:1-
Reducing Flange
-iD--
Plugs
Bull Plug
-to
Pipe Plug
C>
----t<:J
-IC>t- -
--t:>+-
-i~
t::::.e-
-+-+-
-++-
-3---E-
*--*-
-e----&
Tee
Straight Size
't'
xL
(Outlet Up)
t-0-iI-
+-0-+
7--0--t-
*07(
-e0-e-
(Outlet Down)
+-e-t
+-e-t
-e-e-e-
Double Sweep
Reducer
Concentric
Eccentric
Sleeve
Reducing
rL L
~ ~ ~
371
Flanged
Screwed
Single Sweep
*T t
Side Outlet
(Outlet Down)
....L
Side Outlet
(Outlet Up)
Union
Valves
Angle Valve
Check, also
Angle Check
Bell and
Spigot
~ ~
-+t--
Welded
--4-
? ? ?
Soldered
-eje-
? ?
Gate, also
Angle Gate
(Elevation)
Ball Valve
Gate, also
Angle Gate
(Plan)
r-
iCJr
-te::J-
G::l-
(3:::J-
Globe, also
Angle Globe
(Elevation)
l?- lr-
Globe
(Plan)
@:]-
(3:::J3-
Automatic Valve
By-Pass
GovernorOperated
Reducing
(*
~
(3::::)(-
00-
-t-11
Check Valve
(Straight Way)
-I'J-
Cock
-II{11-
~Q~
--3QE-
~Q~
-BQe-
372
Diaphragm Valve
Flanged
Screwed
-Jr
,.-,
Float Valve
Gate Valve
Motor-Operated
Globe Valve
Motor-Operated
Hose Valve,
also Hose Globe
Angle, also
Hose Angle
Gate
Globe
Lockshield Valve
I Cl
Bell and
Spigot
:-21
-t*J-
-ckl-
-[><J-
-(><J-
-*-
--IXr
-{XJ-
-[>J
--t>J
-I>J
--(>::l::l
Welded
Soldered
r-ll~
r-~
-E{><Je-
-J!~
-t,)r"'...&
--tt.- -Jr-
Plu, Valve
-c-:J-
.~~
Quick Opening
or Butterfly Valve
-1*9-
Safety Valve
374
WEIGHTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
375
1/4"
DIAM.
VESSEL
5/16"
HEAD
SHELL
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
20
28
36
46
56
41
48
54
61
68
39
46
52
59
66
28
35
41
51
58
19
24
29
35
43
26
35
46
58
71
41
47
55
62
70
68
81
95
110
126
74
81
88
94
101
72
79
86
92
99
69
78
87
100
114
51
58
69
85
101
119
138
158
100
113
128
139
156
80
89
98
110
120
143
161
180
201
222
108
114
121
128
134
106
112
119
126
133
129
144
160
177
195
123
138
150
179
202
226
256
279
11 1
127
143
159
175
165
215
270
330
398
131
168
210
257
309
245
320
404
498
602
141
161
182
202
222
139
159
179
199
219
214
285
351
434
520
163
210
263
322
386
307
400
506
624
755
96
193
209
225
241
257
191
207
223
239
255
453
543
624
723
820
365
421
492
556
637
717
840
974
1118
1272
243
263
283
303
324
239
259
279
299
319
598
695
806
925
1050
456
532
614
702
796
897
1052
1220
1399
1592
102
108
114
120
126
273
289
305
321
337
271
287
303
319
335
922
1031
1150
1255
1445
710
801
883
984
1075
1435
1608
1792
1985
2188
344
364
385
405
425
339
359
379
399
419
1180
1320
1468
1622
1820
896
1001
1104
1230
1344
1796
2013
2242
2484
2738
132
138
144
353
369
385
351
367
383
1590
1730
1880
1186
1286
1406
2401
2624
2856
446
466
486
439
459
480
1990
2160
2350
1482
1607
1758
3004
3282
3573
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
HEAD
I.S.
O.S.
33
38
44
49
54
31
36
42
49
52
22
28
33
41
47
14
19
23
28
35
60
65
70
76
81
58
63
68
74
79
55
62
70
78
89
86
92
97
102
108
84
90
95
100
106
113
129
145
161
177
78
87
100
III
376
3/8"
DIAM.
VESSEL
SHELL
I.S.
12
O.S.
50
58
66
74
82
47
55
63
71
79
90
98
106
114
122
87
95
103
7/16"
HEAD
SHELL
HEAD
ELUP F.&D. HEMIS
I.S.
O.S.
58
67
77
86
95
54
63
73
82
91
41
49
61
71
85
26
33
41
52
61
37
50
65
82
100
33
22
42
50
61
70
28
35
42
52
32
43
55
70
85
119
82
94
105
121
137
61
70
82
94
105
103
122
143
166
190
105
114
123
133
142
101
110
119
129
138
97
109
122
141
160
71
82
97
109
122
121
143
168
194
223
130
138
146
154
162
127
135
143
151
159
154
173
192
213
234
121
134
147
165
180
216
243
272
303
336
151
161
170
179
189
148
157
166
176
185
180
191
224
248
273
141
156
172
192
210
253
285
319
355
393
170
194
218
242
266
167
191
215
239
263
257
331
415
508
610
196
252
316
386
463
370
482
609
751
907
198
226
254
282
310
194
222
250
278
306
300
386
484
592
711
229
295
368
450
540
433
564
712
877
1060
96
290
314
338
362
386
287
311
335
359
383
718
836
965
1110
1260
547
638
737
842
955
1079
1265
1466
1682
1912
338
366
394
422
450
334
362
391
419
447
842
983
1136
1298
1473
639
745
860
983
1115
1260
1478
1713
1965
2234
102
108
114
120
126
410
434
458
482
506
407
431
455
479
503
1419
1582
1760
1950
2170
1075
1202
1335
1476
1624
2158
2418
2694
2984
3288
478
506
534
562
591
475
503
531
559
587
1658
1854
2061
2249
2530
1254
1402
1558
1722
1894
2521
2825
3146
3484
3840
132
138
144
530
554
579
527
551
576
2490
2595
2820
1779
1928
2110
3608
3942
4292
619
647
675
615
643
671
2790
3025
3300
2075
2264
2461
4213
4604
5011
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
III
377
VESSEL
9/16"
1/2"
DIAM.
HEAD
SHELL
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
47
56
70
81
97
30
38
47
59
70
43
58
75
94
115
76
88
100
112
124
69
81
93
105
117
52
63
78
91
109
35
44
54
67
78
49
65
85
106
131
114
125
136
146
157
110
125
140
161
182
81
94
110
125
140
139
165
193
223
255
136
148
160
172
184
129
141
153
165
177
124
143
162
181
205
91
107
124
140
157
157
186
218
252
288
174
184
195
206
217
168
178
189
200
211
206
230
256
283
313
161
178
196
220
240
290
327
366
407
450
196
208
220
232
244
189
201
213
225
237
231
259
288
319
352
181
200
220
247
270
327
369
413
459
508
227
259
291
323
355
221
253
285
317
349
343
442
553
677
813
261
337
421
514
617
496
646
815
1005
1214
256
292
328
364
400
249
285
321
357
393
386
497
622
762
915
294
379
473
578
694
560
728
919
1133
1368
96
387
419
451
483
515
381
413
445
477
509
962
1124
1298
1484
1683
730
852
983
1124
1274
1443
1692
1960
2248
2557
436
472
508
544
580
429
465
501
537
573
821
1083
1264 958
1460 1106
1669 1264
1894 1433
1626
1906
2209
2533
2880
102
108
114
120
126
547
579
611
647
676
541
573
605
638
670
1894
2119
2355
2571
2890
1433 2884
1602 3232
1780 3599
1968 3986
2165 4393
617
653
689
725
761
610
646
682
718
754
2131 1612
2384 1802
2650 2002
2892 2214
3234 2435
3249
3640
4054
4489
4947
132
138
144
708
740
777
702
734
766
3340
3460
3760
2372
2588
2813
797
833
869
790
826
862
3660 2668
3897 2911
4240 3165
5427
5930
6454
12
14
I.S.
O.S.
67
88
99
110
61
72
82
93
104
120
131
142
152
163
78
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
4820
5266
5732
378
5/8"
DIAM.
VESSEL
SHELL
1.5.
12
O.S.
11/16"
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
0.5.
HEAD
ELUP F.&D. HEMIS
16
III
20
124
137
76
89
103
116
129
151
164
177
191
204
143
156
169
183
196
138
161
180
201
228
101
121
138
156
175
176
208
243
281
322
166
181
196
211
225
156
171
186
201
215
154
177
198
221
251
113
133
151
171
195
194
230
269
311
355
218
231
244
258
271
210
223
236
250
263
257
288
326
355
391
201
223
245
275
300
365
411
460
512
566
240
255
269
284
299
230
245
259
274
289
283
317
353
390
430
221
245
270
302
330
403
454
508
565
625
284
324
364
404
444
276
316
356
396
436
428
552
691
846
1017
327
421
526
643
772
623
811
1024
1261
1523
313
357
401
445
489
303
347
391
435
479
471
607
760
931
1118
360
458
579
707
849
688
895
1129
1390
1677
96
484
524
564
604
644
476
516
556
596
636
1203
1405
1622
1855
2104
912
1065
1229
1405
1592
1810
2121
2458
2818
3204
533
577
621
665
710
523
567
611
655
700
1323
1545
1784
2D41
2315
1003
1171
1352
1545
1751
1994
2337
2707
3104
3529
102
108
114
120
126
685
725
765
805
848
677
717
757
797
837
2368 1791
2648 2003
2944 2225
3213 2460
3578 2706
3614
4049
4509
4993
5502
754
798
842
886
930
744
788
832
876
920
2605
2913
3239
3535
3910
1970
2203
2448
2706
2977
3980
4459
4965
5498
6058
132
138
144
885
925
965
877
917
957
3980 2965
4325 3234
4720 3516
6036
6595
7178
974
1018
1062
964
1008
1052
4317
4703
5185
3261
3557
3868
6646
7261
7902
14
18
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
84
97
58
70
87
101
121
40
50
61
74
86
55
73
95
119
146
93
108
122
137
152
83
98
112
127
142
64
79
95
113
133
44
55
67
83
97
61
81
105
132
162
379
VESSEL
13/16"
3/4"
DIAM.
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
HEAD
ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS
102
118
134
150
166
90
106
122
138
154
70
88
104
126
145
48
60
74
92
108
67
90
116
145
177
1 11
128
146
163
180
97
114
132
149
166
76
95
113
136
157
53
67
82
100
117
73
98
126
158
193
182
198
214
230
246
170
186
202
218
234
171
193
216
241
274
126
145
165
187
216
213
252
295
340
389
198
215
233
250
267
184
201
219
236
253
185
209
234
261
304
137
160
182
412
234
232
275
321
370
423
262
278
294
310
326
250
266
282
298
314
309
345
393
425
469
241
267
294
330
361
442
497
556
618
684
285
302
319
337
354
271
288
305
323
340
335
378
425
470
508
261
289
323
357
391
480
541
605
672
743
342
390
438
486
534
330
378
426
474
522
514
662
829
1015
1220
393
505
631
772
926
753.
979
1234
1520
1835
371
423
475
527
579
357
409
461
513
565
567
729
911
1107
1337
425
547
683
836
1003
818
1063
1340
1650
1991
96
582
630
678
726
775
570
618
666
714
763
1443
1685
1947
2226
2525
1095
1277
1475
1685
1911
2179
2554
2958
3391
3855
631
683
735
788
840
617
669
721
774
826
1564
1835
2120
2433
2757
1186
1384
1597
1825
2070
2365
2771
3209
3679
4181
102
108
114
120
126
823
871
919
967
1015
811
859
907
955
1003
2842
3178
3533
3856
4243
2150
2403
2671
2952
3248
4348
4870
5422
6004
6616
892
944
996
1048
1100
878
930
982
1034
1086
3103
3457
3854
4204
4614
2329
2603
2893
3198
3518
4716
5282
5881
6511
7174
132
138
144
1063
1111
1159
1051
1099
1147
4655
5082
5650
3558
3881
4219
7257
7928
8628
1152
1204
1256
1138
1190
1242
5059
5522
6067
3854
4205
4571
7869
8596
9356
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
380
VESSEL
12
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
14
1 5/16"
7/8"
DIAM.
O.S.
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
120
139
157
176
195
104
123
141
160
179
82
103
122
147
170
59
74
90
107
127
80
106
137
171
209
130
150
170
190
210
III
131
151
171
191
90
110
135
157
185
67
83
101
123
144
86
115
148
1-85
226
213
232
251
270
288
197
216
235
254
272
199
225
252
288
327
147
175
199
225
252
251
297
347
401
458
230
250
270
290
310
211
231
251
271
291
213
241
271
310
351
167
194
220
249
282
271
320
374
431
493
307
326
344
363
382
291
310
328
347
366
366
412
458
506
558
281
312
352
385
421
519
584
653
726
803
330
350
370
390
410
311
331
351
371
391
393
442
491
543
597
314
347
387
422
462
558
628
702
780
863
400
456
512
568
624
384
440
496
552
608
611
789
982
1200
1440
458
589
736
900
1080
883
1148
1447
1780
2149
430
491
551
611
671
411
471
531
591
651
654
836
1051
1285
1543
507
643
802
979
1174
949
1233
1554
1911
2306
680
736
792
849
905
664
720
776
833
889
1702
1986
2293
2620
2970
1278
1491
1720
1966
2229
2551
2989
3461
3968
4509
731
791
851
911
971
711
771
832
892
952
1823
2128
2456
2807
3182
1387
1616
1864
2129
2412
2738
3207
3714
4257
4837
5085
5695
6340
7019
7734
1031
1091
1151
1212
1272
1012
1072
1132
1192
1252
3580
4002
4447
4852
5341
2712
3036
3366
3720
4091
5454
6109
6800
7529
8294
4150 8482
4528 9266
4923 10084
1332
1392
1452
1312
1372
1432
5853
6389
6948
4480 9097
4886 9937
5310 10813
102
108
114
120
126
945
961
1017 1001
1073 1057
1129 1113
1185 1169
3341 2508
3735 2804
4150 3115
4528 3444
4985 3789
132
138
144
1241
1297
1353
5463
5963
6485
1225
1281
1337
381
DIAM.
VESSEL
12
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
1-1/16"
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
139
160
182
203
224
117
138
160
181
202
98
118
144
168
200
76
93
113
139
162
93
124
159
198
242
148
171
193
216
239
124
147
169
192
215
104
125
153
178
212
83
102
122
150
175
100
132
170
212
259
246
267
289
310
331
223
245
266
287
308
228
257
288
330
374
187
214
242
273
313
290
343
400
462
528
262
284
307
330
352
238
260
283
306
328
242
277
31 1
350
397
202
231
261
294
338
310
366
427
493
563
353
374
396
417
438
330
351
372
393
415
421
471
523
579
637
347
383
421
460
502
598
673
752
835
923
375
398
420
443
466
351
374
396
419
442
448
500
562
614
677
373
412
452
495
539
638
801
890
984
459
523
587
651
715
436
500
564
628
692
698
897
1121
1371
1646
556
698
869
1059
1268
1015
1318
1661
2043
2465
489
557
625
693
761
465
533
601
669
737
741
953
1191
1457
1749
597
749
931
1134
1357
1082
1404
1769
2175
2624
96
779
844
908
972
1036
756
821
885
949
1013
1945
2270
2620
2994
3394
1496
1741
2008
2292
2596
2926
3427
3967
4547
5166
829
805
897
874
965
942
1033 1010
110 1 1078
2067
2412
2783
3181
3606
1590
1851
2134
2435
2758
3114
3647
4221
4838
5496
102
108
114
120
126
1100
1164
1228
1292
1356
1077
1141
1205
1269
1333
3819
4268
4743
5175
5697
2917
3258
3617
3996
4393
5825
6523
7261
8039
8856
1169
1237
1306
1374
1442
1146
1214
1282
1350
1418
4057 3099
4535 "3462
5038 3843
5498 4246
6053 4667
6197
6939
7724
8550
9419
132
138
144
1420
1484
1549
1397
1461
1526
6243
6815
7411
4809 9712
5243 10609
5697 11544
1510
1578
1646
1486
1554
1623
6633
7241
7874
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
7~7
5108 10329
5571 11282
6053 12276
382
1-1/8"
DIAM.
VESSEL
12
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
1-3/16"
SHELL
LS.
O.S.
HEAD
ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS
158
182
206
230
254
131
155
179
203
227
110
133
163
189
225
90
110
132
162
189
106
141
181
226
276
167
192
218
243
268
137
162
188
213
238
116
143
172
203
237
97
120
143
171
200
113
150
193
240
293
278
302
326
350
374
251
275
299
323
347
256
298
333
371
421
217
248
281
315
362
330
390
454
524
598
294
319
345
370
395
264
289
315
340
365
279
318
352
391
444
230
266
301
337
382
351
414
482
555
634
398
422
446
470
494
371
395
419
443
467
474
530
601
651
717
400
442
484
530
576
678
762
851
946
1045
421
466
471
497
522
391
416
441
467
492
500
560
634
687
756
423
466
517
565
615
718
807
902
1001
1106
518
591
663
735
807
491
563
635
707
779
785
1009
1261
1543
1852
639
800
994
1209
1446
1149
1491
1877
2308
2783
548
624
700
776
852
518
594
670
746
822
828
1065
1331
1628
1954
674
852
1049
1276
1526
1216
1577
1986
2441
2943
96
879
951
1023
1095
1167
852
924
996
1068
1140
2189
2554
2947
3368
3818
1684
1960
2260
2579
2920
3303
3867
4476
5129
5827
929
1005
1081
1157
1233
899
975
1051
1127
1203
2310
2695
3108
3555
4030
1788
2082
2398
2736
3097
3492
4089
4732
5422
6159
102
108
114
120
126
1239
1312
1384
1456
1528
1212
1284
1356
1428
1500
4296
4802
5336
5822
6409
3282
3666
4070
4496
4942
6569
7356
8187
9062
9982
1309
1385
1461
1537
1613
1279
1355
1431
1507
1583
4535
5069
5632
6145
6765
3480 6942
7772 7773
4314 8651
4764 9576
5236 10547
132
138
144
1600
1672
1744
1573
1645
1717
7024
7667
8338
5410 10947
5899 11956
6408 13010
1690
1766
1842
1660
1736
1812
7414
8093
8801
5731 11566
6248 12632
6786 13744
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
-S4
90
383
VESSEL
1-5/16"
1-1/4"
DIAM.
LS.
O.S.
SHELL
HEAD
SHELL
LS.
O.S.
HEAD
ELUP F.&D. HEMIS
177
204
230
257
284
144
171
197
224
251
122
154
181
217
250
105
129
154
181
210
120
160
204
254
310
187
215
243
271
299
150
178
206
234
262
129
161
193
228
267
112
138
165
193
225
127
169
216
269
327
311
337
364
391
417
278
304
331
358
384
292
331
371
412
467
242
284
322
360
402
371
438
510
587
670
327
355
383
411
439
290
318
346
374
402
307
347
390
439
497
258
303
343
384
428
392
462
538
619
707
444
471
497
524
551
411
438
464
491
518
526
589
667
724
796
446
490
551
601
654
759
853
952
1057
1168
467
495
523
552
580
430
486
515
543
559
625
700
768
844
474
521
585
638
694
800
899
1003
1113
1230
578
658
738
818
898
545
625
705
785
865
872
1121
1401
1714
2057
710
904
1104
1343
1606
1284
1665
2095
2575
3104
608
692
776
860
944
571
655
739
823
907
924
1187
1482
1812
2173
753
958
1169
1421
3374
1352
1752
2205
2709
3265
96
979
1059
1139
1219
1299
945
1025
1105
1185
1265
2432 1893
2837 2204
3275 2537
3742 2894
4242 3274
3683
4311
4988
5715
6491
1029
1113
1197
1281
1365
991
1075
1159
1243
1328
2567
2994
3455
3947
4473
1988
2314
2664
3039
3438
3873
4533
5245
6009
6824
102
108
114
120
126
1379
1459
1539
1619
1700
1346
1426
1506
1586
1666
4774 3678
5336 4106
5929 4558
6469 5032
7121 5530
7317
8192
9116
10090
11113
1449
1533
1617
1701
1786
1418
1496
1580
1664
1748
5032
5623
6248
6815
7501
3862 7692
4311
8611
4786 9582
5283 10606
5807 11681
132
138
144
1780
1860
1940
1746
1826
1906
7804 6051
8519 6596
9264 7165
12186
13308
14480
1870
1954
2038
1832
1916
2000
8220
8971
9755
6354 12808
6926 13986
7524 15217
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
45~
384
1-3/8"
DIAM.
VESSEL
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
1-7/16"
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
HEAD
ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS
196
225
255
284
313
156
185
215
244
273
142
169
206
239
285
119
148
176
206
239
135
178
228
283
345
206
237
267
298
329
162
193
223
254
285
151
180
220
255
303
126
155
184
220
253
143
188
240
298
363
343
372
402
431
460
303
332
362
391
421
322
364
408
466
527
275
323
364
408
454
412
486
566
651
743
360
390
421
452
482
316
346
377
408
438
342
386
432
493
558
292
337
380
426
481
434
511
594
684
780
490
519
548
578
607
450
479
508
538
567
593
662
734
812
892
502
553
620
676
734
841
945
1054
1170
1293
513
544
575
605
636
469
500
531
561
592
627
699
775
857
941
532
585
648
707
768
882
991
1106
1228
1355
637
725
813
901
989
597
685
773
861
949
977
1253
1563
1910
2289
796
1012
1234
1500
1768
1420
1841
2315
2844
3427
667
759
851
943
1035
623
715
807
899
991
1030
1320
1646
2061
2407
840
1057
1301
1568
1861
1489
1929
2426
2979
3590
96
1078
1166
1254
1342
1430
1038
1126
1214
1302
1390
2703
3152
3635
4152
4704
2083
2424
2791
3184
3602
4065
4757
5503
6303
7159
1128
1220
1312
1404
1496
1083
1175
1267
1360
1452
2841
3312
3819
4360
4938
2177
2534
2917
3328
3766
4257
4981
5761
6599
7493
102
108
114
120
126
1518
1606
1694
1783
1871
1478
1566
1654
1743
1831
5291
5911
6567
7162
7882
4046 8068
4517 9032
5014 10050
5535 11122
6084 12249
1588
1680
1772
1865
1957
1544
1636
1728
1820
1912
5553
6203
6890
7513
8267
4230 8445
4722 9453
5241 10518
5786 11640
6360 12818
132
138
144
2049
2141
2233
2004 9113
2097 9881
2189 10742
6959 14054
7586 15346
8240 16695
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
385
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
WALL THICKNESS
1-1/2"
DIAM.
VESSEL
12
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
1-9/16"
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
HEAD
ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS
216
248
280
312
344
168
200
232
264
296
162
192
234
271
321
134
162
192
234
271
150
198
252
313
381
227
260
294
327
361
174
207
241
274
308
173
204
248
287
340
144
174
206
249
287
158
208
265
328
399
376
408
440
472
504
328
360
392
424
456
363
409
457
521
589
310
352
397
444
508
455
536
623
717
817
394
427
461
494
527
341
374
408
441
474
384
432
483
550
621
329
745
415
470
536
476
561
652
750
855
536
568
600
633
665
488
520
552
585
617
661
738
817
903
991
562
618
676
738
802
924
1038
1158
1285
1418
561
594
628
661
694
508
541
575
608
641
696
777
860
950
1042
592
652
712
777
844
966
1085
1210
1343
1482
697
793
889
985
1082
649
745
841
937
1034
1084
1388
1729
2111
2526
885
1103
1368
1636
1954
1558
2018
2537
3115
3753
728
828
928
1028
1129
675
775
875
975
1075
1140
1457
1815
2212
2647
931
1110
1436
1716
2049
1628
2107
2649
3251
3916
96
1178
1274
1370
1466
1562
1130
1226
1322
1418
1514
2980
3472
4003
4569
5173
2272
2644
3044
3472
3930
4449
5205
6021
6895
7829
1229
1329
1420
1529
1629
1175
1275
1376
1476
1576
3122
3635
4189
4781
5411
2382
2770
3171
3617
4093
4643
5431
6281
7192
8166
102
108
114
120
126
1658
1754
1851
1947
2043
1610
1706
1803
1899
1995
5815
6496
7213
7864
8652
4414 8823
4928 9875
5468 10987
6038 12158
6636 13389
1729
1829
1930
2030
2130
1676
1776
1876
1976
2076
6081
6792
7540
8219
9041
4598
5133
5696
6290
6913
9201
10298
11457
12678
13960
132
138
144
2139
2235
2331
2091 9590
2187 10339
2283 11239
7262 14678
7916 16027
8599 17436
2230
2330
2430
2176 10020
2276 10738
2376 11741
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
7564 15304
8246 16710
8957 18188
386
VESSEL
12
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
14
1-11/16"
1-5/8"
DIAM.
O.S.
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
236
271
305
340
375
180
215
249
284
319
184
217
263
304
359
153
186
220
265
304
166
218
277
344
417
247
283
319
355
391
186
222
258
294
330
195
230
277
321
379
163
198
235
280
315
174
228
290
359
436
410
444
479
514
548
354
388
423
458
492
405
455
509
578
653
348
393
443
495
564
498
586
681
783
892
427
463
499
535
571
366
402
438
474
570
427
480
535
608
686
361
415
466
521
585
520
611
710
817
930
583
618
653
687
722
527
562
597
631
666
732
815
903
997
1094
623
685
748
817
886
1009
1132
1263
1401
1546
608
644
680
716
752
547
583
619
655
691
770
856
948
1045
1147
647
711
785
857
930
1051
1180
1316
1459
1610
757
861
965
1069
1174
701
805
909
1013
1117
1195
1527
1900
2314
2768
978
1216
1505
1797
2144
1698
2197
2761
3388
4080
788
896
1004
1112
1221
727
835
943
1051
1159
1253 1015
1598 1275
1987 1562
2418 1880
2891 2226
1768
2288
2873
3526
4245
1278
1382
1486
1590
1694
1221
1325
1430
1534
1638
3264 2492
3799 2897
4375 3298
4994 3762
5650 4257
4836
5657
6542
7490
8504
1329
1437
1545
1653
1761
1267
1376
1484
1592
1700
3408 2603
3965 3008
4565 3443
5207 3926
5892 4441
5031
5884
6803
7789
8842
1869
1978
2086
2194
2302
1808
1916
2024
2133
2241
6618
7388
8198
8935
9825
4966
5567
6177
6819
7493
9961
11148
12401
13720
15107
2410
2518
2626
102
108
114
120
126
1798 1742
1903 1846
2007 1950
2111 2054
2215 2159
132
138
144
2319
2423
2527
387
1-3/4"
DIAM.
VESSEL
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
1-13/16"
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
HEAD
ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS
257
294
332
369
407
192
229
267
304
342
206
243
294
338
399
172
211
249
296
327
182
238
303
375
455
267
306
344
383
422
197
236
274
313
352
218
257
314
356
420
182
223
264
311
345
190
249
316
391
473
444
481
519
556
593
379
416
454
491
528
450
504
562
639
719
374
437
490
547
607
542
637
740
850
969
461
499
538
577
615
391
429
468
507
545
473
530
590
670
754
394
460
515
575
638
564
663
770
885
1007
631
668
706
743
780
566
603
641
678
715
807
898
993
1094
1200
671
737
823
897
973
1094
1228
1369
1518
1675
654
693
732
770
809
584
623
662
700
739
845
940
1040
1144
1254
704
772
862
939
1018
1138
1276
1423
1577
1740
818
930
1042
1154
1267
753
865
977
1089
1201
1311
1670
2074
2523
3015
1053
1332
1620
1963
2308
1839
2378'
2986
3664
4410
848
964
1080
1196
1313
778
894
1010
1126
1243
1370
1743
2163
2630
3141
1101
1392
1691
2047
2407
1910
2469
3100
3802
4576
1379
1491
1603
1715
1827
1313
1426
1538
1650
1762
3552 2715
4132 3119
4756 3588
5421 4091
6134 4626
5226
6111
7065
8089
9181
1429
1545
1661
1777
1893
1359
1475
1591
1707
1823
3700
4301
4948
5639
6379
2829
3299
3737
4237
4792
5422
6339
7328
8389
9521
102
108
114
120
126
2010
2126
2242
2358
2474
1940 7162
2056 7991
2172 8865
2288 9659
2404 10618
5334
6003
6660
7351
8076
10725
12001
13348
14767
16257
132
138
144
2590
2707
2823
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
388
1-7/8"
DIAM.
VESSEL
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
1-15/16"
SHELL
208
249
291
332
374
243
285
343
394
462
201
247
293
342
382
206
270
342
423
512
414
482
540
602
668
587
689
800
929
1046
495
536
578
619
661
415
456
498
539
581
521
583
648
737
825
435
498
558
622
699
610
716
830
953
1085
883
981
1086
1194
1309
736
808
902
981
1063
1181
1325
1477
1637
1805
702
743
785
826
867
622
663
705
746
787
923
1025
1134
1246
1365
770
845
932
1014
1099
1225
1374
1531
1697
1871
804
924
1044
1164
1284
1429
1817
2253
2737
3268
1150 1981
1452 - 2561
1762 3214
2132 3941
2506 4743
909
1033
1157
1282
1406
829
953
1077
1202
1326
1489
1892
2344
2846
3397
1200
1501
1835
2203
2607
2054
2653
3329
4081
4910
96
1480
1600
1720
1840
1960
1405
1525
1645
1765
1885
3846
4470
5141
5858
6624
2944
3380
3886
4383
4958
5618
6568
7592
8690
9862
1530
1654
1778
1902
2027
1450
1574
1698
1822
1947
3995
4642
5357
6080
6873
3040 5816
3512 6798
4015 7857
4552 8992
5123 10204
102
108
114
120
126
2081
2201
2321
2441
2561
2005 7436
2126 8295
2246 9201
2366 10024
2486 11017
5518
6210
6890
7604
8355
11108
12429
13823
15292
16834
2151
2275
2399
2523
2647
2071 7714
2195 8603
2319 9540
2443 10358
2567 11420
132
138
144
2681
2802
2922
2772
2896
3020
16
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
231
271
326
375
441
191
235
278
327
363
478
518
558
598
638
403
443
483
523
563
497
556
619
701
789
679
719
759
799
839
604
644
684
724
764
879
999
1119
1239
1360
288
329
371
412
454
18
203
243
283
323
363
O.S.
198
259
329
407
493
12
14
278
318
358
398
438
I.S.
HEAD
--
5722
6417
7120
7858
8633
11492
12858
14299
15818
17413
389
VESSEL
2 1/4"
2"
DIAM.
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
HEAD
SHELL
I.S.
O.S.
