Acknowledgement

The students wish to express their heartfelt thanks and gratitude to all the people who
extend their thoughts and time and efforts in the realization and completion of the project.
To their friends and relatives, who in one way or another unselfishly extended their
lenient hands, time motivation and efforts in directing them to work hard and strive more to
develop the system.
To their adviser, Engr. Wilson R. Duldulao for his extraordinary guidance and
encouragement.
To their beloved parents and guardians, who have and provide a lot of the needs
especially moral and financial support towards the success of the project.
To the Almighty God, for His infinite Grace which helped them through their challenges.
For the Fortitude and Wisdom in the completion of the project.

Introduction
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machine that converts directly direct current
Electrical power into Mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the
motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a linear directly produces force and motion in a
straight line.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing
direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motors speed can be controlled over a
wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of the current in
the field windings.
Small DC motors are used in tools, toys and appliances. The universal motor can operate
on direct current but it is lightweight motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger
DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hosts or in drives for steel
rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC
motors possible in many applications.
In establishing in efficient switching circuit, relays are one of the most efficient choice. A
relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current that can turn on
or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a relay is an electromagnet. A relay is some
kind of electronic lever, switch it on with a tiny current and it switches on another appliance
using a much bigger current. This is useful because many sensors are incredibly sensitive pieces
of electronic equipment and produce only small electric currents. But often, they are needed to
drive bigger pieces of apparatus that use bigger currents. Relays bridge the gap, making the
system produce only small electric currents to activate larger ones.
Meanwhile in sensor technology, a Photosensor and LDR are very common. AN infrared
(IR) Sensor is used to detect obstacles in front of the robot or to differentiate between colors
depending on the configuration of the sensor.
An IR Sensor consists of an Emitter, Detector and Associated Circuitry. This circuit
required to make an IR Sensor consists of two parts; The Emitter circuit and the receiver circuit.

The Emitter is simply an IR Light Emitting Diode and the detector and associated
circuitry is simply and IR Photodiode which is sensitive to IR Light of the same wavelength as
that emitted by the IR LED. When the IR light falls on the Photodiode, its resistance and
correspondingly its output voltage, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR Light
Received. This is the underlying principle of working of the IR Sensor. IR Sensors are also used
to distinguish between black and white surfaces.
A transmission medium is required for infrared transmission which can be comprised of a
vacuum, the atmosphere or an optical fiber.

Importance of DC Motors
The main reason is the motors variable speed behavior. When the voltage applied to the
armature of a DC Motor increases, the motors speed increases correspondingly.
Another reason is the DC Motor can develop full torque from zero up to its base speed.
This constant torque characteristic allows the DC motor to be used as conveyor belts, elevators,
cranes, extrudes and mixers, amongst others. The full torque from zero speed is useful when the
application needs to be stopped when full loaded and got moving again.
Principles and Operation of DC Motors
A simple DC Motor have stationary sets of magnets in the stator and an armature with
one more winding of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that concentrates the
magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns around the core and in large motors
there can be several parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected to a
Commutator. The Commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects the
rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes. Brushless DC Motors have
electronics that switch the DC Current to each coil ON and OFF and have no brushes.
The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coils size and what its wrapped around
dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field.
The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the Effective
Electromagnetic Fields are connected or pointed. By turning ON and OFF coils in sequence a
rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic
fields of the magnets in the stationary part of the motor (Stator) to create a force on the armature
which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use Electromagnets to
create their magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor at high power levels, DC
motors are almost always cooled using forced air.

Objectives
1. To design and construct a system for the students to use to their respective experiments.
2. Describe the variable outputs of the direct current motor using a transducer.
3. Recognize the basic principle, setup, properties of the DC motor, ICs, Relays and
Sensors.
4. Determine the different uses of the system or module.
5. Present data that satisfies the principles and properties of the DC Motor module.
6.

Present applications using the principle of DC Motor.

Materials
A. DC Motor Driver Components
R1,R6

1K Resistor

R2, R3, R4, R5

2.2K Resistor

RF

220K Resistor

C1, C2

0.01 F

C3

520 F

C4

1.1 F

IC1

LM555N

IC2

UA741P

IC3

HD74HC00P

IC4

L293D

T1

2H3906

T2

2N222

POTENTIOMETER

10K

MOTOR
B. Relay Switch Components
DPOT Relay 12V
C. Sensor Components
R1, R2, R4

1K Resistor

R3 Potentiometer

10 K Resistor

IC1

LM324

IR1 D1
IR2 LED

Manual
Parts
1. DC Motor
2. Main Switch
3. Start
4. Stop
5. Revers
6. Speed
7. Infrared Sensor
Steps
1. Connect the Power Plug.
2. Turn on the Main Switch.
3. Press the Start Button to start the motor.
4. Adjust the Speed knob to maximize or minimize the rotation of the motor.
5. Reverse the rotation of the motor by pressing the forward or reverse button.

Observation
The DC Motor was quite a challenging motor to begin with. The researchers first strted to
research on the configurations of the ICs they used and conducted experiments with the circuit
to develop a more efficient output of positive voltages.
In their experiments, they observed that some of the switching circuits are not compatible
with the DC Driver Motor, which made them decide to use another approach with a relay circuit.
Regarding with the sensor, they tried the Light Dependent Resistor technology using the
laser as a transmitter. The only drawback of this technology is the capacity of the LASER to
transmit light to be detected by the LDR is insufficient, thus making the output less likely to
produce large voltage drops.
The LDR was then replaced whit the help of the suggestion of Engr. Wilson Duldulao to
replace the LDR with Infrared. The Infrared sensor became more reliable than the LDR.

Conclusion
The DC Motor is one of the most important motors that is ever invented. It sparked a
great revolution in the whole industry and even changed the course of history. It made translating
mechanical force to electrical force possible. It is because of the DC Motor that green energy is
possible. We couldnt imagine the world where in we are in without motors.
DC Motors are made for speed. Its general purpose is to convert Electrical force to
mechanical force which in return will be used in different applications. In the experiment we saw
how simple a DC Motor is yet how complex it is. The simple idea of a motor powered by the
simplest form of current which is DC, Yet can be transformed into different applications just by
connecting it to different circuits. The reliability of the Motor was beyond compare. It does what
you expect it to do almost all of the time.
The DC Motor being the ancestor of all known motors is here to stay. It wont be obsolete
anytime soon because of its speed, reliability and its profound simplicity.