SERVICEABILITY
Flexural Cracks, Beam Deflection
Related to Chapter 6, Textbook (Nilson)
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)
Goals
Serviceability
Flexural Cracks
Beam deflection
Types of Cracks:
40000
40000
=
s 15
2.5cc 12
ACI Equation 10-4
fs
f s Nilson Textbook 6.3
2
f s = Computed tensile stress at working load (or f y )
3
cc = Clear cover of the nearest surface in tension to the
surface of the tensile reinforcement in inch.
w = 0.076 f s d c A
3
w
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)
fs
s
2
2000
dc +
Es
2
f
s
=
w 2000 s d c2 +
Es
2
Example (Cont.):
w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A
w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A
Example (Cont.):
Ec = 57000
Ec = 3122.0186 ksi
Icr = 13669.0831 in
=
hy
dy
h = 27 in
d = 24 in
dc = h d
A =
= 1.2003
n =
2( h d ) b
3
fc psi
= 2.5
Es
n = 9.2889
Ec
kip
Distributed Load
ft
moment =
fs =
Lb
n moment ( d y )
Icr
w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A
w = 0.0143 in
A = 32 in
d c = 3 in
fs = 34.3525 ksi
w = 0.000076
in
kip
fs d c A
10
w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A
Example (Cont.):
Icr = 14325.622 in
hy
d = 24 in
dc = h d
A =
2( h d ) b
5
= 1.2034
dy
moment =
fs =
h = 27 in
Lb
= 2.5
Distributed Load
ft
n moment ( d y )
Icr
w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A
w = 0.0114 in
kip
A = 19.2 in
d c = 3 in
fs = 32.2724 ksi
w = 0.000076
in
kip
fs d c A
11
w = 0.076 f s 3 d c A
Example (Cont.):
hy
dy
h = 27 in
d = 24 in
dc = h d
A =
2( h d ) b
6
= 1.2006
= 2.5
kip
Distributed Load
ft
moment =
fs =
Lb
n moment ( d y )
Icr
w = 0.076 f s d c A
3
w = 0.0113 in
A = 16 in
d c = 3 in
fs = 34.1457 ksi
w = 0.000076
in
kip
fs d c A
12
Example (Cont.):
Calculating flexural crack width using (Frosch Equation)
for the two cases:
fs
s
2
=
dc +
w 2000
Es
2
16-2 3
0.6 60
in.
5
For 3#11 bars, s=
= 5 in., w= 2000
1.2 32 + = 11.63
2
29000
1000
2
2
w=
0.0116 in. < 0.012 in. O.K.-but very close to the limit!
16-2 3
0.6 60
in.
2
= 2 in., w= 2000
For 6#8 bars, s=
1.2 32 + = 9.42
5
29000
1000
2
2
=
w 0.0094 in. 0.01< 0.012 in. O.K.
13
Example (Cont.):
Calculating flexural crack width using (Frosch Equation) for the two cases,
with exact calculated values for fs, etc, for 3#11 bars:
Frosch Method:
A b = 1.56 in
nb = 3
fs
s
2
2000
dc +
Es
2
fs = 34355.1992 psi
wf = 2000
fs
Es
2
dc +
= 1.2003
b 2cover
nb 1
s = 5 in
d c = 3 in
1
2 1000
s
s =
wf = 0.0111 in
14
Example (Cont.):
Calculating flexural crack width using (Frosch Equation) for the two cases,
with exact calculated values for fs, etc, for 6#8 bars:
Frosch Method:
A b = 0.79 in
nb = 6
fs
s
2000
d c2 +
Es
2
fs = 33944.0276 psi
wf = 2000
fs
Es
2
dc +
= 1.2009
b 2cover
nb 1
s = 2 in
d c = 3 in
1
2 1000
s
s =
wf = 0.0089 in
15
SERVICEABILITY
Flexural Cracks, Beam Deflection
Deflection Control
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)
16
Deflection Control
Reasons to Limit Deflection
(1) Visual Appearance > 1 l are generally visible
( 25 ft. span
1.2 in. )
250
17
Allowable Deflections
ACI Table 9.5(a) = min. thickness unless s are
computed, Beams or One-Way Slabs
ACI Table 9.5(b) = max. permissible computed
deflection
18
19
20
21
Allowable Deflections
Flat Roofs (no damageable Non-Structural elements
supported)
LL(inst )
l
180
LL(inst )
360
22
Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements
480
l
240
23
24
25
NA
As
(n-1)As
yA
y=
A
I = I + ( y y )
i
n=
Es
Ec
Ai
Un-cracked
I = I i + ( yi y ) Ai
2
N.A.
