TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I - OVERVIEW
A.
INTRODUCTION
B.
C.
D.
E.
11
F.
12
G.
13
14
16
WITNESSES
16
EXHIBITS
17
PART I - OVERVIEW
1.
2.
As was noted earlier, this proceeding marks the first time in 20 years that the royalties
paid by retransmitters for retransmitting distant signals are before the Board for
adjudication, and the first time ever that the value of those signals has been the focus of
expert economic testimony informed by so much detailed economic information obtained
from the BDUs.
3.
It is important to note that the two sides, and their economists, agree on key starting
points for the analysis:
(a)
a fair and equitable distant signal royalty rate is one that is set at a level that
resembles the present day market value of distant signals; 1
(b)
(c)
in particular, one valid approach to determine the market value of distant signals
is to examine the amounts paid by BDUs for an analogous or benchmark or
proxy set of services whose prices are set at arms length in an open and
competitive market.
4.
Where the economists diverge in their respective proxy analyses is on the identification
of the relevant benchmark services and on the data and methods to use in their analysis.
5.
The BDUs economist, Dr. Chipty, calculates a proposed royalty rate of about $1.00 persubscriber per-month. This is, perhaps coincidentally, about the same as the actual rate in
2013, and is far less than both the rate proposed by the Collectives ($2.00 for 2014) and
Dr. Chipty Report at para 16; Professor Church Reply Report at para 5, Dr. Wall Report at para 34. See also File
1989-1, Retransmission of Distant Radio and Television Signals, October 2, 1990 at p. 27 and 29 (http://www.cbcda.gc.ca/decisions/1990/19901002-s-b.pdf).
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the market values calculated by the Collectives economists Professor Church ($2.06) and
Dr. Wall ($4.97).
6.
However, as summarized below, Dr. Chiptys analysis makes several critical errors and
relies on unrepresentative and unreliable private set-top box tuning data that was
developed for her by certain BDUs for this hearing.
(a)
Dr. Chipty agrees with Professor Church that US specialty services should be
included in the benchmark group. However, she also includes a slew of small,
lightly watched and low cost Category B specialty services, which drive down
the average fees paid to the services in the group. Most of these Category B
services are owned by and traded between the vertically integrated BDUs and
their respective affiliated programming undertakings, and thus their fees are not
negotiated at arms length. For these and other reasons it is inappropriate to add
these services to a proxy group designed to reflect the fees that distant signals
might command in a competitive market.
(b)
Dr. Chipty makes a series of analytical errors that lead her to make unwarranted
downward adjustments to the prices paid for her (improperly designed)
benchmark group.
(c)
Dr. Chiptys calculations are based on set-top box tuning data (incorrectly
described as viewing data) owned by three BDUs and developed by them for her
to use in this case. 2 Analysis of these data by Collectives expert Barry Kiefl
reveals that it is completely unrepresentative of actual viewing shares and habits,
and is entirely at odds the viewing data collected and published by Numeris Inc.
that all industry participants routinely rely on but which Dr. Chipty ignores.
7.
Some of the factual and methodological errors on which Dr. Chiptys calculations are
based can be corrected. When this is done, and her calculation is rerun using her own
data, her proposed methodology leads to royalty rates that are in the range of $2 to $3
The Collectives had asked for similar data in the interrogatory process, but the BDUs did not produce it then.
Interrogatories Collectives 15 and 16.
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dollars per-subscriber per-month and higher 3, rather than approximately $1.00 per month
she proposes.
8.
The BDUs have filed several witness statements and reports other than Dr. Chiptys.
However, these are little more than distractions from the economic analysis. Dr. Chipty
does not rely on any of them in formulating her proposed royalty, and, in any event, they
are not capable of supporting the BDUs proposals. The reports suffer from reliance on
flawed data or incorrect inferences drawn from the regulatory regime. The proposed
evidence from BDU managers is speculative, alarmist, self-serving and inconsistent with
the actual behaviour of subscribers and the BDUs themselves.
9.
Finally, the BDUs have sought to evade the effects of a proper economic analysis in two
ways. They argue that the current value of distant signals should be maintained by
suggesting that there has been little change since 2013. Secondly, they complain that the
Collectives current request is higher than in the originally filed proposed tariff. These
arguments should not be taken seriously. On the first point, the Board has cautioned
against a practice of looking only for changes since a prior certified tariff, noting that an
incrementalist approach is bound to miss changes that occur over a longer period. On the
second point, the Federal Court of Appeal has confirmed that the Board is entitled to set
royalties at levels above those in the published proposed tariffs especially where, as here,
the relevant stakeholders have adequate notice.
