V 2
Cf =
2F f
AsV 2
h
Pr 2 / 3
c pV
Ff
AsV
c p Pr 2 / 3 =
h=
Cf
2
c pV Pr 2 / 3
(0.3 N)
(0.1 m 2 )(100 m/s)
Ts =
q
6100 W/m 2
+ T =
+ 20C = 181C
h
38 W/m 2 K
Discussion The temperature, at 100C, used for evaluating the fluid properties turned out to be
appropriate, since the film temperature is
Tf =
Ts + T
= 101C 100C
2
6-76 A rectangular bar is placed in a free stream flow. Using the given expression for Nusselt
number, the heat transfer coefficients, for different characteristic lengths and free stream
velocities, are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Properties are constant.
Analysis From the given expression for Nusselt number
Nu = C Re m Pr n
hL
VL
= C
k
h1 = 100 W/m 2 K
when
Case 2:
h2 = 50 W/m 2 K
when
V1 = 25 m/s
V2 = 5 m/s
and
and
L1 = 0.5 m
L2 = 0.5 m
Hence
Nu 1 C Re1m Pr1n Re1m
=
=
Nu 2 C Re 2m Pr2n Re m
2
h1 L1 V1 L1
=
h2 L2 V2 L2
(25 m/s)(0.5 m)
=
2
(50 W/m K )(0.5 m) (5 m/s)(0.5 m)
2 = 5m
L2
L
VL
V 2 L2
0.4307
= (50 W/m 2 K )
(0.5 m) (5 m/s)(1 m)
(1 m) (5 m/s)(0.5 m)
0.4307
= 33.7 W/m 2 K
L2
L
VL
V 2 L2
0.4307
= (50 W/m 2 K )
(2 m) (5 m/s)(0.5 m)
0.4307
= 61.2 W/m 2 K
6-79 Electrical heaters are embedded inside the wing to prevent formation of ice. The heat flux
necessary to keep the wing surface above 0C is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Properties are constant.
Properties The properties of air (1 atm) at 10C are given in Table A-15: = 1.252 105 m2/s,
k = 0.02288 W/mK, and Pr = 0.7387.
Analysis With a characteristic length of 2.5 m, the Reynolds number is
Re =
VL
(200 m/s)(2.5 m)
1.252 10 5 m 2 /s
= 3.994 10 7
h=
= Nu Pr 1 / 3
Nu =
Cf
2
Re Pr 1 / 3
or
h=
Cf k
Re Pr 1 / 3
2 L
q 3304 W/m 2
Discussion The modified Reynolds analogy is applicable approximately for turbulent flow over a
surface, even when pressure gradient is present.
7-21 Water flows over a large plate. The rate of heat transfer per unit width of the plate is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Recr = 5105.
3 Radiation effects are negligible.
Properties The properties of water at the film temperature of (Ts + T)/2 = (10+43.3)/2 = 27C
are (Table A-9)
= 996.6 kg/m 3
Water
V =30
cm/s
T =43 3C
k = 0.610 W/m.C
= 0.854 10
kg//m s
Pr = 5.85
VL
Ts = 10C
L=1m
= 3.501 10 5
which is smaller than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have laminar flow for the entire
plate. The Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient are
Nu = 0.664 Re L 1 / 2 Pr 1 / 3 = 0.664(3.501 10 5 )1 / 2 (5.85)1 / 3 = 707.9
h=
0.610 W/m.C
k
Nu =
(707.9) = 431.8 W/m 2 .C
1.0 m
L
Then the rate of heat transfer per unit width of the plate is determined to be
Q = hAs (Ts T ) = (431.8 W/m 2 .C)(1 m)(1 m)](43.3 10)C = 14,400 W
7-31 A circuit board is cooled by air. The surface temperatures of the electronic components at
the leading edge and the end of the board are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Recr = 5105.
3 Radiation effects are negligible. 4 Any heat transfer from the back surface of the board is
disregarded. 5 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties.