HEAD
ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS
299
342
384
427
470
214
257
299
342
385
256
300
361
414
484
210
259
307
358
400
215
281
356
439
531
342
391
439
487
535
216
282
330
379
427
307
358
362
425
495
248
296
349
406
467
251
326
411
506
612
513
555
598
641
683
428
470
513
556
598
546
610
678
767
862
456
514
576
642
730
633
742
861
988
1124
583
631
679
727
775
475
523
571
619
667
578
648
723
801
904
533
603
678
757
840
726
851
986
1130
1285
726
769
812
854
897
641
684
727
769
812
963
1068
1181
1298
1421
804
882
962
1047
1134
1269 823
1423 871
1586 919
1757 967
1937 1015
715
763
811
859
907
1014
1130
1277
1380
1515
927
1019
1115
1216
1321
1449
1623
1834
2001
2205
940
1068
1196
1325
1453
855
983
1239
1367
1550
1968
2436
2956
3526
1250
1550
1909
2274
2708
2126
2745
3444
4221
5078
1063
1208
1352
1496
1640
955
1100
1244
1388
1532
1655
2115
2632
3204
3833
1438
1802
2181
2632
3085
2419
3125
3922
4808
5787
96
1581
1709
1837
1965
2094
1496
1624
1752
1880
2008
4145
4814
5573
6302
7122
3140 6013
3645 7028
4145 8122
4722 9295
5288 10546
1784
1929
2073
2217
2361
1676
1821
1965
2109
2253
102
108
114
120
126
2222
2350
2478
2606
2734
2137 7992
2265 8911
2393 9880
2521 10692
2649 11824
11877
13287
14776
16345
17992
2505
2650
2794
2938
3082
132
138
144
2863
2991
3119
3226
3371
3514
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
IIII
5937
6624
7349
8112
8911
13466
15073
16767
18554
20328
390
ELBOW
,,
90
L.R.
90
S.R.
RETURN
45
L.R.
180
L.R.
"
180
S.R.
ft
..
TEE
0.4
0.5
0.4
Y2
STD
XSTG
SCH.160
XXSTG
.109
.147
.187
.294
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.7
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2
STD
XSTG
SCH.160
XXSTG
.113
.154
.218
.308
1.1
1.5
1.9
2.4
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.7
STD
XSTG
SCH.160
XXSTG
.133
.179
.250
.358
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.7
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.5
.140
.191
.250
.382
2.3
3.0
3.8
5.2
0.6
0.9
1.0
1.4
0.4
0.7
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.8
1.3
1.8
2.0
2.7
0.8
l~
STD
XSTG
SCH.160
XXSTG
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.6
2.0
2.5
lY2
STD
XSTG
SCH.160
XXSTG
.145
.200
.281
.400
2.7
3.6
4.9
6.4
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.9
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.0
0.4
0.7
1.0
1.1
1.9
2.4
3.3
4.0
1.1
1.5
2.4
2.7
2.0
2.3
3.0
3.4
STD
XSTG
SCH.160
XXSTG
.154
.218
.343
.436
3.7
5.0
7.5
9.0
1.6
2.2
3.3
3.5
1.0
1.5
2.2
2.3
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
3.2
4.4
6.0
7.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.3
2Y2
STD
XSTG
SCH.160
XXSTG
.203
.276
.375
.552
5.8
7.7
10.0
13.7
3.3
4.0
5.1
7.0
2.1
2.8
3.4
5.0
1.8
2.1
3.0
3.8
6.5
8.0
12.0
14.0
4.3
5.6
6.0
9.7
6.0
7.0
8.0
10.5
STD
XSTG
SCH.160
XXSTG
.216
.300
.438
.600
7.6
10.3
14.3
18.6
5.0
6.5
8.5
11.0
3.0
4.3
6.0
7.3
2.6
3.5
4.4
5.8
10.2
13.0
18.0
22.0
6.0
8.5
12.0
14.6
7.0
8.5
10.0
13.5
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.3
391
NOM. PIPE
NOM.
PIPE DESIGNATION WALL 1 Ft.
SIZE
THK.
<.-
,,
90
L.R.
90
S.R.
RETURN
0
45
L.R.
1800
L.R.
1800
S.R.
",. f t
..
TEE
3'12
STD
XSTG
XXSTG
.226
.318
.636
9.1
12.5
22.9
6.8
8.4
16.0
4.5
6.0
1l.0
3.5
4.5
8.5
1.3.0
16.8
32.00
9.0
12.0
22.0
9.0
12.0
18.0
STD
XSTG
SCH.120
SCH. 160
XXSTG
.237
.337
.438
.531
.674
10.8
15.0
19.0
22.5
27.5
9.0
13.5
15.6
18.0
20.0
6.3
8.5
10.4
12.0
13.0
4.5
6.1
7.8
8.8
10.S
18.5
25.0
31.3
40.0
40.0
12.5
17.0
20.8
24.0
27.0
12.0
15.8
23.5
25.0
25.0
STD
XSTG
SCH.120
SCH.160
XXSTG
.258
.375
.500
.625
.750
14.6
20.S
27.0
33.0
3S.6
15.5
22.0
27.8
32.0
36.0
9.6
14.0
lS.6
22.0
24.0
7.5
10.S
13.9
16.0
19.0
30.0
44.0
55.6
65.0
72.0
19.0
2S.0
37.2
44.0
48.0
21.0
26.0
44.5
55.0
40.0
STD
XSTG
SCH. 120
SCH.160
XX STG.
.280
.432
.562
.71S
.864
19.0
28.6
36.4
45.3
53.2
24.5
35.0
45.2
57.065.0
lS.0
23.0
30.0
3S.0
44.0
12.0
17.5
22.6
30.0
32.0
50.0
70.0
90.3
120.0
130.0
35.0
46.0
60.0
76.0
87.0
34.0
40.0
64.0
62.0
68.0
SCH. 20
SCH.30
STD
SCH.60
X. STG.
SCH. 100
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH. 160
XX STG.
.250
.277
.322
.406
.500
.593
.718
.812
.906
.875
22.4
24.7
2S.6
35.6
43.4
50.9
60.6
67.8
74.7
72.4
36.5
40.9
50.0
58.0
71.0
84.0
100.8
111.0
120.0
118.0
24.4
27.0
34.0
39.1
47.5
56.0
66.0
74.0
80.0
79
18.2
20.4
23.0
29.4
35.0
42.0
50.4
55.0
62.0
60.0
73.0
81.9
95.0
117.0
142.0
168.0
202.0
222.0
230.0
236.0
4S.8
54.0
68.0
78.0
100.0
112.0
133.0
149.0
160.0
158.0
54.0
57.0
55.0
76.0
75.0
97.0
115.0
133.0
152.0
148.0
10
SCH.20
SCH.30
STD.
XSTG.
.250
.307
.365
.500
28.0
34.2
40.5
54.7
56.8
71.4
8S.0
107.0
38.2
46.8
58.0
70.0
28.4
35.7
43.0
53.0
114.0
143.0
177.0
215.0
76.4 73.0
94.0 81.0
115.0 85.0
140.0 105.0
(cont.)
392
ELBOW
NOM.
NOM.
WALL
PIPE DESIGNATION
THK.
SIZE
PIPE
I ft.
~
(cont.)
180
L.R.
180
S.R.
TEE
67
79
92
107
130
267
318
370
428
530
177
212
246
286
348
161
180
215
241
260
.250
33.4
.330 43.8
.375
49.6
.406
53.6
.500
65.4
.562
73.2
.687
88.6
.843 108.0
1.000 125.5
1.125 140.0
1.312 161.0
82
108
125
132
160
182
219
268
311
347
450
55
72
80
88
104
121
146
177
207
231
300
41
54
62
66
84
91
109
134
155
174
225
164
216
230
264
320
364
439
535
622
694
910
109
145
155
176
218
242
292
354
414
462
600
120
136
120
147
160
226
245
304
353
404
480
.250
312
.375
.438
.500
.593
.750
.937
1.093
1.250
1.406
37.0
46.0
55.0
63.0
72.0
85.0
107.0
131.0
151.0
171.0
190.0
106
132
160
183
205
245
310
70
87
105
122
140
163
205
53
66
80
91
100
123
154
212
264
325
366
400
490
619
140
175
210
244
275
326
410
193
210
165
252
230
311
369
213
850
.250
.312
.375
.500
.656
42.0
52.0
63.0
83.0
108.0
10
12
SCH.20
SCH.30
STD.
SCH.40
X STG
SCH.60
SCH. 80
SCH.100
SCH. 120
SCH.140
SCH.160
14
SCH.I0
SCH.20
STD.
SCH.40
XSTG
SCH.60
SCH. 80
SCH. 100
SCH. 120
SCH.140
SCH.160
(cont.)
45
L.R.
88
106
123
143
174
.592
.718
.843
1.000
1.125
16
90
S.R.
133
159
185
214
260
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH. 120
SCH.140
SCH.160
SCH.10
SCH.20
SCH. 30 STD
SCHAOXSTG
SCH.60
..
.
" "
90
L.R.
64.4
77.0
89.2
104.2
116.0
425
572
382
286
1092
764
139
172
206
276
355
92
115
132
174
236
69
86
100
135
178
277
344
412
550
710
184
230
260
340
472
201
222
195
280
458
393
45
L.R.
1618
1080
118
146
167
205
219
259
340
422
88
110
126
154
167
195
247
317
352
438
510
616
690
780
989
1268
226
292
330
410
430
518
680
844
281
307
249
399
332
525
612
710
217
320
420
506
690
861
144
210
275
338
457
573
109
160
206
253
345
431
434
640
830
1012
1380
1722
288
410
.. 550
676
914
1146
439
342
480
706
834
1021
262
174
131
524
348
477
394
197
787
414
520
260
1040
550
540
.250
.312
.375
.438
.500
.562
.750
.937
1.156
1.375
1.562
1. 781
47
59
71
82
93
105
138
171
208
244
275
309
176
219
260
308
340
390
494
634
.250
.375
.500
.593
.812
1.031
1.281
1.50C
1. 750
1.968
53
79
105
123
167
209
256
297
342
379
.250
.312
.375
.437
.500
58
72
87
103
115
20
TEE
405
809
SCH.10
SCH. 20 STD
SCH.30XSTG
SCH.40
SCH.60
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH. 160
180
S.R.
600
225
18
...
"
180
L.R.
900
300
SCH.10
SCH.20
STD
SCH.30
XSTG
SCH.40
SCH.60
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH.160
(cont.)
90
S.R.
450
.843
1.031
1.218
1.438
1.593
22
RETURN
ELBOW
137
165
193
224
245
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH.160
16
,
PIPE
1 ft.
90
L.R ..
548
394
NOM.
WALL
DESIGNAI1ON
THK.
ELBOW
PIPE
1 FT
<JIll
(cant.)
.562
.625
.688
.750
129
143
157
170
.250
.375
.500
.562
.687
.968
1.218
1.531
1.812
2.062
2.343
63
95
125
141
171
238
297
367
429
484
542
26
.250
.312
.375
.437
.500
.562
.625
.688
.750
67
84
103
119
136
153
169
186
202
30
.312
.375
.500
99
119
158
22
24
SCH.10
SCH. 20 STD
XSTG
SCH.30
SCH.40
SCH.60
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH. 160
RETURN
, , ,..
90 0
L.R.
90 0
S.R.
45
L.R.
1800
L.R.
314
460
600
702
846
1188
1470
208
298
392
470
564
783
977
180 0
S.R.
ft
416
590
780
940
1128
1566
1954
..
TEE
677
528
610
977
1257
1446
1673
157
238
300
351
423
594
735
627
890
1200
1404
1692
2377
2940
550
275
1100
770
729
365
1458
875
306
367
488
1223
1465
1950
612
734
975
464
618
930
1235
1058
1060
1200
395
WEIGHT
NOM.
PIPE
SIZE
'12
SA
1
114
Ph
2
2'12
3
3'12
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
20
24
30
OF
FLANGES
300 Ibs.
1SO Ibs.
SLIP
ON
LONG.
WELD WELD
NECK NECK BLIND STUDS
SLIP
ON
WELD
NECK
LONG.
WELD BLIND STUDS
NECK
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.0
2.5
3.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
8.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
4.0
10.0
4.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
10.0
3.0
1.0
4.5
5.0
14.0
6.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
12.0
3.0
1.0
6.5
7.0
17.0
7.0
3.5
5.0
6.0
16.0
4.0
1.5
7.0
8.0
19.0
8.0
4.0
8.0
10.0
21.0
7.0
1.5
10.0
12.0
28.0
12.0
7.0
9.0
1l.5
24.0
9.0
1.5
13.0
16.0
36.0
16.0
7.5
11.0
12.0
31.0
13.0
3.5
16.0
20.0
45.0
21.0
7.5
12.0
16.0
47.0
17.0
4.0
21.0
25.0
54.0
27.0
7.5
13.0
20.0
57.0
20.0
6.0
26.0
34.0
86.0
35.0
8.0
18.0
24.0
77.0
26.0
6.0
35.0
45.0 108.0
50.0
11.5
28.0
42.0 103
45.0
6.5-
54.0
70.0
150
81.0
18.0
37.0
55.0 150
70.0
15.0
77.0
99.0
218
127
38.0
60.0
85.0 215
110
15.0 110
142
289
184
49.0
77.0 114
221
131
22.0 164
186
342
236
62.0
93.0 142
254
170
31.0 220
246
426
307
83.0
18 120
155
278
209
41.0 280
305
493
390
101
155
170
324
272
52.0 325
378
575
492
105
22 159
224
333
69.0 433
429
594
157
210
260
439
411
71.0 490
545
823
754
174
26 248
270
470
498
93.6 552
615
870
950
239
319
375
600
681
112.0 779
858
1130
1403
307
396
WEIGHT
NOM.
PIPE
SIZE
%
1
IlJt
1%
2
2Y2
3
3%
4
5
6
8
10
I
, 12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
30
FLANGES
OF
400 Ibs.
SLIP
ON
600 Ibs.
LONG.
WELD WELD
NECK NECK BLIND STUDS
SLIP
ON
WELD
NECK
LONG.
WELD BLIND STUDS
NECK
2.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
3.5
3.0
2.0
3.0
3.5
3.0
2.0
3.5
4.0
11.0
4.0
2.0
3.5
4.0
11.0
4.0
2.0
4.5
5.5
14.0
6.0
2.0
4.5
5.5
14.0
6.0
2.0
6.5
8.0
17.0
8.0
3.5
6.5
8.0
17.0
8.0
3.5
8.0
10.0
21.0
10.0
4.5
8.0
10.0
21.0
10.0
4.5
12.0
14.0
29.0
15.0
7.5
12.0
14.0
29.0
15.0
8.0
15.0
18.0
38.0
20.0
7.7
15.0
18.0
38.0
20.0
8.0
21.0
26.0
48.0
29.0
11.6
21.0
26.0
48.0
29.0
11.6
24.0
30.0
67.0
33.0
12.0
33.0
37.0
80.0
41.0
12.5
31.0
39.0
90.0
44.0
12.5
63.0
68.0 128
68.0
19.5
39.0
49.0 115.0
61.0
19.0
80.0
73.0 158
86.0
30.0
63.0
78.0 140
100
30.0
139
40.0
155
52.0
177
189
324
231
72.0
91.0
129
160
301
226
69.0
215
226
500
295
191
233
336
310
88.0
259
347
417
378
118
253
294
416
398
114
366
481
564
527
152
310
360
481
502
139
476
555
654
665
193
378
445
563
621
180
612
690
840
855
242
464
465
685
205
643
710
962
267
539
640
799
936
274
876
977
1100
1175
.365
616
680
970
1111
307
898
960
1250
1490
398
859
940
1230
1596
453
1158
1230 1520
1972
574
397
WEIGHT
Y2
FLANGES
900 lbs.
NOM.
prp~
SIZE
OF
SLIP
ON
1500 lbs.
LONG.
WELD WELD
NECK NECK BLIND STUDS
SLIP
ON
LONG.
WELD WELD
NECK NECK BLIND STUDS
6.0
7.0
4.0
3.2
6.0
7.0
4.0
3.2
6.0
7.0
6.0
3.3
6.0
7.0
6.0
3.3
7.5
8.5
15.0
9.0
7.5
8.5
15.0
9.0
6.0
10.0
10.0
18.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
18.0
10.0
6.0
14.0
14.0
23.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
23.0
14.0
9.0
25.0
24.0
44.0
25.0
25.0
24.0
44.0
25.0
12.5
36.0
36.0
65.0
35.0
19.0
36.0
36.0
72.0
35.0
19.0
31.0
29.0
72.0
32.0
12.5
48.0
48.0
84.0
48.0
25.0
53.0
51.0
98.0
54.0
25.0
73.0
69.0 118
73.0
31.0
83.0
86.0 143
87.0
33.0
142
60.0
76.0
3,4
PA
lY2
2
2Y2
3Y2
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
113
40.0
164
164
235
159
172
187
310
197
69.0
258
273
366
302
121
245
268
385
290
95.0 436
454
610
507
184
326
372
667
413
124
690
1028
775
306
380
562
558
494
159
940
1030
975
425
459
685
670
619
199
1250
1335
1300
570
647
924
949
880
299
09
r/}E-<
E-
1625
1750
1750
770
792
1164
1040
1107
361
::r: u
C!)~
2050
2130
2225
1010
3325
3180
3625
1560
667
ZZ
-p..
~p..
22
24
30
~<
2099
687
765
1525
1575
2200
3025
1074
2075
2150
3025
1480 2107
1990 2290
1775
2200
398
WEIGHT
NOM.
PIPE
SIZE
'12
%
1
11,4
1'12
2
2'12
3
2500 Ibs.
SLIP
ON
LONG.
WELD WELD
NECK NECK BLIND STUDS
7.0
8.0
7.0
3.4
9.0
9.0
10.0
3.6
12.0
13.0
20.0
12.0
6.0
18.0
20.0
30.0
18.0
9.0
25.0
28.0
38.0
25.0
12.0
38.0
42.0
55.0
39.0
21.0
55.0
52.0
85.0
56.0
27.0
83.0
94.0 125.0
86.0
37.0
3'12
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
30
FLANGES
OF
127
146
185
133
.61
210
244
300
223
98
323
378
450
345
145
485
576
600
533
232
925
1068
1150
1025
445
1300
1608
1560
1464
622
SLIP
ON
LONG.
WELD WELD
NECK NECK BLIND STUDS
399
SHEET STEEL
This gage system replaces U.S. Standard Gage for Steel Sheets. It is based on
weight 41. 82 pounds per square foot per inch of thickness. In ordering steel
sheets, it is advisable to specify the inch equivalent of gage.
Mfgrs'
Standard
Gage
Number
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Inch
Equivalent
Lbs.
Per
Square
Inch
Lbs.
Per
Square
Foot
Mfgrs'
Standard
Gage
Number
Inch
Equivalent
Lbs.
Per
Square
Inch
Lbs.
Per
Square
Foot
.2391
.2242
.2092
.1943
.1793
.1644
.1495
.1345
.1196
.1046
.0897
.0747
.0673
.0598
.0538
.0478
.0418
.0359
.069444
.065104
.060764
.056424
.052083
.047743
.043403
.039062
.034722
.030382
.026042
.021701
.019531
.017631
.015625
.013889
.012153
.010417
10.0000
9.3750
8.7500
8.1250
7.5000
6.8750
6.2500
5.6250
5.0000
4.3750
3.7500
3.1250
2.8125
2.5000
2.2500
2.0000
1.7500
1.5000
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
.0329
.0299
.0269
.0239
.0209
.0179
.0164
.0149
.0135
.0120
.0105
.0097
.0090
.0082
.0075
.0067
.0064
.0060
.0095486
.0086806
.0078125
.0069444
.0060764
.0052083
.0047743
.0043403
.0039062
.0034722
.0030382
.0028212
.0026042
.0023872
.0021701
.0019531
.0018446
.0017361
1.3750
1.2500
1.1250
1.0000
.87500
.75000
.68750
.62500
.56250
.50000
.43750
.40625
.37500
.34375
.31250
.28125
.26562
.25000
GALVANIZED SHEET
Galv.
Sheet
Gage
Number
Ounces
Per
Square
Foot
Pounds
Per
Square
Foot
Pound
Per
Square
Inch
Thickness
Equivalent
for Galv.
Sheet
Gage. No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
112.5
102.5
92.5
82.5
72.5
62.5
52.5
47.5
42.5
38.5
34.5
30.5
26.5
7.03125
6.40625
5.78125
5.15625
4.53125
3.90625
3.28125
2.96875
2.65625
2.40625
2.15625
1.90625
1.65625
.048828
.044488
.040148
.035807
.031467
.027127
.022786
.020616
.018446
.016710
.014974
.013238
.011502
.1681
.1532
.1382
.1233
.1084
.0934
.0785
.0710
.0635
.0575
.0516
.0456
.0396
Galv.
Sheet
Gage
Number
Ounces
Per
Square
Foot
Pounds
Per
Square
Foot
Pound
Per
Square
linch
Thickness
Equivalent
for Galv.
Sheet
Gage No.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
24.5
22.5
20.5
18.5
16.5
14.5
13.5
12.5
11.5
10.5
9.5
9.0
1.53125
1.40625
1.28125
1.15625
1.03125
.90625
.84375
.78125
.71875
.65625
.59375
.56250
.0106340
.0097656
.0088976
.0080295
.0071615
.0062934
.0058594
.0054253
.0049913
.0045573
.0041233
.0039062
.0366
.0336
.0306
.0276
.0247
.0217
.0202
.0187
.0172
.0157
.0142
.0134
400
WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Foot
Thickness, Inches
Width
In.
~6
.16
.32
.48
.64
.21
.43
.64
.85
.80
.96
1.12
1.28
1~6
%;
Y2
?16
.27 .32
.53 .64
.80 .96
1.06 1.28
.37
.74
1.12
1.49
.43
.85
1.28
1.70
.48 .53
.58
.96 1.06 Ll7
1.43 1.59 1.75
1.91 2.13 2.34
.64
1.28
1.91
2.55
1.06
1.28
1.49
1.70
1.33
1.59
1.86
2.13
1.59
1.91
2.23
2.55
1.86 2.13
2.23 2.55
2.60 2.98
2.98 3.40
2.39
2.87
3.35
3.83
2.66
3.19
3.72
4.25
3.19
3.83
4.46
5.10
3.45
4.14
4.83
5.53
1.43
1.59
1.75
1.91
1.91
2.13
2.34
2.55
2.39
2.66
2.92
3.19
4.30
4.78
5.26
5.74
3~ 2.07
3Y2 2.23
3% 2.39
2.55
4
2.76
2.98
3.19
3.40
3;45
3.72
3.98
4.25
8.98
9.67
10.4
11.1
9.67
10.4
11.2
11.9
10.4
11.2
12.0
12.8
11.1
11.9
12.8
13.6
4~ 2.71
4V2 2.87
4% 3.03
3.19
5
3.61
3.83
4.04
4.25
4.52
4.78
5.05
5.31
5.42
5.74
6.06
6.38
10.8
11.5
12.1
12.8
11.7
12.4
13.1
13.8
12.6
13.4
14.1
14.9
13.6
14.3
15.1
15.9
14.5
15.3
16.2
17.0
5~ 3.35
5V2 3.51
5% 3.67
3.83
6
4.46
4.68
4.89
5.10
5.58
5.84
6.11
6.38
6.69
7.01
7.33
7.65
61,4
6V2
6%
7
3.98
4.14
4.30
4.46
5.31
5.53
5.74
5.95
6.64
6.91
7.17
7.44
71,4
7Y2
7%
8
4.62
4.78
4.94
5.10
6.16
6.38
6.59
6.80
7.70
7.97
8.23
8.50
9.24
9.56
9.98
10.2
10.8
11.2
ll.5
11.9
12.3
12.8
13.2
13.6
8 1,4
8V2
8%
9
5.26
5.42
5.58
5.74
7.01
7.23
7.44
7.65
8.77
9.03
9.30
9.56
7.86 9.83
8.08 10.1
8.29 10.4
8.50 10.6
1,4
V2
%
1
1~
1V2
1%
2
2~
2V2
2%
3
9 1,4 5.90
9Y2 6.06
9% 6.22
10
6.38
1!{6
2.92
3.51
4.09
4.68
1~
Va
11.2
11.7
12.2
12.8
12.3
12.9
13.4
14.0
13.4
14.0
l4.7
15.3
14.5
15.2
15.9
16.6
12.0
12.4
12.9
13.4
13.3
13.8
14.3
14.9
14.6
15.2
15.8
16.4
15.9
16.6
17.2
17.9
13.9
14.3
14.8
15.3
15.4
15.9
16.5
17.0
17.0
17.5
18.1
18.7
18.5
19.1
19.8
20.4
20.0
20.7
21.4
22.1
10.5
10.8
11.2
ll.5
21.0
21.7
22.3
23.0
22.8
23.5
24.2
24.9
24.5
25.3
26.0
26.8
11.8
12.1
12.4
12.8
13.8
14.1
14.5
14.9
21.6
22.2
22.8
23.4
23.6 5.6
24.2 26.2
24.9 26.9
25.5 27.6
26.3
27.1
27.9
28.7
28.1
28.9
29.8
30.6
401
WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Foot
Width
In.
Thickness, Inches
;,s
7.(
~6
I%;
32.7
33.5
34.3
35.1
34.9
35.7
36.6
37.4
28.7
29.3
30.0
30.6
33.5
34.2
35.0
35.7
35.9
36.7
37.5
38.3
38.3
39.1
40.0
40.8
37.2
3S.7
40.2
41.7
39.8
41.4
43.0
44.6
42.5
44.2
45.9
47.6
43.1
44.6
46.1
47.6
46.2
47.8
49.4
51.0
49.3
51.0
52.7
54.4
VB
?16
Y2
%;
1!{6
13.1
13.4
13.7
14.0
15.3
15.6
16.0
16.4
17.4
17.9
18.3
18.7
19.6
20.1
20.6
21.0
21.8
22.3
22.8
23.4
24.0
24.5
25.1
25.7
12.0
12.2
12.5
12.8
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.5
26.3
26.9
27.5
28.1
31.1
31.8
32.5
33.2
1;{6
Va
1114
11Y2
11%
12
7.17 9.56
7.33 9.78
7.49 9.99
7.65 10.2
12%
13
13Y2
14
7.97
8.29
8.61
8.93
10.6
11.1
11.5
11.9
13.3
13.8
14.3
14.9
14Y2
15
15Y2
16
9.24
9.56
9.88
10.2
12.3
12.8
13.2
13.6
15.4 18.5
15.9 19.1
16.5 19.8
17.0 20.4
21.6
22.3
23.1
23.8
16Y2
17
17%
18
10.5
10.8
11.2
11.5
14.0
14.5
14.9
15.3
17.5
18.1
18.6
19.1
21.0
21.7
22.3
23.0
24.5
25.3
26.0
26.8
2S.1
2S.9
29.8
30.6
42.1
43.4
44.6
45.9
45.6
47.0
48.3
49.7
49.1
50.6
52.1
53.6
52.6
54.2
55.8
57.4
56.1
57.8
59.5
61.2
18Y2
19
19Y2
20
11.8
12.1
12.4
12.8
15.7
16.2
16.6
17.0
19.7
20.2
20.7
21.3
23.6
24.2
24.9
25.5
27.5
28.3
29.0
29.8
51.1
52.5
53.9
55.3
55.0
56.5
58.0
59.5
59.0
60.6
62.2
63.8
62.9
64.6
66.3
68.0
20Y2
21
21Y2
22
13.1
13.4
13.7
14.0
17.4
17.9
18.3
18.7
21.8
22.3
22.8
23.4
26.1
26.8
27.4
28.1
30.5
31.2
32.0
32.7
34.9
35.7
36.6
37.4
52.3
53.6
54.8
56.1
56.6
58.0
59.4
60.8
61.0
62.5
64.0
65.5
65.3 69.7
66.9 71.4
68.5 73.1
70.1 74.8
22%
23
23%
24
14.3
14.7
15.0
15.3
19.1
19.6
20.0
20.4
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.5
28.7
29.3
30.0
30.6
33.5
34.2
35.0
35.7
62.2
63.5
64.9
66.3
66.9
68.4
69.9
71.4
71.7 76.5
73.3 78.2
74.9 79.9
76.5 81.6
25
26
27
28
15.9 21.3
16.6 22.1
17.2 23.0
17.9 23.8
26.6
27.6
28.7
29.8
31.9
33.2
34.4
35.7
37.2
38.7
40.2
41.7
42.5
44.2
45.9
47.6
47.8
49.7
51.6
53.6
53.1
55.3
57.4
59.5
58.4
60.8
63.1
65.5
79.7 85.0
82.9 88.4
86.1 91.8
89.3 95.2
29
30
31
32
18.5
19.1
19.8
20.4
24.7
25.5
26.4
27.2
30.8
31.9
32.9
34.0
37.0
38.3
39.5
40.8
43.1
44.6
46.1
47.6
49.3
51.0
52.7
54.4
55.5
57.4
59.3
61.2
61.6
63.8
65.9
68.0
67.S
70.1
72.5
74.8
74.0
76.5
79.1
81.6
31.6
32.5
33.5
34.4
39.2
40.2
41.1
42.1
35.1
36.1
37.2
38.3
43.6
44.6
45.7
46.8
38.6
39.7
40.9
42.1
47.9
49.1
50.3
51.4
80.1
82.9
85.6
88.4
402
WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Foot
Thickness, Inches
Width
In.
~6
lYt6
63.1
65.0
66.9
68.9
70.1
72.3
74.4
76.5
77.1
79.5
81.8
84.2
84.2
86.7
89.3
91.8
31.5
32.3
33.2
34.0
94.4
96.9
99.5
102
102
105
108
111
26.1
26.8
27.4
28.1
34.9
35.7
36.6
37.4
43.6
44.6
45.7'
46.8
52.3
53.6
54.8
56.1
61.0
62.5
64.0
65.5
69.7
71.4
73.1
74.8
78.4
80.3
82.2
84.2
87.1
89.3
91.4
93.5
105
107
45
46
47
48
28.7
29.3
30.0
30.6
38.3
39.1
40.0
40.8
47.8
48.9
49.9
51.0
57.4
58.7
59.9
61.2
66.9
68.4
69.9
71.4
76.5
78.2
79.9
81.6
86.1
88.0
89.9
91.8
95.6
97.8
99.9
102
49
50
51
52
31.2
21.9
32.5
33.2
41.7
42.5
43.4
44.2
52.1
53.1
54.2
55.3
62.5
63.8
65.0
66.3
53
54
55
56
33.8
34.4
35.1
35.7
45.1
45.9
46.8
47.6
56.3
57.4
58.4
59.5
67.6 78.8
68.9 80.3
70.1 81.8
71.4 83.3
57
58
59
60
36.3
37.0
37.6
38.3
48.5
49.3
50.2
51.0
60.6
61.6
62.7
63.8
61
62
63
64
38.9
39.5
40.2
20.8
51.9
52.7
53.6
54.4
65
66
67
68
41.4
42.1
42.7
43.4
55.3
56.1
57.0
57.8
69
70
71
72
44.0
44.6
45.3
45.9
~6
VB
33
34
35
36
21.0
21.7
22.3
23.0
28.1
28.9
29.8
30.6
37
38
39
40
23.6
24.2
24.9
25.5
41
42
43
44
?16
Y2
56.1
57.8
59.5
61.2
IlH'6
l~
105
108
112
115
112
116
119
122
110
113
116
119
118
121
124
128
126
129
133
136
122
125
128
131
131
134
137
140
139
143
146
150
VB
91.2 98.2
93.9 101
96.1 104
99.5 107
95.8
98.2
101
103
112
113
116
119
122
105
108
110
112
115
117
120
122
124
127
130
133
134
137
140
143
143
147
150
153
153
156
160
163
115
117
119
122
125
128
130
133
135
138
141
144
146
149
152
155
156
159
163
166
167
170
173
177
llO
90.1
91.8
93.5
95.2
101
103
105
107
113
115
117
119
124
126
129
131
135
138
140
143
146
149
152
155
158
161
164
167
169
172
175
179
180
184
187
190
72.7
74.0
75.2
76.5
84.8 96.9
86.3 98.6
87.8 100
89.3 102
109
111
113
115
121
123
125
128
133
136
138
140
145
148
151
153
158
160
163
166
170
173
176
179
182
185
188
191
194
197
201
204
64.8
65.9
66.9
68.0
77.8
79.1
80.3
81.6
90.7 1()t.