10.
After the Collectives obtained the BDUs economic information during the interrogatory
process in this case, it became clear that the retransmission royalties had been
undervalued for years. This is the time to rectify that problem. As demonstrated in the
Collectives original evidence, and as confirmed by their reply evidence, a royalty rate
starting at $2.00 in 2014 is fair and reasonable and should be certified.
See the table at paragraph 44 of this Reply Statement of Case for a summary of certain correction calculations that
have been performed by Professor Church.
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The BDUs claim that the right analytical approach involves starting from the 2013
certified rate of $0.98 and assessing whether there have been any changes since 2013 that
would justify a change in that rate. 4 This approach is flawed and designed to divert
attention from the true value of distant signals for at least two reasons.
12.
First, it completely ignores the economic analysis not only by the Collectives but also by
the BDUs themselves. Dr. Chipty attempted to determine the actual value of distant
signals, not the change in their value since 2013. The fact that the parties settled on an
amount to compromise their dispute in 2013 has no bearing on this valuation, particularly
since the BDUs have only now produced their internal and closely guarded financial
information on which much of the Collectives economic analysis is based. Further, the
BDUs acknowledge that it would only be appropriate to use the existing certified tariff
rate as a starting point if it was similar to the current value of distant signals which it is
clearly not. 5
13.
Second, and more generally, the BDUs proposed approach is designed to hamper the
assessment of the value of distant signals. Looking only at incremental change since the
last tariff certification in this case completed two years ago based on a settlement
means that broader trends and changes in value will never be perceived. The Board has
recognised this already.
television), the Board held that it should only consider changes, if any, since the then
current rate was set in 1986. At the following hearing, the Board reconsidered this
position, reversed itself on it, and expressly held that such an approach was
inappropriate: 6
The Board respectfully disagrees with this previous position. It finds this
interpretation restricted and limiting. A valuation of this sort should be set
in relation to the whole time during which the tariff has existed. Some
account should be taken of changes that occurred incrementally over that
4
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whole period in the use of music and, as a result, in the value of SOCANs
licence to broadcasters. The Board also finds that, to date, the account
taken of these changes has been insufficient. The reduction in the rate
manifests this broader approach.
14.
The expert economic evidence disproves the BDUs claim that the existing $0.98 persubscriber per-month retransmission rate resembles the current market value of distant
signals. It clearly does not support the rate. Accordingly, the correct analytical starting
point is to assess what the current market value of distant signal would be if traded at
arms length in a competitive market. As demonstrated by the evidence, a significant
upwards adjustment to the existing rate is necessary to achieve a fair and equitable
retransmission royalty rate, one based on the current market value of distant signals.
Introduction
15.
The Parties and their respective economic experts agree that the appropriate objective for
a reasonable royalty rate for distant signals is the rate that would have been set as a result
of an arms-length negotiation in a well-functioning market i.e the hypothetical
competitive market price or market value of distant signals.
16.
Both parties have filed expert economic evidence which seeks to calculate that price and,
by extension, the appropriate distant signal royalty rate.
17.
Dr. Wall presents a market-based analysis that studies the actual retail price of distant
signals sold by BDUs to their subscribers. Through his analysis, Dr. Wall concludes that
the current average market wholesale value of distant signals used by BDUs (the value of
the average number of distant signals received by subscribers in 2013) is $4.97 persubscriber per-month.
18.
For their part, both Professor Church and Dr. Chipty adopt a proxy analysis in which the
market price paid for a comparable (benchmark or proxy) set of signals is observed
and used as a basis to calculate the market price of distant signals.
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19.
Professor Church calculates the current market value of distant signals to be,
conservatively, $2.06. In contrast, Dr. Chipty calculates the current market value of
distant signals to be, at the highest, $1.01.
20.
While both Professor Church and Dr. Chipty adopt a proxy approach, they differ
substantially in the implementation of their analyses.
21.
22.
Of note is the fact that once corrected, if only for factual errors, Dr. Chiptys own
methodology calculates the current market value of distant signals (equal to Dr. Chiptys
proposed royalty rate) to be $2.37 per-subscriber per-month. Correcting for her factual,
economic and methodological errors results in her methodology generating proposed
royalty rates over $3 per-subscriber per-months.
23.
