UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING
& TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
CYLINDERS
Cylinders are generally meant to contain fluids (liquid &
gas).
Cylinders must be strong enough to bear all the
stress/pressure subjected by the containing fluid otherwise
they will burst.
In order to make them safe and durable, we should either
choose a stronger material on increase the thickness.
Types of Cylinders
1. Thin cylinders
2. Thick cylinders
1. THIN CYLINDERS
These are the cylinders which has diameter more than 20 times
of the thickness of the wall (or shell).
when a thin cylinder is subjected to internal pressure, three
mutually perpendicular stresses are set up in the cylinder
material, namely the Circumferential or Hoop Stress,
Longitudinal Stress and Radial Stress.
d i / t 20 or ri / t 10
t d i / 20 or t ri / 10
pi
L
d
PL
L .(dt )
pd
4t
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dF Pressure Area
dF p(rd L)
dF Normal force on the wall
Horizontal components of the force (dF)will be
balanced by the components on the opposite sides
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
Fy pL
d
sin d pL cos
0
2
d
(2) pLd
2
Alternatively
Force induced by internal
pressure
Fy = Pressure x Projected Area
= p x d.L = pdL
Fy Resisting force
pLd ( H L.t )2
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
pd
2t
9
H
L
pd
2t L
pd
4t c
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Example Problem # 1
A thin cylindrical vessel of 2.0 m diameter and 4.0 m length
contains a particular gas at a pressure of 1.65 N/mm2. If the
permissible tensile stress of the material of the shell is 150
N/mm2, find the maximum thickness required.
Data
Permissible tensile stress, all = 150 N/mm2 (Mpa)
L = 4.0 m
d = 2.0 m
p = 1.65 N/mm2
t=?
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Example Problem # 2
A cylindrical compressed air drum is 2.0 m in diameter with
plates 12.5 mm thick. The efficiencies of the longitudinal (L)
and circumferential (c) joints are 85% and 45% respectively.
If the tensile stress in the plating is to be limited to 100 MPa,
find the maximum safe air pressure.
Data
Permissible tensile stress, all = 100 MPa
L = 4.0 m
L = 85 %
t = 12.5 mm
c = 45 %
p= ?
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1
Longitudin al strain L . H L H
E
Change in length Longitudin al strain Original length
1
L H L
E
1 pd
pd
L
E 4t
2t
pd
1 2 L
4tE
Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore
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b) Change in Diameter
The change in diameter of cylinder is given as following
Change in Diameter = Diameter Strain x Original Diameter
Now the change in the diameter may be determined from the
consideration of circumferential change. The stress acting
around a circumference H or Hoop Stress gives rise to the
Circumferential or Hoop Strain , H.
Change in circumfere nce Circumferencial strain Original circumfere nce
Change in circumfere nce H d
New circumfere nce Original circumfere nce Change in circumfere nce
New circumfere nce d H d d (1 H )
Change in diameter d H
Original diameter d
14
d H
Diameter Strain , d
d H
d
Change in diameter Diameter strain Original diameter
Therefore,
Change in diameter H L d
1
H L d
E
pd
2 d
4tE
1 pd
pd
d
E 2t
4t
Change in volume
Original volume
d 2
4
V
V
15
d 2
V V
d 2
Change in volume , V
L
L
d L d 4
L 4
d 2
V L.2dd
L
4
4
d 2
V 4 L.2dd 4 L 2d L
Thus V
2
d
V
d
L
L
4
V 2 H L
pd
2 d
H
4tE
pd
1 2 L
L
4tE
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Example Problem # 3
A cylindrical shell, 0.8 m in a diameter and 3 m long is having
10 mm wall thickness. If the shell is subjected to an internal
pressure of 2.5 N/mm2, determine
(a) change in diameter,
(b) change in length, and
(c) change in volume.
Take E = 200 GPa and Poissons ratio = 0.25.
Data
Diameter of the shell, d = 0.8 m = 800 mm.
Thickness of the shell, t = 10 mm.
Internal pressure, p = 2.5 N/mm2.
d, L and V = ?
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
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Volumetric stress
Volumetric strain
p
V V
pV
V
pV
K
The extra fluid require to raise the pressure must take up this
volume together with the increase in the internal volume of the
cylinders.
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
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Increase in the
volume of cylinder
Change (reduction)
in the fluid volume
pV
2 H L .V
K
pd
pV
5 4 .V
4tE
K
Example Problem # 4
A copper tube of 50 mm diameter and 1200 mm length has a
thickness of 1.2 mm with closed ends. It is filled with water at
atmospheric pressure. Find the increase in pressure when an
additional volume of 32 cc of water is pumped into the tube.
