GEER POST-EARTHQUAKE

RECONNAISSANCE
Jonathan D. Bray, Ph.D., P.E.
Faculty Chair in Earthquake Engineering Excellence
University of California, Berkeley

www.geerassociation.org

IMPORTANCE OF FIELD STUDIES

Geotechnical Engineering is an experience-driven field
Response of natural soil deposits cannot be replicated in lab
Field observations shape our understanding
Provide the data of the well-documented case histories that
form the empirical procedures used in practice

My Commute in 1989 - Berkeley to Oakland

UC Berkeley

Apartment
Cypress Structure

Cypress Structure Collapse 1989 Loma Prieta, SF EQ

Deanne Fitzmaurice / The Chronicle/1989

Bay Bridge Partial Collapse 1989 Loma Prieta, SF EQ

Struve Slough Bridge Collapse 1989 Loma Prieta, SF EQ

Damage in San Francisco 1989 Loma Prieta EQ

1906 SF EQ (Lawson et al. 1908)

Geotechnical Investigations Are Critical

1994 Northridge, LA EQ

Santa Monica Freeway Americas Busiest Freeway

Liquefaction Led to Fires &

Loss of Fire Suppression Capabilities

LA Times

1995 Kobe, Japan EQ

Intense Ground Shaking Near Fault

Video in 2-Story Building in Kobe, Japan

NHK Television

Earthquake Damage to Subway

Dakai Subway Station, Kobe, Japan

Liquefaction-Induced Damage to Ports

Liquefaction-Induced Fires

Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance

OBJECTIVES
Collect perishable data
Develop and implement new technologies
Document the geotechnical effects of extreme events to
advance the professions understanding

IMPORTANCE OF FIELD STUDIES

Geotechnical Engineering is an experience-driven field
Response of natural soil deposits cannot be replicated in lab
Field observations shape our understanding
Provide the data of the well-documented case histories that
form the empirical procedures used in practice

Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance

Turning Disaster into Knowledge
GEER Steering Committee

J. Bray
UCB

D. Frost E. Rathje S. Anderson R. Gilbert L. Johnson R. Kayen J. Keaton N. Sitar

GaTech
UT
FHWA
UT
LJC
USGS MACTEC UCB

GEER Advisory Panel

J.P. Bardet (UT-Arlington), R. Boulanger (UCD), M. Comerio (UCB; architect), M. Crawford
(Purdue; satellite imaging), C. Davis (LADWP, lifelines), R. DesRoches (GT, structural
engineer), C. Edwards (TCLEE), E. Fielding (NASA remote sensing), R. Green (VT), L.
Harder (HDR), T. Holzer (USGS), A. Kammerer (NRC), E. Kavazanjian (ASU), S. Kramer
(UW), W. Lettis (Lettis, geologist), S. Mahin (UCB, structural engineer), J. Martin (Clemson),
S. Nikolaou (MRCE), R. Olsen (U.S. Corps of Engineers), T. ORourke (Cornell), A. Rosinski
(CEC, geologist), P. Somerville (URS; SCEC), K. Tierney (UC; Social Scientist), H. Yeh (OSU;
Tsunami Researcher) , L. Youd (BYU) & Y. Wang (OR Dept. of Geol. & Mining, geohazards)
GEER RECORDER: Christine Beyzaei, UCB

> 250 GEER Members: http://www.geerassociation.org/index.html

NSF-Sponsored
Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance
www.geerassociation.org

Reports over the Last 5 Years

2009
2009
2009
2009
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2011
2011
2011
2012
2012
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014

LAquila, Italy (Stewart et al. 2009)

