Transition Zone Analysis Techniques

Transition Zone Analysis
Porosity Cross-Plots
End-point values for porosity logs are determined from
cross-plots of log response versus core porosity (NOB)
Sonic Log Calibration with Core Data
Density Log Calibration with Core Data
160
Transit Time, micro-second
Bulk Density, g/cc
2.5
2
1.5
y = -1.7702x + 2.7103
1
0.5
0
140
y = 126.52x + 49.905
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Core Porosity at NOB
Density Log
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
Core Porosity at NOB
Sonic Log
0.4
Shale Content Cross-Plots

I SP
SPlog SPmin
SPsh SPmin
In this case, use

Larionov Older Rocks correlation
log min
I
sh min
In this case,
Make a new correlation
Calibration of Well Logs

with Core Data
If Capillary Pressure is Negligible

Initial Saturation Distribution
Cap Rock
Oil Rim
OWC
Bottom Water
Swc
Sw
No transition zone
If Capillary Pressure is Significant

Initial Saturation Distribution
Cap Rock
Oil Rim
Top transition zone O/w
Transition Zone
OWC
Bottom Water
Swc
Sw
Transition Zones
Shape of (Sw vs depth) curve is similar to capillary pressure curve
Oil-water capillary pressure Pcow = Po - Pw
At equilibrium:
Forceup = Forcedown
PcowA = Ah(w - o)g
h
OWC
Hence;
h = Pcow/ (w - o)g
Pcow
Swc
Sw
Swc
Sw
Example Calculation
24
Oil
(C) h = 30 m
(B) h = 15 m
(A) h = 5 m
OWC
16
Pcow
psi
8
Water
0
Oil density = 689 kg/m3
0.6
0.4
0.8
Sw
Given:
Water density = 995 kg/m3
0.2
For point A: Pcow = 5x9.8x(995-689)/6900 = 2.2 psi
Swi = 0.88
Acc. of gravity g = 9.8 m/s2 For point A: Pcow = 15x9.8x(995-689)/6900 = 6.5 psi
Swi = 0.39
For point A: Pcow = 30x9.8x(995-689)/6900 = 13 psi
Swi = 0.24

Objectives
Checking validity of Sw values calculated from well logs
Checking validity of OWC level
Calibration of well logs with core data

Defining reservoir rock facies
Estimating ( cos) for various reservoir rock facies

Calculating capillary pressure curves for reservoir conditions

Procedure
For each rock facies, formulate suitable transforms for:
k in terms of and Vcl
Swc in terms of k
Vcl
Swc
log k

Procedure, continued
Formulate suitable J-Functions from core data
J-Function vs Sw
Pc
J
cos
Sw

Convert J-Function to normalized J-Function
J-Function vs Sw*
S w S wc
S
1 S wc
*
w
Jmax
J
Sw *

Calculate k, Swc and Sw* for every point above OWC
from log analysis results
TVDSS
Vcl
Sw
Swc
Sw*
3422.0
0.232
0.091
0.200
621
0.199
0.001
3422.5
0.241
0.077
0.213
487
0.207
0.007
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
3501.0
0.162
0.175
0.598
25
0.301
0.425
3501.5
0.225
0.107
0.601
412
0.212
0.494
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
3533.0
0.208
0.096
0.967
270
0.225
0.957
3533.5
0.182
0.124
0.989
85
0.262
0.985
OWC
0.197
0.115
1.000
152
0.244
1.000
S w S wc
S
1 S wc
*
w

Calculate h and (J cos) for every point above OWC
from log analysis results
TVDSS
Sw*
J cos
3422.0
0.232
621
0.001
112.0
0.4040
3422.5
0.241
487
0.007
111.5
0.3461
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
3501.0
0.162
25
0.425
33.0
0.0284
3501.5
0.225
412
0.494
32.5
0.0970
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
3533.0
0.208
270
0.957
1.0
0.0025
3533.5
0.182
85
0.985
0.5
0.0008
OWC
0.197
152
1.000
h = height above OWC
k
J cos h( w o ) g

Plot (J cos) versus Sw* and fit the best J-Function Curve
(J cos) vs Sw*
J cos
-0.2
Jmax cos
Sw *

Calculate cos for each reservoir facies at several
values of Sw*
( cos)res = (J cos) / J
Calculate the average value of ( cos)res
Calculate the reservoir J-function for each reservoir
facies using the average value of ( cos)res
Jres = Jlab (J cos) /( cos)res for each Sw* value

Compare the curves of laboratory and reservoir Jfunctions versus Sw*
Estimate the value of for each reservoir rock facies

if is known
Calculate the coefficient of J-function for use in
Petrel model
Use the reservoir J-function to formulate a transform

relating Sw* to Jres or a selected function of Jres
Reservoir Capillary Pressure Curves

Use the value ( cos)res to calculate required capillary pressure
curves for various facies from their normalized J-Functions
Determine average and k for various
reservoir rock facies
Pc J cos
Estimate Swc from transforms

Assume several values for Sw* between 0 and 1
Calculate corresponding values of Sw

Determine J values from
Sw*
Pc
Calculate Pc values from J, cos, and k
Plot Pc versus Sw
Swc
Sw
Transition Zone Analysis Example

Given capillary pressure data
0.871 0.729 0.612 0.521 0.453 0.389 0.342 0.301 0.273 0.257 0.244 0.241 0.240
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
45
40
Capillary Pressure, psi
Sw
1
Pc, psi 0
Sam ple A
Porosity = 18%
Perm eability = 236 m d
Sw c = 24%
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Water Saturation Sw