Accordingly, like Dr. Walls and Professor Churchs methodologies, Dr. Chiptys
methodology also demonstrates that the current market value of distant signals is at least
in the order of $2 per-subscriber per-month and is likely significantly higher.
B.
24.
Like Professor Church, Dr. Chipty accepts and uses US specialty services as part of her
benchmark set of services (18 US specialty services). These services are appropriate to
include as part of the proxy analysis because their price is set at arms length in a wellfunctioning market and, as explained by Professor Church in his initial report, they are of
comparable quality 7 to distant signals in their ability to generate revenues for BDUs.
25.
However, Dr. Chipty also includes 47 Canadian Category B specialty services in her
benchmark set of services. As explained by Professor Church, Category B services
should not be included in the proxy analysis because:
As noted by Professor Church, references to quality refer not to the esthetics of the programming but rather to
the ability of a signal or service to generate revenues for a BDU.
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(a)
Their prices are not set at arms length in a well-functioning market. Given
statutory carriage requirements, and that the majority of Category B services (31
of 47) are owned by and traded between the vertically integrated BDUs and their
respective affiliated programming undertakings, it is clear that their prices do not
reflect a market price. This, obviously, undermines their usefulness as a
market proxy.
(b)
They are of significantly lower quality8 than distant signals, and therefore
command a lower price than distant signals would. Including these less valuable
(i.e. lower priced) services as part of her proxy only serves to bias Dr. Chiptys
estimates downwards. As an illustration of the point, it is self-evident that one
would not try to estimate the price of a Rolls-Royce by averaging the price of
Bentleys and Ladas. Rather, one would look only at the price of the Bentleys.
Similarly, one should not estimate the price of valuable distant signals by
averaging the price of the comparable US specialty services and the price of quite
dissimilar Category B services.
26.
Dr. Chipty attempts to correct for not having selected a comparable set of benchmark
services by applying a series of so-called adjustments or sensitivities. Perhaps
coincidentally, all her adjustments drive her original benchmark price of $2.46 down
towards $1 dollar, and below.
27.
All of Dr. Chiptys adjustments are based on the assumption that quality and price
differences between her benchmark services and distant signals can be assessed and
corrected for by considering the ratio of viewing minutes of these two groups. That is, Dr.
Chipty assumes that there is a direct linear relationship between the price of distant
signals and the ratio of viewing minutes to distant signals and her benchmark services.
By way of example, Dr. Chipty assumes that if the ratio of viewing minutes between
distant signals and her benchmarks services is 0.5, then the price of distant signals will be
half the price of her benchmark services. If the ratio of viewing minutes is 2, then the
price of distant signals will be twice the price of her benchmark services.
See footnote 7.
-8-
28.
This assumption of linearity between price and viewing is not tested or justified
empirically by Dr. Chipty and is, in fact, wrong as explained by Dr. Wall and Professor
Church in their reply reports.
29.
In addition, Dr. Chipty applies a further 25% reduction factor to the price of all her
Category B services, and a 10% reduction factor to the price of her US specialty services.
She purportedly does so to isolate the cost of programming on those services, as
compared to the cost of the service itself.
30.
C.
31.
Dr. Chiptys analysis also suffers from a serious methodological error as it omits payment
data for the vast majority of services that she includes in her benchmark services. This
missing data necessarily results in an underestimate of her original benchmark price and
therefore her proposed royalty rate.
32.
),
payment data is missing for more than two thirds of the US specialty services, and almost
three quarters of the Category B services. The impact of the missing data is easy to see by
comparing the benchmark price that is calculated based only on the relatively complete
-9-
The fact that Dr. Chipty is missing so much payment data is very surprising considering
that her clients are the very BDUs who have this payment information, and could have
provided it to her for the purposes of her analysis.
D.
34.
In addition, the results of Dr. Chiptys analysis presented in her report are clearly wrong
because she bases her calculations on tuning data (incorrectly described as viewing data)
that was collected and prepared by three of the Objecting BDUs in collaboration with her
consulting firm. This tuning data is grossly flawed and unreliable.
35.
More particularly, for the purposes of Dr. Chiptys analysis, Bell, Rogers and Shaw have
provided set-top box data from a subset of their subscribers in Toronto, Montreal and
Vancouver. The data were apparently collected during a two week period in May 2015.
36.