Honduras EQ (Luna et al. 2009)
Typhoon Morakot, Taiwan (Ling et al. 2009)
American Somoa Tsunami (Donahue et al. 2009)
Northern California EQ (Storesund et al. 2010)
Haiti EQ (Rathje et al. 2010)
Chile EQ (Bray & Frost et al. 2010)
Baja, California, Mexico EQ (Stewart et al. 2010)
Darfield, New Zealand EQ (Green et al. 2010)
Christchurch, New Zealand EQ (Cubrinovski et al. 2011)
Tohoku, Japan EQ (Boulanger & Sitar et al. 2011)
Central Virginia EQ (Martin et al. 2011)
Costa Rica EQ (Rollins et al. 2013)
Hurricane Sandy (Hashash & Nikolaou et al. 2013)
Cephalonia, Greece EQ (Nikolaou et al. 2014)
Christchurch, New Zealand Flood (Allen et al. 2014)
Oso, Washington Landslide (Wartman et al. 2014)
South Napa EQ (Bray et al. 2014)
Iquique, Chile EQ (Rollins et al. 2014)

PRINCIPLES OF RECONNAISSANCE

Assess overall damage & identify key opportunities

Will the documentation of effects advance profession?

One well-documented case history > many photos of damage

Team approach & systematic collection of perishable data

Geocoded observations/measurements

Employ remote sensing & digital data

Just the facts - there is time later to figure out why

Aerial Reconnaissance

1999 Kocaeli, Turkey EQ

1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan EQ

Best Ride 1999 Kocaeli EQ

US Marine CH-53E Super Stallion from USS Kearsarge

used to rescue CPT Scott OGrady in Bosnia in 1995

Recent Ride 2014 S Napa EQ

California Highway Patrol

Future Ride UAVs

Resolution: 6,919 pixels/m2 (1.2 cm)

Heavy Lift Hexrotor

+ Nikon 7100

Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems: C-UAS

(Franke, Hedengren & Farrell, BYU)

Drone Imaging of Surface Rupture - 2014 S Napa EQ

(UMKC team led by Dr. ZhiQiang Chen with Graduate Student Max Chen)

80 high-resolution
4000 x 3000 pixel
images
Stitched into one
image with
photogrammetric
rectification
2.4 cm/pixel

REMOTE SENSING

Pre- and post-satellite images of tailings dam failure

(2010 Maule, Chile EQ; Bray & Frost et al. 2010)

Airborne LIDAR

Light Detection and Ranging

CHRISTCHURCH
Central Business District

Earthquake Commission, New Zealand

Google

TM
Earth
26 FEB 2011

Central Business District, Christchurch, New Zealand

Google

TM
Earth

15 FEB 2011

26 FEB 2011

26 APR 2012

22 MAR 2013

Central Business District, Christchurch, New Zealand

GROUND SURVEYING

Mapped by Kelson et al.

1999 Chi-Chi EQ: N. Abrahamson, J. P. Bardet, R. Boulanger, J.D. Bray, Y.-W. Chan,
C.-Y. Chang, S. Chang, C.-H. Chen, L. Cluff, L. Harder, A-B. Huang, S. Huang, J.W. Ju, K.
Kelson, S. Kieffer, S. Kramer, M.-J. Kuo, W. F. Lee, H-L. Lin, C-H. Loh, M. McRae, C-Y. Ou,
W. Perkins, G. Rix, C. Roblee, R.B. Seed, J.-D. Shen, N. Sitar, J. Stewart, L. Teng, J. I.
Sun, D. Wells, R. Wright and M. Yashinsky

Ground-Based LIDAR

Optical & LIDAR Images: failed embankment on Ruta 5

(2010 Chile EQ - Kayen in Bray & Frost 2010)

MULTIPLE APPROACHES

Geologic & Damage Mapping, Vs testing, and DCPT testing

2010 Haiti EQ (Rathje et al. 2010)

INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGIC, TOPOGRAPHIC & DAMAGE DATA

Port-au-Prince, Haiti (Rathje et al. 2011)

Systematic Documentation of Observations & Data

Ground Failure Index (Bray & Stewart 2000)
Photos
GPS tracks

Video clips

Index
GF0
GF1

Description
No observable ground failure
Minor ground failure

GF2

Moderate Ground Failure

Significant Ground Failure

PC with
GF3
Geo-referen
Google
Create HTM
Earth
Create GIS f

Kayen et al. 2007

Interpretation
No settlement, tilt, lateral movement, or boils
Settlement, < 10 cm; tilt of > 3-story buildings < 1 deg; no
lateral movements
10 < < 25 cm; tilts of 13 deg; lateral movements < 10 cm
> 25 cm; tilts of > 3 degrees; lateral movements > 25 cm.