Properties Assuming the film temperature to be approximately 35C, the properties of air are
evaluated at this temperature to be (Table A-15)
k = 0.0265 W/m.C
= 1.655 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr = 0.7268
Vx
(6 m/s)(0.15 m)
1.655 10
m /s
Circuit
board
Air
20C
6 m/s
15
15
= 5.438 10 4
which is less than the critical Reynolds number but we assume the flow to be turbulent since
the electronic components are expected to act as turbulators. Using the Nusselt number
uniform heat flux, the local heat transfer coefficient at the end of the board is determined to be
hx x
= 0.0308 Re x 0.8 Pr 1 / 3 = 0.0308(5.438 10 4 ) 0.8 (0.7268)1 / 3 = 170.1
k
k
0.02625 W/m.C
h x = x Nu x =
(170.1) = 29.77 W/m 2 .C
x
0.15 m
Nu x =
q
(20 W)/(0.15 m) 2
= 20C +
= 49.9C
hx
29.77 W/m 2 .C
Discussion The heat flux can also be determined approximately using the relation for
isothermal surfaces,
hx x
= 0.0296 Re x 0.8 Pr 1 / 3 = 0.0296(5.438 10 4 ) 0.8 (0.7268)1 / 3 = 163.5
k
k
0.02625 W/m.C
(163.5) = 28.61 W/m 2 .C
h x = x Nu x =
x
0.15 m
Nu x =
q
(20 W)/(0.15 m) 2
= 20C +
= 51.1C
hx
28.61 W/m 2 .C
7-53 Air is flowing over a 5-cm diameter sphere, (a) the average drag coefficient on the sphere
and (b) the heat transfer rate from the sphere are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Properties are constant. 3 The surface
temperature is constant.
Properties The properties of air (1 atm) at the free stream temperature T = 20C (Table A-15):
= 1.204 kg/m3, k = 0.02514 W/mK, = 1.825 105 kg/ms, and Pr = 0.7309; at the surface
temperature Ts = 80C: s = 2.096 105 kg/ms; at the film temperature Tf = (80C + 20C)/2 =
50C: = 1.092 kg/m3 and = 1.798 105 m2/s.
Analysis (b) The Reynolds number for air properties evaluated from the free stream
temperature is
Re D =
1.825 10 kg/m s
Using the Whitaker relation for Nusselt number, the convection heat transfer coefficient is
Nu sph
hD
=
= 2 + [0.4 Re1 / 2 + 0.06 Re 2 / 3 ] Pr 0.4
k
s
1/ 4
1/ 4
1.825
Nu sph = 2 + [0.4(1.155 10 4 )1 / 2 + 0.06(1.155 10 4 ) 2 / 3 ](0.7309) 0.4
= 64.76
2.096
Hence
0.02514 W/m K
2
h = 64.76
= 32.56 W/m K
.
0
05
m
Discussion If the difference in the free stream temperature and the surface temperature is
small, then the assumption that / s 1 is appropriate.
7-61 The wind is blowing across a geothermal water pipe. The average wind velocity is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Properties The specific heat of water at the average temperature of 75C is 4193 J/kg.C. The
properties of air at the film temperature of (75+15)/2=45C are (Table A-15)
k = 0.02699 W/m.C
= 1.75 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr = 0.7241
Wind
V
T = 15C
Wate
Q = hA(Ts T )
h =
Q
356,400 W
=
= 31.51 W/m 2 .C
A(Ts T ) (188.5 m 2 )(75 15)C
The Reynolds number may be obtained from the Nusselt number relation shown in Table 7-1.
To use it, we must first guess the range of the Reynolds number. Guessing that 4,000 < Re <
40,000
Nu = 0.193Re0.618 Pr1/3
0.618
=
175.1 0.193Re=
Re 72, 709
( 0.7241)
1/3
Which means the actual Re range is higher. For 40,000 < Re < 400,000
The average wind velocity can be determined from Reynolds number relation
VD
V (0.15 m)
Re
62,139
m/s 26.1 km / h
=
=
V 7.25
=
1.75 105 m 2 /s
7-69 The components of an electronic system located in a horizontal duct is cooled by air
flowing over the duct. The total power rating of the electronic device is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of (Ts + T)/2 = (65+30)/2 =
47.5C are (Table A-15)
k = 0.02717 W/m.C
= 1.774 10 -5 m 2 /s
20 cm
Pr = 0.7235
VD
Air
30C
200 m/min
hD
= 0.102 Re 0.675 Pr 1 / 3 = 0.102(3.758 10 4 ) 0.675 (0.7235)1 / 3 = 112.2
k
0.02717 W/m.C
k
(112.2) = 15.24 W/m 2 .C
Nu =
0.2 m
D
20 cm
65C
1.5 m
7-79 A street sign surface is subjected to radiation and cross flow wind, the surface
temperature of the street sign is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Properties are constant. 3 The surface
temperature is constant. 4 The street sign is treated a vertical plate in cross flow.