92.2 105
93.7 107
95.2 109
117
119
121
122
130
132
134
136
143
145
147
150
156
158
161
163
169
171
174
177
182
185
187
190
194
198
201
204
207
211
214
218
69.1
70.1
71.2
72.3
82.9
84.2
85.4
86.7
96.7
98.2
99.7
101
111
112
114
116
124
126
128
130
138
140
142
145
152
154
157
159
166
168
171
173
180
182
185
188
193
196
199
202
207
210
214
217
221
224
228
231
58.7 73.3
59.5 74.4
60.4 75.4
61.2 76.5
88.0
89.3
90.5
91.8
103
104
106
107
117
119
121
122
132
134
136
138
147
149
151
153
161
164
166
168
176
179
181
184
191
193
196
199
205
208
211
214
220
223
226
230
235
238
241
245
403
WEIGHTS OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Foot
Thickness, Inches
Width
In. I
~6
?{6
Y2
l!{S
IHs
VB
1~6
46.5
47.2
47.8
48.5
62.1
62.9
63.8
64.6
77.6
78.6
79.7
80.8
93.1
94.4
95.6
96.9
109
110
112
113
124
126
128
129
140
142
143
145
155
157
159
162
171
173
175
178
186
189
191
194
202
204
207
210
217
220
223
226
233
236
239
242
248
252
255
258
49.1
78 49.7
79 50.4
80 51.0
65.5
66.3
67.2
68.0
81.8
82.9
83.9
85.0
98.2
99.5
101
102
115
116
118
119
131
133
134
136
147
149
151
153
164
166
168
170
180
182
185
187
196
199
202
204
213
216
218
221
229
232
235
238
245
249
252
255
262
265
269
272
81
82
83
84
51.6
52.3
52.9
53.6
68.9
69.7
70.6
71.4
86.1
87.1
88.2
89.3
103
105
106
107
121
122
124
125
138
139
141
143
155
157
159
161
172
174
176
179
189
192
194
196
207
209
212
214
224
227
229
232
241
244
247
250
258
261
265
268
275
279
282
286
85
86
87
88
54.2
54.8
55.5
56.1
72.3
73.1
74.0
74.8
90.3
91.4
92.4
93.5
lOS
110
111
112
126
128
129
131
145 163
146 165
148 166
150 168
181
183
185
187
199
201
203
206
217
219
222
224
235
238
240
243
253
256
259
262
271
274
277
281
289
292
296
299
89 56.7
90 57.4
91
92
75.7
76.5
77.4
78.2
94.6
95.6
96.7
97.8
114
115
116
117
132
134
135
137
151
153
155
156
170
172
174
176
189
191
193
196
20S
210
213
215
227
230
232
235
246
249
251
254
265
268
271
274
284
287
290
293
303
306
309
313
93
94
95
96
79.1
79.9
80.8
81.6
98.8
99.9
101
102
119
120
121
122
138
140
141
143
158
160
162
163
178
180
182
184
198
200
202
204
217
220
222
224
237
240
242
245
257
260
262
265
277
280
283
286
296
300
303
306
316
320
323
326
98
100
102
104
83,3
85.0
86.7
88.4
104
106
lOS
111
125
128
130
133
146
149
152
155
167
170
173
177
187
191
195
199
20S
213
217
221
229
234
238
243
250
255
260
265
271
276
282
287
292
298
304
309
312
319
325
332
333
340
347
354
106
108
110
112
90.1
91.8
93.5
95.2
113
115
117
119
135
138
140
143
158
161
164
167
180
184
187
190
203
207
210
214
225
230
234
238
248
253
257
262
270
275
281
286
293
298
304
309
315
321
327
333
338
344
351
357
360
367
374
381
114
116
118
120
96.9
98.6
100
102
121
123
125
128
145
148
151
153
170
173
176
179
194
197
201
204
218
222
226
230
242
247
251
255
267
271
276
281
291
296
301
306
315
321
326
332
339
345
351
357
363
370
376
383
388
394
401
40S
122
124
126
128
104
105
107
109
130
132
134
136
156
158
161
163
182
185
187
190
207
211
214
218
233
237
241
245
259
264
268
272
285
290
295
299
311
316
321
326
337
343
348
354
363
369
375
381
389 415
395 422
402 428
40S 435
73
74
75
76
77
404
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
3/16
5116
y.
1/16
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
.042
.065
.094
.128
.056
.087
.125
.170
.070
.109
.156
.213
.083
.130
.188
.256
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
.167
.211
.261
.315
.223
.282
.348
.421
.278
.352
.435
.526
.334
.422
.521
.631
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
.375
.441
.511
.587
.501
.588
.681
.782
.626
.734
.852
.978
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
.668
.754
.845
.941
.890
).005
1.126
1.255
1.113
1.256
1.408
1.569
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
1.043
1.150
1.262
1.379
1.391
1.533
1.683
1.839
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
1.502
1.763
2.044
2.347
2.003
2.350
2.726
3.129
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
DIA
13116
Y2
'11&
o/a
11116
.097
.152
.219
.298
.111
.174
.250
.341
.125
.196
.282
.383
.139
.217
.313
.426
.153
.239
.344
.468
.167
.261
.375
.511
.181
.282
.407
.554
.389
.493
.608
.736
.445
.563
.695
.841
.SOl
.634
.782
.946
.556
.704
.869
1.052
.612
.774
.956
1.157
.668
.845
1.043
1.262
.723
.915
1.130
1.367
.876
.751
.881 1.028
1.022 1.192
1.173 1.369
1.001
1.175
1.363
1.564
1.126
1.322
1.533
1.76.0
Ya
.209
.326
.469
.639
.223
.348
.501
.681
.779 .834
.986 1.056
1.217 1.304
1.472 1.577
.890
1.126
1.391
1.683
2.003
2.350
2.726
3.129
2.225
2.512
2.816
3.138
2.893
3.265
3.661
4.079
1.738
1.916
2.103
2.299
2.503
2.938
3.407
3.911
3.004
3.525
4.088
4.693
3.129
3.450
3.786
4.138
5.006
5.875
6.814
7.822
2.448 2.670
2.763 3.014
3.098 3.379
3.451 3.765
.195
.304
.438
.596
lo/i6
3.115
3.517
3.942
4.393
3.338 3.560
3.768 4.019
4.224 4.S06
4.706 5.020
5.563
6.133
6.731
7.356
10.68
12.05
13.51
15.06
14.24
16.07
18.02
20.08
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
11.12 12.51
12.26 13.79
13.46 15.14
14.71 16.55
13.90
15.33
16.82
18.39
15.29 16.68
16.86 18.39
18.SO 20.19
20.23 22.06
22.25
24.53
26.92
29.42
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
8.177
8.771
9.387
10.02
16.00
16.50
17.00
17.50
12.01
13.03
14.10
15.20
14.01
15.21
16.45
17.74
16.02
17.38
18.80
20.27
18.02
19.55
21.15
22.81
20.02
21.72
23.50
25.34
22.02
23.90
25.85
27.87
24.03
26.07
28.20
30.41
26.03
28.24
30.55
32.94
28.03
3D.42
32.90
35.48
30.03
32.59
35.25
38.01
32.04
34.76
37.60
40.55
10.90
11.69
12.51
13.36
13.62 16.35
14.61 17.54
15.64 18.77
16.70 20.04
19.07
20.46
21.90
23.38
21.80
23.39
25.03
26.72
24.53
26.31
28.16
30.06
27.25
29.23
31.28
33.41
29.98 32.70
32.16 35.08
34.41 37.54
36.75 40.09
35.43
38.00
40.67
43.43
38.15
40.93
43.80
46.77
40.88
43.85
46.93
SO. 11
43.61
46.78
50.06
53.45
10.68
11.35
12.05
12.77
14.24
15.14
16.07
17.03
17.80
18.93
20.09
21.29
21.36
22.71
24.11
25.55
24.92
26.50
28.13
29.81
28.48
30.28
32.15
34.07
32.04
34.07
36.17
38.32
35.60
37.86
40.18
42.58
39.16 42.72
41.64 45.43
44.20 48.22
46.84 51.10
46.28
49.21
52.24
55.36
49.84
53.00
56.26
59.62
53.40
56.79
60.28
63.88
56.96
60.57
64.30
68.14
18.00
18.50
19.00
19.50
13.51
14.27
15.06
15.86
31.54
33.31
35.14
37.01
36.04
38.07
40.16
42.30
40.55
42.83
45.18
47.59
45.05
47.59
50.20
52.87
49.56
52.35
55.22
58.16
54.06
57.11
60.24
63.45
58.57
61.87
65.26
68.74
63.07
66.63
70.28
74.03
67.58
71.39
75.30
79.31
72.09
76.15
80.32
84.60
20.00
20.SO
21.00
21.50
16.68
17.53
18.39
19.28
38.93
40.90
42.92
44.99
44.SO
46.75
49.06
51.42
SO.06
52.59
55.19
57.85
55.62
58.44
61.32
64.28
61.18 66.75
64.28 70.13
67.46 73.59
70.71 77.13
72.31
75.97
79.72
83.56
77.87
81.81
85.85
89.99
83.43 89.00
87.66 93.50
91.99 98.12
96.42 102.85
405
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
DIA
31!6
\t4
51!6
Ya
11!6
22
22Y2
23
23Y2
24
24Yl
25
25Y2
26
26Y2
27
27Yl
28
28Y2
29
29Y2
30
30Yl
31
31Y2
32
32Yl
33
33Yl
34
34Y2
35
35Yl
36
36Y2
37
37Yl
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
33
34
35
36
38
39
40
41
43
44
45
47
48
50
51
53
54
56
57
59
27
28
29
31
32
33
35
36
38
39
41
42
34
35
37
38
45
47
48
50
52
53
55
57
59
61
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
59
61
63
65
68
70
73
75
78
80
83
85
88
91
38
38Yz
39
39Yz
40
40Yz
41
41Yz
42
42Yz
43
43I!z
44
44Yz
45
45Yz
46
46Yz
47
47\7
48
48Yz
49
49Y7
60
62
63
65
67
68
70
72
74
75
77
79
81
83
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
80
82
85
87
89
91
94
96
98
100
103
105
108
110
113
115
118
120
123
126
128
131
134
136
44
40
42
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
56
58
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
76
78
Ya
61
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
85
88
91
95
98
90 102
94 105
97
109
100 113
103 116
107 120
110 124
114 128
118 132
121
136
125 140
129 145
132 149
136 153
140 158
144 162
148 167
152 171
156_ ,-176
67
70
74
77
80
83
87
102
105
108
111
114
117
47
49
51
54
56
58
61
63
66
68
71
74
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
100
103
106
109
113
116
119
123
126
130
133
137
120
124
127
130
134
137
140
144
147
151
154
158
162
165
169
173
J77
180
184
188
192
196
200
204
141
144
148
152
156
160
164
168
172
176
180
184
188
193
197
202
206
210
215
220
224
229
234
239
161
165
169
i74
178
182
187
192
196
201
206
211
215
220
225
230
235
241
246
251
256
262
267
273
94
80
96
99
83
85
88
90
93
95
98
il!6
~-
100
103
106
108
III
114
117
120
123
126
129
132
135
138
141
144
147
150
154
157
160
164
167
170
Y2
54
56
59
61
64'
67
70
72
75
78
81
84
87
181
186
190
195
200
205
210
216
221
226
231
237
242
248
253
259
265
271
276
282
288
294
301
307
90
94
98
101
105
109
113
117
121
125
129
134
138
142
147
151
156
161
166
170
175
180
185
190
196
201
206
212
217
223
228
234
240
245
251
257
263
269
275
282
288
294
301
307
314
320
327
334
341
1J1!6
1l1!6
74
81
87
77
84
92
81
88
96
84
92
100
88
96 104
92 100 109
96 104 113
99 109 118
103 113 122
107 117 127
112 122 132
116 126 137
120 131
142
124 136 147
129 140 152
157
133 145
138 150 163
142 155 168
147 160 174
152 166 179
157 171
185
162 176 191
167 182 197
172 187 203
177
193 209
182 199 215
187 204 221
193 210 228
198 216 234
204 222 W
209 228 247
215 ~5 254
221
241
261
227
247
268
233 254 275
239 260 282
245 267 289
274
251
297
257
281
304
263
287 311
270
294 319
276 301
327
283 309 334
289 316 342
296 323 350
303 330 358
310 338 366
317 345 374
324 353 383
331
361
391
338 369 399
345 377 408
352 384 417
360 393 4.25
367 401
434
375 409 443
Ya
151!6
94
99
103
108
112
117
122
127
132
137
142
147
153
158
164
169
175
181
187
193
199
206
212
218
225
232
238
245
252
259
267
274
101
106
110
115
120
125
130
136
141
146
152
158
164
169
175
182
188
194
200
207
214
220
227
234
241
248
256
263
270
278
286
293
108
113
118
123
128
134
139
145
150
156
162
168
174
181
187
194
200
207
214
221
228
235
242
250
257
265
273
280
288
296
305
313
281
289
296
304
312
319
327
335
343
352
360
368
377
386
394
403
412
421
430
439
449
458
467
477
301
309
317
325
334
342
351
359
368
377
386
395
404
413
422
432
441
451
461
471
481
491
501
511
321
330
338
347
356
365
374
383
392
402
411
421
431
441
451
461
471
481
492
502
513
523
534
545
406
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
DIA
lf16
Y4
5/16
Ys
'/16
YI
9/16
Ya
50
50'4
51
51 Yz
52
52Yi
53
53Yz
54
5417
55
55Y7
56
56Yz
57
571h
58
58Y7
59
59Yz
60
60Yz
61
61 Yz
62
62Yz
63
63Yz
64
64Yz
65
65Yl
66
66Yz
67
67Yz
68
68Yz
69
69'll
70
70'll
71
104
106
109
III
113
115
117
119
122
124
126
129
131
133
136
138
140
143
145
148
150
153
155
158
160
163
166
168
171
174
176
179
182
184
187
190
193
196
199
202
204
207
210
213
216
219
222
225
228
232
235
238
241
244
247
251
139
142
145
148
150
153
156
159
162
165
168
17l
1/4
178
181
184
187
190
194
197
200
204
207
210
214
217
221
224
228
231
235
239
242
246
250
253
257
261
265
269
273
276
280
284
288
292
296
301
305
309
313
317
321
326
330
334
174
177
181
184
188
192
195
199
203
207
210
214
218
222
226
230
234
238
242
246
250
255
259
263
267
272
276
280
285
289
294
298
303
307
312
317
322
326
331
336
341
346
351
355
360
365
371
376
381
386
391
396
402
407
412
418
209
213
217
221
226
230
234
239
243
248
252
257
262
266
271
276
281
286
290
295
300
305
310
316
321
326
331
336
342
347
353
358
363
369
375
380
386
392
397
403
409
415
421
427
433
439
445
451
457
463
469
476
482
488
495
501
243
248
253
258
263
268
273
279
284
289
294
300
305
311
316
322
327
333
339
345
350
356
362
368
374
380
386
393
399
405
411
418
424
430
437
444
450
457
463
470
477
484
491
498
505
512
519
526
533
540
548
555
562
570
577
585
278
284
289
295
301
307
313
318
324
330
337
343
349
355
361
368
374
381
387
394
401
407
414
421
428
435
442
449
456
463
470
477
485
492
499
507
514
522
530
537
545
553
561
569
577
585
593
601
609
617
626
634
643
651
660
668
313
319
326
332
338
345
352
358
365
372
379
386
392
400
407
414
421
428
436
443
451
458
466
473
481
489
497
505
513
521
529
537
545
553
562
570
579
587
596
605
613
622
631
640
649
658
667
676
685
695
704
713
723
732
742
752
348
355
362
369
376
383
391
398
406
413
421
428
436
444
452
460
468
476
484
492
501
509
517
526
535
543
552
561
570
579
588
597
606
615
624
634
643
653
662
672
681
691
701
7ll
721
731
741
751
762
772
782
793
803
814
825
835
7l'll
72
72'll
73
73'll
74
74'll
75
75'll
76
76Yz
77
77'll
11/16
382 417
390 426
398 434
406 443
414
451
422 460
430
469
438 478
446 487
454
496
463
505
471
514
480 523
488 533
497 542
506 552
515 561
524 571
532 581
542 591
551
601
560 611
569 621
579 631
588 641
598 652
607 662
617 673
627 684
636 694
646
705
656 716
666
727
676
738
687
749
697
760
707
772
718
783
728
795
739 806
750 818
760
829
841
771
782 853
793 865
804 877
815 889
826 902
838 914
849 926
860 939
872 951
884
964
895
977
907
989
919 1002
13/16
Ys
15/16
452
461
470
479
489
498
508
517
527
537
547
557
567
577
587
598
608
619
629
640
651
662
673
684
695
706
718
729
740
752
764
776
787
799
812
824
836
848
861
873
886
899
911
924
937
950
963
977
990
1003
1017
1031
1044
1058
1072
1086
487
497
506
516
526
537
547
557
568
578
589
600
611
622
633
644
655
666
678
689
701
713
724
736
748
761
773
785
797
810
823
835
848
861
874
887
900
914
927
940
954
968
981
995
1009
1023
1038
1052
1066
1081
1095
1110
1125
1139
1154
1169
521
532
543
553
564
575
586
597
608
620
631
643
654
666
678
690
702
714
726
738
751
764
776
789
802
815
828
841
854
868
881
895
909
922
936
950
965
979
993
1008
1022
1037
1052
1066
1081
1096
1112
1127
1142
1158
1173
1189
1205
1221
1237
1253
556
567
579
590
602
613
625
637
649
661
673
685
698
710
723
736
749
761
775
788
801
814
828
842
855
869
883
897
911
926
940
955
969
984
999
1014
1029
1044
1059
1075
1090
1106
1122
1137
1153
1170
1186
1202
1218
1235
1252
1268
1285
1302
1319
1336
407
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
DIA
3/16
14
5/16
7/16
Yz
9/16
18
11/16
13iJ6
!Is
15/16
78
78Yz
79
79Yz
80
80Yz
81
81 Yz
82
82Yz
83
83Yz
84
84Yz
85
85Yz
86
86Yz
87
87Yz
88
88Yz
89
89Yz
90
90Yz
91
91 Yz
92
92Yz
93
93Yz
94
94Y1
95
254
257
260
264
267
270
274
277
281
284
287
291
294
298
301
305
309
312
316
319
323
327
330
334
338
342
345
349
353
357
361
365
369
373
377
380
384
389
393
397
401
405
409
413
417
421
426
430
434
438
443
447
451
456
460
464
338
343
347
352
356
360
365
369
374
379
383
388
392
397
402
407
411
416
421
426
431
436
441
446
451
456
461
466
471
476
481
486
492
497
502
507
513
518
523
529
534
540
545
551
556
562
567
573
579
584
590
596
602
607
613
619
423
428
434
439
445
451
456
462
468
473
479
485
491
496
502
508
514
520
526
532
538
545
551
557
563
569
576
582
589
595
601
608
614
621
628
634
641
648
654
661
668
675
681
688
695
702
709
716
723
731
738
745
752
759
767
774
508
514
521
527
534
541
547
554
561
568
575
582
589
596
603
610
617
624
632
639
646
654
661
668
676
683
691
699
706
714
722
729
737
745
753
761
769
777
785
793
801
810
818
826
834
843
851
860
868
877
885
894
902
911
920
929
592
600
608
615
623
631
639
647
655
663
671
679
687
695
703
712
720
728
737
745
754
762
771
780
788
797
806
815
824
833
842
851
860
869
879
888
897
907
916
925
935
944
954
964
973
983
993
1003
1013
1023
1033
1043
1053
1063
1073
1083
677
686
694
703
712
721
730
739
748
757
766
776
785
794
804
813
823
832
842
852
862
871
881
891
901
911
921
931
942
952
962
973
983
994
1004
1015
1025
1036
1047
1058
1068
1079
1090
1101
1113
1124
1135
1146
1157
1169
1180
1192
1203
1215
1227
1238
761
771
781
791
801
811
821
831
842
852
862
873
883
894
904
915
926
936
947
958
969
980
991
1003
1014
1025
1036
1048
1059
1071
1082
1094
1106
1118
1130
1141
1153
1166
1178
1190
1202
1214
1227
1239
1252
1264
1277
1289
1302
1315
1328
1341
1354
1367
1380
1393
846
857
868
879
890
901
912'
924
935
947
958
970
981
993
1005
1017
1029
1041
1053
1065
1077
1089
1102
1114
1126
1139
1152
1164
1177
1190
1203
1216
1229
1242
1255
1268
1282
1295
1308
1322
1336
1349
1363
1377
1391
1405
1419
1433
1447
1461
1475
1490
1504
1519
1533
1548
931
943
955
967
979
991
1004
1016
1029
1041
1054
1067
1079
1092
1105
1118
1131
1145
1158
1171
1185
1198
1212
1225
1239
1253
1267
1281
1295
1309
1323
1337
1352
1366
1381
1395
1410
1425
1439
1454
1469
1484
1499
1514
1530
1545
1560
1576
1592
1607
1623
1639
1655
1670
1687
1703
1015
1028
1041
1055
1068
1081
1095
1108
1122
1136
1150
1164
1177
1192
1206
1220
1234
1249
1263
1278
12:12
1307
1322
1337
1352
1367
1382
1397
1412
1428
1443
1459
1475
1490
1506
1522
1538
1554
1570
1586
1603
1619
1636
1652
1669
1686
1702
1719
1736
1753
1770
1788
1805
1822
1840
1857
1100
1114
1128
1143
1157
1172
1186
1201
1216
1230
1245
1260
1276
1291
1306
1322
1337
1353
1368
1384
1400
1416
1432
1448
1464
1481
1497
1514
1530
1547
1564
1580
1597
1614
1632
1649
1666
1684
1701
1719
1736
1754
1772
1790
1808
1826
1844
1862
1881
1899
1918
1937
1955
1974
1993
2012
1184
1200
1215
1230
1246
1262
1277
1293
1309
1325
1341
1357
1374
1390
1407
1423
1440
1457
1474
1491
1508
1525
1542
1560
1577
1595
1612
1630
1648
1666
1684
1702
1720
1739
1757
1776
1794
1813
1832
1851
1870
1889
1908
1927
1947
1966
1986
2006
2026
2045
2065
2086
2106
2126
2146
2167
1269
1285
1302
1318
1335
11352
1369
1386
1403
1420
1437
1454
1472
1489
1507
1525
1543
1561
1579
1597
1615
1634
1652
1671
1690
1708
1727
1746
1766
1785
1804
1824
1843
1863
1883
1902
1922
1943
1963
1983
2003
2024
2044
2065
2086
2107
2128
2149
2170
2192
2213
2235
2256
2278
2300
2322
1354
1371
1389
1406
1424
1442
1460
1478
1496
1514
1533
1551
1570
1589
1608
1627
1646
1665
1684
1704
1723
1743
1762
1782
1802
1822
1843
1863
1883
1904
1924
1945
1966
1987
2008
2029
2051
2072
2094
2115
2137
2159
2181
2203
2225
2247
2270
2292
2315
2338
2361
2384
2407
2430
2453
2477
951~
913
50Yz
97
97~~
98
98Yz
99
99Yz
100
100Yz
101
101Yz
102
102Yz
103
1031;,
104
104Yz
105
105Yz
408
DIA
106
106\1
107
107\1
108
108\1
109
109\1
110
110\1
111
111\1
112
112\1
113
113\1
114
114\1
115
115\1
116
116\1
117
117\1
118
118\1
119
119\1
120
120\1
121
121\1
122
122\1
123
123Y,
124
124\1
125
125\1
126
126\1
127
127Y1
128
128\1
129
129YI
130
1301;7
131
131 \1
132
1321;7
133
133 1h
3/16
\t4
469
473
478
482
487
491
496
500
505
509
514
519
523
528
533
537
542
547
552
557
561
566
571
576
581
586
591
596
601
606
611
616
621
626
631
636
641
647
652
657
662
668
673
678
684
689
694
700
705
710
716
721
727
732
738
744
625
631
637
643
649
655
661
667
673
679
685
692
698
704
710
717
723
729
736
742
749
755
761
768
775
781
788
794
801
808
814
821
828
835
842
848
855
862
869
876
883
890
897
904
911
919
326
933
940
947
955
962
969
977
984
991
51I6
781
789
796
804
811
819
826
834
841
849
857
864
872
880
888
896
904
912
920
928
936
944
952
960
968
976
985
993
1001
1010
1018
1026
1035
1043
1052
1061
1069
1078
1086
1095
1104
1113
1121
1130
1139
1148
1157
1166
1175
1184
1193
1202
1212
1221
1230
1239
938
946
955
964
973
982
991
1000
1010
1019
1028
1037
1047
1056
1065
1075
1084
1094
1103
1113
1123
1132
1142
1152
1162
1172
1182
1192
1202
1212
1222
1232
1242
1252
1262
1273
1283
1293
1304
1314
1325
1335
1346
1356
1367
1378
1389
1399
1410
1421
1432
1443
1454
1465
1476
1487
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
7/16
1094
1104
1115
1125
1135
1146
1157
1167
1178
1189
1199
1210
1221
1232
1243
1254
1265
1276
1287
1299
1310
1321
1333
1344
1355
1367
1379
1390
1402
1413
1425
1437
1449
1461
1473
1485
1497
1509
1521
1533
1545
1558
1570
1582
1595
1607
1620
1633
1645
1658
1671
1683
1696
1709
1722
1735
\1
1250
1262
1274
1286
1298
1310
1322
1334
1346
1358
1371
1383
1396
1408
1421
1433
1446
1459
1471
1484
1497
1510
1523
1536
1549
1562
1575
1589
1602
1615
1629
1642
1656
1669
1683
1697
1711
1724
1738
1752
1766
1780
1794
1809
1823
1837
1851
1866
1880
1895
1909
1924
1338
1953
1968
1983
91I6
1406
1420
1433
1446
1460
1473
1487
1501
1514
1528
1542
1556
1570
1584
1598
1612
1627
1641
1655
1670
1684
1699
1713
1728
1743
1758
1772
1787
1802
1817
1832
1848
1863
1878
1894
1909
1924
1940
1956
1971
1987
2003
2019
2035
2051
2067
2083
2099
2115
2131
2148
2164
2181
2197
2214
2231
I III 6
1563 11719
1577 1735
1592 1751
1607 1768
1622 1784
1637 1801
1652 1817
1667 1834
1683 1851
1698 1868
1713 1885
1729 1902
1744 1919
1760 1936
1776 1953
1791 1971
1807 1988
1823 2005
1839 2023
1855 2041
1871 2058
1887 2076
1904 2094
1920 2112
1936 2130
1953 2148
1969 2166
1986 2184
2003 2203
2019 2221
2036 2240
2053 2258
2070 2277
2087 2296
.2104 2314
2121 2333
2138 2352
2156 2371
2173 2390
2190 2409
2208 2429
2225 2448
2243 2467
2261 2487
2278 2506
2296 2526
2314 2546
2332 2565
2350 2585
2368 2605
2386 2625
2405 2645
2423 2665
2441 2686
2460 2706
2478 2726
1875
1893
1911
1928
1946
1965
1983
2001
2019
2038
2056
2075
2093
2112
2131
2150
2169
2188
2207
2226
2246
2265
2284
2304
2324
2343
2363
2383
2403
2423
2443
2463
2484
2504
2525
2545
2566
2587
2607
2628
2649
2670
2692
2713
2734
2756
2777
2799
2820
2842
2864
2886
2908
2930
2952
2974
13/16
2031
2050
2070
2089
2109
2128
2148
2168
2187
2207
2227
2248
2268
2288
2308
2329
2349
2370
2391
2412
2433
2454
2475
2496
2517
2539
2560
2582
2603
2625
2647
2669
2691
2713
2735
2757
2780
2802
2825
2847
2870
2893
2916
2939
2962
2985
3008
3032
3055
3079
3102
3126
3150
3174
3198
3222
Ya
2188
2208
2229
2250
2271
2292
2313
2334
2356
2377
2399
2420
2442
2464
2486
2508
2530
2552
2575
2597
2620
2642
2665
2688
2711
2734
2757
2780
2804
2827
2850
2874
2898
2922
2945
2969
2994
3018
3042
3066
3091
3115
3140
3165
3190
3215
3240
3265
3290
3316
3341
3367
3392
3418
3444
3470
lYi6
2344
2366
2388
2411
2433
2456
2478
2501
2524
2547
2570
2593
2617
2640
2664
2687
2711
2735
2759
2783
2807
2831
2855
2880
2905
2929
2954
2979
3004
3029
3054
3079
3105
3130
3156
3182
3207
3233
3259
3285
3312
3338
3364
3391
3418
3444
3471
3498
3525
3552
3580
3607
3635
3662
3690
3718
1
2500
2524
2547
2571
2595
2619
2644
2668
2692
2717
2741
2766
2791
2816
2841
2866
2892
2917
2943
2968
2994
3020
3046
3072
3098
3124
3151
3177
3204
3231
3258
3285
3312
3339
3366
3394
3421
3449
3477
3504
3532
3561
3589
3617
3645
3674
3703
3731
3760
3789
3818
3848
3877
3906
3936
3966
409
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
DIA
3/16
Y4
5/16
7/16
12
9116
11/16
Y4
13j16
Va
15116
134
13412
135
135
136
13612
137
13712
138
1381;7
139
13912
140
14012
141
14112
142
1421h
143
14312
144
14412
145
14512
146
14612
147
14712
148
14812
149
14912
150
15012
151
15112
152
15212
153
15312
154
15412
155
15512
156
15612
157
15712
158
15812
159
15912
160
16012
161
16112
749
755
760
766
772
777
783
789
795
800
806
812
818
824
829
835
841
847
853
859
865
871
877
883
889
895
902
908
914
520
'926
932
939
945
951
958
964
970
977
983
989
996
1002
1009
1015
1022
1028
1035
1041
1048
1055
1061
1068
1075
1081
1088
999
1006
1014
1021
1029
1036
1044
1052
1059
1067
1075
1082
1090
1098
1106
1114
1122
1130
1137
1145
1153
1161
1170
1178
1186
1194
1202
1210
1218
1227
1235
1243
1252
1260
1268
1277
1285
1294
1302
1311
1319
1328
1336
1345
1354
1362
1371
1380
1389
1397
1406
1415
1424
1433
1442
1451
1249
1258
1267
1277
1286
1296
1305
1315
1324
1334
1343
1353
1363
1373
1382
1392
1402
1412
1422
1432
1442
1452
1462
1472
1482
1492
1503
1513
1523
1533
1544
1554
1564
1575
1585
1596
1606
1617
1628
1638
1649
1660
1671
1681
1692
1703
1714
1725
1736
1747
1758
1769
1780
1791
1802
1814
1498
1509
1521
1532
1543
1555
1566
1578
1589
1601
1612
1624
1635
1647
1659
1671
1682
1694
1706
1718
1730
1742
1754
1766
1779
1791
1803
1815
1828
1840
1852
1865
1877
1890
1902
1915
1928
1940
1953
1966
1979
1992
2005
2018
2031
2044
2057
2070
2083
2096
2109
2123
2136
2149
2163
2176
1748
1761
1774
1787
1800
1814
1827
1840
1854
1867
1881
1894
1908
1922
1935
1949
1963
1977
1991
2005
2019
2033
2047
2061
2075
2089
2104
2118
2132
2147
2161
2176
2190
2205
2220
2234
2249
2264
2279
2294
2309
2324
2339
2354
2369
2384
'2399
2415
2430
2446
2461
2476
2492
2508
2523
2539
1998
2013
2028
2043
2058
2073
2088
2103
2119
2134
2149
2165
2181
2196
2212
2228
2243
2259
2275
2291
2307
2323
2339
2355
2371
2388
2404
2420
2437
2453
2470
2487
2503
2520
2537
2553
2570
2587
2604
2621
2638
2656
2673
2690
2707
2725
2742
2760
2777
2795
2813
2830
2848
2866
2884
2902
2247
2264
2281
2298
2315
2332
2349
2366
2384
2401
2418
2436
2453
2471
2488
2506
2524
2541
2559
2577
2595
2613
2631
2650
2668
2686
2705
2723
2741
2760
2779
2797
2816
2835
2854
2873
2892
2911
2930
2949
2968
2988
3007
3026
3046
3065
3085
3105
3124
3144
3164
3184
3204
3224
3244
3264
2497
2516
2534
2553
2572
2591
2610
2629
2648
2668
2687
2706
2726
2745
2765
2784
2804
2824
2844
2864
2884
2904
2924
2944
2964
2985
3005
3026
3046
-3067
3087
3108
3129
3150
3171
3192
3213
3234
3255
3277
3298
3320
3341
3363
3384
3406
3428
3450
3472
3494
3516
3538
3560
3582
3605
3627
2747
2767
2788
2809
2829
2850
2871
2892
2913
2934
2956
2977
2998
3020
3041
3063
3085
3106
3128
3150
3172
3194
3216
3238
3261
3283
3306
3328
3351
3373
3396
3419
3442
3465
3488
3511
3534
3558
3581
3604
3628
3651
3675
3699
3723
3747
3771
3795
3819
3843
3867
3892
3916
3941
3965
3990
2996
3019
3041
3064
3087
3109
3132
3155
3178
3201
3224
3247
3271
3294
3318
3341
3365
3389
3412
3436
3460
3484
3509
3533
3557
3582
3606
3631
3655
3680
3705
3730
3755
3780
3805
3830
3246
3270
3295
3319
3344
3368
3393
3418
3443
3468
3493
3518
3543
3569
3594
3620
3645
3671
3697
3723
3749
3775
3801
3827
3854
3880
3907
3933
3960
3987
4014
4041
4068
4095
4122
4149
4177
4204
4232
4260
4287
4315
4343
4371
4400
4428
4456
4485
4513
4542
4570
4599
4628
4657
4686
4715
3496
3522
3548
3575
3601
3628
3654
3681
3708
3735
3762
3789
3816
3843
3871
3898
3926
3953
3981
4009
4037
4065
4093
4122
4150
4178
4207
4236
4264
4293
4322
4351
4381
4410
4439
4469
4498
4528
4558
4587
4617
4647
4677
4708
4738
4768
4799
4830
4860
4891
4922
4953
4984
5015
5047
5078
3746
3774
3802
3830
3858
3887
3915
3944
3973
4001
4030
4059
4088
4118
4147
4177
4206
4236
4266
4295
4325
4356
4386
4416
4446
4477
4508
4538
4569
4600
4631
4662
4693
4725
4756
4788
4819
4851
4883
4915
4947
4979
5012
5044
5076
5109
5142
5175
5207
5240
5274
5307
5340
5374
5407
5441
3995
4025
4055
4085
4115
4146
4176
4207
4237
4268
4299
4330
4361
4392
4424
4455
4487
4518
4550
4582
4614
4646
4678
4710
4743
4775
4808
4841
4874
4907
4940
4973
5006
5040
5073
5107
5141
5175
5209
5243
5277
5311
5346
5380
5415
5450
~'856
3881
3906
3932
3958
3983
4009
4035
4061
4087
4113
4140
4166
4192
421'9
4245
4272
4299
4326
4353
5~84
5519
5555
5590
5625
5661
5696
5732
5768
5803
410
DIA
162
16212
163
16312
164
16412
16S'
16512
166
16612
167
16712
168
168Yl
169
169Yl
170
170Yl
171
171Yl
172
17212
173
173Yl
174
174Yl
175
175Yl
176
176Yl
177
177Yl
178
178 112
179
17912
180
18012
181
18112
182
18212
183
18312
184
18412
185
18512
186
18612
187
18N?