Adapazari,
Turkey

1999 Kocaeli Earthquake: A. Ansal, N. Abrahamson, J. Bachuber, J. P. Bardet, A. Barka, M. Baturay, M.

Berilgen, R. Boulanger, J. Bray, O. Cetin, L. Cluff, T. Durgunoglu, D. Erten, M. Erdik, D. Frost, I. M. Idriss, T.
Karadayilar, A. Kaya, W. Lettis, J. Martin, J. Mitchell, G. Olgun, A. Onalp, T. ORourke, W. Paige, E. Rathje,
C. Roblee, R. Sancio, W. Savage, R. Seed, P. Somerville, J. Stewart, B. Sunman, B. Swan, C. Synolakis, S.
Toprak, D. Ural, R. Witter, M. Yashinski, T. Yilmaz, L. Youd

Adapazari

Structural Damage Index

Damage
Distribution
along Line 1

4
3
2

West

East

(60 Structures)

1
0
3

Ground Failure Index

1 Story
2 Stories

3 Stories
4 Stories
1

West

5 Stories

East

6 Stories
0
2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

Distance (km)

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

Bray & Stewart 2000

Fieldwork in Adapazari (Bray et al. 2004)

166 CPT/SCPTu & 61 BORINGS with SPT

< http://peer.berkeley.edu/turkey/adapazari >

Generalized Soil Profiles of Adapazari

Type 1
Liq / Liq

Type 2
Liq / No Liq

Type 3
No Liq / Liq

Type 4
No Liq

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

ML

ML

CH

CH

CL
SM/ML

Dense SP

CH/CL
with some
ML/SM
layers

CH/CL
with some
ML/SM
layers

ML/CL
CL/ML

Dense SP

Dense SP
CH/CL
with some
ML/SM
layers
Sancio et al. 2002

Structural Damage Index

Damage
Distribution
along Line 1

4
3
2

West

(60 Structures)

East

1
0

Ground Failure Index

Type 3

Type 4

(Not Liq. / Liquefiable)

1 Story

Type 1

(Not Liquefiable) (Liquefiable / Liq.)

2 Stories
3 Stories
4 Stories

West

5 Stories

East

6 Stories
0
2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

Distance (km)

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

Sancio et al. 2002

SITE C - Generalized Subsurface Profile

Depth (m)

Ground Failure

Photos by Idriss

No Ground Failure

New Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria

70

Chinese Criteria
in Youd et al. 2001)

60

Liquid Limit

(Seed and Idriss 1982

Susceptible if
wc > 0.9LL

Not
Susceptible

50
40
Susceptible
Moderate Susceptibility
Not Susceptible

30
20
0

50

(Bray & Sancio 2006)

40

Susceptible:
PI 12 & wc/LL 0.85

Plasticity Index

PI & wc/LL Criteria

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent weight corresponding to 5m

70

Susceptible to Liquefaction
Moderate Susceptibility
Not Susceptible

30
20

Moderate Susceptibility:

10

wc/LL > 0.8 & 12 < PI 20

0
0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0
wc /LL

1.2

1.4

Kocaeli EQ Findings
Liquefaction severely damaged buildings in
Adapazari which led to thousands of deaths
Site investigation tools can effectively discern
bad ground from good ground
New criteria was developed to capture the
liquefaction of silts

