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CRITICAL READING

DETECTING PROPAGANDA
Lecturer : Mrs Imelda

Prepared By :
THIRD GROUP
LUKMAN NULHAKIM

: 201312500186

ARYANNARASWARI

: 201312500902

LIA KARTIKA PUTRI

: 201312500194

NUR HALIMAH

: 201312500184

RISHANIVA HANDOKO PUTRI : 201312500142


TUHFATUL MUNA

: 201312500152

YANI HANDAYANI

: 201312500185

ZULFA HANUM

: 201512500156

SYARIFUDDIN KAMAL

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS ENGLISH EDUCATION
Critical Reading - Propaganda | 0

2015

Critical Reading - Propaganda | 1

I. DEFINITION OF PROPAGANDA
A. What is propaganda?
Propaganda is a systematic which aimed to transmute attitude, view, and the act of a the
target group. Propaganda carried out through verbal symbols, writing, and behavior by using
the mass media.
B. The types of propaganda
1. White propaganda or be called propaganda white is a kind of propaganda known the
truth as well as the accuracy of the story or the news want to be delivered. This type of
propaganda his habit of going through a duct that monopolized by the government. Every
intimation that are disseminated will give the advantages and accentuating kindness the
government.
2. Black propaganda is a kind of propaganda closed. Propaganda this type of giving a
source of information wrong or inappropriate. Disseminators propaganda this will also be
spreading false information and will give a bad precedent to people or the state accused
of it.
3. Grey propaganda also or in other words as propaganda grayish or hazy is a kind of
propaganda that is less about the accuracy of information or the news spread. This type of
propaganda usually unknown disseminators that spread the information. If something
information disseminated, we rarely know the identity of the intimation disseminators.
This type of propaganda will also reject something cruelty conducted by big powers.
4. Ratio propaganda is a kind of propaganda that is positive. This type of propaganda more
figure into the direction of an integrated and create a good name. In addition, he
promotes ties of friendship and improve the morals of something the case that propagated
C. An example of the types of propaganda:
1. White propaganda for example it is like RRI and TVRI, both of this media of the
ancients until now, often still in use for communication tool the government to convey
information about the government policy to the people of Indonesia widely.
2. Example of Black propaganda that had we heard that is that there was a man
moderator the event meeting an organization, who said that speaker who they invite
could not come because it had in the kidnap by son of (a body of intelligence
countries) however the allegations not proved.
3. Examples of Grey propaganda ever we see on television are a propaganda in doing by
political parties, the party of the NASDEM said that the MINISTER of the
INTERIOR, Gamawan Fauzi has to retreat from his position, because he was not able
to complete the E-ID CARD program, which consequently leads to a DTP problem
still not resolved until now. But the MINISTER denied it, and said that the E-ID
CARD program is not linked to the DPT.
4. Sample ratio propaganda very warm in our memory, yesterday on October 28, we
commemorate the day of oath of youth, for example, that is the contents of the
Sumpah Pemuda in use to remind and unify the youth across Indonesia to stick
together for the sake of the nation.
II. PROPAGANDA DEVICES
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We are fooled by propaganda chiefly because they appeal to our emotions rather than to our
reason. They make us believe and do something we would not believe or do. And since it
appeal more to our emotions; we often dont recognize it when we see it. Admittedly, on
certain occasions it may be fun to be fooled. However, its more fun to know. We can more
easily recognize propaganda when we see it if we are familiar with the common propaganda
devices.
The seven of Propaganda Devices :
1. Nama Calling
Propaganda is not necessarily based upon what is true or untrue, but upon what
propagandists want consumers or public to believe. To make public believes, the
propagandists use a technique of propaganda called Name Calling. Name Calling is a
device to make us form judgment without examining the evidence on which it should be
based. Here the propagandists appeal to our hate and fear. They do this by giving bad
names to those individuals, group, nations, races, policies, practices, and ideals that they
would have us condemn and reject.
Name-Calling is normally used in a negative sense. This propaganda technique is mostly
used to leave the opponent undesirable. By using demeaning words name-callers try to
demean the other views and opinions of others that do not match their own. This can be
seen majorly in politics. For example, in an article on Boston.com from the 2008 election,
it highlights the uses of name calling in politics. John McCain uses words like
redistributionist and socialist to describe his opponent, knowing that words like these
are red flags in American culture. In his statements, John McCain offers no support for
his claims.
The 2008 election, as well as other elections, was filled with propagandists claims. Some
claims may be true, but there is no support to back these claims when the arguments are
made. In order to increase or decrease support of a candidate, the ads are there to arise
fear and mistrust, just like in the McClintock article. In a John McCain commercial,
words like painful taxes, harder on budgets, and not ready to lead are words and
phrases that send shivers of dread down Americans spines. In hard economic times like
our recent ones, the American people are very cautious and wary around the subject of
money. By placing the words painful and taxes together in one phrase it
automatically sends a negative message to those who are watching. When it comes to a
presidential election, people want a person who is a natural leader. When the ad claims
that Obama is not ready to lead, it puts doubt into the minds of the voters. These words
do exactly what they are meant to do; they cast a dark light upon the candidate,
influencing their opinions by their feelings, but not by showing them the facts.
Name Calling is popular in the wartime and politics circles, but it can also be found in
everyday advertisements for everyday materials. Even a slightly less charged word will
change someones opinion about a product. For example, in a Bounty paper towel
Critical Reading - Propaganda | 2