188
188Yl
189
189Yl
3lis
Y4
5/16
Ys
7/16
1095
1102
1108
1115
1122
1129
1136
1143
1150
1157
1164
1170
1177
1185
1192
1199
1206
1213
1220
1227
1234
1241
1249
1256
1263
1270
1278
1285
1292
1300
1307
1314
1322
1329
1337
1344
1352
1359
1367
1374
1382
1390
1397
1405
1412
1420
1428
1436
1443
1451
1459
1467
1475
1482
1490
1498
1460
1469
1478
1487
1496
1505
1514
1524
1533
1542
1551
1561
1570
1579
1589
1598
1608
1617
1627
1636
1646
1655
1665
1674
1684
1694
1704
1713
1723
1733
1743
1753
1762
1772
1782
1792
1802
1812
1822
1832
1843
1853
1863
1873
1883
1894
1904
1914
1924
1935
1945
1956
1966
1977
1987
1998
1825
1836
1847
1859
1870
1882
1893
1905
1916
1928
1939
1951
1962
1974
1986
1998
2009
2021
2033
2045
2057
2069
2081
2093
2105
2117
2129
2142
2154
2166
2178
2191
2203
2215
2228
2240
2253
2265
2278
2291
2303
2316
2329
2341
2354
2367
2380
2393
2406
2418
2431
2444
2458
2471
2484
2497
2190
2203
2217
2231
2244
2258
2555
2571
2586
2602
2618
2634
2650
2666
2682
2699
2715
2731
2747
2764
2780
2797
2813
2830
2846
2863
2880
2897
2913
2930
2947
2964
2981
2998
3015
3033
3050
3067
3084
3102
3119
3136
3154
3172
3189
3207
3224
3242
3260
3278
3296
3314
3332
3350
3368
3386
3404
3422
3441
3459
3477
3496
'i.?72
2285
2299
2313
2327
2341
2355
2369
2383
2397
241l
2426
2440
2454
2468
2483
2497
2512
2526
2541
2555
2570
2585
2599
2614
2629
2644
2659
2673
2688
2703
2718
2734
2749
2764
2779
2794
2810
2825
2840
2856
2871
2887
2902
2918
2933
2949
2965
2981
2996
I 12
2920
2938
2956
2974
2992
3010
3029
3047
3066
3084
3103
3121
3140
3159
3177
3196
3215
3234
3253
3272
3291
3310
3330
3349
3368
3388
3407
3427
3446
346b
3485
3505
3525
3545
3565
3585
3605
3625
3645
3665
3685
3705
3726
3746
3767
3787
3808
3828
3849
3870
3890
3911
3932
3953
3974
3995
9liS
Ys
liliS
3285
3305
3325
3346
3366
3387
3407
3428
3449
3470
3491
3511
3532
3554
3575
3596
3617
3638
3660
3681
3703
3724
3746
3768
3789
3811
3833
3855
3877
3899
3921
3943
3966
3988
4010
4033
4055
4078
4100
4123
4146
4169
4191
4214
4237
4260
4284
4307
4330
4353
4377
4400
4424
4447
4471
4494
3650
3672
3695
3718
3740
3763
3786
3809
3832
3855
3878
3902
3925
3948
3972
3995
4019
4043
4066
4090
4114
4138
4162
4186
4210
4235
4259
4283
4308
4332
4357
4381
4406
4431
4456
4481
4506
4531
4556
4581
4606
4632
4657
4683
4708
4734
4759
4785
4811
4837
4863
4889
4915
4941
4968
4994
4015
4039
4064
4089
4114
4139
4165
4190
4215
4241
4266
4292
4317
4343
4369
4395
4421
4447
4473
4499
4525
4552
4578
4605
4631
4658
4685
4712
4738
4765
4792
4820
4847
4874
4901
4929
4956
4984
5011
5039
5067
5095
5123
5151
5179
5207
5235
5264
5292
5321
5349
5378
5407
5435
5464
5493
%
4380
4407
4434
4461
4488
4516
4543
4571
4598
4626
4654
4682
4710
4738
4766
4794
4823
4851
4880
4908
4937
4966
4994
5023
5052
5081
5111
5140
5169
5199
5228
5258
5287
5317
5347
5377
5407
5437
5467
5497
5528
5558
5589
5619
5650
5681
5711
5742
5773
5804
5836
5867
5898
5930
5961
5993
13/16
Va
15lis
4744
4774
4803
4833
4862
4892
4922
4952
4982
5012
5042
5072
5102
5133
5163
5194
5225
5255
5286
5317
5348
5379
5411
5442
5473
5505
5537
5568
5600
5632
5664
5696
5728
5760
5792
5825
5857
5890
5923
5955
5988
6021
6054
6087
6121
6154
6187
6221
6254
6288
6322
6356
6390
6424
6458
6492
5109
5141
5173
5205
5236
5268
5300
5333
5365
5397
5430
5462
5495
5528
5561
5594
5627
5660
5693
5726
5760
5793
5827
5861
5894
5928
5962
5997
6031
6065
6099
6134
6169
6203
6238
6273
6308
6343
6378
6414
6449
6484
6520
6556
6591
6627
6663
6699
6736
6772
6808
6845
6881
6918
6955
6991
5474
5508
5542
5576
5610
5645
5679
5714
5748
5783
5818
5852
5887
5923
5958
5993
6028
6064
6100
6135
6171
6207
6243
6279
6315
6352
6388
6425
6461
6498
6535
6572
6609
6646
6684
6721
6759
6796
6834
6872
6910
6948
6986
7024
7062
7101
7139
7178
7217
7255
7294
7333
7373
7412
7451
7491
1
5839
5875
5912
5948
5984
6021
6058
6094
6131
6168
6205
6243
6280
6317
6355
6393
6430
6468
6506
6544
6583
6621
6659
6698
6737
6775
6814
6853
6892
6931
6971
7010
7050
7089
7129
7169
7209
7249
7289
7330
7370
7411
7451
7492
7533
7574
7515
7656
7698
7739
7781
7822
7864
7906
7948
7990
411
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
DIA
3/16
1f4
5/16
7/16
lh
9/16
11/16
Y.
13/16
Ya
15/16
190
190Y1
191
191Yz
192
192Yl
193
193Y2
194
194Yl
195
195Y2
196
196Y7
197
1971h
198
198Y2
199
199Y2
200
1506
1514
1522
1530
1538
1546
1554
1562
1570
1578
1586
1595
IG03
1611
1619
1627
1636
1644
1652
1660
1669
2008
2019
2029
2040
2051
2061
2072
2083
2094
2104
2115
2126
2137
2148
2159
2170
2181
212
2203
2214
2225
2510
2523
2537
2550
2563
2577
2590
2603
2617
2630
2644
2658
2G71
2685
2698
2712
2726
2740
2754
2767
2781
3012
3028
3044
3060
3076
3092
3108
3124
3140
3157
3173
3189
3205
3222
3238
3255
3271
3288
3304
3321
3338
3514
3533
3551
3570
3589
3607
3626
3645
3664
3683
3702
3721
3740
3759
3778
3797
3816
3836
3855
3874
3894
4016
4037
4059
4080
4101
4123
4144
4166
4187
4209
4230
4252
4274
4296
4318
4340
4362
4384
4406
4428
4450
4518
4542
4566
4590
4614
4638
4662
4686
4710
4735
4759
4784
4808
4833
4857
4882
4907
4932
4956
4981
5006
5020
5047
5073
5100
5126
5153
5180
5207
5234
5261
5288
5315
5342
5370
5397
5424
5452
5479
5507
5535
5563
5522
5551
5581
5610
5639
5669
5698
5728
5757
5787
5817
5847
5877
5907
5937
5967
5997
6027
6058
6088
6119
6024
6056
6088
6120
6152
6184
6216
6248
6281
6313
6346
6378
6411
6444
6476
6509
6542
6575
6609
6642
6675
6526
6561
6595
6630
6664
6699
6734
6769
6804
6839
6874
6910
6945
6980
7016
7052
7087
7123
7159
7195
7231
7028
7065
7102
7140
7177
7214
7252
7290
7327
7365
7403
7441
7479
7517
7556
7594
7633
7671
7710
7749
7788
7530
7570
7610
7650
7690
7730
7770
7810
7851
7891
7932
7973
8013
8054
8095
8137
8178
8219
8261
8302
8344
8032
8075
8117
8160
8202
8245
8288
8331
8374
8417
8461
8504
8548
8591
8635
8679
8723
8767
8811
8856
8900
412
WEIGHT OF BOLTS
With square heads and hexagon nuts in pounds per 100
Length
Under
Head
Inches
VB
Y2
Ys
2.38
2.71
3.05
3.39
6.11
6.71
7.47
8.23
13.0
14.0
15.1
16.5
24.1
25.8
27.6
29.3
38.9
41.5
44.0
46.5
67.3
70.8
95.1
99.7
3.73
4.06
4.40
4.74
8.99
9.75
10.5
11.3
17.8
19.1
20.5
21.8
31.4
33.5
35.6
37.7
49.1
52.1
55.1
58.2
74.4
77.9
82.0
86.1
5.07
5.41
5.75
6.09
12.0
12.8
13.5
14.3
23.2
24.5
25.9
27.2
39.8
41.9
44.0
46.1
61.2
64.2
67.2
70.2
6.42
6.76
7.10
7.43
15.1
15.8
16.6
17.3
28.6
29.9
31.3
32.6
48.2
50.3
52.3
54.4
73.3
76.3
79.3
82.3
7.77
8.11
8.44
8.78
18.1
18.9
19.6
20.4
33.9
35.3
36.6
38.0
85.3
88.4
91.4
94.4
9.12
9.37
9.71
10.1
21.1
21.7
22.5
23.3
39.3
40.4
41.8
43.1
10.4
10.7
11.0
11.4
24.0
24.8
25.5
26.3
44.4
45.8
47.1
48.5
56.5
5&.6
60.7
62.8
64.9
66.7
68.7
70.8
72,9
75.0
77.1
79.2
11.7
27.0
28.6
30.1
31.6
49.8
52.5
55.2
57.9
10
10Y2
11
11 %
33.1
34.6
36.2
37.7
12
12%
13
13%
14
14%
15
15%
39.2
1~
IY2
1%
2~
2Y2
2%
3~
3%
3%
4
4~
412
4%
5
5~
5Y2
5%
6~
6%
6 3,4
7
7~
7%
7%
8
8Y2
9
9%
16
Per Inch
Additional
Notes:
1.3
3.0
1%
17.1
104
109
114
119
143
149
155
161
206
213
90.2
94.4
98.5
103
124
129
135
140
168
174
181
188
221
229
237
246
107
145
151
156
162
195
202
208
215
254
262
271
279
III
115
119
167
172
178
183
222
229
236
242
288
296
304
313
97.4
100
103
106
123
127
131
136
140
143
147
151
188
193
198
204
321
329
337
345
109
112
115
118
156
160
164
168
209
214
220
225
249
255
262
269
275
282
289
296
354
362
371
379
81.3
85.5
89.7
93.9
121
127
133
139
172
180
189
197
231
241
252
263
303
316
330
343
387
404
421
438
60.6
63.3
66.0
68.7
98.1
102
106
110
145
151
157
163
205
213
221
230
274
284
295
306
357
371
384
398
454
471
488
505
71.3
74.0
76.7
79.4
115
119
123
127
170
176
182
188
238
246
254
263
316
327
338
349
411
425
439
452
522
538
556
572
82.1
84.8
87.5
90.2
131
135
140
144
194
200
206
212
271
279
287
296
359
370
381
392
466
479
493
507
589
605
622
639
92.9
148
218
304
402
520
656
5.4
8.4
12.1
16.5
21.4
27.2
33.6
Bolt is Regular Square Bolt, ASA B18.2 and nut is finished Hexagon Nut, ASA B18.2.
This table conforms to weight standards adopted by the Industrial Fasteners Institute.
413
WEIGHTS OF OPENINGS
NOZZLES
With ANSI Welding Neck Flange and Reinforcing Pad
(Table for Quick Reference)
CLASS
SIZE
1Y2
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
150
300
600
900
6
9
16
25
45
65
95
135
165
215
331
428
589
11
12
25
40
70
110
145
220
285
370
610
708
1131
13
15
40
60
120
175
285
365
515
695
935
1245
1815
17
28
45
75
155
260
375
550
775
965
1379
1693
3041
1500
18
30
70
105
225
380
620
920
NOZZLES
With ASA Welding Neck Flange, Reinforcing Pad, Blind Flange
Studs and Gasket (Table for .Quick Reference)
CLASS
SIZE
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
150
300
600
900
25
42
71
110
165
245
296
440
540
700
1000
41
67
120
191
272
404
521
800
1000
1200
1885
60
101
206
314
516
660
893
1300
1600
2100
2990
129
268
457
665
963
1269
1600
2250
2800
5140
1500
118
178
384
682
1127
1695
77
3510
4460
5700
9350
SCREWED COUPLINGS
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE
30001b
60001b
0.25
0.50
%
0.44
1.00
1%
0.63
2.13
2.19
4.38
2
3.13
7.75
2%
4.00
10.75
3
6.75
13.50
414
WEIGHTS OF PACKING
Pounds Per Cubic Foot
SIZE
!i
%
Yz
RASCHIG RING
CERAMIC
CARBON
60
133
46
61
94
55
75
Yz
%
%
CARBON
STEEL
INTALOX
PLASTIC
54
50
45
27
132
56
62
50
52
37
7.25
44
34
94
1
42
39
27
30
5.50
44
71
l!i
lYz
lYz
2
3Yz
PALL RING
CARBON
STEEL
46
62
31
43
49
34
26
4.75
42
41
37
27
24
4.50
42
37
25
23
46
37
4.25
36
The data condensed from the technical literature of the U. S. Stoneware Co.
The weights of carbon steel in percentage of other metals: Stainless
Steel 105%, Copper 120%, Aluminum 37%, Monel or Nickel 115%
WEIGHTS OF INSULATION
POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT
CALCIUM SILICATE
12.5
FOAMGLASS
9.0
MINERAL WOOL
8.0
GLASS FIBER
4-8
FOAMGLASS
8-10
For mechanical design of vessel add 80% to these weights which covers the
weight of seal, jacketing and the absorbed moisture.
415
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
METALS 62F.
Aluminum .............................. 2.70
Antimony ............................. 6.618
Barium .................................... 3. 78
Bismuth ................................ 9.781
Boron ................................... 2.535
Brass: 80 C., 2 OZ ............... 8.60
70 C., 3 OZ ............... 8.44
60 C., 4 OZ ............... 8.36
50 C., 5 OZ ............... 8.20
Bronze: 90 C., 10 T. ................ 8.78
Cadmium ............................... 8.648
Calcium .................................. 1.54
Chromium ............................... 6.93
Cobalt .................................... 8.71
Copper ................................... 8.89
Gold ....................................... 19.3
Iridium ................................. 22.42
Iron - cast .................... 7.03 - 7.73
Iron - wrought ............ 7.80 - 7.90
Lead ................................... 11.342
Magnesium ........................... 1.741
Manganese ............................... 7.3
Mercury(68F.) ................. 13.546
Molybdenum .......................... 10.2
Nickel ...................................... 8.8
Platinum .............................. 21.37
Potassium ............................ 0.870
Silver ....................... 10.42 - 10.53
Sodium ............................... 0.9712
Steel ....................................... 7.85
Tantalum ................................. 16.6
Tellurium ................................ 6.25
Tin .......................................... 7.29
Titanium ................................... 4.5
Tungsten ..................... 18.6-19.1
Uranium ................................. 18.7
Vanadium ................................. 5.6
Zinc ............................. 7.04 -7.16
HYDROCARBONS 60/600 F.
Ethane ................................ 0.3564
Propane .............................. 0.5077
N-butane ............................ 0.5844
Iso-butane .......................... 0.5631
N-pentane .......................... 0.6310
Iso-pentane ........................ 0.6247
N-hexane ............................ 0.6640
2-methylpentane ................ 0.6579
3-methylpentane ................ 0.6689
2,2-dimethylbutane
(neohexane) ................. 0.6540
2, 3-dimethylbutane .......... 0.6664
N-heptane .......................... 0.6882
2-methylhexane .................. 0.6830
3-methylhexane .................. 0.6917
2, 2-dimethylpentane ......... 0.6782
2, 4-dimethylpentane ......... 0.6773
I, 1-dimethylcyclopentane 0.7592
LIQUIDS 62F.
Acetic Acid ........................... 1.06
Alcohol, commercial .............. 0.83
Alcohol, pure ......................... 0.79
Ammonia ................................ 0.89
Benzine .................................. 0.69
Bromine .................................. 2.97
Carbolic acid .......................... 0.96
Carbon disulphide ................. 1.26
Cotton-seed oil ...................... 0.93
Ether, sulphuric .................... 0.72
Fluoric acid ........................... 1.50
Gasoline ................................ 0.70
Kerosene ................................ 0.80
Linseed oil ............................ 0.94
Mineral oil ............................. 0.92
Muriatic acid .......................... 1.20
Naphtha ................................. 0.76
Nitric Acid ............................ 1.50
Olive oil ................................ 0.92
Palm oil ................................. 0.97
Petroleum oil ......................... 0.82
Phosphoric acid .................... 1.78
Rape oil ................................. 0.92
Sulphuric acid ....................... 1.84
Tar .......................................... 1.00
Turpentine oil .................:...... 0.87
Vinegar ................................... 1.08
Water ...................................... 1.00
Water, sea ............................... 1.03
Whale oil ............................... 0.92
GASSES 32F.
Air ................................................
Acetylene ....................................
Alcohol vapor ..............................
Ammonia.....................................
Carbon dioxide .......... ..................
Carbon monoxide ........................
Chlorine .......................................
Ether vapor ..................................
Ethylene ......................................
Hydrofluoric acid .......................
Hydrogen ....................................
Illuminating gas ...........................
Mercury vapor ............................
Marsh gas ....................................
Nitrogen .......................................
Nitric oxide ..................................
Nitrous oxide ................................
Oxygen ........................................
1.000
0.920
1.601
0.592
1.520
0.967
2.423
2.586
0.967
1.261
0.069
0.400
6.940
0.555
0.971
1.039
1.527
1.106
NITSCELLANEOUSSOLIDS
62 F.
Asbestos .................................. 2.4
Asphaltum ............................... 1.4
Borax ........................................ 1.8
Brick, common ...... .................... 1.8
Brick, fire ................................. 2.3
Brick, hard ............................... 2.0
Brick, pressed .......................... 2.2
Brickwork, in mortar ............... 1.6
Brickwork, in cement... ............ 1. 8
Cement, Portland (set) ............. 3.1
Chalk ........................................ 2.3
Charcoal ................................... 0.4
Coal, anthracite ....................... 1.5
Coal, bituminous ..................... 1.3
Concrete ................................... 2.2
Earth, dry ................................. 1.2
Earth, wet.... ............................. 1. 7
Emery ....................................... 4.0
Glass ........................................ 2.6
Granite ..................................... 2.7
Gypsum .................................... 2.4
Ice ............................................ 0.9
Iron slag ................................... 2.7
Limestone ................................ 2.6
Marble ...................................... 2.7
Masonry ................................... 2.4
Mica ......................................... 2.8
Mortar ...................................... 1.5
Phosphorus .............................. I. 8
Plaster of Paris ........................ 1.8
Quartz ...................................... 2.6
Sand, dry .................................. 1.6
Sand, wet ................................. 2.0
Sandstone ................................ 2.3
Slate ......................................... 2.8
Soapstone ................................ 2.7
Sulphur .................................... 2.0
Tar, bituminous ........................ 1.2
Tile ........................................... 1.8
Tap rock ................................... 3.0
Speci~c gravity of sO.lids and liquids is
the ratIO of theIr denSity to the density of
water at a specified temperature.
Specific gravity of gases is the ratio of
their density to the density of air at standard conditions of pressure and temperature.
To find the weight per cubic foot of a
material, multiply the specific gravity
by 62.36.
EXAMPLE: The weight of a cubic foot
of gasoline 62.36 x 0.7 =43.65Ibs.
416
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.7
4.3
4.9
5.6
6.3
7.1
7.9
8.7
9.6
12.6
15.9
19.6
23.8
28.3
33.2
38.5
44.2
50.3
56.7
63.6
70.9
78.5
86.6
95.0
103.9
113.1
2: 1 ELLIP. HEAD*
Gal.
Bbl.
Wt. of
Water
lb.
Cu.Ft.
Gal.
Bbl.
Wt. of
Water
lb.
5.9
8.0
10.4
13.2
16.3
19.7
23.5
27.6
32.0
36.7
41.8
47.2
52.9
58.9
65.3
72.0
94.0
119.0
146.9
177.7
211.5
248.2
287.9
330.5
376.0
424.4
475.9
530.2
587.5
647.7
710.9
777.0
846.0
0.14
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.39
0.47
0.56
0.66
0.76
0.87
0.99
1.12
1.26
1.40
1.55
1.71
2.24
2.83
3.50
4.23
5.04
5.91
6.85
7.87
8.95
10.11
11.33
12.62
13.99
15.42
16.93
18.50
20.14
49
67
87
110
136
165
196
230
267
306
349
394
441
492
545
601
784
993
1226
1483
1765
2071
2402
2758
3138
3542
3971
4425
4903
5405
5932
6484
7060
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.7
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.2
4.8
5.6
8.4
11.9
16.3
21.8
28.3
35.9
44.9
55.2
67.0
80.3
95.4
112.2
130.9
151.5
174.2
190.1
226.2
0.98
1.55
2.32
3.30
4.53
6.03
7.83
9.96
12.44
15.30
18.57
22.27
26.47
31.09
36.27
41.98
62.67
89.23
122.4
162.9
211.5
268.9
335.9
413.1
501.3
601.4
713.8
839.5
979.2
1134
1303
1489
1692
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.19
0.24
0.30
0.36
0.44
0.53
0.63
0.74
0.86
1.00
1.49
2.12
2.91
3.88
5.04
6.40
8.00
9.84
11.94
14.32
17.00
20.00
23.31
27.00
31.03
35.46
40.29
8.17
12.98
19.37
27.58
37.83
50.35
65.37
83.11
103.8
127.7
155.0
185.9
220.1
259.5
302.6
350.4
523.0
744.6
1021
1360
1765
2244
2802
3447
4184
5018
5957
7006
8171
9459
10876
12428
14120
417
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114
120
126
132
138
144
Cu.Ft.
Gal.
0.08
0.12
0.19
0.27
0.37
0.50
0.65
0.82
1.10
1.30
1.64
1.88
2.15
2.75
3.07
3.68
5.12
7.30
10.08
13.54
17.65
22.32
28.47
35.56
42.51
52.14
60.96
73.66
84.35
97.32
108.7
127.0
147.9
0.58
0.94
1.45
2.04
2.80
3.78
4.86
6.14
8.21
9.70
12.30
14.10
16.10
20.60
23.00
27.50
38.30
54.60
75.40
101
13~
167
213
266
318
390
456
551
631
728
813
950
1106
HEMIS. HEAD*
Bbl.
Wt. of
Water
lb.
Cu.Ft.
Gal.
Bbl.
Wt. of
Water
lb.
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.20
0.23
0.29
0.34
0.38
0.49
0.55
0.65
0.91
1.30
1.80
2.41
3.14
3.98
5.07
6.33
7.57
9.29
10.86
13.12
15.02
17.33
19.36
22.62
26.33
4.83
7.83
12.08
17.00
28.33
31.49
40.49
51.15
68.40
80.81
102.5
117.5
134.1
171.6
191.6
229.1
319.1
454.9
628.2
843.9
1100
1391
1775
2216
2649
3249
3799
4590
5257
6065
6773
7915
9214
0.26
0.42
0.62
0.88
1.21
1.61
2.09
2.66
3.33
4.09
4.96
5.95
7.07
8.31
9.70
11.22
16.76
- 23.86
32.73
43.56
56.55
71.90
89.80
110.4
134.0
160.8
190.9
224.5
261.8
303.1
348.5
398.2
452.4
1.96
3.11
4.64
6.61
9.07
12.07
15.67
19.92
24.88
30.60
37.14
44.54
52.88
62.19
72.53
83.97
125.3
178.5
244.8
325.8
423.0
537.8
671.7
826.2
1003
1203
1428
1679
1958
2267
2607
2978
3384
0.05
0.07
0.11
0.16
0.22
0.29
0.37
0.47
0.59
0.73
0.88
1.06
1.26
1.48
1.73
2.00
2.98
4.25
5.83
7.76
10.07
12.80
16.00
19.67
23.87
28.63
34.00
39.98
46.63
53.98
62.06
70.91
80.57
16.34
25.95
38.74
55.16
75.66
100.7
130.7
166.2
207.6
255.4
309.9
371.7
441.2
519.0
605.3
700.7
1046
1489
2043
2719
3530
4488
5606
6895
8368
10037
11914
14012
16343
18919
21752
24856
28241
418
PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS
l
~J3
10
EXAMPLE
HORIZONTAL CYLINDER D = 10 ft., 0 in. H = 2.75 ft. L = 60 ft., 0 in.
TOTAL VOLUME: 0.7854 x D2 xL Find the partial volume of
the cylindrical shell
Total volume: 0.7854 x 102 x 60 = 4712.4 cu. ft.