Geotechnical Effects of the

2010 Chile Earthquake
Jonathan Bray, UC Berkeley; David Frost, Georgia Tech; Ramon Verdugo, Universidad de Chile;
Christian Ledezma, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Terry Eldridge, Golder Assoc.
Pedro Arduino, Univ. of Washington; Scott Ashford, Oregon State Univ.; Dominic Assimaki, Georgia
Tech; David Baska, Terracon; Jim Bay, Utah State Univ.; R. Boroschek, Universidad de Chile; Gabriel
Candia, UC Berkeley; Leonardo Dorador, Univ. de Chile; Aldo Fandez, Servicio de Salud Arauco;
Gabriel Ferrer, Pontificia Univ. Catolica de Chile; Lenart Gonzalez, Golder Assoc.; Youssef Hashash,
Univ. of Illinois; Tara Hutchinson, UC San Diego; Laurie Johnson, Laurie Johnson Consulting;
Katherine Jones, UC Berkeley; Keith Kelson, Fugro William Lettis & Assoc.; Rob Kayen, US
Geological Survey; Gonzalo Montalva, Universidad de Concepcion; Robb Moss, Calif. Polytechnic
Univ. SLO; Sebastian Maureira, Universidad de Chile; George Mylonakis, Univ. of Patras; Scott
Olson, Univ. of Illinois; Kyle Rollins, Brigham Young Univ.; Nicholas Sitar, UC Berkeley; Jonathan
Stewart, UC Los Angeles; Mesut Turel, Georgia Tech; Alfredo Urza, Prototype Engineering; Claudia
Welker, Golder Assoc.; Rob Witter, DOGAMI; & Chilean Air Force

www.geerassociation.org

M = 8.8 Chile Earthquake

Santiago

Temuco

NSF-Sponsored GEER Reconnaissance

Chile-US
Partners

Aerial
Recon

Ground
Recon

2010 Chile EQ Reconnaissance Organization

US GEER Chile Team Members Timeline

David Frost
Rob Moss (S)
Alfredo Urzua (S)
Gonzalo Montalva (S)
Keith Kelson (~s)
Nick Sitar
Jon Bray
Rob Witter (~s)
Jon Stewart
Kyle Rollins
Pedro Arduino (S)
Tara Hutchinson
Dominic Assimaki
George Mylonakis
Laurie Johnson

A Lead
A
A
A
A
A
B Lead
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

Scott Ashford

EERI

Rob Kayen
Scott Olson (~s)

C
C

Youssef Hashash
Jim Bay

D
D

X denotes anticipated "on the ground" days

Fri
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Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs
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Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs
5-Mar 6-Mar 7-Mar 8-Mar 9-Mar 10-Mar 11-Mar 12-Mar 13-Mar 14-Mar 15-Mar 16-Mar 17-Mar 18-Mar 19-Mar 20-Mar 21-Mar 22-Mar 23-Mar 24-Mar 25-Mar
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Others

www.geerassociation.org

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Tectonic Subsidence and Uplift

Iloca

- 0.5 m

Arauco Peninsula + 2.5 m

Tsunami Effects

Damage to Ports: Coronel

Cumulative Horizontal Displacement (m)

1.40
Line 1

1.20

Line 2
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0

10

15

20

Distance from Sheetpile Wall Face (m)

25

30

Seismic Performance of Infrastructure

Juan Pablo II Bridge:
Liquefaction-induced pier settlements along bridge span
Piers # 113-116

Piers # 113-116

0.5m-0.7m

Modes of deformation

Liquefaction-induced
pier settlement

Effects of Ground Failure on Buildings 2010 Chile EQ (Mw= 8.8)

Hospital in Curanilahue

Building Displacement Measurements

Bray, Arduino, Hutchinson, & Maureira

Effects of Ground Failure on Buildings 2010 Chile EQ

Four 8-Story Condominiums, Concepcion

Foundation Settlement and Building Damage

Bray, Arduino, Hutchinson, & Maureira

1o

Kayen

2010 Chile Earthquake

M 8 EQ occurs every 20 to 30 years in Chile

Ground motions characteristics (duration and site

effects) were important
Geology and coseismic tectonic deformation played
key roles in damage and loss of life
Liquefaction-induced damage was negligible-tosevere

www.geerassociation.org

TURNING DISASTER INTO KNOWLEDGE

Well-documented case histories advance

our understanding of earthquakes
Reconnaissance is no longer about taking
photos and handwritten notes
Geo-coded digital observations enable
effective documentation and sharing
Remote sensing and ground-based LiDAR
capture post-event conditions
Google EarthTM enables us to see the world