As explained in detail by Collectives expert Barry Kiefl, the BDUs set-top box data and
Dr. Chiptys analysis of it is completely unreliable and unrepresentative of local, distant
or national viewing shares and habits. In contrast, reliable and representative viewing
data are collected, published and made available by Numeris Inc. In stark contrast to the
BDUs data, the Numeris viewing data is the industry standard data that are accepted and
relied upon by all parties in the Canadian broadcasting industry including among others,
advertisers, broadcasters and regulators (the CRTC for example). For reasons that are
unexplained, Dr. Chipty completely ignores the accepted industry-standard data in favour
of her private data.
37.
Reliance on this flawed data leads Dr. Chipty to make two factual errors that significantly
affect her proposed royalty rate.
(a)
First, Dr. Chipty calculates, based on the BDUs tuning data, that
% of viewing
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Second, Dr. Chipty calculates, based on the BDUs tuning data, that
% of all
% of all
65%
22%
~ 50%
~ 35%
See Professor Church Reply Report at para 91 citing to a study produced by Armstrong for Bell and the Television
Bureau of Canada TV Basics 2014-2015, which reports viewing shares based on Numeris diary data.
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39.
In fact, Dr. Chipty concedes that the BDUs tuning data likely underestimates the
proportion of distant viewing to US conventional signals. 10 To correct for this error, she
re-calculates and bases her proposed royalty rate of $1.01 using accepted industrystandard (Numeris) proportions of US distant viewing. However, Dr. Chipty fails to
recognize or correct for the fact that the BDUs tuning data also underestimate the
amount of distant viewing to Canadian distant signals.
40.
Similarly, Dr. Chipty fails to recognize or correct for the fact that the BDUs tuning data
underestimate the proportion of viewing to conventional signals (US and Canadian) and
overestimate the proportion of viewing to Category B services.
41.
Each of the above noted errors, separately and cumulatively, result in Dr. Chipty
underestimating the actual current market value of distant signals.
E.
42.
Some of Dr. Chiptys errors can be corrected, as explained and set-out in detail in the
responding report of Professor Church.
43.
Once corrected, even if only for the factual errors and methodological errors, it becomes
immediately apparent that, like Dr. Walls and Professor Churchs methodologies, Dr.
Chiptys methodology also demonstrates that the current market value of distant signals
is at least equal to, and likely significantly higher than, $2 per-subscriber per-month.
44.
A summary of certain corrections, and the resulting proposed royalty rates, is set out in
the table below:
10
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Correction 1
$1.55
Correction 2
$2.37
Correction 3
$2.92
Correction 4
$3.77
Correction 5
$1.97
Correction 6
$3.63
F.
45.
Unlike Dr. Chipty, Professor Churchs proxy analysis is based on observing what the
BDUs paid for a comparable set of services the US specialty services traded under
competitive market conditions between unaffiliated parties.
46.
In her report, Dr. Chipty has criticized Professor Church, mainly for failing to adopt the
various downward adjustments and sensitivities.
47.
As explained in Professor Churchs reply report, Dr. Chiptys downward adjustments are
unfounded and, in any event, inapplicable to Professor Churchs analysis. Specifically,
there is no need for Professor Church to adjust his analysis to account for quality
differences between US specialty services and distant signals because the US specialty
services are, as a group, already a comparable set of services.
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48.
Dr. Chipty also alleges that Professor Church miscalculates the amount of viewing to
distant signals. As Professor Churchs reply report explains, Dr. Chipty is mistaken, and
his calculations are correct.
49.
50.
Professor Churchs proxy analysis and conclusions are robust and, if anything,
conservative.
G.
51.
Dr. Walls valuation of distant signals is based on actual market prices of distant signals
sold by BDUs to subscribers in theme packages, basic packages and extended basic
packages.
52.
By considering the price of distant signals in each of these packages, Dr. Wall concludes
that 9.2 cents per-subscriber per-month is a reasonable average wholesale price per
distant signal offered in all BDU packages (i.e. whether in a distant signal theme
package, basic package or extended basic package).
53.
Therefore, as explained by Dr. Wall, it is correct and appropriate to multiply the average
market wholesale price of a distant signal by the average number of distant signals
received by subscribers (54 in 2013) to calculate the aggregate average wholesale value
of distant signals used by BDUs.
54.
Dr. Chiptys critique of Dr. Walls analysis and allegations to the contrary are unfounded
and incorrect.
55.
Further, Dr. Chiptys critique and suggestion that the calculated average wholesale
market price of distant signals should be modified to account for the relative amount of
viewing to distant signals, simultaneous substitution and bundling is also inappropriate
and incorrect.
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56.