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.000000
.001692
.004ii3
.008742
.0134li
.0000.'53
.0019.52
.005134
.009179
.013919
.000151
.002223
.005503
.009625
.014427
.000279
.002507
.005881
.010076
.014940
.000429
.002800
.006267
.010534
.015459
.000600
.003104
.006660
.010999
.015985
.000788
.003419
.007061
.011470
.016515
.000992
.003743
.007470
.011947
.017052
.001212
.004077
.007886
.012432
.017593
.001445
.004421
.008:HO
.012920
.018141
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
.018692
.024496
.030772
.037478
.044579
.0192.50
.025103
.031424
.038171
.04.5310
.019813
.02.5715
.032081
.038867
.046043
.020382
.026331
.032740
.039569
.046782
.0209.5.',)
.026952
.033405
.040273
.047523
.021533
.027578
.034073
.040981
.048268
.022115
.028208
.oa4747
.041694
.049017
.022703
.028842
.035423
.042410
.049768
.023296
.029481
.036104
.043129
.050524
.023894
.030124
.036789
.043852
.051283
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.052044
.0598.50
.067972
.076393
.085094
.05.5126
.063062
.071307
.079841
.088650
.055905
.063872
.072147
.080709
.089545
.056688
.064687
.072991
.081581
.090443
.057474
.065503
.073836
.082456
.091343
.058262
.066323
.074686
.083332
.092246
.059054
.067147
.07.5539
.084212
.093153
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.094061
.103275
.112728
.122403
.132290
.094971
.104211
.113686
.123382
.133291
.095884
.10.'5147
.114646
.124364
.134292
.096799
.106087
.115607
. 12.5:J47
.135296
.097717
.107029
.116.572
.126333
.136302
.098638
.107973
.1.17538
.127321
.137310
.099560
.108920
.118506
.128310
.138320
.100486
.109869
.119477
.129302
.139332
.101414
.110820
.120450
.130296
.140345
.102343
.111773
.121425
.131292
.141361
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.142378
.1526.'59
.163120
.173753
.1845.'50
.143398
.153697
.164176
.174825
.185639
.144419
.1.54737
.165233
.175900
.186729
.145443
.155779
.166292
.176976
.187820
.150587
.161013
.171613
.182378
.193299
.151622
.162066
.172682
.18346:1
.194400
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.19.5501
.206600
.2li839
.229209
.240703
.196604
.207718
.218970
.230352
.2418.59
.197709
.208837
.220102
.231498
.243016
.198814
.209957
.221235
.232644
.244173
.199922
.211079
.222371
.233791
.245333
.204368
.215580
.226924
.238395
.249983
.205483
.216708
.228065
.239548
.251148
.:30
.31
.2.')231.5
.264039
.261687 .262863
.273495 .274682
419
.285401 .286598
.297403 .298605
.309492 .310705
.32
.33
.34
.280627 .281820
.292591 .293793
.304646 .305857
.35
.:36
.37
.38
.39
.:311918
.324104
.336363
.348690
.:mI082
.313134
.325:326
.337593
.349926
.36232.')
.:314350
.:326550
.338823
.:351164
.363568
.315566
.327774
.340054
.3.'>2402
.364811
.31678a
.328999
.341286
.353640
.366056
.318001
.330225
.342519
.354879
.367300
.:319219
.331451
.343751
.3.'>6119
.:368545
.320439
.332678
.344985
.357359
. 3697!)()
.321660
.333905
.346220
.358599
.371036
.322881
.335134
.3474.'>5
.359840
.372282
.40
,41
,42
,43
.:373530
.:3860:m
.:398.577
,41116:)
.42;m;8
.:374778
.387283
.:m9834
,412426
.42.5052
.376026
.388537
.401092
.413687
,426316
.377275
.389790
.402350
.414949
.427,582
.378,524
.391044
.403608
.416211
.428846
.379774
.392298
.404866
.417473
,4:30112
.:381024
.393M3
.40612.5
.418736
.431:378
.382274
.394808
.407384
.419998
.4:~2645
.383526
.:396063
.408645
.421261
.433911
.384778
.397320
.409904
.422.'52:'5
.43.5li8
.444050
.456741
.469453
.482176
.494906
.445318
.458012
.470725
.483449
,496179
.446587
.459283
.471997
.484722
.497452
.447857
.460554
.473269
.485995
.498726
A4
.283013 .284207
.294995 .296198
.307068 .308280
.45
,46
.47
.48
.49
.43644.5
.44912.')
.461825
.474541
.487269
.437712
.450394
.463096
.475814
o4R8.542
.438979
.451663
.464367
.477086
o48!l814
.440246
.4,52932
.465638
.4783.58
.491087
.441,514
.4.54201
.466910
.479631
.492360
.442782
.455472
.468182
.480903
.493633
.50
.51
.52
.:i3
.54
.500000
.512731
.525459
.53817,5
.550875
.501274
.514005
.526731
.5:39446
.,5,52143
.502548
..515278
.528003
..540717
.,55a4U
.503821
.5165.51
.52927.5
.541988
.5.54682
..505094
..517824
.530547
..543259
.5.559,50
.506367
.:'510097
.,531818
.,544,528
.:'557218
.507640
.520369
.533090
.545799
.558486
.508913
..521642
.534362
.547068
.559754
.510186
.,522914
.,535633
.548337
.561021
.511458
.524186
.536904
.549606
.562288
.55
.,56
.57
.58
.59
.5635.55
.576212
588835
.601423
.613970
.564822
.577475
.590096
.602680
.615222
.566089
..578739
.591355
.60:3937
.616474
.56n55
..,)80002
.592616
.605192
.617726
..'568622
.581264
.593875
.606447
.618976
.:'569888
..582527
.595134
.607702
.620226
.571154
.583789
.596392
.608956
.621476
..,)72418
.58,5051
.597650
.610210
.622725
.573684
..586313
.598908
.611463
.623974
.574948
.587574
.600166
.612717
.625222
.1i0
.61
62
.63
.1\4
.626470
.638918
.651:UO
.663637
.tl758!l6
.027718
.640160
.652545
.664866
.677119
.628!)64
.1\41401
.6.'i:mm
.6fif!095
.H71n40
.63:J!)44
.646360
.658714
.671001
.683217
.63518!)
.647.')98
.659946
.672226
.fl84434
.636432
.648836
.661177
.673450
.68.')6.'50
.637675
.6.')0074
.662407
.674674
.686866
.fi.'l
.fl6
.H7
.fi8
.fI!)
.688082
.700186
.712205
.724131
.7:W161
.6R929.'5
.701392
.713402
.72.5:318
.7:37137
.GHO!iOS
.702.')97
.7 I 45!)!}
.72650.')
.7:3S31a
.691720
.703802
.69;')3.')4
.707409
.719373
.731240
.74:l00R
.696.'562
.708610
.720.563
.732422
.74417S
.697772
.709809
.721753
.733603
.74.5348
.698979
.711008
.722942
.n4782
.74(i.')17
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.747(lS;,) .748S.,)2
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.700c)4:l
.80l1S(i
.7.')6984
.768502
.779898
.791163
$02291
.7,')8141
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.792282
.727690
.7394SR
.6!)2!l32
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.716987
.728874
.740H62
.694143
.706207
.718180
.7300.58
.7.,)IIS1
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.774217
.78.').')47
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.7m90!)
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.71579:~
.7418:~5
.7764~l3
.787798
.7!18969
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.7~)
.80449~)
.76
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.7S
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.81.')450
.826247
.S3nR8()
.847341
.805G()()
.816.')37
.827318
.8:n9:34
.848:m,
.8OGiOI
:817622
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.838987
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.807800
.8187()(i
.829454
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.808898
.819788
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.84108.')
.8.')14i6
.S0099:!
.R20869
.831584
.842133
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.R11088
.821947
.832647
.843178
.8.5:l532
.R12180
.823024
.8:l3708
.844221
.8.54.5.')7
.813271
.824100
.834767
.845263
.855581
.814361
.825175
.835824
.846303
.856602
.80
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.857(i22
.8G7710
.877597
.887272
.896725
.8586:39
.868708
.87857.,>
.888227
.897657
.8.')9655
.8tl9704
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.889180
.898586
.860668
.870698
.880523
.8!}0131
.899514
.861680
.871690
.881494
.891080
.900440
.862690
.872679
.882462
.892027
.901362
.863698
.873667
.883428
.892971
.902283
.864704
.874653
.884393
.893913
.903201
.865708
.875636
.885354
.894853
.904116
.866709
.876618
.886314
.895789
.905029
.8.'>
.86
.87
.88
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.905939
.914906
.923607
.932028
.940150
.906847
.915788
.924461
.932853
.940946
.!lO7754 .908657
.916668 .917.544
.925:n4 .926164
.933677 .934497
.941738 .942526
.909557
.918419
.927009
.935313
.943312
.910455
.919291
.927853
.936128
.944095
.911350
.920159
.928693
.936938
.944874
.912244
.921025
.929531
.937747
.945649
.913134
.921888
.930367
.938551
.946421
.914021
.922749
.931198
.939352
.947190
.90
.91
.92
.947956 .948717
.955421 .956148
.962522 .96:-1211
.!l49476 .9S0232
.956871 .957590
.963896 .964577
.950983 .9.'>1732
.958306 .959019
.965253 .965927
.952477 .953218
.959727 .960431
.966595 .967260
.953957 .954690
.961133 .961829
.967919 .968.')76
420
PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (cont.)
HID
.!l3
.94
.9!i
.!)(i
.Hi
.98
. HI)
1.00
.!If>!l22R .!lIM'il)
.97!i.504 .97f>106
.!lSlaOR
.!lX()58:{
.!lHl2.,)8
.91):;227
.H9S30X
1.000000
.9S18;,)!l
.!lRiOSO
.!l!lHi!)()
.!lH!ii'i7!l
.!I!lk.').'lii
.982948
.!l88();):{
.H!l2i'j:{O
.996257
.999008
5
.972422
.978467
.98348.') .984015
.988530 .989001
.992939 .9!J3340
.996.,}81 .996896
.999212 .999400
.!17:1048 .973669
.97D045 .979618
.974285
.980187
.974897
.980750
.984541
.98946(\
.99:1733
.997200
.999.571
.98.,}573
.990375
.994497
.997777
.999849
.986081
.990821
.994866
.998048
.999947
.985060
.989924
.994119
.997493
.9D9721
421
10
20
30
40
I
50
60
70
100 HID
80
90
100
422
Two 2: 1 Ellipsoidal
Heads on Horizontal
Vessel
Total Volume: 0.2618 D3
D
Q~Q
Two 2: 1 Ellipsoidal
Heads on Vertical Vessel
Total Volume: 2.0944 D3
D
O~HO
Sphere
Total Volume: 0.5236 D3
D = 10ft., 0 in.
H=2.75 ft.
HID=2.75110 = .275
Referr to the first two figures (.27) in the column headed
(HID) in the table below. Proceed to the right until the
coefficient is found under the column headed (5) which
is the third digit. The coefficient of .275 is found to be
.185281.
Total volume x coefficient = partial volume
261.8 x 185281 = 48.506 cu. ft.
cu. ft. multiplied by 7.480519 = U.S. Gallon
c.u. ft. multiplied by 28.317016 = Liter
COEFFICIENTS
HID
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.000003
.000360
.001304
.002823
.004905
2
.000012
.000429
.001431
.003006
.005144
3
.000027
.000503
.001563
.003195
.005388
0
.000000
.000298
.001184
.002646
.004672
4
.000048
.000583
.001700
.003389
.005638
5
.000075
.000668
.001844
.003589
.005893
6
.000108
.000760
.001993
.003795
.006153
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
.007250
.010368
.014014
.018176
.022842
.007538
.010709
.014407
.018620
.023336
.007831
.011055
.014806
.019069
.023835
.008129
.011407
.015209
.019523
.024338
.008433
.011764
.015618
.019983
.024847
.008742
.012126
.016031
.020447
.025360
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.028000
.033638
.039744
.046306
.053312
.028542
.034228
.040380
.046987
.054037
.029090
.034822
.041020
.047672
.054765
.029642
.035421
.041665
.048362
.055499
.030198
.036025
.042315
.049056
.056236
.030760
.036633
.042969
.049754
.056978
.000146
.000857
.002148
.004006
.006419
8
.000191
.000960
.002308
.004222
.006691
9
.000242
.001069
.002474
.004444
.006968
.009057
.012493
.016450
.020916
.025879
.009377
.012865
.016874
.021390
.026402
.009702
.013243
.017303
.021869
.026930
.010032
.013626
.017737
.022353
.027462
.031326
.037246
.043627
.050457
.057724
.031897
.037864
.044290
.051164
.058474
.032473
.038486
.044958
.051876
.059228
.033053
.039113
.045630
.052592
.059987
.15 .060750 .061517 .062288 .063064 .063843 .064627 .065415 .066207 .067003 .067804
.16 .068608 .069416 .070229 .071046 .071866 .072691 .073519 .074352 .075189 .076029
.17 .076874 .077723 .078575 .079432 .080292 .081156 .082024 .082897 .083772 .084652
423
PARTIAL VOLUMES IN ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS AND SPHERES: COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)
HID
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
8
.18 .085536 .086424 .087315 .. 088210 .089109 .090012 .090918 .091829 .092743 .093660
.19 .094582 .095507 .096436 .097369 .098305 .099245 .1 00189 .101136 .102087 .103042
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.104000
.113778
.123904
.134366
.145152
.104962
.114775
.124935
.135430
.146248
.105927
.115776
.125970
.136498
.147347
.106896
.116780
.127008
.137568
.148449
.107869
.117787
.128049
.138642
.149554
.108845
.118798
.129094
.139719
.150663
.109824
.119813
.130142
.140799
.151774
.110808
.120830
.131193
.141883
.152889
.111794
.121852
.132247
.142969
.154006
.112784
.122876
.133305
.144059
.155127
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.156250
.167648
.179334
.191296
.203522
.157376
.168804
.180518
.192507
.204759
.158506
.169963
.181705
.193720
.205998
.159638
.171124
.182894
.194937
.207239
.160774
.172289
.184086
.196155
.208484
.161912
.173456
.185281
.197377
.209730
.163054
.174626
.186479
.198601
.210979
.164198
.175799
.187679
.199827
.212231
.165345
.176974
.188882
.201056
.213485
.166495
.178153
.190088
.202288
.214741
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.216000
.228718
.241664
.254826
.268192
.217261
.230003
.242971
.256154
.269539
.218526
.231289
.244280
.257483
.270889
.219792
.232578
.245590
.258815
.272240
.221060
.233870
.246904
.260149
.273593
.222331
.235163
.248219
.261484
.274948
.223604
.236459
.249536
.262822
.276305
.224879
.237757
.250855
.264161
.277663
.226157
.239057
.252177
.265503
.279024
.227437
.240359
.253500
.266847
.280386
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
.281750
.295488
.309394
.323456
.337662
.283116
.296871
.310793
.324870
.339090
.284484
.298256
.312194
.326286
.340519
.285853
.299643
.313597
.327703
.341950
.287224
.301031
.315001
.329122
.343382
.288597
.302421
.316406
.330542
.344815
.289972
.303812
.317813
.331963
.346250
.291348
.305205
.319222
.333386
.347685
.292727
.306600
.320632
.334810
.349122
.294106
.307996
.322043
.336235
.350561
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
.352000
.366458
.381024
.395686
.410432
.353441
.367910
.382486
.397157
.411911
.354882
.369363
.383949
.398629
.413390
.356325
.370817
.385413
.400102
.414870
.357769
.372272
.386878
.401575
.416351
.359215
.373728
.3-88344
.403049
.417833
.360661
.375185
.389810
.404524
.419315
.362109
.376644
.391278
.406000
.420798
.363557
.378103
.392746
.407477
.422281
.365007
.379563
.394216
.408954
.423765
.45
.46
.47
.48
.49
.425250
.440128
.455054
.470016
.485002
.426735
.441619
.456549
.471514
.486501
.428221
.443110
.458044
.473012
.488001
.429708
.444601
.459539
.474510
.489501
.431195
.446093
.461035
.476008
.491000
.432682
.447586
.462531
.477507
.492500
.434170
.449079
.464028
.479005
.494000
.435659
.450572
.465524
.480504
.495500
.437148
.452066
.467021
.482003
.497000
.438638
.453560
.468519
.483503
.498500
.50
.51
.52
.53
.54
.500000
.514998
.529984
.544946
.559872
.501500
.516497
.531481
.546440
.561362
.503000
.517997
.532979
.547934
.562852
.504500
.519496
.534476
.549428
.564341
.506000
.520995
.535972
.550921
.565830
.507500
.522493
.537469
.552414
.567318
.509000
.523992
.538965
.553907
.568805
.510499
.525490
.540461
.555399
.570292
.511999
.526988
.541956
.556890
.571779
.513499
.528486
.543451
.558381
.573265
.55
.56
.57
.58
.59
.574750
.589568
.604314
.618976
.633542
.576235
.591046
.605784
.620437
.634993
.577719
.592523
.607254
.621897
.636443
.579202
.594000
.608722
.623356
.637891
.580685
.595476
.610190
.624815
.639339
.582167
.596951
.611656
.626272
.640785
.583649
.598425
.613122
.627728
.642231
.585130
.599898
.614587
.629183
.643675
.586610
.601371
.616051
.630637
.645118
.588089
.602843
.617514
.632090
.646559
424
PARTIAL VOLUMES IN ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS AND SPHERES: COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)
1
3
4
5
6
7
HID
0
2
8
9
.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
.648000
.662338
.676544
.690606
.704512
.649439
.663765
.677957
.692004
.705894
.650878
.665190
.679368
.693400
.707273
.652315
.666614
.680778
.694795
.708652
.653750
.668037
.682187
.696188
.710028
.655185
.669458
.683594
.697579
.711403
.656618
.670878
.684999
.698969
.712776
.658050
.672297
.686403
.700357
.714147
.659481
.673714
.687806
.701744
.715516
.660910
.675130
.689207
.703129
.716884
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69
.718250
.731808
.745174
.758336
.771282
.719614
.733153
.746500
.759641
.772563
.720976
.734497
.747823
.760943
.773843
.722337
.735839
.749145
.762243
.775121
.723695
.737178
.750464
.763541
.776396
.725052
.738516
.751781
.764837
.777669
.726407
.739851
.753096
.766130
.778940
.727760
.741185
.754410
.767422
.780208
.719111
.742517
.755720
.768711
.781474
.730461
.743846
.757029
.769997
.782739
.70
.71
.72
.73
.74
.784000
.796478
.808704
.820666
.832352
.785359
.797712
.809912
.821847
.833505
.786515
.798944
.811118
.823026
.834655
.787769
.800173
.812321
.824201
.835802
.789021
.801399
.813521
.825374
.836946
.790270
.802623
.814719
.826544
.838088
.791516
.803845
.815914
.827711
.839226
.792761
.805063
.817106
.828876
.840362
.794002
.806280
.818295
.830037
.841494
.795241
.807493
.819482
.831196
.842624
.75
.76
.77
.78
.79
.843750
.854848
.865634
.876096
.886222
.844873
.855941
.866695
.877124
.887216
.845994
.857031
.867753
.878148
.888206
.847111
.858117
.868807
.879170
.889192
.848226
.859201
.869858
.880187
.890176
.849337
.860281
.870906
.881202
.891155
.850446
.861358
.871951
.882213
.892131
.851551
.862432
.872992
.883220
.893104
.852653
.863502
.874030
.884224
.894073
.853752
.864570
.875065
.885225
.895038
.80
.81
.82
.83
.84
.896000
.905418
.914464
.923126
.931392
.896958
.906340
.915348
.923971
.932196
.897913
.907257
.916228
.924811
.932997
.898864
.908171
.917103
.925648
.933793
.899811
.909082
.917976
.926481
.934585
.900755
.909988
.918844
.927309
.935373
.901695
.910891
.919708
.928134
.936157
.902631
.911790
.920568
.928954
.936936
.903564
.912685
.921425
.929771
.937712
.904493
.913576
.922277
.930584
.938483
.85
.86
.87
.88
.89
.939250
.946688
.953694
.960256
.966362
.940013
.947408
.954370
.960887
.966947
.940772
.948124
.955042
.961514
.967527
.941526
.948836
.955710
.962136
.968103
.942276
.949543
.956373
.962754
.968674
.943022
.950246
.957031
.963367
.969240
.943764
.950944
.957685
.963975
.969802
.944501
.951638
.958335
.964579
.970358
.945235
.952328
.958980
.965178
.970910
.945963
.953013
.959620
.965772
.971458
.90
.91
.92
.93
.94
.972000
.977158
.981824
.985986
.989632
.972538
.977647
.982263
.986374
.989968
.973070
.978131
.982697
.986757
.990298
.973598
.978610
.983126
.987135
.990623
.974121
.979084
.983550
.987507
.990943
.974640
.979553
.983969
.987874
.991258
.975153
.980017
.984382
.988236
.991567
.975662
.980477
.984791
.988593
.991871
.976165
.980931
.985194
.988945
.992169
.976664
.981380
.985593
.989291
.992462
.95
.96
.97
.98
.99
.992750
.995328
.997354
.998816
.999702
.993032
.995556
.997526
.998931
.999758
.993309
.995778
.997692
.999040
.999809
.993581
.995994
.997852
.999143
.999854
.993847
.996205
.998007
.999240
.999892
.994107
.996411
.998156
.999332
.999925
.994362
.996611
.998300
.999417
.999952
.994612
.996805
.998437
.999497
.999973
.994856
.996994
.998569
.999571
.999988
.995095
.997177
.998696
.999640
.999997
1.00 1.000000
425
AREA OF SURFACES
(In Square Feet)
* The area of straight flanges is not included in the figures of the table.
Outside
Diameter
of Vessel
o inches
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114
120
126
132
138
144
Cylindrical
Shell per
Lineal Foot
( 7r X D)
2: I
Ellipsoidal
Head*
(1.09 x 0 2)
3.14
3.66
4.19
1.09
1.48
1.94
2.45
3.02
3.66
4.36
5.12
5.92
6.81
7.76
8.75
9.82
10.93
12.11
13.35
17.47
22.09
27.30
33.10
39.20
46.00
53.40
61.20
69.80
78.80
88.25
98.25
109.00
120.11
132.00
144.00
157.00
4.71
5.23
5.76
6.28
6.81
7.32
7.85
8.37
8.90
9.43
9.94
10.47
11.00
12.57
14.14
15.71
17.28
18.85
20.42
21.99
23.56
25.20
26.70
28.27
29.85
31.50
32.99
34.56
36.20
37.70
ASME
HemisFlat
Flanged and
pherical
Head*
Dished Head
Head*
(0.918 x 0 2) (1.5708 x 0 2) (0.7854 x 0 2)
0.92
1.25
1.64
2.07
2.56
3.10
3.68
4.32
5.00
5.76
6.53
7.39
8.29
9.21
10.20
11.25
14.70
18.60
23.60
27.80
33.00
38.85
45.00
51.60
58.90
66.25
74.35
83.00
92.00
100.85
111.50
121.50
132.20
1.57
2.14
2.79
3.53
4.36
5.28
6.28
7.08
8.55
9.82
11.17
12.11
14.14
15.75
17.44
19.23
25.13
31.81
39.27
47.52
56.55
66.37
76.97
88.37
100.54
113.43
127.25
141.78
157.08
173.20
190.09
207.76
226.22
0.79
1.07
1.40
1.77
2.18
2.64
3.14
3.69
4.28
4.91
5.58
6.31
7.07
7.88
8.72
9.62
12.57
15.90
19.64
23.76
28.27
33.18
38.49
44.16
50.27
56.25
63.62
70.88
78.87
86.59
95.03
102.00
113.50
426
DECIMALS OF AN INCH
WITH MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS
Decimal
!U
~6
~
VB
~
~6
~
~
.03125
.0625
.09375
.125
.15625
.1875
.21875
.25
MiIIimeter
.794
1.587
2.381
3.175
3.969
4.762
5.556
6.350
Decimal
%'6
l~
VB
l~
h6
1~
Y2
.28125
.3125
.34375
.375
.40625
.4375
.46875
.5
MiIIimeter
7.144
7.937
8.731
9.525
10.319
11.113
11.906
12.700
IJ.i2
~
l~
%
%
l~
23~
3/
/4
Decimal
Mill imeter
.53125
.5625
.59375
.625
13.494
14.287
15.081
15.875
.65625
.6875
.71875
.75
Decimal
Millimeter
.78125
.8125
.84375
.875
19.844
20.637
21.431
22.225
.90625
.9375
.96875
1.
23.019
23.812
24.606
25.400
25~
l~
27Al
Ys
29~
16.669
17.462
18.256
19.050
15,,{6
3~
DECIMALS OF A FOOT
INCHES
8
10
11
.5833
.5885
.5937
.5989
.6667
.6719
.6771
.6823
.7500
.7552
.7604
.7656
.8333
.8385
.8437
.8489
.9167
.9219
.9271
.9323
.5208
.5260
.5313
.5365
.6041
.6093
.6146
.6198
.6875
.6927
.6980
.7032
.7708
.7760
.7813
.7865
.8541
.8593
.8646
.8698
.9375
.9427
.9480
.9532
.4584
.4636
".4688
.4740
.5417
.5469
.5521
.5573
.6250
.6302
.6354
.6406
.7084
.7136
.7188
.7240
.7917
.7969
.8021
.8073
.8750
.8802
.8854
.8906
.9584
.9336
.9f)88
.9740
.4792
.4844
.4896
.4948
.5625
.5677
.5729
.5781
.6458
.6510
.6562
.6614
.7292
.7344
.7396
.7448
.8125
.8177
.8229
.8281
.8958
.9010
.9062
.9114
.9792
.9844
.9896
.9948
In.
.0000
.0052
.0104
.0156
.0833
.0885
.0937
.0989
.1667
.1719
.1771
.1823
.2500
.2552
.2604
.2656
.3333
.3385
.3437
.3489
.4167
.4219
.4271
.4323
.5000
.5052
.5104
.5156
~
~6
~
.0208
.0260
.0313
.0365
.1041
.1093
.1146
.1198
.1875
.1927
.1980
.2032
.2708
.2760
.2813
.2865
.3541
.3593
.3646
.3698
.4375
.4427
.4480
4532
Y2
.0417
.0469
.0521
.0573
.1250
.1302
.1354
.1406
.2084
.2136
.2188
.2240
.2917
.2969
.3021
.3073
.3750
.3802
.3854
.3906
.0625
.0677
.0729
.0781
.1458
.1510
.156:!
.1614
.2292
.2344
.2396
.2448
.3125
.3177
.3229
.3281
.3958
.4010
.4062
.4114
~6
VB
~6
Us
%1
%
1~6
1~6
l~fI
427
Length
Area
Volume
Weight Imassl
Time
Temperature
symbol
m
m2
m3
g
s
C
equivalent of
39.37 in
1.196 sq.yard
1.310 cu.yard
0.035 oz
second
DoC = 32F
100C = + 212F
Unit Multiplied by
Prefix
mikro
milli
centi
deci
deka
hekto
kilo
mega
m
c
d
D
h
k
M
Name
10-6
millionth
10-)
10- 2
10- 1
10
102
103
106
thousendth
hundredth
tenth
ten
hundred
thousand
million
en
~
....JEo-<
1 ,OOOm = 1 kilometer, km
~Z
~::J
::J~
::Eo
MEASURES OF LENGTH
UNIT: METER, m
en
Z
9t:
bz
~ ~o_
~
*1 decimeter, dm = O.lm
1 centimeter, cm = 0.01 m
1 millimeter, mm = 0.001 m
428
r:a
......lE-<
Q..-
Z
;:J
6
;:J
:E
MEASURES OF AREA
UNIT: SQUARE METER, m2
CI)
9E-< t:
Z
;:J
r..tJ
E-<
~Z
tl ;:J
;:J
:E
MEASURES OF VOLUME
UNIT: CUBIC METER, m 3
CI)
Z
0 E-<
1= Z
U ;:J
~
g: 0
1 hectoliter, hI =
1 liter, -I =
1 cu. centimeter =
1 cu. millimeter =
0.lm 3
0.001m3
0.000,00Im 3
0.OOO,000,00Im3
CI)
1,000,000
100,000
1,000
10
g=
g=
g=
g=
1 ton, t
1 quintal, q
1 kilogram, kg
I dekagram, dg
MEASURES OF WEIGHT
UNIT: GRAM, g
CI)
Z
0
- t:
E-<
u Z
;:J
~~
centigram, cg = 0.01 g
milligram, mg = 0.001 g
r..tJ
......l
Q..
t:
:E
z
;:J
6
;:J
~
429
km
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
km
m
dm*
em
mm
J-L
mJ-L
1
10-3
lOA
10-5
10-6
10-9
10- 12
MEASURES OF LENGTH
em
mm
dm
103
1
10- 1
10- 2
10-3
10-6
10-9
104
10
1
10- 1
10- 2
10-5
10-8
106
103
102
10
1
10-3
10-6
105
102
10
1
10- 1
lOA
10-7
J-L
mJ-L
109
106
105
104
103
1
10-3
10 12
109
108
107
106
103
1
MEASURES OF AREA
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
km 2
ha
a
m2
dm2
cm2
mm2
km 2
ha
m2
dm 2
cm2
mm 2
1
10- 2
lOA
102
1
10- 2
10-6
10-8
10-10
10- 12
lOA
104
102
1
10- 2
10-6
10- 8
10-10
lOA
106
104
102
1
10- 2
10-6
10- 8
lOA
108
106
104
102
1
10- 2
10-6
lOA
1010
108
106
104
102
1
10- 2
10 12
1010
108
106
104
102
1
MEASURES OF VOWME
m3
1
1
1
1
1
1
hI
I
dm 3
em 3
mm 3
dm 3
em 3
mm 3
103
103
106
102
1
1
10- 3
10-6
10 2
1
1
10- 3
10- 6
105
103
103
1
10- 3
109
108
106
106
103
1
hI
1
10- 1
10- 3
10- 3
10-6
10-9
10
1
10- 2
10- 2
10-5
10-8
MEASURES OF WEIGHT
1 t
~ q
1 kg
1 dg
1 g
1 eg
1 mg
10- 1
10-3
10-5
10-6
lO- B
10-9
kg
dg
eg
mg
10
1
10- 2
103
10 2
1
10- 2
10-3
10-5
10-6
105
104
102
I
10- 1
10- 3
106
105
103
10
1
10- 2
10-3
108
107
105
103
102
1
10- 1
109
lOB
106
104
103
10
1
lOA
10-5
10- 7
10-B
lOA
EXAMPLE CALCULATION
Weight of the water in a cylindrical vessel of 2,000 mm inside diameter and
10,000 mm length:
3.1416 x 1,0002 X 10,000 = 31,416,000,000 mm 3
31,416 liter, 1
31.416 cu. meter, m
31416 kilogram, kg
(The weight of one liter of pure water at the maximum
density (4C) equals one kilogram.)
430
Diameter in
millimeters
Diameter
in inches
Diameter in
millimeters
24-30
36
42-48
54-60
630
800
1,000
1,250
66-72
78-90
96-120
126-156
1,600
2,000
2,500
3,150
Diameters
in meters
Diameters
in API feet
Diameters
in meters
3.15
4.00
5.00
6.30
8.00
10.00
12.50
16.00
70-80
90-100
120
140-163
180-200
220-240
260-300
20.00
25.00
31.50
40.00
50.00
63.00
80.00
* Reference:
IN.