commercial, they mention bargain brand. Upon hearing bargain, one may hear cheaper or
less quality. With this word choice, they are indirectly saying that their brand is better
with higher quality materials. Another example, as stated in the McClintock essay, is by
saying foreign rather than imported when it comes to non-native materials. The word
foreign has such a derogatory tone to it that when a person hears it, it may change their
view slightly. Even though words like bargain and foreign cast a dark shadow upon
the products they are being used to describe, there is no concrete evidence that these
products are worse in value or performance. That is why it is propaganda. The bargainforeign brand can be just as good or better as the name brand, but its quality cannot be
measured by its title.
Name Calling is propaganda technique used to smear the opponents reputation with his
or her audience. It can be used to gather support for an issue, gain opposition against a
competitor, and boost ones product higher than the other brands. The names being used
to label a person or a product may not necessarily be true, or able to be proven, which is
what makes them propaganda. Name Calling is invalid when it comes to argumentation
because there is no proof when the argument is presented. Statements can be fabricated
and some may be true, but we cannot measure their credibility by heresy. By causing fear
or producing mistrust, name calling is a successful way to change another persons
perspective to further boost ones argument.
2. Glittering Generalities
Glittering generalities is a device by which the propagandist identifies his program with
virtue by use of virtue words. Here he appeals to our emotions of love, generosity, and
brotherhood he uses words like truth, freedom, honor, liberty, social justice, public
service, the right to work, loyalty, progress, democracy, constitution defender. These
words suggest shinning ideals. Hence, the propagandist, by identifying his individual,
group, nation, race, policy, practice, or belief with such ideals, seeks to win us to his
cause.
In the glittering generalities devices, words are used to stir up our emotions and befog our
thinking. In one device bad words are used to make us mad; in the other good words
are uses to make us glad. The propagandist is most effective in use of these devices when
his words make us create devils to fight of gods to adore.
Glittering generalities are commonly used in propaganda, such as advertisements and
slogans for political campaign. A glittering generalities is a clever use of an attractive or
glittering word or phrase that provides no specific details. Using such word vaguely or
out of context means that they may be interpreted in many different ways, yet at the same
time, they elicit strong emotional responses due to their inherently strong meaning. The
term glittering generalities was first used by an American lawyer in the nineteenth
century to describe phrases that are convincing on the surface, but have little deeper
meaning.

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Glittering Generalities make you feel good because they sound powerful. However,
underneath the surface, glittering generalities are just that: shiny, fluffy, meaningless word
or phrase. Their underlying meanings are open to any and every interpretation, and any
logical thinker will be able to break them down in a minute. This vagary of meaning also
makes them dangerous for that ery reason; people can use the same phrase in completely
different ways and still draw in consumers and followers. Next time you see a sparkly
slogan, stop to think about what it actually means and see what kind of questions it
generates.
Read on for example of glittering generalities and the questions that they provoke when
they are more closely examined.
Change We Can Believe In
This slogans for Barack Obamas presidential campaign is catchy and attractive at
first glance. You get excited about the words change and believe, since you want
to believe that something will change. When you think about this phrase more,
however, many questions arise: what kind change? How can you believe in it if you
dont know what change you are referring to?
This is a classic example of a glittering in that it says a lot without actually
revealing and details.

3. Transfer
Transfer carries the authority, sanction, and prestige of something respected and revered
over to something else in order to make the latter more acceptable. The technique
involves making an illogical association between one thing and something else that is
generally viewed as positive or negative. When a product or an idea is linked with another
to create the impression that they share positive attributes, the technique being used is
known as transfer. This technique can be used to create positive and negative feelings
about an entity.
Some examples of the transfer in the propaganda:
a. This propaganda technique is capable of creating highly emotional responses and
therefore, generally the imagery for association tends to be visual. The use of
Swastika by the Nazi Party led to negative associations for the symbol when in
actuality it was an identifier for health and prosperity. Till today the use of the
Swastika can cause negative perceptions in the minds of people.
b. " The American pioneers worked hard because they cared about his future. If you care
about the future of you family, then see you agent at pioneer insurance".
c. In Indonesia we can take the example of former president Megawati Soekarno putri
that we are always carrying a big name Soekarno when the campaign to gain support
as people advance flatter her father.