Given k and Swc transforms
3.5
log k = - 28.56por + 21.14por - 4.6Vsh - 0.38
3
2.5
0.7
0.1
0.6
0.2
y = 0.0192x - 0.1434x + 0.4555
0.5
0.3
1.5
Swc
Log k
Vsh
0
0.4
1
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
0.1
-0.5
-1
0
0.05
0.1
Other data
0.15
Porosity
0.2
0.25
0.3
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
Log k
Oil-water contact elevation = -2866 ftss

Reservoir oil density o = 764 kg/m3
Reservoir water density w = 982 kg/m3
Acceleration of gravity g = 9.8 kg/m2

Calculated Jlab versus Sw*
Sw*
J
1
0
0.83 0.643 0.489 0.37 0.28 0.196 0.134 0.08 0.043 0.022 0.005 0.001 0
0.55 1.10 1.65 2.19 2.74 3.29 4.39 5.49 6.58 7.68 8.78 9.88 10.97
4.5
y = -38.494x 5 + 105.36x 4 - 108.03x 3 + 53.181x 2 - 15.649x + 3.63
4
3.5
3
2.5
J
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 0.6
Sw*
0.7
0.8
0.9

Calculated Jcos versus Sw* from log data
Depth
Porosity
ft subsea
2758
0.155
2758.5
0.12
2759
0.166
2759.5
0.223
2760
0.168
2760.5
0.201
2761
0.218
2761.5
0.241
2762
0.164
2762.5
0.148
2763
0.128
2763.5
0.161
2764
0.173
2764.5
0.233
2765
0.255
2765.5
0.252
2766
0.224
2766.5
0.106
2767
0.105
2767.5
0.101
2768
0.17
2768.5
0.103
2769
0.147
2769.5
0.25
Vsh
Sw
0.271
0.017
0.11
0.287
0.035
0.241
0.333
0.175
0.19
0.277
0.089
0.256
0.074
0.139
0.069
0.256
0.209
0.355
0.19
0.161
0.275
0.354
0.145
0.067
0.696
0.430
0.422
0.597
0.310
0.589
0.646
0.276
0.577
0.797
0.567
0.748
0.323
0.256
0.230
0.438
0.465
0.950
0.795
0.773
0.751
0.913
0.585
0.218
k
md
9.2
46.5
68.6
39.2
160.1
40.4
21.8
178.2
27.8
7.1
28.1
12.8
120.8
226.8
685.8
90.4
91.4
0.8
4.5
5.3
13.3
0.7
27.8
648.3
Swc
0
0.335
0.270
0.257
0.276
0.233
0.275
0.298
0.230
0.288
0.347
0.288
0.320
0.240
0.224
0.203
0.248
0.248
0.470
0.370
0.362
0.319
0.478
0.288
0.204
Sw*
0.542
0.219
0.223
0.444
0.101
0.433
0.496
0.060
0.405
0.689
0.392
0.630
0.109
0.042
0.034
0.253
0.288
0.905
0.674
0.644
0.634
0.834
0.418
0.018
h
ft
108
107.5
107
106.5
106
105.5
105
104.5
104
103.5
103
102.5
102
101.5
101
100.5
100
99.5
99
98.5
98
97.5
97
96.5
J cos
0.01713
0.04357
0.04479
0.02907
0.06738
0.03080
0.02162
0.05851
0.02788
0.01476
0.03142
0.01882
0.05550
0.06521
0.10785
0.03919
0.04159
0.00563
0.01335
0.01469
0.01785
0.00523
0.02747
0.10119

Transition zone plot

Calculated (cos)res for various Sw* values
Sw*
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
J cos
0.0853
0.0602
0.0453
0.0371
0.0296
0.0172
0.0090
0
Average
J
3.630
2.499
1.919
1.565
1.268
0.713
0.377
0
cos
0.0235
0.0241
0.0236
0.0237
0.0233
0.0242
0.0239
0.0238
Using a value of 0.025 N/m for res:

res = 18
Calculating Initial Water Saturation

From Capillary Equilibrium
Required items are:
( cos)res
Sw* as function of J
k and Swc transforms
For every point, determine height above

OWC (h)
Oil
Estimate k and Swc from transforms

h
h( w o ) g k
cos
OWC
Water
Calculate corresponding values of Sw*
Calculate corresponding values of Sw Sw = Swc + Sw*(1 - Swc)

Example
Transforms
y = -1,2764x 5 + 5,9212x 4 - 10,565x 3 + 9,1674x 2 - 4,179x + 1

1
Swc = 0.388 0.055 log k
0,9
0,8
Density difference = 205 kg/m3
g = 9.8
m/s2
= 0.215
Sw*
log k = 14.5 - 5.8 Vcl
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0
Vcl = 0.141
OWC at 1833 mss
( cos)res = 0.037 N/m
Estimate Swi at depth = 1821 mss
0,4
0,8
J-Function
1,2
1,6

Example, continued
From transforms: k = 199 md and Swc = 0.262
Height above OWC h = 12 m
J = 0.611
Hence; Sw* = 0.176

Sw = 0.262 + 0.176(1 0.262) = 0.392

Transition Zone Analysis Techniques

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Transition Zone Analysis Techniques

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Transition Zone Analysis

Density Log Calibration with Core Data

Bulk Density, g/cc

Shale Content Cross-Plots

In this case, use

Calibration of Well Logs

If Capillary Pressure is Negligible

If Capillary Pressure is Significant

Top transition zone O/w

PcowA = Ah(w - o)g

Oil density = 689 kg/m3

For point A: Pcow = 5x9.8x(995-689)/6900 = 2.2 psi