1/16
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
11/16
3/4
13/16
7/8
15/16
0
1
1
3
4
0.0
15.4
50.8
76.1
101.6
1.6
27.0
52.4
77.8
103.1
3.2
28.6
54.0
79.4
104.8
4.8
30.2
55.6
81.0
106.4
6.4
31.8
57.2
82.6
108.0
7.9
33.3
58.7
84.1
109.5
9.5
34.9
60.3
85.7
111.1
11.1
36.5
61.9
87.3
112.7
12.7
38.1
63.5
88.9
114.3
14.3
39.7
65.1
90.5
115.9
15.9
41.3
66.7
92.1
117.5
17.5
42.9
68.3
93.7
119.1
19.1
44.5
69.9
95.3
120.7
20.6
46.0
71.4
96.8
122.2
22.2
47.6
73.0
98.4
123.8
23.8
49.2
74.6
100.0
125.4
5
6
7
8
9
127.0
152.4
177.8
203.2
128.6
128.6
154.0
179.4
204.8
230.2
130.2
155.6
181.0
206.4
231.8
131.8
157.2
182.6
208.0
233.4
133.4
158.8
184.2
209.6
235.0
134.9
160.3
185.7
211.1
236.5
136.5
161.9
187.3
212.7
238.1
138.1
163.5
188.9
214.3
239.7
139.7
165.1
190.5
215.9
241.3
141.3
166.7
192.1
217.5
242.9
142.9
168.3
193.7
219.1
244.5
144.5
169.9
195.3
220.7
246.1
146.1
171.5
196.9
221.3
247.7
147.6
173.0
198.4
223.8
249.2
149.2
174.6
200.0
225.4
250.8
150.8
176.2
201.6
227.0
252.4
10
11
12
13
14
154.0
279.4
304.8
330.2
355.6
255.6
281.0
306.4
331.8
357.2
257.2
282.6
308.0
333.4
358.8
258.8
284.2
309.6
335.0
360.4
260.4
285.8
311.2
336.6
362.0
261.9
287.3
312.7
338.1
363.5
263.5
288.9
314.3
339.7
365.1
265.1
290.5
315.9
341.3
366.7
266.7
292.1
317.5
342.9
368.3
268.3
293.7
319.1
344.5
369.9
269.9
295.3
320.7
346.1
371.5
271.5
296.9
322.3
347.7
373.1
273.1
298.5
323.9
349.3
374.7
274.6
300.0
325.4
350.8
376.2
276.2
301.6
327.0
352.4
377.8
277.8
303.2
328.6
354.0
379.4
15
'16
17
18
19
381.0
406.4
431.8
451.2
482.6
382.6
408.0
433.4
458.8
484.2
384.2
409.6
435.0
460.4
485.8
385.8
411.2
436.6
462.0
487.4
387.4
412.8
438.2
463.6
489.0
388.9
414.3
439.7
465.1
490.5
390.5
415.9
441.3
466.7
492.1
392.1
417.5
442.9
468.3
493.7
393.7
419.1
444.5
469.9
495.3
395.3
420.7
446.1
471.5
496.9
396.9
422.3
447.7
473.1
498.5
398.5
423.9
449.3
474.7
500.1
400.1
425.5
450.9
476.3
501.7
401.6
427.0
452.4
477.8
503.2
403.2
428.6
454.0
479.4
504.8
404.8
430.2
455.6
481.0
506.4
20
21
508.0
533.4
558.8
584.2
609.6
509.6
535.0
560.4
585.8
611.1
511.2
536.6
562.0
587.4
612.8
512.8
538.2
563.6
589.0
614.4
514.4
539.8
565.2
590.6
616.0
515.9
541.3
566.7
592.1
617.5
517.5
542.9
568.3
593.7
619.1
519.1
544.5
569.9
595.3
620.7
520.7
546.1
571.5
596.9
622.3
522.3
547.7
573.1
598.5
623.9
523.9
549.3
574.7
600.1
625.5
525.5
550.9
576.3
601.7
627.1
527.1
552.5
577.'1
603.3
628.7
528.6
554.0
579.4
604.8
630.2
530.2
555.6
581.0
606.4
631.8
531.8
557.2
582.6
608.0
633.4
12
23
24
w
.....
MEASURES
W
tv
IN.
1/16
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
11/16
3/4
13/16
7/8
15/16
25
26
27
28
29
635.0
660.4
685.8
711.2
736.6
636.6
662.0
687.4
712.8
738.2
638.2
663.6
689.0
714.4
739.8
639.8
665.2
690.6
716.0
714.4
641.4
666.8
692.2
717.6
743.0
642.9
668.3
693.7
719.1
744.5
644.5
669.9
695.3
720.7
746.1
646.1
671.5
696.9
722.3
747.7
647.7
673.1
698.5
723.9
749.3
649.3
674.7
700.1
725.5
750.9
650.9
676.3
701.7
727.1
752.5
652.5
677.9
703.3
728.7
754.1
654.1
679.5
704.9
730.3
755.7
655.6
681.0
706.4
731.8
757.2
657.2
682.6
708.0
733.4
758.8
658.8
684.2
709.6
735.0
760.4
30
31
32
33
34
762.0
787.4
812.8
838.2
863.6
763.6
789.0
814.4
839.8
865.2
765.2
790.6
816.0
841.4
866.8
766.8
792.2
817.6
843.0
868.4
768.4
793.8
819.2
844.6
870.0
769.9
795.3
820.7
846.1
871.5
771.5
796.9
822.3
847.7
873.1
773.1
798.5
823.9
849.3
874.7
774.7
800.1
825.5
850.9
876.3
776.3
801.7
827.1
852.5
877.9
777.9
803.3
828.7
854.1
879.5
779.5
804.9
830.3
855.7
881.1
781.1
806.5
831.9
857.3
882.7
782.6
808.0
833.4
858.8
884.2
784.2
809.6
835.0
860.4
885.8
785.8
811.2
836.6
862.0
887.4
35
36
37
38
39
889.0
914.4
939.8
965.2
990.6
890.6
916.0
941.4
966.8
992.2
892.2
917.6
943.0
968.4
993.8
893.8
919.2
944.6
970.0
995.4
895.4
920.8
946.2
971.6
997.0
896.9
922.3
947.7
973.1
998.5
898.5
923.9
949.3
974.7
1000.1
900.1
925.5
950.9
976.3
1001.7
901.7
927.1
952.5
977.9
1003.3
903.3
928.7
954.1
979.5
1004.9
904.9
930.3
955.7
981.1
100&.5
906.5
931.9
957.3
982.7
1008.1
"908.1
933.5
958.9
984.3
1009.7
909.6
935.0
%0.4
985.8
1011.2
911.2
936.6
962.0
987.4
1012.8
912.8
938.2
963.6
989.0
1014.4
40
41
42
43
44
1016.0
1041.4
1066.8
1092.2
1117.6
1017.6
1043.0
1068.4
1093.8
1119.2
1019.2
1044.6
1070.0
1095.4
1120.8
1020.8
1046.2
1071.6
1097.0
1122.4
1022.4
1047.8
1073.2
1098.6
1124.0
1023.9
1049.2
1074.7
1100.1
1125.5
1025.5
1050.9
1l01.7
1127.1
1027.1
1052.5
1077.9
1103.3
1128.7
1028.7
1054.1
1079.5
1104.9
Il30.3
1030.3
1055.7
1081.1
1106.5
Il31.9
1031.9
1057.3
1082.7
1108.1
1133.5
1033.5
1058.9
1084.3
1l09.7
1135.1
1035.1
1060.5
1085.9
1111.3
1136.7
1036.6
1062.0
1087.4
IIl2.8
1138.2
1038.2
1063.6
1089.0
1114.4
1139.8
1039.8
1065.2
1090.6
1116.0
1141.4
45
46
47
48
49
1143.0
1161>.4
1193.8
1219.2
1244.6
1144.6
1170.0
1195.4
1220.8
1246.2
1146.2
Il71.6
1197.0
1222.4
1247.8
1147.8
1173.2
1198.6
1224.0
1249.4
1149.4
Il74.8
1200.2
1225.6
1251.0
1150.9
1176.3
1201.7
1227.1
1252.5
1152.5
1177.9
1203.3
1228.7
1254.1
1154.1
1179.5
1204.9
1230.3
1255.7
1155.7
1181.1
1206.5
1231.9
1257.3
1157.3
1182.7
1208.1
1233.5
1258.9
1158.9
Il84.3
1209.7
1235.1
1260.5
1160.5
1185.9
1211.3
1236.7
1262.1
1162.1
1187.5
1212.9
1238.3
1263.7
1163.6
1189.0
1214.4
1239.8
1265.2
1165.2
Il90.6
1216.0
1241.4
1266.8
Il66.8
1192.2
1217.6
1243.0
1268.4
50
1270.0
1271.6
1273.2
1274.8
1276.4
1277.9
1279.5
1281.1
1282.7
1284.3
1285.9
1287.5
1289.1
1290.6
1292.2
1293.8
~076.3
Millimeters
0
10
20
30
40
0.00
0.39
0.79
1.18
1.57
0.039
0.43
0.83
J.22
1.61
0.079
0.47
0.87
1.26
1.65
0.118
0.51
0.91
1.30
1.69
0.157
0.55
0.94
1.34
1.73
0.197
0.59
0.98
1.38
1.77
0.236
0.63
1.02
1.42
1.81
0.276
0.67
1.06
1.46
1.85
0.315
0.71
1.10
1.50
1.89
0.354
0.75
1.14
1.54
1.93
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1.97
'2.36
2.76
3.15
3.54
2.01
2.40
2.80
3.19
3.58
2.05
2.44
2.83
3.23
3.62
2.09
2.48
2.87
3.27
3.66
2.13
2.52
2.91
3.31
3.70
2.17
2.56
2.95
3.35
3.74
2.20
2.60
2.99
3.39
3.78
2.24
2.64
3.03
3.43
3.82
2.28
2.68
3.07
3.46
3.86
2.32
2.72
3.11
3.50
3.90
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
3.94
4.33
4.72
5.12
5.51
3.98
4.37
4.76
5.16
5.55
4.02
4.41
4.80
5.20
5.59
4.06
4.45
4.84
5.24
5.63
4.09
4.49
4.88
5.28
5.67
4.13
4.53
4.92
5.31
5.71
4.17
4.57
4.96
5.35
5.75
4.21
4.61
5.00
5.39
5.79
4.25
4.65
5.04
5.43
5.83
4.29
4.69
5.08
5.47
5.87
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
5.91
6.30
6.69
7.09
7.48
5.94
6.34
6.73
7.13
7.52
5.98
6.38
6.77
7.17
7.56
6.02
6.42
6.81
7.20
7.60
6.06
6.46
6.85
7.24
7.64
6.10
6.50
6.89
7.28
7.68
6.14
6.54
6.93
7.32
7.72
6.18
6.57
6.97
7.36
7.76
6.22
6.61
7.01
7.40
7.80
6.26
6.65
7.05
7.44
7.83
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
7.87
8.27
8.66
9.06
9.45
7.91
8.31
8.70
9.09
9.49
7.95
8.35
8.74
9.13
9.53
7.99
8.39
8.78
9.17
9.57
8.03
8.43
8.82
9.21
9.61
8.07
8.46
8.86
9.25
9.65
8.11
8.50
8.90
9.29
9.69
8.15
8.54
8.94
9.33
9.72
8.19
8.58
8.98
9.37
9.76
8.23
8.62
9.02
9.41
9.80
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
9.84
10.24
10.63
11.02
11.42
9.88
10.28
10.67
11.06
11.46
9.92
10.31
10.71
11.10
11.50
9.96
10.35
10.75
11.14
11.54
10.00
10.39
10.79
11.18
11.57
10.04
10.43
10.83
11.22
11.61
10.08
10.47
10.87
11.26
11.65
10.12
10.51
10.91
11.30
11.69
10.16
10.55
10.94
11.34
11.73
10.20
10.59
10.98
11.38
11.77
250
260
270
280
290
MEASURES
ISO
~
V.)
V.)
+0W
+0-
11.97
12.36
12.76
13.15
13.54
12.01
12.40
12.80
13.19
13.58
12.05
12.44
12.83
13.23
13.62
12.09
12.48
12.87
13.27
13.66
12.13
12.52
12.91
13.31
13.70
12.17
12.56
12.95
13.35
13.74
300
310
320
330
13.90
14.29
14.69
15.08
15.47
13.94
14.33
14.n
15.1:2
15.51
13.98
14.37
14.76
15.16
15.55
14.02
14.41
14.80
15.20
15.59
14.06
14.45
14.84
15.24
15.63
14.09
14.49,
14.88
15.28
15.67
14.13
14.53
14.92
15.31
15.71
350
360
370
380
390
15.83
16.22
16.61
17.01
17.40
15.87
16.26
16.65
17.05
17.44
15.91
16.30
16.69
17.09
17.48
15.94
16.34
16.73
17.13
17.52
15.98
16.38
16.77
17.17
17.56
16.02
16.42
16.81
17.20
17.60
16.06
16.46
16.85
17.24
17.64
16.10
16.50
16.89
17.28
17.68
400
440
17.76
18.15
18.54
18.94
19.33
17.80
18.19
18.58
18.98
19.37
17.83
18.23
18.62
19.02
19.41
17.87
18.27
18.66
19.06
19.45
17.91
18.31
18.70
19.09
19.49
17.95
18.35
18.74
19.13
19.53
17.99
18.39
18.78
19.17
19.57
18.03
18.43
18.82
19.21
19.61
18.07
18.46
18.86
19.25
19.65
450
460
470
480
490
19.69
20.08
20.47
20.87
21.26
19.72
20.12
20.51
20.91
21.30
19.76
20.16
20.55
20.94
21.34
19.80
20.20
20.59
20.98
21.38
19.84
20.24
20.63
21.02
21.42
19.88
20.28
20.67
21.06
21.46
19.92
20.31
20.71
21.10
21.50
19.96
20.35
20.75
21.14
21.54
20.00
20.39
20.79
21.18
21.58
20.04
20.43
20.83
21.22
21.61
500
510
520
530
540
21.65
22.05
22.44
22.83
23.2-3
21.69
22.09
22.48
22.87
23.27
21.73
22.13
22.52
22.91
23.31
21.77
22.17
22.56
22.95
23.35
21.81
22.20
22.60
22.99
23.39
21.85
22.24
22.64
23.03
23.43
21.89
22.28
22.68
23.07
23.46
21.93
22.32
22.72
23.11
23.50
21.97
22.36
22.76
23.15
23.54
22.01
22.40
22.80
23.19
23.58
550
560
570
580
590
300
310
320
330
340
11.81
12.20
12.60
12.99
13.39
11.85
12.24
12.64
13.03
13.43
11.8'
12.28
12.68
13.07
13.46
11.93
12.32
12.72
13.11
13.50
350
360
370
380
390
13.78
14.17
14.57
14.96
15.35
13.82
14.21
14.61
15.00
15.39
13.86
14.25
14.65
15.04
15.43
400
440
15.75
16.14
16.54
16.93
17.32
15.79
16.18
16.57
16.97
17.36
450
460
470
480
490
17.72
18.11
18.50
18.90
19.29
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
410
420
430
Millimeters
Millimeters
340
410
420
430
Millimeters
Millimeters
600
640
23.62
24.02
24.41
24.80
25.20
23.66
24.06
24.45
24.84
25.24
23.70
24.09
24.49
24.88
25.28
23.74
24.13
24.53
24.92
25.31
23.78
24.17
24.57
24.96
25.35
23.82
24.21
24.61
25.00
25.39
23.86
24.25
24.65
25.04
25.43
23.90
24.29
24.68
25.08
25.47
23.94
24.33
24.72
25.12
25.51
23.98
24.37
24.76
25.16
25.55
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
25.59
25.98
26.38
26.77
27.17
25.63
26.02
26.42
26.81
27.20
25.67
26.06
26.46
26.85
27.24
25.71
26.10
26.50
26.89
27.28
25.75
26.14
26.54
26.93
27.32
25.79
26.18
26.57
26.97
27.36
25.83
26.22
26.61
27.01
27.40
25.87
26.26
26.65
27.05
27.44
25.91
26.30
26.69
27.09
27.48
25.94
26.34
26.73
27.13
27.52
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
27.56
27.95
28.35
28.74
29.13
27.60
27.99
28.39
28.78
29.17
27.64
28.03
28.43
28.82
29.21
27.68
28.07
28.46
28.86
29.25
27.72
28.11
28.50
28.90
29.29
27.76
28.15
28.54
28.94
29.33
27.80
28.19
28.58
28.98
29.37
27.83
28.23
28.62
29.02
29.41
27.87
28.27
28.66
29.06
29.45
27.91
28.31
28.70
29.09
29.49
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
29.53
29.92
30.31
30.71
31.10
29.57
29.96
30.35
30.75
31.14
29.61
30.00
30.39
30.79
31.18
29.65
30.04
30.43
30.83
31.22
29.68
30.08
30.47
30.87
31.26
29.72
30.12
30.51
30.91
31.30
29.76
30.16
30.55
30.94
31.34
29.80
30.20
30.59
30.98
31.38
29.84
30.24
30.63
31.02
31.42
29.88
30.28
30.67
31.06
31.46
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
31.50
31.89
32.28
32.68
33.07
31.54
31.93
32.32
32.72
33.11
31.57
31.97
32.36
32.76
33.15
31.61
32.01
32.40
32.80
33.19
31.65
32.05
32.44
32.83
33.23
31.69
32.09
32.48
32.87
33.27
31.73
32.13
32.52
32.91
33.31
31.77
32.17
32.56
32.95
33.35
31.81
32.20
32.60
32.99
33.39
31.85
32.24
32.64
33.03
33.43
800
810
820
830
850
860
870
880
890
33.46
33.86
34.25
34.65
35.04
33.50
33.90
34.29
34.68
35.08
33.54
33.94
34.33
34.72
35.12
33.58
33.98
34.37
34.76
35.16
33.62
34.02
34.41
34.80
35.20
33.66
34.06
34.45
34.84
35.24
33.70
34.09
34.49
34.88
35.28
33.74
34.13
34.53
34.92
35.31
33.78
34.17
34.57
34.96
35.35
33.82
34.21
34.61
35.00
35.39
850
860
870
880
890
600
610
620
630
840
~
~
Vl
MEASURES
+:0W
0'1
Millimeters
Millimeters
35.43
35.83
36.22
36.61
37.01
35.47
35.87
36.26
36.65
37.05
35.51
35.91
36.30
36.69
37.09
35.55
35.94
36.34
36.73
37.13
35.59
35.98
36.38
36.77
37.17
35.63
36.02
36.42
36.81
37.20
35.67
36.06
36.46
36.85
37.24
35.71
36.10
36.50
36.89
37.28
35.75
36.14
36.54
36.93
37.32
35.79
36.18
36.57
36.97
37.36
910
920
930
980
990
37.40
37.80
38.19
38.58
38.98
37.44
37.83
38.23
38.62
39.02
37.48
37.87
38.27
38.66
39.06
37.52
37.91
38.31
38.70
39.09
37.56
37.95
38.35
38.74
39.13
37.60
37.99
38.39
38.78
39.17
37.64
38.03
38.43
38.82
39.21
37.68
38.07
38.46
38.86
39.25
37.72
38.11
38.50
38.90
39.29
37.76
38.15
38.54
38.94
39.33
950
960
970
980
990
1000
39.37
39.41
39.45
39.49
39.53
39.57
39.61
39.65
39.68
39.72
1000
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
------
-----
900
940
0
0.000
0.929
1.858
2.787
3.716
4.645
5.574
6.503
7.432
8.361
1
0.093
1.022
1.951
2.880
3.809
4.738
5.667
6.596
7.525
8.454
0.279
1.208
2.137
3.066
3.995
4.924
5.853
6.782
7.711
8.640
0.186
1.115
2.044
2.973
3.902
4.831
5.760
6.689
7.618
8.547
0.372
1.301
2.230
3.159
4.088
5.017
5.946
6.875
7.804
8.733
0.465
1.394
2.323
3.252
4.181
5.110
6.039
6.968
7.897
8.826
6
0.557
1.486
2.415
3.345
4.274
5.203
6.132
7.061
7.990
8.919
1 Sq. Ft.
0.650
1.579
2.508
3.437
4.366
5.295
6.225
7.154
8.083
9.012
0.743
1.672
2.601
3.530
4.459
5.388
6.317
7.246
8.175
9.105
0.0929034
Square Meters
9
0.836
1.765
2.694
3.623
4.552
5.481
6.410
7.339
8.268
9.197
SQUAR~
1 Sq. M
10.76387
Square Feet
I
Square Meters
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.00
107.64
215.28
322.92
430.56
538.19
645.83
753.47
861.11
968.75
10.76
118.40
226.04
333.68
441.32
548.96
656.60
764.23
871.87
979.51
21.53
129.17
236.81
344.44
452.08
559.72
667.36
. 775.00
882.64
990.28
3
32.29
139.93
247.57
355.21
462.85
570.49
678.12
785.76
893.40
1001.04
4
43.06
150.69
258.33
365.97
473.61
581.25
688.89
796.53
904.17
1011.80
53.82
161.46
269.10
376.74
484.37
592.01
699.65
807.29
914.93
1022.57
MEASURES
64.58
172.22
279.86
387.50
495.14
602.7R
710.42
818.05
925.69
1033.33
75.35
182.99
290.62
398.26
505.90
613.54
721.18
828.82
936.46
1044.10
86.11
193.75
301.39
409.03
516.67
624.30
731.94
839.58
947.22
1054.86
96.87
204.51
312.15
419.79
527.43
635.07
742.71
850.35
957.98
1065.62
Vl
-..l
oj::.
W
00
POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS
(1 pound = 0.4536 kilogram)
Pounds
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.00
4.54
9.07
13.61
18.14
22.68
27.22
31.75
36.29
40.82
1
0.45
4.99
9.53
14.06
18.60
23.13
27.67
32.21
36.74
41.28
0.91
5.44
9.98
14.52
19.05
23.59
28.12
32.66
37.20
41.73
1.36
5.90
10.43
14.97
19.50
24,04
28.58
33.11
37.65
42.18
4
1.81
6.35
10.89
15.42
19.96
24.49
29.03
33.57
38.10
42.64
2.27
6.80
11.34
15.88
20.41
24.95
29.48
34.02
38.56
43.09
2.72
7.26
11.79
16.33
20.87
25.40
29.94
34.47
39.01
43.55
3.18
7.71
12.25
16.78
21.32
25.86
30.39
34.93
39.46
44.00
3.63
8.16
12.70
17.24
21.77
26.31
30.84
35.38
39.92
44.45
4.08
8.62
13.15
17.69
12.23
26.76
31.30
35.83
40.37
44.91
KILOGRAMS TO POUNDS
(1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds)
Kilograms
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.00
22.05
44.09
66.14
88.18
110.23
132.28
154.32
176.37
198.41
2.20
24.25
46.30
68.34
90.39
112.43
134.48
156.53
178.57
200.62
4.41
26.46
48.50
70.55
92.59
114.64
136.69
158.73
180.78
202.82
6.61
28.66
50.71
72.75
94.80
116.84
138.89
160.94
182.98
205.03
8.82
30.86
52.91
74.96
97.00
119.05
141.09
163.14
185.19
207.23
11.02
33.07
55.12
77.16
99.21
121.25
143.30
165.35
187.39
209.44
13.23
35.27
57.32
79.37
101.41
123.46
145.50
167.55
189.60
211.64
15.43
37.48
59.52
81.57
103.62
125.66
147.71
169.75
191.80
213.85
17.64
39.68
61.73
83.77
105.82
127.87
149.91
171.96
194.00
216.05
19.84
41.89
63.93
85.98
108.03
130.07
152.12
174.16
196.21
218.26
--
--
L - ..
-----
--
'--------
----
---
--
'-
U. S. GALLONS TO LITERS
Gallon
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
u. S. Gallon
= 3.785329 Liter
0
37.85
75.71
113.56
151.41
189.27
227.12
264.97
302.83
340.68
3.79
41.64
79.49
117.35
155.20
193.05
230.91
268.76
306.61
344.46
7.57
45.42
13.28
121.13
158.98
196.84
234.69
272.54
310.40
348.25
11.36
49.21
87.01
124.92
162.77
200.62
238.48
276.33
314.18
352.04
15.14
52.99
90.85
128.70
166.55
204.41
242.26
280.11
317.97
355.82
18.93
56.78
94.63
132.49
170.34
208.19
246.05
283.90
321.75
359.60
22.71
60.57
98.42
136.27
174.13
211.98
249.83
287.69
325.54
363.39
26.50
64.35
102.20
140.06
177.91
215.76
253.62
291.47
329.32
367.18
30.28
68.14
105.99
143.84
181.70
219.55
257.40
295.26
333.11
370.96
34.07
71.92
109.77
147.63
185.48
223.33
261.19
299.04
336.89
374.75
:
LITER TO U. S. GALLON
Liter
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
~
0
0
2.64
5.28
7.93
10.57
13.21
15.85
18.49
21.13
23.78
1
0.26
2.91
5.55
8.19
10.83
13.47
16.11
18.76
21.40
24.04
2
0.53
3.17
5.81
8.45
11.10
13.74
16.38
19.02
21.66
24.30
3
0.79
3.43
6.08
8.72
11.36
14.00
16.64
19.28
21.93
24.57
4
1.06
3.70
6.34
8.98
11.62
14.27
16.91
19.55
22.19
24.83
5
1.32
3.96
6.60
9.25
11.89
14.53
17.17
19.81
22.45
25.10
- -
MEASURES
1.59
4.23
6.87
9.51
12.15
14.79
17.44
20.08
22.72
25.36
7
1.85
4.49
7.13
9.77
12.42
15.06
17.70
20.34
22.98
25.62
8
2.11
4.76
6.60
10.04
12.68
15.32
17.96
20.61
23.25
25.89
9
2.38
5.02
7.66
10.30
12.94
15.59
18.23
20.87
23.51
26.15
W
\0
~
~
1 to 30
Lbs. Per Kg. Per
Sq. In.
Sq. em.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
.07
.14
.21
.28
.35
.42
.49
.56
.63
.70
.77
.84
.91
.98
1.05
1.12
1.20
1.27
T.34
1.41
1.48
1.55
1.62
1.69
1.76
1.83
1.90
1.97
2.04
2.11
31 to 60
Lbs. Per Kg. Per
Sq. In.
Sq. em.
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
2.18
2.25
2.32
2.39
2.46
2.53
2.60
2.67
2.74
2.81
2.88
2.95
3.02
3.09
3.16
3.23
3.30
3.37
3.45
3.52
3.59
3.66
3.73
3.80
3.87
3.94
4.01
4.08
4.15
4.22
61 to 90
Lbs. Per Kg. Per
Sq. In.
Sq. em.
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
4.29
4.36
4.43
4.50
4.57
4.64
4.71
4.78
4.85
4.92
4.99
5.06
5.13
5.20
5.27
5.34
5.41
5.48
5.55
5.62
5.69
5.77
5.84
5.91
5.98
6.05
6.12
6.19
6.26
6.33
91 to 200
205 to 400
Lbs. Per
Sq. In.
Kg. Per
Sq. em.
Lbs. Per
Sq. In.
Kg. Per
Sq. em.