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4. Testimonial
Testimonial (pengutipan) / Testimoni (Kesaksian) is a techniques provide opportunities
for people to say that an idea or program or product with the aim of promoting a
particular product is good or bad. This technique is very common in use in advertising
techniques and also in future political campaigns and require a gradual process of
communication. Messages received based on the experience gained. So the communicator
provide information based on their experience to an information.
How propaganda launched by quoting the words of famous people about whether or not
an idea or a product, for examples :
a. KB campaign by quoting the words of the President, Advertising Shoes Sports, by
quoting the words of Rudy Hartono.
b. In the 2009 presidential election campaign, an advertising campaign featuring Jusuf
Kalla. A humanist, SujiwoTejo. In these testimonials, SujiwoTejo said that he had not
followed the last election, but now he chose Jusuf Kalla
5. Plain Folks
Plain folks propaganda is a technique used to portray a person as an ordinary citizen to
their audience. This technique is commonly practiced by politicians.
A technique whereby the propagandist positions him or herself as an average person just
like the target audience, thereby demonstrating the ability to empathize and understand
the concerns/feelings of the masses.
In politics, most politicians are wealthy, but they strive to present themselves as ordinary
people to the citizens. They do several things to portray themselves as salt of the earth,
common people. Some wear ordinary clothes to avoid sending flashy messages to the
people. When visiting certain regions, some politicians dress like locals to show they can
relate to the issues of the area. Some politicians use simple language so they can
communicate more effectively with average citizens. They also try to participate in
normal activities, such as bowling, beer drinking and eating fast food, like average people
do.
The examples of Plain Folks in propaganda:
a. Americas recent presidents have all been millionaires, but they have gone to great
lengths to present themselves as ordinary citizens.
b. Bill Clinton eats at McDonalds.
c. Ronald Reagan chops wood.
d. Jimmy Carter was an humble peanut farmer.
e. We want a Jim Smith, a mayor who supports the regular American worker. Vote for
Jim Smith.
f. When Obama visit to Indonesia, he used this technique, he was greeted with
assalamualaikum and selamat pagi.
6. Card Stacking
This technique as propaganda to highlight the good things of something. Card stacking
includes the selection and use of facts or falsity, illustrations or confusion and reasonable
or unreasonable a statement that gives the worst or the best possibility for an idea,
Critical Reading - Propaganda | 5

programs, people and goods. This propaganda technique only accentuate the things or the
bright side only, so that the public only see one side only.

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Example :
Advertising the use of condoms, condom ads on various, often appears the statement
"safe sex with a condom". On the one hand, the use of condoms may be able to "secure"
the sex offender from venereal diseases or HIV AIDS. On the other hand, the widespread
use of condom ads will certainly encourage people to do free sex or premarital sex. The
rise of premarital sex or sex will cause another problem.
7. Band Wagon
The Band Wagon is a device to make us follow the crowd, to accept the propagandists
proram en masse. Here his theme is: Everybodys doing it. His techniques range from
those of medicine show to dramatic spectacle. He hires a hall, fills a great a stadium, and
marches a million men in parade. He employs symbols, colors, music, movement, and all
the dramatic arts. He appeals to the desire, comon to most of us, to follow the crowd.
Because he wants us to follow the crowd in masse he directs his appeal to groups held
together by common ties of nationality, religion, race, environment, sex vacation. Thus
propagandist campaigning for or against a program will appeal to us as Catholics,
Protestants, Moslems or Jews; as members of the Nordic race or as Negroes; as farmers or
as a school teachers; as housewives or as miners. All the articles of flattery are used to
harness the fears and hatreds, prejudices and biases, convictions and ideals common to
the group; thus emotion is made to push and pull the group on to the Band Wagon. In
newspaper articles and in the spoken word this device is also found. Dont throw your
vote away. Vote for your candidate. Hes sure to win. Nearly everybody wins every
election before the votes are in.
Example from the Band Wagon:
a. _BW_ He will undoubttedly be a good politician for he succeeded leading some
corporation. Vote for him in the general election.
b. _BW_ Dont waste your money. Save your money in the bank.
c. _BW_ Our precident watches JTG TV every morning. If you do the same, you tune
on the best channel.
d. _BW_ Support the Global Warming by join us to walk a way in Car Free Day.
e. _BW_ John hawkings, is the winner of the 2004 Nobel prize for literature, said,
other universities can claim theyre the first, but I believe my almamater-Global
Quantum University- is the best. Join it to shape your glorious future.

