APPLICATION NOTE
One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 Fax: 781.461.3113 www.analog.com
WHAT IS EMC?
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) refers to the ability to
operate in, without overly contributing to, an environment
of electromagnetic radiation. When this goal is met, all
electronic equipment operates correctly in the presence of
other equipment. In a system, there are several EMC coupling
paths: radiative, conductive, inductive, and capacitive (see
Figure 1).
RADIATIVE COUPLING
DEVICE 1
EMC SINK
DEVICE 2
CONDUCTIVE COUPLING
08743-001
INTRODUCTION
Rev. 0 | Page 1 of 20
AN-1055
Application Note
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
AD7746 .......................................................................................... 3
Conclusion....................................................................................... 18
Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 20
Application Note
AN-1055
FEEDBACK LOOP
CREF
20
CINT
Q=VC
OFF-CHIP
COMPARATOR
EXCITATION
VOLTAGE
40
50
60
80
The sensing capacitor, CSENSOR, and the internal reference capacitor, CREF, are switched at a fixed sampling rate, and their
charge is pumped into the integrator. A comparator checks the
integrator output and controls the phase of the input switches
to close the feedback loop, which balances the charges flowing
through the CSENSOR and reference paths.
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
A stream of zeros and ones, which can be seen on the comparator output, varies with the charge needed for the loop balance.
The charge is proportional to voltage and capacitance. Because
the EXC and VREF voltages have fixed values, the density of
zeros and ones represents the ratio between the input capacitance, CSENSOR, and the reference capacitance, CREF. The on-chip
digital filter then extracts the information carried by the timedomain pattern of zeros and ones to form the digital result.
Since the filtering is digital, the response around dc is repeated
around the sampling frequency and multiples of the sampling
frequency. Therefore, there is no rejection provided by the onchip digital filter around the sampling frequency and its
multiples.
08743-003
70
30
40
50
60
70
80
27
32
37
08743-004
INTEGRATOR
DIGITAL
FILTER
08743-002
CSENSOR
0100110
30
AD7746
0
IDEAL
10
20
FILTER GAIN (dB)
Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 20
ACTUAL
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
100
INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (kHz)
1000
08743-005
VREF ()
VREF (+)
AN-1055
Application Note
EMC TESTING
DC
SUPPLY
For all the EMC testing, the AD7746 was configured as follows:
DIRECTIONAL
COUPLER
RF
AMPLIFIER
RF
INJECTION
PORT
PREFL
PFOR
DUT
OPTIONAL:
CONTROL PC
RF
POWER
METERS
BUS
DECOUPLING
NETWORK
DC
BLOCK
RF
GENERATOR
DUT
MONITOR
47pF
FILTER
CSENSOR
4pF
DPI SYSTEM
TEST
PCB
50
COAX
All pins of the AD7746 were EMC tested. The EXC, CIN, and
VDD pins were found to be the most sensitive. Therefore,
this application note focuses on these pins. A continuous RF
frequency was applied individually to the CIN, EXC, and VDD
pins using ac coupling (see Figure 7) as per IEC 62132Part 4.
The test method recommends using ac-coupling capacitors
of 6.8 nF. This capacitance value was used on the VDD pin.
However, lower value capacitors (47 pF) were used on the EXC
and CIN pins because the value suggested in IEC 62132Part 4
exceeds the maximum allowed capacitance to ground that can
be connected to the AD7746.
08743-006
CIN
AD7746
FILTER
EXC
47pF
0.1F
08743-007
VDD
6.8nF
10F
Differential mode
Sampling clock = 32 kHz
Continuous conversion mode
Gain = 1
Chop disabled
Excitation Voltage = VDD/2
Conversion time = 62.1 ms
Connections to AD7746
No Load Capacitance
Peak-to-Peak Resolution
15.5 bits
14 bits
12 bits
Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 20
Application Note
AN-1055
20
ERROR (%FS)
40
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
08743-008
80
Figure 8. Error when DPI Testing from 1 MHz to 100 MHz in 1 MHz Steps and
from 100 MHz to 1000 MHz in 10 MHz Steps on
CIN Pins Without External Filters
350
300
250
200
150
100
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
08743-009
50
0
Light filter
Light-medium filter
Medium filter
Medium-heavy filter
Heavy filter
Of the five filters, the light filter has the slowest roll-off. Thus,
it provides the least rejection at 64 kHz and its multiples.