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
6.40
6.47
6.54
6.61
6.68
6.75
6.82
6.89
6.96
7.03
7.38
7.73
8.09
8.44
8.79
9.14
9.49
9.84
10.19
10.55
10.90
11.25
11.60
11.95
12.30
12.66
13.01
13.36
13.71
14.06
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
14.41
14.76
15.12
15.47
15.82
16.17
16.52
16.87
17.23
17.58
17.93
18.28
18.63
18.98
19.33
19.69
20.04
20.39
20.74
21.09
21.80
22.50
23.20
23.90
24.61
25.31
26.01
26.72
27.42
28.12
410 to 700
710 to 1000
1010to 1500
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
28.83
29.53
30.23
30.93
31.64
32.34
33.04
33.75
34.45
35.15
35.86
36.56
37.26
37.97
38.67
39.37
40.07
40.78
41.48
42.18
42.89
43.59
44.29
45.00
45.70
46.40
47.11
47.81
48.51
49.21
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
49.92
50.62
51.32
52.03
52.73
53.43
54.14
54.84
55.54
56.25
56.95
57.65
58.35
59.06
59.76
60.46
61.17
61.87
62.57
63.28
63.98
64.68
65.39
66.09
66.79
67.49
68.20
68.90
69.60
70.31
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1120
1140
1160
1180
1200
1220
1240
1260
1280
1300
1320
1340
1360
1380
1400
1420
1440
1460
1480
1500
71.01
71.71
72.42
73.12
73.82
74.52
75.23
75.93
76.63
77.34
78.74
80.15
81.56
82.96
84.37
85.77
87.18
88.59
89.99
91.40
92.80
94.21
95.62
97.02
98.43
99.84
101.24
102.65
104.05
105.46
441
Minutes
Seconds
0
1
2
3
4
0.0000000
0.01745 H
0.03490 66
0.05235 99
0.06981 32
60
61
62
63
64
1.0471976
1.0646508
1.0821041
1.09955 74
I.Il701 07
120
121
122
123
124
2.09439 51
2.11184 84
2.12930 17
2.1467550
2.16420 83
0
1
2
3
4
0.0000000
0.00029 09
0.00058 18
0.0008727
0.0011636
0
1
2
3
4
0.0000000
0.0000048
0.00000 97
0.00001 45
0.00001 94
5
6
7
8
9
0.08726
0.10471
0.12217
0.13962
0.15707
65
98
30
63
96
65
66
67
68
69
1.1344640
1.1519173
1.16937 06
1:1868239
1.2042772
125
126
127
128
129
2.18166 16
2.1991149
2.21656 82
2.23402 14
2.2514747
5
6
7
8
9
0.00145
0.00174
0.00203
0.00232
0.00261
80
5
6
7
8
9
0.0000242
0.00002 91
0.00003 39
0.0000388
0.00004 36
70
71
72
73
74
1.22173 05
1.2391838
1.25663 7 I
1.27409 04
1.29154 36
130
14
0.17453 29
0.1919862
0.20943 95
0.22689 28
0.2443461
132
133
134
2.26892 80
2.28638 13
2.30383 46
2.3212879
2.3387412
10
11
12
13
14
0.0029089
0.0031998
0.00349 07
0.00378 15
0.00407 24
10
11
12
13
14
0.00004
0.00005
0.00005
0.00006
0.00006
I5
16
17
18
19
0.26179 94
0.2792527
0.29670 60
0.31415 93
0.33161 26
75
76
77
78
79
1.30899 69
1.32645 02
1.3439035
1.36135 68
1.37881 01
135
136
137
138
139
2.3561945
2.37364 78
2.39110 11
2.40855 44
2.4260077
15
16
17
18
19
0.00436 33
0.0046542
0.00494 51
0.00523 60
0.00552 69
15
16
17
18
19
0.0000727
0.00007 76
0.00008 24
0.00008 73
0.00009 21
20
21
22
23
24
0.34906 59
0.36651 91
0.38397 24
0.4014257
0.41887 90
80
81
82
83
84
1.39626 34
1.41371 67
1.4311700
1.44862 H
1.46607 66
140
141
142
143
144
2.44346 10
2.46091 42
2.47836 75
2.49582 08
2.5132741
20
21
22
23
24
0.00581
0.00610
0.00639
0.00669
0.00698
78
87
95
04
13
20
21
22
23
24
0.00009
0.00010
0.00010
0.00011
0.00011
25
26
27
28
29
0.43633 23
0.45378 56
0.4712389
0.48869 22
0.5061455
85
86
87
88
89
1.48352 99
1.5009832
1.51843 64
I. 53588 97
1.55334 30
145
146
147
148
149
2.53072
2.54818
2.56563
2.58308
2.60054
74
07
40
73
06
25
26
27
28
29
0.0072722
0.00756 31
0.00785 40
0.0081449
0.00843 58
25
26
27
28
29
0.0001212
0.00012 61
0.00013 09
0.00013 57
0.0001406
30
31
32
33
34
0.5235988
0.5410521
0.55850 54
0.5759587
0.59341 19
90
91
92
93
94
1.57079 63
1. 58824 96
1.6057029
1.62315 62
1.64060 95
150
151
152
153
154
2.61799
2.63544
2.65290
2.67035
2.68780
39
72
OJ
38
70
30
31
32
33
34
0.00872 66
0.00901 75
0.00930 84
0.00959 93
0.0098902
30
31
32
33
34
0.0001454
0.00015 03
0.00015 51
0.0001600
0.0001648
35
36
37
38
39
0.61086 52
0.62831 85
0.64577 18
0.66322 51
0.6806784
95
96
97
98
99
1.6580628
1.67551 61
1.69296 94
1.7104227
1.72787 60
155
156
157
158
159
2.70526 03
2.72271 36
2.74016 69
2.7576202
2.7750735
35
36
37
38
39
0.01018
0.01047
0.01076
0.01105
0.01134
II
20
29
38
46
35
36
37
38
39
0.0001697
0.0001745
0.0001794
0.0001842
0.00018 91
40
41
42
43
44
0.69813 17
0.71558 50
0.7330383
0.75049 16
0.76794 49
100
101
102
103
104
1.7453293
1.76278 25
1.78023 58
1.79768 91
1.81514 24
160
161
162
163
164
2.79252
2.80998
2.82743
2.84488
2.86234
68
01
34
67
00
40
41
42
43
44
0.0116355
0.0119264
0.01221 73
0.0125082
0.01279 91
40
41
42
43
44
0.00019 39
0.00019 88
0.0002036
0.00020 85
0.00021 33
45
46
47
48
49
0.78539
0.80285
0.82030
0.83775
0.85521
82
15
47
80
13
105
106
107
108
109
1.83259
1.85004
1.86750
1.88495
1.90240
57
90
23
56
89
165
166
167
168
169
2.87979 H
2.89724 66
2.9146999
2.9321531
2.9496064
45
46
47
48
49
0.01309 00
0.01338 09
0.01367 17
0.01396 26
0.0142535
45
46
47
48
49
0.00021 82
0.00022 30
0.00022 79
0.0002327
0.00023 76
50
51
52
53
54
0.8726646
0.89011 79
0.90757 12
0.92502 45
0.94247 78
IIO
III
112
113
II4
1.91986 22
1.93731 55
1.9547688
1.9722221
1.9896753
170
171
172
173
174
2.96705
2.98451
3.00196
3.01941
3.03687
97
30
63
96
29
50
51
52
53
54
0.0145444
0.01483 53
0.01512 62
0.01541 71
0.01570 80
50
51
52
53
54
0.00024 24
0.00024 73
0.0002521
0.00025 70
0.00026 18
55
56
57
58
59
0.95993 II
.09773844
0.99483 77
1.01229 10
1.02974 43
II5
116
II7
II8
119
2.007/2
2.02458
2.04203
2.05948
2.07694
86
19
52
85
18
175
176
177
178
179
3.05432
3.07177
3.08923
3.10668
3.12413
62
95
28
61
94
55
56
57
58
59
0.01599 89
0.01628 97
0.0165806
0.01687 15
0.0171624
55
56
57
58
59
0.00026
0.00027
0.00027
0.00028
0.00028
60
1.0471976
120
2.0943951
180
3.14159 27
60
0.01745 H
60
0.00029 09
10
II
12
13
HI
44
53
62
7I
85
33
82
30
79
70
18
67
15
64
66
15
63
12
60
442
1 RADIAN
Radians
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
57 17' ".8
11.35'29".6
17151'14".4
229 10' 59".2
28628'44".0
34346'28".8
401 4'13",6
45821'58"
.51539'.3",3
Tenths
Hundredths
Thousandths
541'46".5
1127'JJ".0
1711'19".4
2255'05".9
28 38' 52 ",4
3422'38",9
40 6'25".4
4550'11".8
5133'58".3
03. '22".6
1 8'.5",1
141'Q7",.9
2 17'10".6
251'53".2
326'15",9
4 0'38".5
435'01".2
5 9'23",8
0 3'26".3
0 6'52".5
010'18".8
00'45".1
0 17' II ".1
020'17",6
024'03".9
027'30".1
030"6",.
EXAMPLES
1.
=
=
=
87 0 26' 34"
2.
1.5184364
0.0075631
0.0001648
radians
radians
radians.
1.5261643
radians
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
57 0 17' 44.8"
28 0 38' 52.4"
10 8' 45.3"
0 0 20' 37.6"
0 0 0' 41.3"
86 0 83' 221.4"
87 0 26' 41.4"
Tenthousandths
0 0'20",6
0 0'.1 ".3
0 1'01 ".9
0 1'22".5
0 1'41".1
0 2'03".8
0 2'24".4
OC 2'45".0
03'05".6
443
CONVERSION TABLE - DEGREE
MINUTES AND SECONDS TO
DECIMALS OF A DEGREE
0
0
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
,
0.0000
0167
0333
0500
0667
0.0833
1000
1167
1333
1500
0.1667
1833
2000
2167
2333
0.2500
2667
2833
3000
3167
0.3333
3500
3667
3833
4000
0.4167
4333
4500
4667
4833
0.5000
5167
5333
5500
5667
0.5833
6000
6167
6333
6500
0.6667
6833
7000
7167
7333
0.7500
7667
7833
8000
8167
0.8333
8500
8667
8833
9000
0.9167
9333
9500
9667
9833
1.000
0
DECIMALS OF A DEGREE TO
MINUTES AND SECONDS
"
'and"
0.000
60
0.00000
028
056
083
III
0.00139
167
194
222
250
0.00278
306
333
361
389
0.00417
444
472
500
528
0.00556
583
611
639
667
0.00694
722
750
778
806
0.00833
861
889
917
944
0.00972
01000
028
056
083
0.01111
139
167
194
222
0.01250
278
306
333
361
0.01389
417
444
472
500
0.01528
556
583
611
639
0.01667
"
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
001
002
003
004
0.005
006
007
008
009
0.00
01
02
03
04
0.05
06
07
08
09
0.10
11
12
13
14
0.15
16
17
18
19
0.20
21
_22
23
24
0.25
26
27
28
29
0.30
31
32
33
34
0.35
36
37
38
39
0.40
41
42
43
44
0.45
46
47
48
49
0.50
0'
0'
0'
0'
0'
0'
0'
0'
0'
0'
0'
0'
I'
I'
2'
3'
3'
4'
4'
5'
6'
6'
7'
7'
8'
9'
9'
10'
10'
II'
12'
12'
13'
13'
14'
IS'
IS'
16'
16'
17'
18'
18'
19'
19'
20'
21'
21'
22'
22'
23'
24'
24'
25'
25'
26'
27'
27'
28'
28'
29'
30'
0"
4"
7"
11 "
14"
18"
22"
25"
29"
32"
0"
36"
12"
48"
24"
0"
36"
12"
48"
24"
0"
36"
12"
48"
24"
0"
36"
12"
48"
24"
0"
36"
12"
48"
24"
0"
36"
12"
48"
24"
0"
36"
12"
48"
24"
0"
36"
12"
48"
24"
0"
36"
12"
48"
24"
0"
36"
12"
48"
24"
0"
and"
'and ..
0.50
2.00
30' 0"
30' 36"
31' 12"
31' 48"
32' 24"
33' 0"
33' 36"
34' 12"
34' 48"
35' 24"
36' 0"
36' 36"
37' 12"
37' 48"
38' 24"
39' 0"
39' 36"
40' 12"
40' 48"
41' 24"
42' 0"
42' 36"
43' 12"
43' 48"
44' 24"
45' 0"
45' 36"
46' 12"
46' 48"
47' 24"
48' 0"
48' 36"
49' 12"
49' 48"
50' 24"
51' 0"
51' 36"
52' 12"
52' 48"
53' 24"
54' 0"
54' 36"
55' 12"
55' 48"
56' 24"
57' 0"
57' 36"
58' 12"
58' 48"
59' 24"
60' 0"
66' 0"
72' 0"
78' 0"
84' 0"
90' 0"
96' 0"
102' 0"
108' 0"
114' 0"
120' 0"
'and"
51
52
53
54
0.55
56
57
58
59
0.60
61
62
63
64
0.65
66
67
68
69
0.70
71
72
73
74
0.75
76
77
78
79
0.80
81
82
83
84
0.85
86
87
88
89
0.90
91
92
93
94
0.95
96
97
98
99
1.00
10
20
30
40
1.50
60
70
80
90
~
~
~
=-
Centigrade
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit
Centigrade
-15.6
-15.0
4
5
39.2
41.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
6
7
8
9
10
13
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
-10.0
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
-6.7
-6.1
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
-73.3
-67.8
-62.2
-59.5
-56.7
-53.9
-51.1
-48.4
-100
-90
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-148.0
-130.0
-112.0
-103.0
-94.0
-85.0
-76.0
-67.0
-45.6
-42.8
-40.0
-37.2
-34.4
-31.6
-28.8
-26.1
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-58.0
-49.0
-40.0
-31.0
-22.0
-13.0
-4.0
5.0
-23.3
-20.6
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-10
-5
0
1
2
3
14.0
23.0
32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
-5.6
-5.0
-4.4
-3.9
11
12
22
23
24
25
="5
Fahrenheit
Centigrade
Centigrade
Fahrenheit
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
26
27
28
29
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
9.4
10.0
10.6
11.1
49
50
51
52
120.2
122.0
123.8
125.6
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
-1.1
-0.6
0.0
0.6
1.1
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.0
5.6
6.1
6.7
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
15.6
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
127.4
129.2
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
140.0
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
7.2
7.8
8.3
8.9
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
20.6
21.1
69
70
156.2
158.0
45
46
47
48
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit
Centigrade
Fahrenheit
54
60
65
71
76
130
140
150
160
170
266
284
302
320
338
226
232
238
243
249
440
450
460
470
480
824
842
860
878
896
83
88
93
99
100
104
110
115
180
190
200
210
212
220
230
240
356
374
392
410
413
428
446
464
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
194.0
195.8
121
127
132
138
143
149
154
160
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
482
500
518
536
554
572
590
608
254
260
265
271
276
282
288
293
299
304
310
315
321
326
332
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
914
932
950
968
986
1004
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
1112
1130
1148
1166
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
197.6
199.4
201.2
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
165
171
177
182
188
193
199
204
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
626
644
662
680
698
716
734
752
100
110
120
212.0
230
248
210
215
221
410
420
430
770
788
806
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
71
72
73
74
75
76
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
167.0
168.8
25.0
25.6
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
170.6
172.4
174.2
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7
32.2
32.8
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
33.3
33.9
34.4
35.0
35.6
36.1
36.7
37.2
37.8
Centigrade
338
343
349
354
360
365
371
376
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
1184
1202
1220
1238
1256
1274
1292
1310
382
387
393
399
404
720
730
740
750
760
1328
1346
1364
1382
1400
MEASURES
Centigrade
Fahrenheit
410
415
421
770
780
790
1418
1436
1454
426
432
438
443
449
454
460
465
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
970
1472
1490
1508
1526
1544
1562
1580
1598
471
476
482
487
493
498
504
510
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
1616
1634
1652
1670
1688
1706
1724
1742
515
520
526
532
538
565
593
620
960
970
980
990
1000
1050
1100
1150
1760
1778
1796
1814
1832
1922
2012
2102
648
675
704
734
760
787
815
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
2192
2282
2372
2462
2552
2642
2732
~
~
VI
446
CONVERSION FACTORS
(For conversion factors meeting the standards of the SI metric system, refer to ASTM E380-72)
MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
centimeters ....................................... .
3.28083 x 10-2
feet
centimeters ....................................... .
inches
.3937
6.102 x 10-2
cubic centimeters .............................. .
cubic inches
cubic feet .......................................... .
2.8317 x 10-2
cubic meters
cubic feet .......................................... .
6.22905
gallons, British Imperial
cubic feet ......................................... ..
liters
28.3170
cubic inches ..................................... ..
16.38716
cubic centimeters
cubic meters .................................... ..
35.3145
cubic feet
cubic meters .................................... ..
1.30794
cubic yards
cubic yards ....................................... ..
.764559
cubic meters
degrees angular ................................ .
.0174533
radians
foot pounds ...................................... ..
.13826
kilogram meters
feet .....................................................
centimeters
30.4801
.160538
gallons, British Imperial .................... .
cubic feet
gallons, British Imperial ................... ..
1.20091
gallons, U.S.
4.54596
liters
gallons, British Imperial .................... .
.832702
gallons, British Imperial
gallons, U.S ...................................... .
.13368
cubic feet
gallons, U.S ...................................... .
gallons, U.S ..................................... ..
3.78543
liters
grams, metric ................................... ..
2.20462 x 10- 3
pounds, avoirdupois
horse-power, metric .......................... .
.98632
horse-power, U.S.
1.01387
horse-power, metric
horse-power, U.S ............................. ..
inches ................................................ .
2.54001
centimeters
2.20462
pounds
kilograms ........................................... .
kilograms per sq. centimeter ........... ..
14.2234
pounds per sq. inch
.62137
miles, statute
kilometers ......................................... .
.26417
gallons, U.S.
liters ...................................................
meters .............................................. ..
,3.28083
feet
39.37
inches
meters ................................................
meters ................................................
1.09361
yards
miles, statute .................................... .
1.60935
kilometer
feet
milimeters ......................................... .
3.28083 x 10-3
milimeters ......................................... .
3.937 x 10- 2
inches
kilograms
pounds avoirdupois ........................... .
.453592
kilograms per sq. meter
pounds per square foot .................... ..
4.88241
pounds per square inch .................... .
7.031 x 10-2
kilograms per sq. centimeter
degrees angular
radians ...............................................
57.29578
square centimeters ........................... .
.1550
square inches
6.45163
square centimeters
square inches ................................... .
1.19599
square yards
square meters .................................. ..
square kilometers
square miles .................................... ..
2.590
.83613
square meters
square yards .................................... ..
1016.05
kilograms
tons, long .......................................... .
2240.
pounds
tons, long ......................................... ..
2204.62
pounds
tons, metric ....................................... .
.98421
tons, long
tons, metric ...................................... ..
tons, short
tons, metric ....................................... .
1.10231
tons, short ......................................... .
.892857
tons, long
tons, metric
tons, short ........................................ ..
.907185
.914402
yards ................................................ ..
meters
447
PART IV.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
1.
Stress and Strain Formulas .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... ....... ..... ...... 448
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Bolted Connections .... .... ............ .................... .... .... ........ ................ .... ... 463
448
DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS
A
= Cross sectional area, in 2
AR = Required cross sectional Area, in 2
1
=Moment of inertia, in 4
M
= Moment, in-lb
MA = Allowable moment, in-Ib
P
=Force, Ib
PA
= Allowable force. Ib
S
= Tensile or compressive stress, psi
TYPE OF LOADING
P..f. ~--8-P
A'
TENSION
0- P
tt
P~"U-i--~
4
A'
COMPRESSION
~~Single
P/2.~
S =
AR
Double
= -P (.102)
SA
~ (psi)
A
PA = ASA (Ib)
P (. 2)
AR == - m
SA
S =
Ss
.!.. (psi)
A
PA = ASSA (lb)
P (. 2)
AR = - 10
SSA
S
PA
P/2-
~ (psi)
PA = ASA (Ib)
S
~p
EXAMPLES
=.!.(psi)
2A
= 2ASSA
(lb)
A =P- (.10 2)
M == PI (in-Ib)
MA = ZSA (in-Ib)
M (. 3)
ZR = - 10
SSA
DIW
LLb=cJ
SECTION MODULUS
AR =
1:...
SA
AR
=L
2SA
=
.
15.000 = 0.75 in 2
2x 10,000
2SSA
SHEAR
BENDING
SA =
M (psi)
Z
~ (psi)
Section modulus
Zmin
1
Z== Y
449
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
FOR NON PRESSURE PARTS OF VESSELS AND OTHER STRUCTURES
TYPE OF STRESS
& JOINT
STEEL
Bearing
Shear
Compression
Tension (except pin connection)
Bending
Shear
Bearing (on projected area of bolts
in shear on connection)
1. 60 x} The values of
0.80 x tables UCS-23
0.60x }
O.6Ox
0.66x
0.40x
1.5 x
Specified
minimum
yield stress
Min. tensile
strength
SOURCE
CODE
UCS-23
Notes
American
Institute
of Steel
Construction
13,600 psi
same as for the
steel welded
13,600 psi
(using throat dimension)
9,600 ('si
(usmg leg dimension)
American
Welding
Society
450
PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS
DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS
r
y
= Area, in. 1
= Moment of inertia, in.4
A
I
fa
/.
IIJ
I/~ 0
1= 0112
l = oj6
I.
./
= 0.289
=0
= 0.577
./
= bdy3
Y~
I.
0.2890
b2
02_
1.=0!;4- b )/12
=(04- b4 )/6a
0.289.J 0 2 + b 2
= '~
=(04 -
b~)/ 12
=(O.118a4-b4Vo
, = 0.289,j
A
= bd
~
/.
=
=
bd/6
0.289 d
./
02 + b 2
d[ffJ?
I..
.S\'
' .
:'
hk.1
bd - hk
bd
bd /24
= 0.236 d
=d
= bd 3/12
= bd112
, = 0.408
A = d(a+ bJ/2
Y '" d(o + 2b)/3(a + b)
d,1 (a 2 + -I ab + b 2)
I = -3-6-(a +b)2
d (a 2 + -I ab + b 2)
Z = ----:-;-12 (a+2b)
=..J/iA
= 0.7854d 2
y =
d/2
....".".'::.'."'."'."..'...' '..............
..........'.'. :
...... : .... ...::..
......
I bdJ -
v'
~
: ~'."~;'\"
",
I = bd-;12
0.289
hk J )/6 d
1= bdo/36
.1
= 0.7070
hk 3 )/12
Y=:ld
Z =(Pd] -
y='I2 0
bd-hk
I =(bd
0.1180 3
.1
=d
ai'3
I = 04/12
bd
y = V2d
= 02
= 0.7070
1= bd/3
r=0.5770
A
ITa
= 0'l3
{OJ
I.
I = 0.049 d
=
, =
0.098d
d/4
451
PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS
DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS
Area, in.l
Moment of inertia, in.
Radius of gyration,
II A
Distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber, in.
J
Section modulus, Jly, in.
""TT"I
y'" D/2
I
='
0.049 (d-d~
0.098(D~-d~)/D
r ",...[fii+Ci1/ 4
:f9
A = 2R1Tt
Y=R
I = R-'I7T
Z = R'17T
r = 0.707R
~l.~I
I.
=a_
= 1,-)( ly 3+ a(a_y)3
- (a - I) (a -
A '" I(a+b-I)
.1
Y", b/2
1=(2 sb J +h(.1)/12
Z =(2 sb J +h(.1)/6 b
=.../T!A
r = V7[A
A '" bd-h(b-I)
y '" a
Y = d/2
I ",!Pd J -h.1(b-O]/12
z
r
A
= 0.7854 a'b
a/2
Z ",.[bdJ_hJ(b_I)]
, '"
= bs +
_ d
y -
h(
d'( + s'(b-I)
2(bs+ hi)
VJ (ly.1+ b(d-yJl
-(b-I)(d-y-s).1)
Z = f/y
r
VTiA
A '" bd-h(b-I}
Ily
= 3.1416 ab
6d
r =
R+r,
I/y
bd'-hYb-l)
1= 0.1098 (R~-r,'
_ 0.283 Ri 'l' (R-r, )
=.JliA
y = dl2
y = O. 424(RJ - r;)j(Ri - rn
Z
r
r = 0.132 d
1(2d + a) + d'
A = bd - h (b - I)
0.007 d 4
Z '" 0.024 d
b_
2(d+a)
1= y,(ly 3+ a(b_y).1
_(a_l)(b_y_I)')
y=O.l88d
0.393 d '
A =
=VTiA
~ll~
a
y - In
Z =//y
til
I~
a'+al-('
2(2 a-I)
=..JTTA
.j
/6d
bdJ-h)(b-O
12(M-h(b-l))
A = bd-h(b-t)
Y - b
-
2 b' s+ hi'
2 bd-2h(b-l)
lIy
=.J17A
452
CENTER OF GRAVITY
The center of gravity of an area or body is the point through which about any axis the
moment of the area or body is zero. If a body of homogenous material at the center of
gravity were suspended it would be balanced in all directions.
The center of gravity of symmetrical areas as square, rectangle, circle, etc. coincides with
the geometrical center of the area. For areas which are not symmetrical or which are
symmetrical about one axis only, the center of gravity may be determined by calculation.
The center of gravity is located on the centerline of
symmetry. (Axis y - y)
To determine the exact location of it:
1. Divide the area into 3 rectangles and calculate the
area of each. (A, B, C)
2. Determine the center of gravity of the rectangles
and determine the distances a, band c to a
selected axis (x-x) perpendicular to axis y-y.
3. Calculate distance y to locate the center of gravity
by the formula:
y = Aa+Bb+Cc
A+B+C
,r-
-+ ~f +----,. C
c.g.
x lflo....-A_--I-----'-t-->--'-x
y
EXAMPLE #1
y = 16 xl + 14 x 5 + 12 x 9 = 4.62 in.
16+ 14+ 12
The area is not symmetrical about any axi:s. The
center of gravity may be determined by calculating
the moments wIth reference to two selected axes. To
determine the distances of center of gravity to these
axes:
1. Divide the area into 3 rectangles and calculate the
areas of each. (A, B, C)
2. Determine the center of gravity of the rectangles
and the distances, a, band c to axis x-x and the
distances aJ, bJ, c, to axis y-y.
3. Calculate distances x and y by the formulas:
x = Aal + Bb l + CCl
A+B+C
b
X
X
Y
y
EXAMPLE #2
16x4+14x1+12x3
16+ 14+ 12
= Aa+Bb+Cc
A+B+C
453
CENTER OF GRAVITY
TRIANGLE
The center of gravity is at the intersection of lines AD and BE,
which bisect the sides Be and A C. The perpendicular distance
from the center of gravity to anyone of the sides is equal to onethird the height perpendicular to that side. Hence, a = h ..;- 3.
TRAPEZOID
The center of gravity is on the line joining the middle points of
parallel lines AB and DE.
h(a+2b)
d=h(2a+b)
c=
3 (a + b)
3 (a + b)
a 2 + ab + b 2
e=
3 (a + b)
SECTOR OF CIRCLE
Distance b from center of gravity to center of circle is:
2
b = 2 rc = r c = 38 197 r sin 0:
31
3A
.
0:
in which A = area of sector, and 0: is expressed in degrees.
For the area of a half-circle:
b = 4 r";- 3 Tr = 0.4244 r
For the area of a quarter circle:
b= 4
X r ..;- 3 Tr = 0.6002 r
For the area of a sixth of a circle:
b
2 r";- Tr 0.6366 r
J2
=
SEGMENT OF CIRCLE
The distance of the center of gravity from the center of the circle
is:
c3
2
r3 sin 3 0:
b = 12 A = 3 X
A
in which A = area of segment.
PART OF CIRCULAR RING
Distance b from center of gravity to center of circle is:
3
Angle
0:
FRUSTUM OF CONE
For a solid frustum of a circular cone the formula:
h (R2 + 2 Rr + 3 r 2)
a=
4 (R2 + Rr+ r2)
The location of the center of gravity of the conical surface of a
frustum of a cone is determined by:
h (R + 2 r)
a=3(R+r)
454
CENTER OF GRAVITY
EXAMPLES
t--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _I:.;:oo~-.....;0:;....- - - - - - - _ + - 1 f + . 3 -0"
70'-0"
2'-0"
80lbs
75000 Ibs
weight: 75000 Ib
80lb
1800 Ib
800lb
600lb
600 Ib
78880 Ib
75000
l<
78880 Ibs
= 4,017,760 = 50,935' = 50' -11-1/4"
78,880
56'-0"
U7000 Ibs)
"I
2'-0"
1000 Ibs
1400 Ibs
weight:
107'-0"
2400 x 3' + 24000 x 27' + 1000 x 49' + 17000 x 78' + 1400x lOT + 1900 x II'
=~~------~-.....:~--~--~--~~~~~~~~-------
47,700 Ibs.
2200,900
III
= - - - = 46.14' = 46'-1 116"
47,700
2400 Ih
24000lh
1000 Ib
17000lb
1400 Ib
1900lb
477001b
455
BEAM FORMULAS
DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS
= Modulus of elasticity,
= Moment of inertia, in.
= Length, in.
= Moment of force, in. lb.
p = Force of concentrated load, lb.
R = Reaction, lb.
fSi.
E
I
/
M
=
=
=
==
10ad,lb.
Total shear, lb.
Unit shear, Ib.lin.
unifonnly distributed load Ib.lin.
Distance parallel to axis X, in.
Deflection, in.
Angle of deflection, radians
=
=
=
.:1
l__________~
LUI
r=
.I
At support, Mmax = PI
Mx = Px
PI3
3EI
P
6EI
~x = - - (2P - 3f2x
x 3)
R = V = P
At support,
Whenx>a
Mmax = Pb
Mx = P(x - aj
At free end,
~max =
Whenx<a
2
~~ _ Pb (31 - 3x - b)
6EI
A
.1
(31 - b)
_ P - xj2 (3b - I + x)
3EI
x -
Vx = wx
(IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~R
6EI
Whenx>a
wi
Pb
At support,
A
Mmax
wi
8EI
--
wf2
Mx=
_ ~ (r - 4Px
x -
24EI
+ 3f4)
4 Cantilever fixed at one end - Load increasing uniformly from free end to support
R = V= W
w=
Vx=W~
At support,
WP
At free end, ~ max = 15EI
Wf2
12
Mmax =
Mx =
Wx 3
3f2
WI
3
~x = ~
60EIP
(.x'-5f4x+41')
456
BEAM FORMULAS
s
<
When x
M ax when a>b R2
V2
Whenx<a
..
I
Pbx
I
Pa 2 b 2
At load, A = - 3EII
= -~-
Mx
Whenx<a
At ends,
7
RI
Supported at both ends Two unequal concentrated loads, equally spaced from ends
R = V =P
Mmax = Pa
Whenx<.a Mx = Px
Pa
At center, A max = 24EI (3P - 4a 2)
~_...._____.. R2
~ x = Px (31a - 3a2
When x <a
6EI
Pa
6EI (31x -
Whenx>a ~ _
but x I-a) x At ends, 6
r)
2
3r - a)
Pa 2EI (I - a)
8 Supported at both ends Two equal concentrated loads, unequally spaced from ends
RI = VI
PI(I- a) + P2b
R2 = V2=Pla + P2(/ - b)
R/~---......-
.. R2
When x>a
but x </1 _ bl V
I'
'/
When x<a
Whenx>a
but x < (I - b)
9
R =V
= RI X
= R2 b
(x - a)
+-
V =w(
;1
wP
= RI a
wf3
24EI
x )
wx
Mx = - ( 1 - x)
2
~x =
457
BEAM FORMULAS
10
(a+~
2w)
When x <a
Atx = a
+~
w
Mx =RlX
W
2f
R0; j - - -....~ x
'I
I
......
.1
I.
11
When x <112
Mx
0::
At center,
A max
P (4x - I)
= -PP-
Ax =
1921
Pr (31 - 4x)
48EI
= ~l
I1111111111 i I! 11111 tR
I~~
~ ~ A tend s,
lYlmaX
'-
t - - - - - ' - - -..~
13
II'
AI
Vx
=
=W
12/2
W /
po
x)
t center,
n
II
M -_ wll /24
r/
"x __ ~
....
24EI
(I
x)
(Ix -
X2
a 2)
458
I ~h~at
eg
~~
~root
Throat dimension
= 0.707
x leg dimension
Y2
Y2
16
Y4
0/16
2Y4
3fs
6
Y2
over
6
5fs
* Weld size need not to exceed the thickness of the thinner part joined
Economy of fillet welding
1. Use the minimum size of fillet weld required for the desired strength.
Increasing the size of a fillet weld in direct proportion, the volume (and costs) of it
will increase with the square of its size.
2. Locate weld to avoid eccentricity, to be readily accessible, and in down-welding
position.
3. Apply fillet weld transversely to the force to achieve greater strength.
~ PARALLEL
P'
WELD
TRANSVERSE
~
WELD
Allowable Load
The strength of the welds is a function of the welding procedure and the electrode used.
For carbon steel joints commonly used maximum allowable static load 9,600 (9.6 kips) Ibs
per 1 square inch of the fillet weld leg-area, or 600 Ibs on a Y16" leg x 1" long fillet weld.
For example: the allowable load on a Y4" x 1" long fillet weld 4 x 600 = 2,400 lbs.
Combined Loads
Shear stress and bending or torsional stresses due to eccentric loadings may be combined
vectorially. It is based on the elastic theory and provides a simplified and conservative
method.
459
DEFINmON OF SYMBOLS
Aw = Length of weld, in.
t = Allowable
load on weld, 9.6 kips
per in2 le~-area
M = Bending moment, kips
P = Allowable concentrated axial
load, kips
Sw = Section Modulus of weld lines
Ws
TENSION OR
COMPRESSION
VERTICAL
wi
= -V
Aw
SH~AR
BENDING
+ W/
EXAMPLE #1
Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld is all around 8.5
inches and the tensional load 20 kips.
20,000 lbs.
= ~ ='~=
Aw
8.5
fillet weld
EXAMPLE #2
Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld 12 inches (6" each
side) and the load 9 kips.
9,000 lbs
Sw
Shear Force Ws =
~
12
Sw
62
12 in'
vi
tf
= 3"= 3"=
0.752
2.25 2
9.6
inch.
460
DESIGN
OF
WELDED
JOINTS
d~t_-x
cf
Sw = -6
d2
SW = 3
Sw
Sw (top)
= bd
d (4b
+ d)
d 3 (4b+d)
Sw (bottom) = 6 (2b + d)
(max.stress at bottom)
d2
bd -+6
_ d (2b + d)
Sw ( top ) 3
Sw
d2 (2b+ d)
(bottom) 3 (b + d)
2
'TT d
Sw =4-
461
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
EXAMPLE #1
A platform is supported by 3 equally
spaced channels bolted to lugs. The
floor load is 125 Ibs per square feet.
The other design data are shown in the
figures.
Determine the stresses in the channels
and bolts.
One half of the total load is supported
by the middle channel, thus the stress
conditions only of this channel shall be
investigated.