dy
nAs
by 3 y
2
=
+ by + ( d y ) nAs
12 2
by 3
2
=
+ ( d y ) nAs
3
26
M
M
Brandon=
I e cr I gt + 1 cr I cr
derived:
M a
Ma
a
f r I gt
yt
= Moment of inertia of transformed cross-section
fr
27
M cr
M cr
=
Ie
I g + 1
I cr
M a
Ma
a
28
M cr
M cr
=
Ie
I g + 1
I cr (ACI 9-8)
M a
Ma
3
M cr
or: I e = I cr + ( I g I cr )
Ma
where: M cr =
f rI g
yt
f r = 7.5 f c'
(ACI 9-9)
(ACI 9-10)
29
M
EI
slope =
= EI
30
31
Modulus of Elasticity
For wc = 90 to 155 lb/ft3
Ec = c1.5 33 f c
( psi )
Ec = 57000 f c
( psi )
32
33
34
1 end continous :
I e( mid )
I e@=
midspan, I e1 I=
I e@ end 2
e @ end 1, I e2
I e at the center, same for all the beam for simply supported
I e at the support, same for all the beam for catilever
35
36
2
by + nAs y= by + nAs d
by + nAs d
2
y
A
i i
2
=
y=
2
b
y
nA
A
+
0
i
s
y + nAs y nAs d =
2
2nAs
2nAs d
2
0
Solve for the quadratic for y y + b y b =
37
y +
2
2nAs
2nAs d
=0
b
b
1 3
2
I cr = by + nAs (d y )
3
Note:
n=
Es
Ec
38
y +
2
=0
I cr = by + (n 1)As ( y d ) + nAs (d y )
3
1
Note:
n=
Es
Ec
39
y +
2
bw
(
be bw ) t 2 + 2(n 1)As + 2nAs d
=0
bw
40
1
t 1
3
3
I=
be y + bet y + bw ( y t )
cr
12
2
3
beam
flange
+ ( n 1) As ( y d ) + nAs ( d y )
steel
41
42
43
44
45
46
Load Deflections
I e at the center, same for all the beam for simply supported
I e at the support, same for all the beam for catilever
3
M 3
M cr
cr
=
Ie
I g + 1
I cr
M
M
a
a
For instantaneous dead load deflection use the Ma to find Ie and the proper
equation to get the deflection
D ( Inst )
For dead load and live load use the Ma (under both dead and live loads) to
find Ie and the proper equation to get the deflection for both
D( inst ) + L(inst )
For instantaneous live load deflection, deduct the instantaneous dead load
deflection from above
47
Curvature
increases
Increase in compressive
strains cause increase in
stress in compression
reinforcement (reduces
creep strain in concrete)
48
1 + 50
Instantaneous deflection
(Eq. 9-11)
ACI 9.5.2.5
As
bd
50
Instantaneous deflection
For concrete strengths 4000 psi and above (called HighStrength Concrete, HSC), test results have shown that the
following equation is more realistic:.
=
1 + 50
f c
Where: = 1.4 10, 000
0.4 1.0
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)
51
2.0
1.4
1.2
1.0
52
total
=
D( inst ) + L( inst )
+ D( L.T.) + L( L.T.)
after attachment of
total
N/S
component
s
= total D(inst )
Note that this is the total deflection that can happen AFTER we attach
the N/S (Non Structural) parts (excluding the instantanious dead load
deflection happend at the very beginning!)
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)
53
LT(
D+ L
For deflection after the initial dead load deflection (because that is what
to be considered in 3rd and 4th parts of ACI Table 9.5 (b):
LT
=
L + D + t SL( sustained portion of LL )
54
55
56
Example 1:
=
E c 57000
=
3000 3122018 psi=3122 ksi
E s 29000
E s = 29000 ksi n =
=
9
Ec
3122
=
f r 7.5
=
f c 7.5 =
3000 410.79 psi
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)
57
Example 1(Cont.):
3
M 3
M cr
cr
=
Ie
=
wD
I g + 1
I cr (ACI 9-8)
M
M
a
a
1=
klf, wL 0.7 klf
y
= 9 3 (17 y ) 6 y 2 = 459 27 y
2
(Note: area of each bar=1.0 in 2 ) y =
6.78 in.
1
3
2
Icr = 12 ( 6.78 ) + 27 (10.22 ) =4067 in.4
3
(12 y )
58
Example 1(Cont.):
ACI Equation 9-8
3
M 3
M cr
cr
=
Ie
I g + 1
I cr (ACI 9-8)
M
M
a
a
wD + L = 1.7 klf
59
Example 1(Cont.):
D + SL
D + SL
D + SL
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)
60
Example 1(Cont.):
Total = D + L + D + 3 years SL
Total
= 0.467 + 2 0.245 + 1.8 0.07
= 1.083 in.
KSU. CE 544, (Dr. Asad Esmaeily)
61
Homework
62