However, the accuracy of the AD7746 is least affected. In
contrast, the heavy filter provides the most rejection at 64 kHz
and its multiples. However, the larger R and C values used in
the filter affect the accuracy of the AD7746.
60
100
Figure 9. Peak-to-Peak Noise when DPI Testing from 1 MHz to 100 MHz in
1 MHz Steps and from 100 MHz to 1 GHz in 10 MHz steps on
CIN Pins Without External Filters
Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 20
AN-1055
Application Note
CIN PIN
LIGHT FILTER
68pF
CSENSOR
3.995pF
CIN
22pF
AD7746
8.2k
EXC
08743-010
47pF
2.0
1.5
1.0
0
30
ATTENUATION
AT 1MHz
FREQUENCY
RESPONSE
30
60
40
PHASE
RESPONSE
50
90
60
120
70
80
PHASE (Degrees)
20
150
90
1
10
100
1k
FREQUENCY (kHz)
10k
180
100k
TRANSFER FUNCTION
WITH EXTERNAL FILTER
TRANSFER FUNCTION
WITHOUT EXTERNAL FILTER
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
SET CAPACITANCE (pF)
3.5
4.0
08743-011
ATTENUATION (dB)
2.5
0.5
10
100
3.0
08743-012
12k
3.5
MEASURED CAPACITANCE (pF)
6.8k
4.0
Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 20
Application Note
AN-1055
1.2
16
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
12
10
8
6
4
2
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
08743-013
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
Figure 15. CIN Peak-to-Peak Noise: Sweep from 1 MHz to 1000 MHz
2.5
700
PEAK-TO-PEAK NOISE WHEN
RF SIGNAL APPLIED
PEAK-TO-PEAK NOISE WHEN
NO RF SIGNAL APPLIED
2.0
600
PEAK-TO-PEAK NOISE (fF)
1.5
ERROR (%FS)
1.0
0.5
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
500
400
300
200
100
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
FREQUENCY (MHz)
4.0
4.5
5.0
08743-014
2.0
2.5
1.0
1k
08743-015
0
1.0
Figure 14. CIN FS Error: Fine Sweep from 1 MHz to 5 MHz in 200 Hz Steps
Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 20
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
FREQUENCY (MHz)
4.0
4.5
5.0
08743-016
ERROR (%FS)
0.8
0.2
14
1.0
AN-1055
Application Note
LIGHT-MEDIUM FILTER
CSENSOR
3.995pF
CIN
22pF
AD7746
10k
EXC
08743-017
47pF
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
TRANSFER FUNCTION
WITH EXTERNAL FILTER
TRANSFER FUNCTION
WITHOUT EXTERNAL FILTER
0.5
0
10
30
FREQUENCY
RESPONSE
40
60
PHASE
RESPONSE
50
90
60
120
70
80
PHASE (Degrees)
30
150
90
100
10
100
1k
FREQUENCY (kHz)
10k
180
100k
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
SET CAPACITANCE (pF)
3.5
4.0
ATTENUATION
AT 1MHz
08743-018
ATTENUATION (dB)
20
08743-019
16k
68pF
3.5
MEASURED CAPACITANCE (pF)
8.2k
4.0
Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 20
Application Note
AN-1055
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
14
0.4
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.2
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
08743-022
ERROR (%FS)
16
Figure 22. CIN Peak-to-Peak Noise: Sweep from 1 MHz to 1000 MHz
1
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
700
08743-020
ERROR (%FS)
1.0
0.5
0
500
400
300
200
100
0.5
1.0
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
