HSLA, DUAL PHASE & MARAGING STEEL

What is alloy Steel?

Carbon Steel contains 1.2% C + Mn, Si, Cu,S ,P
Alloy steels are Carbon Steel+Ni+Cr+Mo+Mn+Si+Va+Co. Some cases Co+Cu+Pb are
used.
Effect of Alloying Element:
Formation of Graphite from Iron

Si, Co, Al,Ni

Making Solid Solution to enhance the

Strength

Si, Mo, Cr, Ni, Mn

Forming Hard Carbides from Fe and C

Cr, W, Ti,Va,Mo,Mn

Stabilizing Austenite Phase

Mn, Ni, Co, Cu

Stabilizing Ferrite

Cr, W, Mo, V, Si

HSLA/DP/MA Steel Su
About ALLOYING Element
Aluminium:0-2%
Increase resistance in Oxidation , Scaling and Grain Growth
Chromium: 0.3%- 4.0%
Improves wear, Oxidation ,
ductility,increase Grain Growth

Scaling

resistance

and

hardenability,reduce

12%- 30%: For production of Stainless Steel with Ni

Cobalt:Produce hard tough cutting steel (HSS)
Copper: 0.2% - 0.5%
Improves Corrosion resistance and yield strength of low alloy steel
Lead: 0-2.5%
Increase machinability in non alloy low carbon steel
Manganese: 0.3%- 1.5%
ALWAYS PRESENT IN STEEL TO REDUCE THE
NEGETIVE EFFECT OF IMPURITIES carried out from production process.
Upto1% - hardening agent
1%- 2%:improves strength and toughness
More than 5%: non magneti

Upto 12.5%:Self Hardening

Nickel:0.2%-5%-improves strength , toughness, hardenability with out changing
ductility
5%: provide high fatigue resistence
Ni & Cr HAVE OPPOSING PROPERTIES
Molybdenum:0.3%- 0.5%, stabilizes carbides and promotes grain refinement,
increase high temparature strength , creep resistence and hardenability
Phosphorous/Silicon:
Improve machinability, large quantity improves fluidity in cast steels
Titanium:
0.2%-0.75% using in MARAGING STEELS to make them age hardening with
resulting High strength
Tungsten:
Main alloying elements in High Speed Tool Steel Constituent in permanent
Magnetic Steel
Vanadium:
Carbide forming element and de-oxidiser Used with Ni and/ Cr to increase strength.
Improves fatigue properties of Hardened Steel.
MARAGING STEEL
The origin of the name is : Mar (tensile) + Age(hardening)
HSLA/DP/MA Steel Sujoy Paul -ME CIM 9
What is MARAGING STEEL?
HIGH STRENGTH STEEL with LOW CARBON CONTENT. Use of
SUBSTITUTIONL ELEMENTS to produce HARDENING from formation of NiMRTENSITE Contain 18% Ni with Mo,Co,Ti,Al, ALMOST NO CARBON.
How to get MARAGING STEEL?
Can be STRENGTHENED by a PRECIPITATION REACTION at a relatively Low
Temparature This is a metallurgical reaction that does NOT INVOLVE CARBON Using
intermetallic compounds such as Ni3Ti and Ni3Mo which precipitates at 500o C NO
REAL BENEFIT of Carbon content
Because..
Possibility of formation of Titanium Carbide Which can ADVERSELY AFFECT
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES A HIGH Strength Maraging Steel can have 0.2% proof
stress of 1930MPa and UTS of 2068MPa with an elongation of 4%
Properties of MARAGING STEEL:

Excellent Weldability
Higher Fracture Toughness than that of conventional High Strength Steel
Easy to machine
Easy to Heat- Treat
So, Cost Savings result in Component Production compensates high cost of
the Steel
HSLA Steel
`High Strength Low Alloy Steels are a group of low carbon steels. Contains small
amount of alloying elements to attain Yield Strength in excess of 550MPA Obtaining
better Mechanical Properties by Grain Refining and Precipitation Hardening
Application of HSLA Steel:
Oil and Gas Pipeline, Automotive sub-frame, Offshore structure, Ship building etc.
Because of Superior Mechanical Properties, more strength to weight ratio than
conventional low carbon steel
Constituents of HSLA Steel:
0.06% to 0.12% of Carbon
0.4% to 2.5% Mn
Strengthened by small addition of Columbium, Copper, Vanadium & Titanium with some
special rolling and cooling technique
Improved formability HSLA Steel:.contains
Zirconium
Calcium
Rare earth elements.
Six Categories of HSLA Steel
Weathering steel- Alloying element Cu+ P
Microalloyed Ferrite- Pearlitic Steel Niobium, Vanadium,Titanium
As Rolled Pearlitic Steels Mn+other alloying elements
Acicular Ferrite Steel low carbon steel with high yield strength, weldability,
formability
Dual Phase Steel: Good combination of ductility and high tensile strength
Inclusion Shape Controlled Steel: calcium+zirconium+titanium
Categories are not necessarily distinct Grouping
Some more on HSLA Steel
1.Copper imparts precipitation strengthening in this steels
2.Because Carbon is lower(C<0.07wt pct)in this steel, they have better weldability and
hence less fabrication cost. The as-quenched micro structure can be anything of fully
maretnsite mixed microstructure(Martensite+Bainite) fully Bainite
HSLA application requirement also includes:

Thickness Reduction
Corrosion Resistance
Formability
Effect of Micro-alloy addition
Microalloyed HSLA Steel:
Presence of micro-alloying element + Austenite conditioning( Complex effect of
alloy design + Rolling Technique)
Various types of Microalloyed Ferrite-Pearlite Steels
Vanadium-microalloyed steels
Niobium microalloyed steels
Niobium molybdenum steels
Vanadium niobium microalloyed steels
Vanadium nitrogen microalloyed steel
Titanium microalloyed steels etc.
Dual Phase Steel: Dual Phase Steels are matrix of fine ferrite containing small islands
of martensite. The hard martensite particles provide substantial strengthening. The
ductile ferrite matrix gives good Formability
Dual Phase Benefits:
No Spheroidisation Anneal
No Quench and Temper Treatment
No Post Q & T de-scaling Necessary
TRIP Steel: Transformation induced plasticity TRIP
The newest development of AHSS Better Ductility at a given strength level than other
AHSS Enabling higher Formability.
Retained Austenite (a ductile high temparature phase of iron) Martensite(tougher pase)
during deformation. Final parts are stronger than the initial material.