Critical Reading - Propaganda | 7

III. PROPAGANDA AND EMOTION


Emotional Words:
Words such as luxury, beautiful, paradise, and economical are used to evoke positive feelings
in the viewer. Words that will make you feel strongly about someone or something (fear,
desire for success, excitement, being part of a group).
Emotional Words are a way of advertising and a technique used in propaganda. By using
emotional words, advertisers and propagandists can bring across positive feelings about their
product to consumers. Customers can be convinced by the simple use of words such as
"love, adore, hate, care, etc". Words such as these bring out the positive emotions and
feelings in people without needing to include the facts., for example : If you want to be cool,
wear this jacket.
Propaganda and Emotion Relationship:
Observe that in all these devices our emotion is the stuff with which the propagandists work.
Without it they are helpless: with it, harnessing it to their purposes, they can make us glow
with pride or burn with hatred, they can make us zealots in behalf of the program they
espouse. As we said at the beginning, propaganda as generally understood is expression of
opinion or action by individuals or groups with reference to predetermined ends. Without the
appeal to our emotion to our fears and to our courage, to our selfishness and unselfishness,
to our loves and to our hates-propagandists would influence few opinions and few actions.
To say this is not to condemn emotion, an essential part of life, or to assert that all
predetermined end of propagandists are bad. What we mean is that the intelligent person
does not want propagandists to utilize his emotions, even to attainment of good ends,
without knowing what is going on. He does not want to be used in the attainment of ends
he may later consider bad. He does not want to be gullible. He does not want to be fooled.
He does not want be duped, even in a good cause. He wants to know the facts and among
these is included the fact of the utilization of his emotions.
Keeping in mind the seven propaganda devices, turn to todays newspaper and almost
immediately, you can spot examples of them. At election time or during campaign, Plain
Folks and Bandwagon are common. Card Stacking is the hardest to detect, because it is
adroitly executed or because we lack the information necessary to nail the lie. A little practice
with the daily newspapers in detecting these propaganda devices soon enables us to detect
them elsewhere-in radio, newsreel, books, magazines, and in expressions of labor unions,
business groups, chuches, school, political parties.

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EXERCISES :
Read the following sentences and decide which propaganda techniques they represent.
Using the following codes, place the appropriate letters in front of each sentence.
NC
GG
Tr
Te
1.
2.
3.

=
=
=
=

Name Calling
Glittering Generalities
Transfer
Testimonial

PF
CS
BW

=
=
=

Plain Folks
Card Stacking
Band Wagon

4.
5.

All your friends drink Sprite. You try it too!


This car is latest thing in speed, power and luxury.
John Kerry, candidate for president, was seen playing football at the church picnic
yesterday.
Superstar Will Dempsey says Cheewees are the best for breakfast.
Leading Medical men claim Calso capsules will cure the common cold.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Abraham Lincoln stated he was born to fight slavery.


Senator sandy Roger is a two-faced politician.
Nine out of ten people use Gusto Shaving Cream.
Golden cigarettes last longer, taste better, and use finer tobacco.
Bill Adams is the workingmans friend.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Take the advice of Stan Stokely, track star: Wear Whiz Sgoes!
Independent laboratory tests show Puresilk is the best for your skin.
Everybodys dancing Flip and Flop. Let us teach you how.
Smart people drink Windagainst!
Buy new Blooze Soap in the giant economy size.

1.
2.

Forty million Indonesians drink Kapal Api. Why not you?


Cathy Butterfield, Olympic swimming champion. Claims Formfit swimsuits are
the best.
Surely you dont want to elect a slacker like Martin Bryan!
Senator Stockton rose his position after having been a common laborer.
Ben Franklin Savings and Loan Association will help you save money!

3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Leading medical men recommended taking Pilch Pills three times daily for
increased vigor.
An honest American, Richard Reeves believes in freedom and love of fellow man.
Come to Bali, where you can enjoy paradise-like life.
Fly with Lion Air-just like what Siti Nurhalizah does.
John Seen is clearly un-American in his views toward free speech.

Critical Reading - Propaganda | 9

ANSWER KEYS :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

BW
CS
PF
Te
Te

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

GG
NC
BW
Te
PF

1. BW (Te)
2.
Te
3. BW
4.
BW (Te)
5. CS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

BW
Te
PF
PF

1. Te
2.
3.
4.
5.

Te
GG
GG
Te
NC

Critical Reading - Propaganda | 10

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