FREQUENCY (MHz)
4.0
4.5
5.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
FREQUENCY (MHz)
4.0
4.5
08743-021
2.5
1.0
600
Figure 21. CIN FS Error: Fine Sweep from 1 MHz to 5 MHz in 200 Hz Steps
Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 20
5.0
08743-023
0.2
AN-1055
Application Note
MEDIUM FILTER
68pF
CSENSOR
3.995pF
CIN
22pF
AD7746
10k
EXC
08743-024
47pF
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
TRANSFER FUNCTION
WITH EXTERNAL FILTER
TRANSFER FUNCTION
WITHOUT EXTERNAL FILTER
30
20
ATTENUATION
AT 1MHz
40
60
FREQUENCY
RESPONSE
50
60
PHASE
RESPONSE
70
90
120
80
PHASE (Degrees)
30
150
90
1
10
100
1k
FREQUENCY (kHz)
10k
180
100k
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
SET CAPACITANCE (pF)
3.5
4.0
08743-025
ATTENUATION (dB)
3.0
0.5
10
100
3.5
08743-026
27k
15k
4.0
Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 20
Application Note
AN-1055
0.20
0.15
0.10
6
5
4
3
2
0.05
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
160
PEAK-TO-PEAK NOISE WHEN
RF SIGNAL APPLIED
PEAK-TO-PEAK NOISE WHEN
NO RF SIGNAL APPLIED
140
PEAK-TO-PEAK NOISE (fF)
0.4
0.3
0.2
ERROR (%FS)
1k
Figure 29. CIN Peak-to-Peak Noise: Sweep from 1 MHz to 1000 MHz
08743-027
0.05
08743-029
0.1
100
80
60
40
20
0
1.0
0.1
0.2
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
FREQUENCY (MHz)
4.0
4.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
FREQUENCY (MHz)
4.0
4.5
5.0
08743-028
0.3
0.4
1.0
120
Figure 28. CIN FS Error: Fine Sweep from 1 MHz to 5 MHz in 200 Hz Steps
Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 20
5.0
08743-030
ERROR (%FS)
7
PEAK-TO-PEAK NOISE (fF)
AN-1055
Application Note
MEDIUM-HEAVY FILTER
CSENSOR
3.995pF
CIN
22pF
AD7746
10k
EXC
08743-031
47pF
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
TRANSFER FUNCTION
WITH EXTERNAL FILTER
TRANSFER FUNCTION
WITHOUT EXTERNAL FILTER
0.5
0
10
30
60
ATTENUATION
AT 1MHz
40
FREQUENCY
RESPONSE
50
90
60
PHASE
RESPONSE
70
120
80
150
90
100
10
100
1k
FREQUENCY (kHz)
10k
180
100k
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
SET CAPACITANCE (pF)
3.5
4.0
30
08743-032
ATTENUATION (dB)
20
08743-033
39k
68pF
3.5
MEASURED CAPACITANCE (pF)
18k
4.0
Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 20
Application Note
AN-1055
7
PEAK-TO-PEAK NOISE (fF)
0.20
ERROR (%FS)
0.15
0.10
0.05
6
5
4
3
2
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
160
140
PEAK-TO-PEAK NOISE (fF)
0.4
0.3
0.2
ERROR (%FS)
1k
Figure 36. CIN Peak-to-Peak Noise: Sweep from 1 MHz to 1000 MHz
08743-034
0.05
08743-036
0.1
0
120
100
80
60
40
0.1
20
0
1.0
0.3
1.5
2.0
FREQUENCY (MHz)
2.5
3.0
2.0
FREQUENCY (MHz)
2.5
08743-035
0.4
1.0
1.5
Figure 35. CIN FS Error: Fine Sweep from 1 MHz to 3 MHz in 200 Hz Steps
Rev. 0 | Page 13 of 20
3.0
08743-037
0.2
AN-1055
Application Note
HEAVY FILTER
68pF
CSENSOR
3.995pF
CIN
22pF
AD7746
10k
EXC
08743-038
47pF
PHASE
RESPONSE
30
30
60
40
50
ATTENUATION
AT 1MHz
90
60
120
70
80
150
90
100
10
100
1k
FREQUENCY (kHz)
10k
180
100k
1.5
1.0
TRANSFER FUNCTION
WITH EXTERNAL FILTER
TRANSFER FUNCTION
