etermine the bubblepoint of the mixture shown at 4.

0 MPa [580 psia] assuming that

the C + fraction has the properties of C 8. This is a trial-and-error solution. One must
7
guess a temperature, find K j , and calculate L Kjxj. The right temperature has been
assumed when :LKxj = 1.0 (or 100).

Comp
CO 2.
H 2S

Kx' = Yj

1.25

1.50

1.88

0.50

0.41

0.21
74.33

XI

I
I
I

C1

21.36

3.48

C2

36.78

0.58

C3

10.21

0.16

iC 4

6.38

0.063

0.40

nC 4

9.84

0.043

0.42

iC s

2.63

0.017

0.04

nC s

4.01

0.012

0.048

C6

3.90

0.0036

0.014

3.14

0.00033

0.001

C7 +

21.33
1.63

The solution above is

-14 DC [7DF].
Since
than mol fractions are
column should sum to

the final try at T =

percentages rather
used, the right-hand
100.

100.30

Compo
CO 2
H 2S
C1

C2

Dete~ine the dew~;)int of the mixture shown at 4.0 MPa [580 psia], assuming the C +
fractIOn has the properties of C 8.

7
I

Vi

1.25
I

I
i
I
I
,

0.50
21.36
36.78

C3

10.21

iC 4

6.38

nC 4

9.84

iC s

2.63

y/K

4.83 ~
2.38

0.21

6.36

3.36

2.84

12.95

1.57

6.50

1.02

6.25

0.86

11.44

0.55

0.26

4.78

nC s

4.01

0.49

8.18

C6

3.90

0.28

13.93

C7 +

3.14

0.097

32.37
100.23

The results above are for an

assumed temperature of 153 D C. It
is obtained after a series of trials.
Previous trials were made at: 120,
139 and 150D C.

rI
.
:~~n~:: .~~~! .~.~~

C~lculate

the canalyses and quantities of vapor and liquid for a flash at 4.0 MPa [580
pSIa] and 100 C [212 C F]. Use the K values in Appendix SA.

-~~; ~.~~
!

:._=z'_-+~

. Compo

I !

C1

21.36

C2

36.78

2.160

i 21.974
.
I 22.535

C3

10.21

1.030

iC 4

6.38

nC4

4.439

26.413

19.427

41. 0 k.')

0.299

9.979

10.279

0.600

-3.688

9.220

5.532.

9.84

0.490

-8.264

16.203

7.940

iC 5

2.63

0.280

-4.250

5.903

1.653

nC s

4.01

0.240

-7.348

9.668

2.320

C6

3.90

0.120

-10.646

12.098

1.452

3.14

' .0.031

-11.987

,12.370 1_~_0c.....3:..c:8:.::..3_.J

~_Cl:t:._

5.950

c./l.l

.
I

~~--'--=--:'--+-

0.000

100.000 . 100.000

The 1st step IS

. to assume a V or L. The table reflects the end result of several trials for V

;((;'\

=0.770.

At what temperature will a hydrate form for pure methane at a pressure

~ of 1,000psia? And what are the compositions of the coexisting phases at this
pressure? Express the water content of the gas in IbIMMCF.
;.
Convert 1,000psia to MPa:
1,000 x 0.101325/14.696 = 6.895MPa
From Table 2-2, the hydrate temperature lies between 7.5 and 10.0C. Lin
early interpolatf~'J yields a temperature of 9.5C, which converts to 49F.
Interpolating the compositions gives:
Aqueous:
Vapor:
Hydrate:

0.18 mol% CRt

CW25 mol% H20
14.4mol% CRt

Converting the water content ofthe gas to lb/MMCF, assuming standard con
ditions are 60F and 14.696psi, then the volume of lIb-mol of gas is:
V = nRT/P = (lXI0.73X460+ 60)/14.696 = 379.7fe
Then converting from mole fraction to IblMMCF gives:
3

(0.025/100)lb-mol water/379.7ft x 18.015Ib/lb-mol

:::...000001191b/ft

Therefore the gas in eqU']'b

.
.
I I num With the h d
water per mi1lion standard c b' C".
Y rate contains about 12tb of
U IC leet of gas.

Use the gravity method to calculate the pressure at which a hydrate will
form at 14.2C for the following mixture:
C~

CO2
H2S

-tc \

0.820
0.126
0.054

The experimental value is 4.56MPa.

~
Calculate the molar mass of the gas mixture:

0.820 x 16.043 + 0.126 x 44.011 + 0.054 x 34.082

= 20.541

y == 20.541128.966 == 0.709
From Figure 3-2 we read slightly less than 4.0 MPa-very good agreement,
especially considering that this is a sour gas.

2.

Repeat the previous calculation using the K-factor method.

:.
As a first guess, assume that the pressure is 4 MPa, selected
because of ease of reading the chart; however, the values for CO2 must be
extrapolated at this pressure. A second iteration is performed at 5 MPa.
The iterations are summarized in the following table. The charts are not
easily read to a greater accuracy than approximatley 1 MPa, so there is no
point in repeating the iteration beyond this seemingly crude level.

4MPa

i-:

SMPa

Kt

yIK.

Kt

yIK.

C~

1.5

0.547

1.35

0.607

CO2

~3

0.042

0.063

H1S

0.21

0.257

0.18

0.300

sum =

0.846

sum =

0.970

Linearly extrapolating from the results in the table yields 5.24 MPa. The
result is somewhat greater than the experimental value. A significant portion
of this error lies in one's ability to read the charts. This includes the need to
extrapolate some of the curves.

Estimate the hydrate temperature for the following mixture at 5 MPa

using the Baillie-Wichert chart.
86.25mol%
methane

6.06%

ethane

2.97%

propane

isobutane
0.31%

0.63%
n-butane

0.20%

pentanes
0.02%

hexanes

1.56%

CO 2

2.00%

R-cS
First estimate the molar mass and gravity of the gas by multi
I' the mole fraction of a component times that molar mass of the com
p ymg
d then summing all of these quantities. Therefore:
ponent an \
methane
ethane
propane
isobutane
n-butane
pentanes
hexanes
CO2

H2 S

0.8625 x
0.0606 x
0.0297 x
0.0031 x
0.0063 x
0.0020 x
0.0002 x
0.0156 x
0.0200 x

16.043 = 13.887

30.070 = 1.822

44.097 = 1.310

58.125 =0.180

58.125 =0.366

72.150 =0.144

86.177 0.017

44.010 =0.687

34.080 = 0.682

M = 19.045g1mol
y=Ml28.966

= 19.0145/28.966 = 0.6575

Enter the main chart along the sloping axis at 5 MPa and go across to the
2 mol% H2 S curve (the second of the family of curves). From that point, you
go I\traight down until you reach the 0.6575 gravity point. Then you follow
the sloping lines down to the temperature axis. This value is the base tem
perature. In this case, the base temperature is about 16.7C.
Now go to the temperature correction chart in the upper left. Enter the
chart at 2 mol% H2S and move across to the 2.97 mol% propane (essentially
3 mol%). From that point, you go down to the 5 MPa curve. This is on the
right side of the chart, so you go to the right axis. At that point, you read
that the temperature correction is +1.5C-a positive value because it comes
from the right half of the correction chart.
The hydrate temperature is the sum of these two terms:
Thy<! = 16.7 + 1.5 = 18.2C