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R E F E R E N C E PA G E 1

Cut here and keep for reference

ALGEBRA

GEOMETRY

Arithmetic Operations

Geometric Formulas
a
c
ad # bc
# !
b
d
bd
a
b
a
d
ad
! ! !
c
b
c
bc
d

a!b # c" ! ab # ac
a#c
a
c
! #
b
b
b

Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:

Triangle

Circle

Sector of Circle

A ! 12 bh

A ! "r 2

A ! 12 r 2%

C ! 2" r

s ! r % !% in radians"

! 12 ab sin %
a

Exponents and Radicals

xm
! x m$n
xn
1
x$n ! n
x

x m x n ! x m#n
!x m"n ! x m n

#$
x
y

!xy"n ! x n y n
n
x 1'n ! s
x

xn
yn

n
n
x m'n ! s
x m ! (s
x )m

&

n
n
n
xy ! s
xs
y
s

Sphere
V ! 43 " r 3

Cylinder
V ! " r 2h

Cone
V ! 13 " r 2h

A ! 4" r 2

A ! " rsr 2 # h 2

n
x
x
s
! n
y
sy

r
r

Factoring Special Polynomials

x 2 $ y 2 ! !x # y"!x $ y"
x 3 # y 3 ! !x # y"!x 2 $ xy # y 2"
x 3 $ y 3 ! !x $ y"!x 2 # xy # y 2"

Distance and Midpoint Formulas

Binomial Theorem
!x # y"2 ! x 2 # 2xy # y 2

!x $ y"2 ! x 2 $ 2xy # y 2

Distance between P1!x1, y1" and P2!x 2, y2":

d ! s!x 2 $ x1"2 # ! y2 $ y1"2

!x # y"3 ! x 3 # 3x 2 y # 3xy 2 # y 3
!x $ y"3 ! x 3 $ 3x 2 y # 3xy 2 $ y 3
!x # y"n ! x n # nx n$1y #
# ))) #
where

#$

n!n $ 1" n$2 2

x y
2

#$

n n$k k
x y # ) ) ) # nxy n$1 # y n
k

n!n $ 1" ) ) ) !n $ k # 1"

n
!
k
1 ! 2 ! 3 ! ))) ! k

Midpoint of P1 P2 :

x1 # x 2 y1 # y2
,
2
2

Lines
Slope of line through P1!x1, y1" and P2!x 2, y2":

Quadratic Formula

m!

If ax 2 # bx # c ! 0, then x !

$b ( sb 2 $ 4ac
.
2a

y2 $ y1
x 2 $ x1

Point-slope equation of line through P1!x1, y1" with slope m:

Inequalities and Absolute Value

y $ y1 ! m!x $ x1"

If a & b and b & c, then a & c.

Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:

If a & b, then a # c & b # c.

If a & b and c ' 0, then ca & cb.

y ! mx # b

If a & b and c & 0, then ca ' cb.

If a ' 0, then

%x% ! a
%x% & a
%x% ' a

means

x ! a or

x ! $a

means $a & x & a

means

x'a

or

x & $a

Circles
Equation of the circle with center !h, k" and radius r:
!x $ h"2 # ! y $ k"2 ! r 2

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

97909_FrontEP_FrontEP_pF2_RefPage1-2_97909_FrontEP_FrontEP_pF2_RefPage1-2 9/24/10 5:36 PM Page 2

R E F E R E N C E PA G E 2

TRIGONOMETRY
Angle Measurement

Fundamental Identities

! radians ! 180"
1" !

!
rad
180

1 rad !

180"
!

"# in radians#

Right Angle Trigonometry

hyp
csc # !
opp

cos # !

adj
hyp

sec # !

hyp
adj

tan # !

opp
adj

cot # !

adj
opp

hyp

y
r

csc # !

adj

x
r

sec # !

r
x

tan # !

y
x

cot # !

x
y

(x,y)

cos #
sin #

cot # !

1
tan #

sin 2# $ cos 2# ! 1

1 $ tan 2# ! sec 2#

1 $ cot 2# ! csc 2#

sin"%## ! %sin #

cos"%## ! cos #

tan"%## ! %tan #

sin

!
% # ! cos #
2

tan

!
% # ! cot #
2

$ %
$ %

!
% # ! sin #
2

B
a
C

The Law of Cosines

a 2 ! b 2 $ c 2 % 2bc cos A
b 2 ! a 2 $ c 2 % 2ac cos B
y

y=tanx

Addition and Subtraction Formulas

x
_1

2 x

c 2 ! a 2 $ b 2 % 2ab cos C

_1

cot # !

sin A
sin B
sin C
!
!
a
b
c

y=cosx
2

sin #
cos #

The Law of Sines

y
y=sinx

tan # !

$ %

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

y

1
cos #

cos

r
y

cos # !

sec # !

opp

Trigonometric Functions
sin # !

1
sin #

s ! r#

opp
sin # !
hyp

csc # !

sin"x $ y# ! sin x cos y $ cos x sin y

sin"x % y# ! sin x cos y % cos x sin y
cos"x $ y# ! cos x cos y % sin x sin y

y=cscx

y=cotx

cos"x % y# ! cos x cos y $ sin x sin y

_1

y=secx

2 x

_1

2 x

2 x

tan"x $ y# !

tan x $ tan y
1 % tan x tan y

tan"x % y# !

tan x % tan y
1 $ tan x tan y

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x ! 2 sin x cos x

Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles

cos 2x ! cos 2x % sin 2x ! 2 cos 2x % 1 ! 1 % 2 sin 2x

radians

sin #

cos #

tan #

0"
30"
45"
60"
90"

0
!!6
!!4
!!3
!!2

0
1!2
s2!2
s3!2
1

1
s3!2
s2!2
1!2
0

0
s3!3
1
s3

tan 2x !

2 tan x
1 % tan2x

Half-Angle Formulas
sin 2x !

1 % cos 2x
2

cos 2x !

1 $ cos 2x
2

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.