As explained by Dr. Wall, it is critical to understand that, by its very nature, an observed
market price already reflects the particular market conditions in which the market price
was set. As such, modifying an observed market price to account for one or another of the
perceived market conditions would only serve to arbitrarily distort the observed market
price.
57.
Ms. Blackwells critique of Dr. Walls analysis and her allegation that it fails to account
for the portion of costs that are attributable to a BDUs basic network costs is also
inapplicable and incorrect.
58.
Dr. Walls analysis is based on taking the BDUs observed retail prices for distant signals
and then calculating a wholesale price by applying a retail-to-wholesale mark-up. That
mark-up reduces the retail price to account for expenses such as non-programming
related operating costs incurred by BDUs. Ms. Blackwells proposed modification is
inappropriate as it would amount to a double counting of distribution network costs.
59.
Dr. Walls direct market analysis and conclusions are robust, and no modifications are
required.
The BDUs suggest that the Board cannot, or should not, consider the Collectives revised
rate proposals because they exceed the amounts sought by them in their proposed tariffs
filed in March 2013. 11 However, the BDUs ignore both the relevant jurisprudence and
the facts in this proceeding.
61.
The BDUs complain that the Collectives are trying to avoid the statutory notice period
under the Copyright Act. In reality, the data needed to accurately calculate a fair and
reasonable tariff was in the possessions of the Objectors and not provided to the
Collectives until the interrogatory stage of this proceeding. Moreover, the Federal Court
of Appeal has already ruled that the Board is empowered to certify royalties higher than
those sought in the original statutory proposal. The Boards obligation to certify royalties
11
- 15 -
on such terms and conditions related to those royalties as the Board considers
appropriate overrides what might otherwise have been the constraints imposed by the
doctrine of ultra petita. 12
62.
Other than their formalistic reliance on the statutory notice requirements, the BDUs
provide no evidence and make no argument that they were prejudiced in fact by the
Collectives revised rate proposals. Nor could they. As explained in the reply evidence
of Carol Cooper, the President and Chief Executive Officer at the Canadian
Retransmission Collective, the current Objectors represent collectively
% of all royalty
payments made by large and medium BDUs (small systems are not affected by the
revised rates). Thus, essentially all of the affected stakeholders, measured by size, had
adequate notice of the revisions and have responded to them in their evidence. Moreover,
as indicated in Exhibit Collectives-20, all BDUs (not only the current objectors) were
sent a letter in June 2015 alerting them to the revisions, but none of these non-Objector
BDUs responded or sought to involve themselves in the hearing process.
63.
12
Canadian Private Copying Collective v. Canadian Storage Media Alliance, 2004 FCA 424 at paras. 167-177.
- 16 -
- 17 -
Collectives to put Canadian retransmitters on notice of the Collectives revised tariff proposal.
The estimated time for Ms. Coopers evidence in chief is 15-30 minutes.
Exhibits
The Collectives intend to rely upon the following documents, including the additional exhibits
Collectives 16-21, filed with the Collectives Reply Case.
Exhibit Number
Description
Collectives-1
Collectives-2
Collectives-3
Collectives-4
Collectives-5
Collectives-6
Collectives-6A
Collectives-7
[Contains
HIGHLY
Collectives -7/Q4
Collectives -7/Q5
- 18 -
Exhibit Number
Description
Collectives -7/Q8
Collectives -7/Q9
Collectives -7/Q17
Collectives-8
Collectives-8/Q4
Collectives-8/Q5
Collectives-8/Q15
Collectives-8/Q17
Collectives-9
Collectives9/Q1Q2Q4
Collectives-9/Q5
Collectives-9/Q17
Collectives-10
Collectives-10/Q4
- 19 -
Exhibit Number
Collectives-10/Q5
Collectives-11
Description
Appendix 5.5 (August 20, 2014) to Response to Collectives
Interrogatory 5 [HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL]
Bell Responses to Collectives Interrogatories 4, 8, 9, and 17
(HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL Version)
Collectives-11/Q4
Collectives-11/Q8
Collectives-11/Q9
Collectives-11/Q17
Collectives-12
Collectives-12/Q4
Collectives-12/Q5
Collectives-12/Q15
Collectives-12/Q17
Collectives-12/Q21
Collectives-13
Collectives-13/Q9
Collectives-13/Q9p
- 20 -
Exhibit Number
Description
Collectives-14
Collectives-15
Collectives-16
Collectives-17
Collectives-18
Collectives-19
Collectives-20
Collectives-21
8820990