Take E for copper = 100 GPa, Poissons ratio = 0.3 and K for
water = 2000 N/mm2.
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
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p.
d 2
4
p.(d2/4)
L=p.dt
H .(dt )
pd
H
4t
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
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3
H H
E
L H
3 pd
1
4tE
Change in volume Volumetric strain Original volume
3 pd
1 V
4tE
4
4
Volume of sphere, V r 3 d 3
3
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Example Problem # 5
(a) A sphere, 1 m internal diameter and 6mm wall thickness,
is to be pressure-tested for safety purposes with water as the
pressure medium. Assuming that the sphere is initially filled
with water at atmospheric pressure, what extra volume of
water is required to be pumped in to produce a pressure of 3
MPa gauge? For water, K = 2.1 GPa.
(b) The sphere is now placed in service and filled with gas
until there is a volume change of 72x10-6 m3. Determine the
pressure exerted by the gas on the walls of the sphere.
(c) To what value can the gas pressure be increased before
failure occurs according to the maximum principal stress
theory of elastic failure? For the material of the sphere E = 200
GPa, v = 0.3 and the yield stress y , in simple tension = 280
MPa.
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
22
Thick Cylinders
Difference between thin and thick cylinders
1
2
3
4
Thin Cylinders
The wall thickness is less than
one-tenth (1/10) of inner
radius of cylinder
The radial (shear) stress is
neglected.
The hoop stress is assumed to
be uniformly distributed over
the wall thickness.
Examples: Tires, gas and
water storage tank.
Thick Cylinders
The wall thickness is more
than or equal one-tenth (1/10)
of inner radius of cylinder.
The radial (shear) stress is
considered.
The hoop stress varies
parabolic ally over the wall
thickness.
Examples: Gun barrels, high
pressure vassal in oil-refining
industries.
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5
6
Thin Cylinders
Thick Cylinders
Analytical treatment is
complicate and accurate.
Thick cylinders are statically
indeterminate.
State of the stress is Triaxial.
H
P = pi.Ld
L
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
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25
r+ dr
po
dr.1
ro
dr
pi
ri
r.d
r
dx
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
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Fy 0
r d r r dr d r rd .1 2 H dr.1sin(d / 2) 0
r .r r .dr d r .r d r dr r .r H .dr 0
r .dr d r .r H .dr 0
d r
(r+ dr)(r+dr)d.1
.r r H 0
(1)
dr
(radian)
2
2
product of the derivative
r(r.d.1)
also neglected
i.e,
d/2
d/2
H.(dr.1)
d
d r .dr 0
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1
L H r
E
1
L H r Constant
E
Longitudin al strain
(2)
d r
.r r 2 A r 0
dr
d r
.r 2 r 2 A
dr
d r
.r 2 A r
dr
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
d r
2dr
A r r
Integratin g
ln A r 1 2 ln r C
ln A r ln r 2 C
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d r
A r
2dr
r
ln x log e x a
ln A r 1 2 ln r C
ln A r ln r
ln A r r
A r r 2
C
e C
ln x log e x a
e x
a
ea x
Let
Integratin g
e C
constant B
A r r 2
r
B
A 2
r
(3)
B
A 2
r
(4)
(2)
The Eqn. (3) and (4) area called the Lames Equation for
radial and hoop stresses, respectively. Constant A & B are
compute based on the end/boundary conditions.
It is important to note that radial stress is compressive and
hoop stress is tensile in nature. And also their algebraic
summation is always a constant over the wall thickness
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
29
Example Problem # 6
The internal and external diameters of a thick hollow cylinder
are 80 mm and 120 mm respectively. It is subjected to an
external pressure of 40 N/mm2 and an internal pressure of 120
N/mm2. Calculate the circumferential stress at the external and
internal surfaces and determine the radial and circumferential
stresses at the mean radius.
Data
di = 80 mm ,
do = 120 mm
pi = 120 N/mm2 ,
po = 400 N/mm2
(H)o , (H)i and (H)mean = ?
(r)mean = ?
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
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Example Problem # 7
The cylinder of a hydraulic press has an internal diameter of
0.3 m and is to be designed to withstand a pressure of 10 MPa
without the material being stressed over 20 MN/m2. Determine
the thickness of the metal and the hoop stress on the outer side
of the cylinder.
Data
di = 0.3 m = 300 mm
all = 20 MPa
pi = 10 MPa ,
Thickness , t = ?
(H)o = ?
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