WITHOUT EXTERNAL FILTER
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
SET CAPACITANCE (pF)
3.5
4.0
08743-039
ATTENUATION (dB)
20
2.0
PHASE (Degrees)
10
FREQUENCY
RESPONSE
2.5
0.5
3.0
08743-040
82k
3.5
MEASURED CAPACITANCE (pF)
39k
4.0
Rev. 0 | Page 14 of 20
Application Note
AN-1055
0.20
0.10
0.05
6
5
4
3
2
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
08743-041
1k
160
140
0.3
120
0.4
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
100
80
60
40
20
0.3
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
FREQUENCY (MHz)
2.5
3.0
08743-042
0.4
1.0
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
Figure 43. CIN Peak-to-Peak Noise: Sweep from 1 MHz to 1000 MHz
ERROR (%FS)
08743-043
Figure 42. CIN FS Error: Fine Sweep from 1 MHz to 3 MHz in 200 Hz Steps
Rev. 0 | Page 15 of 20
1.5
2.0
FREQUENCY (MHz)
2.5
3.0
08743-044
ERROR (%FS)
0.15
0.05
AN-1055
Application Note
EXC PIN
80
The AD7746 EXC pins were EMC tested without the external
filters. Note that the AD7746 remained functional when EMC
was tested using a target power level of 50 mW. The device
never locked up and returned to expected accuracy when the
DPI signal was removed.
When the RF frequency applied to EXC was swept from 1 MHz
to 100 MHz in 1 MHz steps and from 100 MHz to 1000 MHz in
10 MHz steps, there was an error of 6% at the lower frequencies.
There was an error of 40% for frequencies up to 700 MHz.
Above 700 MHz, the error increased.
50
40
30
20
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
08743-046
Figure 46. EXC Peak-to-Peak Noise: Sweep from 1 MHz to 1000 MHz
(No External Filters)
20
40
60
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
08743-045
80
Figure 45. EXC FS Error: Sweep from 1 MHz to 1000 MHz (No External Filters)
CSENSOR
3.995pF
68pF
16k
CIN
22pF
AD7746
10k
EXC
47pF
Rev. 0 | Page 16 of 20
08743-047
ERROR (%FS)
60
10
20
100
70
Application Note
AN-1055
1.2
16
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
0.2
08743-048
10
100
FREQUENCY (MHz)
1k
08743-049
ERROR (%FS)
0.8
0.2
14
1.0
Figure 49. EXC Peak-to-Peak Noise: Sweep from 1 MHz to 1000 MHz
(External Filters)
Figure 48. EXC FS Error: Sweep from 1 MHz to 1000 MHz (External Filters)
Rev. 0 | Page 17 of 20
AN-1055
Application Note
CONCLUSION
H
FIL
TE
RIN
G
LE
VE
L
LO
LOW
LOW
HIGH
CAP PERFORMANCE
08743-050
In this application note, external passive filters are recommended to improve the EMC performance of the AD7746.
When external filters are included on the CIN and EXC pins
and standard decoupling is used on the VDD pin, the EMC
capability of the AD7746 is improved. Various filter
combinations in the capacitive front-end of the AD7746 were
evaluated. Each filter gave a different performance in terms of
electromagnetic immunity, capacitance resolution, gain error,
and offset error.
EMC PERFORMANCE
Values measured over a fine sweep from 1 MHz to 3 MHz or 5 MHz in 200 Hz steps.
Rev. 0 | Page 18 of 20
Application Note
AN-1055
NOTES
Rev. 0 | Page 19 of 20
AN-1055
Application Note
NOTES
Rev. 0 | Page 20 of 20