Properties The properties of air (1 atm) at 30C are given in Table A-15: k = 0.02588 W/mK, =
1.608 105 m2/s, and Pr = 0.7282.
Analysis The Reynolds number is
Re =
VD
(1 m/s)(0.2 m)
1.608 10 5 m 2 /s
= 1.244 10 4
Using a computer, the surface temperature of the street sign can be solved to be
Ts = 315 K = 42C
Discussion Note that absolute temperatures must be used in calculations involving the
radiation heat transfer equation.
7-95 Wind is blowing parallel to the walls of a house with windows. The rate of heat loss
through the window is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Recr = 5105.
3 Radiation effects are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure
of air is 1 atm.
Properties Assuming a film temperature of 5C,
the properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature
are evaluated to be (Table A-15)
k = 0.02401 W/m.C
Air
V = 35 km/h
T2 = -2C
= 1.382 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr = 0.7350
VL
T1 = 22C
WINDOW
L = 1.8 m
hL
= (0.037 Re L 0.8 871) Pr 1 / 3 = 0.037(1.266 10 6 ) 0.8 871 (0.7350)1 / 3 = 1759
k
k
0.02401 W/m.C
h = Nu =
(1759) = 23.46 W/m 2 .C
L
1.8 m
Nu =
Ri
Rcond
T1
Ro
T2
Rconv,i =
Rcond
Rconv,o =
1
1
=
= 0.0053 C/W
2
ho As (23.46 W/m .C)(8.1 m 2 )
Then the total thermal resistance and the heat transfer rate through the 3 windows become
Rtotal = Rconv,i + Rcond + Rconv,o = 0.0154 + 0.0008 + 0.0053 = 0.0215 C/W
T T
[22 (2)]C
= 1116 W
Q = 1 2 =
0.0215 C/W
Rtotal
7-112 A small sphere made of lead is cooled in an air column. The terminal velocity of the sphere, the
heat transfer coefficient for the sphere at its mean temperature, and the column height for the indicated
cooling of the lead sphere are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant properties.
Properties The properties of lead are given to be = 11,300 kg/m3, k = 33 W/mK, and cp = 0.13
kJ/kgK. The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 27C are
(Table A-15)
k = 0.02566 W/m.C
= 1.580 10 -5 m 2 /s
= 1.858 10 5 kg/m.s
s , @ 0.5( 200+54) =127C = 2.292 10
kg/m.s
Pr = 0.7290
Analysis (a) The terminal velocity is determined from the relation given to be V
2( air )Vg
Vt =
C D air A p
since
V
Ap
0.5
2(11,300 1.18)(9.81) 2
=
0.003
(
0
.
40
)(
1
.
18
)
3
Air
T = 27C
0.5
= 30.65 m/s
D 3 / 6 2
= D
D 2 / 4 3
VD
(30.65 m/s)(0.003 m)
1.580 10 5 m 2 /s
= 5819
hD
Nu =
= 2 + 0.4 Re 0.5 + 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
= 2 + 0.4(5819)
0.5
+ 0.06(5819)
2/3
1/ 4
](0.7290)
0.4
1.858 10
2.292 10 5
1/ 4
= 43.74
k
0.02566 W/m.C
Nu =
(43.74) = 374.1 W/m 2 .C
D
0.003 m
(c) For sphere, the characteristic length and the Biot number are
Lc =
Bi =
V
Asurface
D 3 / 6 D 0.003 m
=
=
= 0.0005 m
6
6
D 2
Since Bi < 0.1 , the lumped system analysis is applicable. Then the cooling time is determined
from
b=
hA
h
374.1 W/m 2 .C
=
=
= 0.5093 s -1
c pV c p Lc (11,300 kg/m 3 )(130 J/kg.C)(0.0005 m)
-1
T (t ) T
54 27
= e bt
= e (0.5093 s )t
t = 3.647 s
Ti T
200 27