Area supported by the middle channel:
1947 lbs
4.28
Moment:
1947 x 2.28 x 12 = 53,270 in-lb
Moment of inertia:
I
xx
Ixx
4"1
_ bd 3
12
.b I d? _
12-
2 X 123
12
= -- -
1.75 X 11.53
12
66.206
Section modulus:
= : = 66 206 = 11.034
53,270
S = 11.034 = 4828
- --
::
N
::
.
pSI
53,270
try '/11
bolt; A =0.6013 in 2
6659
= 6659 lb.
= 0.6013 =
11074 psi.
462
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
EXAMPLE #2
A vertical vessel is supported by two
beams.
The weight of the vessel is 20,000 lbs
I = 120 in
Assume pin joint
The load on one beam:
Moment:
M == PI = 10,000 x 120 =
4
4
10'0"
300,000 in.lb
--
Z=M
SA
Assuming for allowable stress, SA: 20,000
psi,
Section modulus:
= 300,000
= 15 in 3
20,000
The section modulus of a wide flange
WF 8 X 20 is 17 in3
Moment of inertia: 69.2
Stress at the center of wide flange:
10,0001bs
..
=M
Z
Deflection:
.6.
= PP
==
481
10,000 X 120
48 x 29,000,000 x 69.2
.1794 in -
3/16
in.
463
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
IV8
IV4
IV2
1%
I
1V8
IV4
IVs
IV2
15fI6
]7/16
I 1V16
r-
IV16
'-
10/)6
1Vi6
11Sf16
I~
113/16
115/16
IVs
2V16
2Y16
~~~b
--~B~~~~GRIP
21!J6
AT ROLLED OR
GAS CUT EDGES
718
IYs
IV,
V8
IV2
Vs
I
I Vs
IV4
IIh
1%
P/8
V2
VB
lY4
IYs
IV,
2
2l,4
IIh
2%
vvl""
('<")
('<")
0
Z
-ill-
- - t-O
~II-
QS
--t-tf)
('<")
('<")
-1,.-. 1"'--l-
-t-
-i LEDGE
DISTANCE
Tensile Stress
Area, in
718
IV8
1l,4
IVs
I V2
Allowable Loads
in Tension
Allowable
Loads in
Shear
4.52
6.69
9.23
12.11
15.27
19.38
23.10
28.11
Single
3.07
4.42
6.01
7.85
9.94
12.27
14.85
17.67
Double
6.14
8.84
12.03
15.71
19.88
24.54
29.70
35.34
-------------NOTES
465
PARTV.
MISCELLANEOUS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Literature............................................................................................... 479
6.
7.
466
ABBREVIATIONS
COMPILED: From 1. ASA Z32.13-1950 ABBREVIATIONS FOR USE
ON DRAWINGS
2. ASA ZlO.1-1941 ABBREVIATIONS FOR
SCIENTIFIC & ENGINEERING TERMS
ADDED:
AB
AISC
ALLOW
ANSI
ASA
API
APPROX
ASB
ASME
ASTM
AVG
bbl
BC
BEV
BLD
BOP
BOT
BRKT
btu
BW
BWG
C
CA
CCW
cfm
CFW
CG
CG
cm
CO
CONC
CPLG
CORR
ALLOW
COUP
CRS
CS
C to C
CTR
cu
cu. ft.
CW
CWT
DC
DEH
DET
DIA
DIAM
DIM
DP
Counter Clockwise
Cubic Foot per
Minute
Continuous Fillet
Weld
Commercial Grade
Center of Gravity
Centimeter
Centerline
Centerline to
Centerline
Company
Concentric
Coupling
Corrosion Allowance
Coupling
Cold Rolled
Steel
Carbon Steel
Cen ter to Cen ter
Center
Cubic
Cubic Foot
Clockwise
Hundred Weight
Downcomer
Double Extra
Heavy
Detail
Diameter
Diameter
Dimension
Design Pressure
467
ABBREVIATIONS (cant.)
DT'L
DWG
EA
EH
EL
ELEV
ELL
ELLIP
EQ
ETC
EXT
F
F-F
F&D
FF
FIG
FIN
FLG
FS
ft
FT3
FW
g
GA
GALV
gal
GG
GOL
gpd
gpm
GR
HVY
HD
HEMIS
HEX
HH
HL
Detail
Drawing
Each
Extra Heavy
Elevation
Elevation
Elbow
Ellipse, Elliptical,
Ellipsoid
Equal, Equally
Et Cetera
External
Fahrenheit
Face to Face
Flanged & Dished
Flat Face
Figure
Finish
Flange
Far Side, Forged
Steel
Foot, Feet
Cubic Foot
Fillet Weld
Gram
Gage
Galvanized
Gallon
Gage Glass
Gage of Outstanding
Leg
Gallon per Day
Gallon per Minute
Grade
Heavy
Head
Hemispherical
Hexagonal
Handhole
Hole
HLA
HLL
HLSD
HR
HT
ID
in
INCL
INS
INT
JE
kg
I
lb
lbf
lbs
LC
LeV
LG
LG
Lin. ft.
LLA
LLC
LLSD
LR
LS
LWN
m
MB
MK
MAT'L
MAWP
MAX
MH
MIN
MK'D
468
ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)
mm
MMSCF
MSCF
MW
N
N&C
NLL
NO
NOM
NPS
NPT
NS
NTS
OA
OD
OR
OSHA
oz
ozs
P
PBE
PC
PeS
PCV
PI
It
PROJ
PSE
psi
psia
psig
Millimeter
Million Standard
Cubic Feet
Thousand Standard
Cubic Feet
Manway
North
New & Cold
Normal Liquid Level
Number
Nominal
National Pipe Size
American National
Taper Pipe Thread
Near Side
Not to Scale
Overall
Ou tside Diameter
Ou tside Radius
Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
Ounce
Ounces
Pressure
Plain Both Ends
Pressure Control
Pieces
Pressure Control
Valve
Pressure Indicator
Plate
Projection
Plain Small End
Pound per Square
Inch
Pound per Square
Inch Absolute
Pound per Square
Inch Gage
RAD
REF
REINF
REPAD
REQ'D
RF
RJ
RTJ
RV
S
SIC
SCF
SCH
SCR
SCR'D
SDV
SERV
Sht.
SF
SHT
SM
SMLS
SO
SPA
SPEC
SPGR
SQ
SR
SS
S-S
SIS
STD
STL
STR
SUPT
SYM
T&B
TC
TBE
Radial
Reference
Reinforcing
Reinforcing Pad
Required
Raised Face
Ring Joint
Ring Type Joint
Relief Valve
Schedule
Shop Coat
Standard Cubic Foot
Schedule
Screw
Screwed
Shu tdown Valve
Service Sheet
Straight Flange
Sheet
Seam
Seamless
Slip On
Spacing
Specification
Specific Gravity
Square
Short Radius
Stainless Steel
Seam to Seam
Standard
Steel
Straddle
Support
Symmetrical
Top & Bottom
Temperature Control
Threaded Both Ends
469
ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)
PSV
R
TEMA
THD
THK
TI
TLE
TOC
TOS
TS
TSE
T-T
TW
TW
TYP
USAS
VA
VOL
WI
WG
WN
W/OUT
WP
WT
XH
XXH
XXSTG
Typical
United States of America Standards Institute
Valve
Volume
With
Water Gallon
Welding Neck
Without
Working Pressure
Weight
Extra Heavy
Double Extra
Heavy
Double Extra
Strong
470
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
471
CODES, STANDDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS
(Continued)
Spec 12F Specification for Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids,
1988
Std. 620 Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large Welded, LowPressure Storage Tanks, 1990
Std. 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 1988
Underwriters Laboritories, Inc. (UL)
No. 142
No. 58
No. 30
No. 58
No. 59
PWING
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
831.1-1998
831.2-1968
831.3-1999
831.4-1998
831.5-2000
83l.8--1999
Power Piping
Fuel Gas Piping
Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping
Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping Systems
Refrigeration Piping with 1978 Addenda
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association, Inc.
Standards, 5th Edition with 1985 Addenda and Practical Guide to Expansion Joints
PWES
American National Standarsa Institute (ANSI)
472
473
474
TABULATION OF THE
ill N
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida'Y
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massach usetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y Y
Y Y
N Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
N Y
Y Y
N Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
N Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
N Y
Y Y
N Y
N Y
N Y
N Y
Y Y
N Y
N Y
Y Y
N Y
Y Y
N Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
N N
N Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
N Y
Y Y
~II(l) ~III(2)
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
y*
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y3
N
Y3
N
Y
Y
Y3
Y
Y
Y3
Y3
Y
N
Y3
Y3
N
N
Y
N
Y3
N
Y3
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y3
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y3
N
Y3
Y
Y
XI
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
EXPLANATION
IV
VIII(1)
Vill(2)
IX
-Heating Boilers
-Pressure Vessels
-Pressure Vessels
-Inservice Inspection
Nuclear
Y - Design and construction shall conform to the
appropriate code section.
Y3 - Denotes Section VIII,
Division 2 and 3.
N - Design and construction is not covered by law.
* - Only portions of code.
SOURCE:
475
TABULA TION OF THE
JURISDICTION
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
New Foundland
& Labrador
Northwest Territories
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Saskatchewan
Yukon Territory
Albuquerque
Buffalo
Chicago
Denver
Des Moines
Detroit
Los Angeles
Miami
Milwaukee
New Orleans
New York
Omaha
St. Joseph
Seattle
Spokane
Tacoma
Tucson
Tulsa
University City
Dade County
Jefferson Parish
St. Louis County
District of Columbia
I
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
IV VIll(l) VIll(2) XI
Y
Y
Y Y
Y3
N
Y Y
N
N
Y Y
Y
Y
Y3
N N
Y
N
N
Y Y
Y
Y
Y
Y Y
Y
Y3
Y
Y Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y3
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
EXPLANATION
The column headings indicate the Sections and
Divisions of ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code.
I -Power Boilers
n -NuclearComponents
N
VIII(l)
VIII(2)
IX
- Heating Boilers
-Pressure Vessels
-Pressure Vessels
-Inservice Inspection
Nuclear
Y - Design and construction shall conform to the
appropriate code section.
476
LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS
SPONSORING OR PUBLISHING CODES AND STANDARDS OR
SPECIFICATIONS DEALING WITH PIPING AND PRESSURE VESSELS
T = Telephone F = Fax E = e-mail W = Website
ABS
American Bureau of Shipping
Two World Trade Center, I 06th Floor
New York, NY 10048 USA
T
F
E
W
212-839-5016
212-839-5208
devans@eagle.org
www.eagle.org
AISG
American Insurance Services Group, Inc.
85 John Street
New York, NY 10038
212-669-0427
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
11 West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10026
API
American Petroleum Institute
1220 L. Street Northwest
Washington, D.C. 20005
F 212-669-0550
E rthonnings@aisg.org
W www.aisg.org
T
212-642-4900
F 212-302-1286
E quote@ansi.org
W www.ansi.org
T
202-682-8375
F 202-962-4776
E publications@api.org
W www.api.org
T
800-548-2723
ASCE
The American Society of Civil Engineers
1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, V A 20191-4400
E marketing@asce.org
W www.pubs.asce.org
ASME
F 973-882-1717
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Material
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, P A 19428
AWWA
American Water Works Association
6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
AWS
American Welding Society
P.O. Box351040
Miami, FL 33135
BSI
British Standards Institution
389 Chiswick High Road
London W44AL
*British Standard Publications are available from
The American National Standards Institute
F 703-295-6333
800-843-2763
E infocentral@asme.org
W www.asme.org
T
610-832-9500
F 610-832-9555
E service@astm.org
W www.astm.org
T
303-794-7711
F 303-347-0804
E
W www.awwa.org
T
800-334-9353
F 305-443-7559
E
W www.aws.org
T 181-996-7474
F 181-996-7048
E
W www.bsi.org.uklbsi
477
LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS
SPONSORING OR PUBLISHING CODES AND STANDARDS OR
SPECIFICATIONS DEALING WITH PIPING AND PRESSURE VESSELS
(Continued)
CSA
Canadian Standards Association
178 Rexdale Blvd.
Etobicoce (Toronto)
ON Canada M9W IR3
T 800-463-6727
F 416-747-2475
E sales@csa.ca
W
T 617-725-7309
F 617-725-6094
E
W www.cuusa.com
CGA
Compressed Gas Association, Inc.
1725 Jefferson Davis Highway, Ste. 1004
Arlington, VA 22202
T
F
E
W
703-412-0900
703-412-0128
customerservice@cganet.com
www.cganet.com
EJMA
Expansion Joint Manufacturers Assoc.
25 North Broadway
Terrytown, NY 10591
T
F
E
W
914-332-0040
914-332-1541
ejma@ejma.org
www.ejma.org
HEI
Heat Exchange Institute, Inc.
1300 Summer Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44115
T
F
E
W
216-241-7333
216-241-0105
hei@taol.com
www.taol.com/hei
ICBO
International Conference of Building Officials
5360 Workman Mill Road
Whittier, CA 90601
T 800-284-4406
F 888-329-4226
E
W www.icbo.org
T
F
E
W
614-888-2463
614-847-1147
orders@nationalboard.org
www.nationalboard.org
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
P.O. Box 91 01, Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02269
800-344-3555
800-593-6372
E
W
T 202-219-4667
F 202-219-9266
E
W
PVRC
Pressure Vessel Research Council
(formerly: Welding Research Council)
3 Park A venue, 27th Floor
New York, NY 10016
T 212-705-7956
F 212-371-9622
E wrc@forengineers.org
W www.forengineers.org/wrc
478
LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS
SPONSORING OR PUBLISHING CODES AND STANDARDS OR
SPECIFICATIONS DEALING WITH PIPING AND PRESSURE VESSELS
(Continued)
Steel Tank Institute
570 Oakwood Road
Lake Zurich, IL 60047
T
F
E
W
TEMA
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers
25 North Broadway
Terrytown, NY 10591
T 914-332-0040
F 914-332-1541
E tema@tema.org
W www.tema.org
SSPC
The Society for Protective Coatings
(formerly: Steel Structure Painting Council)
40 24th Street, 6th Floor
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
T
F
E
W
412-281-2331
412-281-9992
books@sspc.org
www.sspc.org
lL
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
333 Pfingsten Road
Northbrook, IL 60062
T
F
E
W
847-272-8800
847-509-6235
walkerd@ul.com
www.ul.com
T
UBPVLS
Uniform Boiler and Pressure Vessel Laws Society F
E
308 Evergreen Road, Ste. 240
W
Louisville, KY 40243
502-244-6029
502-244-6030
ray@uboiler.com
www.uboiler.com
847-438-8265
847-438-8766
ankiefer@interaccess.com
www.steeltank.com
T 202-267-2967
F 202-267-4816
E comd.uscg.mil
W
T 202-260-5922
F 202-260-6257
E E-pu bl ic-access@epa.gov
W www.epa.gov
479
LITERATURE
1.
2.
3.
R. J. Roark and W. C. Young, Formulas for Stress and Strain, 5th Edition,
1975, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
4.
5.
M. B. Bickel and C. Ruiz, Pressure Vessel Design and Analysis, 1967, Mcmillan
Publishing Co., Inc., New York.
7.
8.
S. S. Gill, The Stress Analysis of Pressure Vessels and Pressure Vessel Components, 1970, Pergamon Press, New York.
9.
10. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis, (Collected Papers), Volume 1, Analysis, 1972, ASME.
11. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis, (Collected Papers), Volume II, Components and Structural Dynamics, 1972, ASME.
12. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis, (Collected Papers), Volume III, Materials and Fabrication, 1976, ASME.
13.
W. Soedel, Vibrations of Shells and Plates, 1981, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York.
14.
15.
480
16. M. Hetenyi, Beams on Elastic Foundation, 1974, The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
17. Foundation Design Handbook (Collected Papers), 1968, Hydrocarbon Processing, Houston, TX.
18. Design of Flanges for Full Face Gaskets, Bulletin No. 45, Taylor Forge &
Pipe Works, Chicago, IL.
19. M. L. Betterley, Sheet Metal Drafting, 1961, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York.
20. M. H. Jawad & J. R. Farr, Structural Analysis and Design ofProcess Equipment. 1984, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
21. Kohan, Anthony Lawrence, Pressure Vessel Systems, 1987 , McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, NY.
22. Moss, Dennis R., Pressure Vessel Design Manual, 1987, Gulf Publishing Co.,
Houston, TX.
481
SUBJECTS
COVERED BY THE WORK(S) LISTED UNDER LITERATURE
(The numbers refer to the work(s) dealing with the subject)
Bending Of Cylindrical Shells -14
Bends, Analysis of Smooth - 6
Bins, Design of- 22
Blind Flanges with Openings - 22
Bolted Joints - 9
Brittle Fracture, Low Stress - 6
Buckling, - 6,10
of Flat and Curved Plates - Formulas-3
Buckling of Shells- 6
Cast Iron Pressure Vessels - 9
Collapse, Fatigue and Incremental- 6
Composite Materials - 12
Computer Analysis of Pressure Vessels- 8
Concrete for Pressure Vessels - 12
Cone, Conical Section when Half Apex
Angle is Greater than 30 - 7
Conical Heads and Reducers - 6
Corrosion - 6,12
Corrosion Resistant Materials - 12
Cracks, Development of - 6
Creep Effects - 8
Cylindrical Shells, Analysis of, - 6
Dead Loads - 7
Deformations in Pressure Vessels, - 3
Design of Flanges - 4
Rectangular Tanks - 4
Tall Stacks - 4
Tall Towers - 7
Discontinuity Stresses - 7, 9
Division 2 of ASME Code Comparison
to Division 1 - 4
Dynamic Stability - 11
Dynamic and Temperature
Stress Formulas - 3
Earthquake Loads -7,22
Economics of Design andConstruction - 9
Elastic Stability - 8
Plates and Shells - Formulas - 3
Elastic Stress Analysis - 6
Elevated Temperature Effects -10,12
Elliptical Opening Stress
Concentration - 9
Expansion Joints, Flanged and Flued - 4
Pipe Segment - 4
External Loads -10
External Pressure; Stress Analysis - 8
Fatigue - 9, 10, 12
Fatigue and Incremental Collapse - 6
Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels - 9
Flange Design - 4
Flange Design & Analysis - 8
Flanged and Flued Expansion Joints - 4
Flanges and Closures - 11
Flanges with Full Face Gasket -18
Flat Closure Plate - 6
Flat Plates - Formulas - 3
Stresses in,- 9
Floating Heads, Stress Analysis of, - 4
Foundation Design - 17
Fracture - 6
Fracture Mechanics -10
Fracture Properties of Materials -12
Heads, Stress Analysis of, - 8, 11
Heat Exchangers, Shell and Tube - 4
High Temperature Materials - 12
Hub Flanges, Rotation of, - 4
Hydrogen Embrittlement - 12
Large Openings in Flat Heads - 22
Large Openings in Cylindrical Shells - 22
Leg Support for Vertical Vessels - 4, 22
Ligament Stresses, Analysis of, - 8
Limit Analysis and Plasticity -10
Lobed Pressure Vessels - 9
Local Loading, Stress Analysis of, - 8, 11
Local Stresses in Vessels - 7, 22
Low Stress Brittle Fracture - 6
Low Temperature Materials -12
Lug Support for Vertical Vessels - 4, 22
Material Selection - 22
Materials for Vessels - 6,7,9
Membrane Stresses - 7, 9
Mitered Bends, Analysis of - 6, 8
Modular Construction - 9
Non-Bolted Closures - 9
Nozzles-11
Nozzles, Intersection Stress Analysis - 8
482
SUBJECTS (continued)
Nozzle Thennal Sleeves - 9
Oblique Nozzles - 6
Perforated Plates and Shells - 11
Pipe Bends, Stress Analysis of, - 8
Pipe Segment Expansion Joints - 4
Pipe Supports at Intervals - Fonnulas - 3
Pipe Loads - 7
Piping Systems, Stress Analysis of, - 6, 11
Plasticity - 10
Plastic Collapse - 6
Plates, Theory and Analysis of - 18
Prestressed Concrete Vessels - 9
Rectangular Tanks, Design of, - 4
Reinforcement of Openings - 7
Ring Support - 22
Rotation of Hub Flanges - 4
Saddle, Design of, - 7
Seismic Analysis - 11
Seismic Design. Vessels Supported by
Legs, Rings, Lugs, - 22
Selection of Materials - 6
Shallow Shells - 14
Sheet Metal Drafting - 19
Shell and Tub Heat Exchangers - 4
Shells of Revolution, Analysis of, - 6
Sliding Supports for Horizontal and
Vertical Vessels - 7
Spherical Shells, Analysis of, - 6
Stress and Strain Due to Pressure on or
Between Elastic Bodies - Fonnulas - 3
Stress Concentration - 9
483
DEFINITIONS
Automatic Welding - Welding with equipment which performs the entire welding operation without constant observation and adjustment of the controls by an operator. The
equipment mayor may not perform the
loading and unloading of the work.
Ba:king -
on
484
485
metal to form a continuously cast ingot between the joint faces. Used in pressure vessel
construction when back of the welding is not
accessible. All butt welds joined by electroslag
welding shall be examined radiographically for
their full length. (Code UW-ll) (a) (6)
Endurance Limit (Fatigue Strength) - By
endurance limit of a material is usually meant
the maximum stress which can be reversed an
indefinitely large number of times without producing fracture.
Erosion-Corrosion - Attack on a metal surface resulting from the combined effects of
erosion and corrosion.
Expansion Joint - A joint whose primary purpose is not to join pipe but to absorb that
longitudinal expansion in the pipe line due to
heat.
Factor of Safety - The ratio of the load that
would cause failure of a member or structure,
to the load that is imposed upon it in service.
Fatigue - Tendency of materials to fracture
under many repetitions of a stress considerably
less than the ultimate static strength.
Fiber Stress - A term used for convenience to
denote the longitudinal tensile or compressive
stress in a beam or other member subject to
bending. It is sometimes used to denote this
stress at the point or points most remote from
the neutral axis, but the term stress in extreme
fiber is preferable for this pupose. Also, for
convenience, the longitudinal elements or
filaments of which a beam may be imagined as
-composed are called fibers.
Fillet Weld -
[:OU
1tks
A weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to
each other.
The effective stress-carrying
area of a fillet weld is
assumed to be the product
of the throat dimension
and the length of the weld.
Fillet welds are specified
by their leg dimension.
486
The throat dimension of an equal legged fillet
weld is 0.707 times the leg dimension.
Fillet welds may be employed as strength welds
for pressure parts of vessels within the limitations given in Table UW-12 of the Code. The
allowable load on fillet welds shall equal the
product of the weld area (based on minimum
leg dimension), the allowable stress value in
tension of the material being welded, and a
joint efficiency of 55010. (Code UW-18) The
allowable stress values for fillet welds attaching
nozzles and their reinforcements to vessels are
(in shear) 49010 of stress value for the vessel
material. (Code (UW-lS)
Filler Metal - Material to be added in making
a weld.
Full Fillet Weld - A fillet weld whose size is
equal to the thickness of the thinner member
joined.
Gage Pressure - The amount by which the
total absolute pressure exceeds the ambient atmospheric pressure.
GaIYanizinR - Applying a coating of zinc to
ferrous articles. Application may be by hot dip
process or electrolysis.
Gas Welding - A group of welding processes
wherein coalescence is produced by heating
with a gas flame with or without application of
pressure and with or without the use of filler
metal.
Gate Valve - A valve employing
a gate, often wedge-shaped,
allowing fluid to flow when the
gate is lifted from the seat. Such
valves have less resistance to flow
than globe valves.
Globe Valve - One with a
somewhat globe shaped body
with a manually raised or
lowered disc which when closed
rests on a seat so as to prevent
passage of a fluid.
Graphitization - Precipitation of carbon in
the form of graphite at grain boundaries, as occurs if carbon steel is in service long enough
above 775F, and C-MQ steel above 875F.
487
Letbal Substances - Poisonous gases or liquids of such a nature that a very small amount
of the gas or of the vapor of the liquid is
dangerous to life when inhaled. It is the responsibility of the user of the vessel to determine
that the gas or liquid is lethal. (Code UW-2)
Ligament - The section of solid material in a
tube sheet or shell between adjacent holes.
Lined Vessel - A vessel having a corrosion
resistant lining attached intermittently to the
488
489
r$J
.r-?h
"
Pressure Welding - A group of welding processes wherein the weld is completed by use of
pressure.
490
Scarf - Edge preparation; preparing the contour on the edge of a member for welding.
Single-Welded Butt Joint - A butt joint welded from one side only.
tightness.
491
Din
I'
492
welding rod.
Tack Weld - A weld made to hold parts of a
weldment in proper alignment until the final
welds are made.
Tee Joint - A welded joint at the junction of
two parts located approximately at right angles
to each other in the form of aT.
(see UO-25).
3. The "nominal thickness" is the thickness
selected as commercially availble, and as supplied to the manufacturer; it may exceed the
design thickness. (Code UA-60)
Throat - See under Fillet Weld.
Tolerances - For plates the maximum permissible undertolerance is the smaller value of
0.01 in. or 6% of the design thickness. (Code
UO-16)
The manufacturing undertolerance on wall
thickness of heads: pipes and pipefittings shall
be taken into account and the next heavier
commercial wall thickness may then be used.
Test Pressure - The requirements for determining the test pressure based on calculations
are outlined in UO-99(c) for the hydrostatic
test and in UO-lOO(b) for the pneumatic test.
The basis for calculated test pressure in either
of these paragraphs is the highest permissible
internal pressure as determined by the design
formulas, for each element of the vessel using
nominal thicknesses with corrosion allowances
included and using the allowable stress values
for the temperature of the test. (Code UA-60)
Thermal Fatigue - The development of cyclic
thermal gradients producing high cyclic thermal stresses and subsequent local cracking of
material.
Thermal Stress - A self-balancing stress produced by a nonuniform distribution of
temperature or by differing thermal coefficients of expansion. Thermal stress is
developed in a solid body whenever a volume
of material is prevented from assuming the size
and shape that it normally should under a
change in temperature.
Thickness of Vessel Wan
I. The "required thickness' is that computed by the formulas in this Division, before
corrosion allowance is added (see UO-22).
2. The "design thickness' is the sum of the
required thickness and the corrosion allowance
Ultrasonic Examination (UT) - a nondestructive means for locating and identifying internal
discontinuitis by detecting the reflections they
produce of a beam of ultrasonic vibrations
(Code UA-60)
Undercut - A groove melted into the base
metal adjacent to the toe of a weld and left unfilled by weld metal.
Unit Strain - Unit tensile strain is the elongation per unit length; unit compressive strain is
the shortening per unit length; unit shear strain
is the change in angle (radians) between two
lines originally at right angles to each other.
Unit Stress - The amount of stress per unit of
area.
Vessel- A container or structural envelope in
which materials are processed, treated, or
stored; for example, pressure vessels, reactor
vessels, agitator vessels, and storage vessels
(tanks).
Weaving - A technique of depositing weld
metal in which the electrode is oscillated from
side to side.
Weld - A localized coalescence of metal produced by fusion with or without use of filler
metal, and with or without application of
pressure.
493
Weld Metal - The metal resulting from the fusion of the base metal and the filler metal.
Welding - The metal joining process used in
making welds.
In the construction of vessels the welding processes are restricted by the Code (UW -27) as
follows:
1. Shielded metal are, submerged are, gas
metal arc. gas tungsten are, plasma are, atomic
hydrogen metal are, oxyfuel gas welding, electroslag, and electron beam.
2. Pressure welding processes: flash, induction, resistance, pressure thermit, and pressure
gas.
Welding Procedure - The materials, detailed
methods and practices involved in the production of a welded joint.
Welding Rod -
494
INDEX
Abbreviations ..................................... 466
Abrasion ............................................. 483
Absolute pressure .............................. 483
Access opening, tickness of.. ............. 140
Allowable load on saddle .................. 110
Allowable pressure ........................ 18-25
Allowable pressure, flanges ................ 28
Allowable stresses for
non-pressure parts ........................ 449
Allowances of plate bending ............. 236
Alloy .................................................. 483
Anchor bolt design ........................ 77-84
Angle joint ......................................... 483
Angle valves ...................................... 366
definition ...................................... 483
Annealing ........................................... 483
API 650 tanks .................................... 204
API 12F tanks .................................... 203
Appurtenances,
Preferred locations ....................... 241
Arc welding ....................................... 483
Area of circles .................................... 300
Planes ............................................ 258
Area of surface,
Cylindrical shell head ................... 425
ASME flanged and dished
head, allowable pressure .......... 20-24
Dimension of .............:.................. 335
External pressure ............................ 34
Internal pressure ....................... 20-24
Automatic welding ............................ 483
Backing .............................................. 483
Base ring design ............................ 79-83
Beam formulas ................................... 455
Bend allowances
of steel plate ................................. 236
Bending of pipe and tube .................. 234
Bent pipe ............................................ 280
Boiler and pressure
vessel laws .................................... 474
Bolted connections ............................ 463
Bolts, weight of ................................. 412
Brittle fracture ................................... 483
Brittleness .......................................... 483
Bushing .............................................. 483
Butt Weld ........................................... 483
Capacities of fabrication .................... 232
Carbon steel, properties of ................ 186
Center of gravity ................................ 452
Centigrade, conversion
to fahrenheit .................................. 444
Centroid of an area ............................ 484
Chain intermittent
fillet weld ...................................... 484
495
496
Flat head wall thickness ...................... 26
Frustrum of concentric cone .............. 276
eccentric cone .............................. 279
Fuel gas piping .................................. 208
Full fillet weld ................................... 486
Gage pressure ..................................... 486
Gallons to liters, conversion .............. 439
Galvanized Sheet, weight of.. ............ 399
Galvanizing ........................................ 486
Gas transmission piping .................... 210
Gas welding ....................................... 486
Gaskets, chemical resistance of ......... 224
Gate valve .......................................... 486
dimensions ................................... 365
General specifications ....................... 243
Geometrical constructions ................. 268
formulas ....................................... 258
problems ....................................... 268
Girth seam formula .............................. 16
Globe valve ........................................ 486
dimensions ................................... 366
Graphitization .................................... 486
Groove weld ....................................... 486
Heads ................................................. 334
definition ...................................... 486
volume of ..................................... 416
weight of ...................................... 375
Heat treatment .................................... 486
Hemispherical head, allowable
pressure .................................... 18, 22
area of surface .............................. 425
dimensions of ............................... 335
external pressure ............................ 34
wall thickness for
internal pressure .................. 18, 22
High-alloy steel .................................. 486
Hinge .................................................. 314
Hydrogen brittleness .......................... 486
Hydrostatic test .................................. 486
Hydrostatic test presssure .................... 15
Hydrostatic test pressure
for flanges ...................................... 28
Impact stress ...................................... 486
test ................................................ 486
Inches to millimeters,
conversion .................................... 431
Inspection opening ............................ 123
Inspector's checklist ........................... 255
Insulation, weight of.. ........................ 414
Intermittent weld ................................ 487
Internal pressure ............................ 15, 18
Intersection of cone
and cylinder .................................. 285
of cylinders ........................... 282-284
497
498
499