PERCENTAGES – PROFIT AND LOSS

PERCENTAGES
‘cent’ implies ‘hundred’ and hence ‘percent’ implies ‘ for every hundred’.

How to convert any fraction to percentage?

Consider one fraction suppose 6/13 and we have to represent it in percentage.
This can be done as follows:
6 6 × 100 (6 × 100)/13 46.15
= = = = 46.15%
13 13 × 100 100 100

How to convert a percentage into a fraction?

Suppose we have to convert 30% to fraction then we can do it as follows:
30
30% = = 0.3
100

Hence, any percentage can be expressed as a decimal fraction by dividing the percentage figure by
100 and conversely, any decimal fraction can be converted to percentage by multiplying it by 100.

Percentage increase or decrease of a quantity is the ratio expressed in percentage of the actual
increase or decrease of the quantity to the original amount of quantity. Thus,

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Percentage increase = × 100
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Percentage decrease = × 100
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

For example, if the price of an item is increased from Rs.100 to Rs.150 then the percentage increase
can be calculated as follows:

Actual increase in price = Rs. (150 – 100) = Rs.50

Original price = Rs. 100
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Percentage increase = × 100
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
50
= × 100 = 50%
100

Whenever there is any percentage increase or decrease on a quantity, we can directly calculate the
new value of the quantity instead of calculating the actual increase or decrease and then adding to
or subtracting from the original quantity.
For example, if the increase on a value of 200 is 25%, the new quantity is 1.25 x 200 (where
1.25=1+0.25, 0.25 being the decimal equivalent of 25%).
Similarly, if there is a decrease of 20% on a quantity of 400, then the new quantity will be equal 400
x 0.8 (where 0.8 = 1 – 0.2, 0.2 being the decimal equivalent of 20%).
On the basis of percentage increase, we can write down how many times the old value gives the new
value. For example, if the percentage increase is 100%, then we can conclude that the new value is 2
times the old value. If the percentage increase is 200%, the new value is 3 times the old value. in
𝑥𝑥
general, if the percentage increase is 𝑥𝑥%, then the new value is � + 1� times the old value.
100

Conversely, if we know how many times the old value gives the new value, we can find out the
percentage increase in the old value to get the new value. For example, if the value is 4 times the old
value then the percentage increase in the old value to get the new value is 300%. If the new value is
1.12 times the old value then the percentage increase in the old value is 12%. in general, if the new
value is y times the old value, then the percentage increase is (y – 1) x 100.
 If there are successive increases of p%, q% and r% in three stages, the effective percentage
increase is
100 + 𝑝𝑝 100 + 𝑞𝑞 100 + 𝑟𝑟
�� �� �� � − 1� × 100
100 100 100
If one or more of p, q and r are decrease percentage figures and not increase percentage, then it will
be taken as a negative figure and not as a positive figure.
Similarly, if the resultant figure is negative, it means it is a net decrease.’
The same can be extended to any number of successive increase or decrease percentages.

 If the value of an item goes up/down by x%, the percentage reduction/increment to be now
100𝑥𝑥
made to bring it back to the original level is � �%
100±𝑥𝑥
100𝑥𝑥
 If A is x% more/less than B, then B is � � % less/more than A.
100±𝑥𝑥
 If the price of an item goes up/down by x%, then the quantity consumed should be
100𝑥𝑥
reduced/increased by � � % so that the total expenditure remains the same.
100±𝑥𝑥

Percentage Points
Percentage points is the difference of two percentage figures.

PROFIT AND LOSS

BASIC TERMS
1. Selling Price or Sale Price (S.P.) – It is the price at which an item is sold.
2. Cost price (C.P.) – It is the price at which an item is purchased.
3. Profit – It is the extra money that is earned.
4. Loss – When an item is sold below its cost price then loss is said to be incurred and the difference
between the selling price and the cost price is known as loss.

Formulae:
 Profit = Sale Price – Cost Price = S.P. – C.P.
𝑆𝑆.𝑃𝑃.−𝐶𝐶.𝑃𝑃. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
 Percentage Profit = × 100 = × 100
𝐶𝐶.𝑃𝑃. 𝐶𝐶.𝑃𝑃.
 Loss = C.P. – S.P.
 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
 Percentage Loss = × 100
𝐶𝐶.𝑃𝑃.

It is customary to express Profit/Loss as percentage of Cost Price. However, in some problems it may
specifically be given that profit/loss percentage has been calculated on the S.P. or the student may
be asked to calculate the profit/loss percentage on the selling price. Unless such specific directions
are given, the profit/loss percentage is always to be calculated on the cost price.

When two articles are sold at the same price (i.e., their S.P. is the same) such that there is a profit of
p% on one article and a loss of p% on the other (i.e., common profit or loss percentage), then,
irrespective of what the S.P. actually is, the net result of the transaction is loss. This percentage loss
is given by

(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 )2 𝑝𝑝 2

Loss Percentage = =
100 100

Marked Price (M.P.) or List Price is the price that is indicated or marked on the product or it is the
price which is given in the price list. This is the price at which the product is intended to be sold.
However, there can be some discount given on this price and consequently, the actual S.P. of the
product may be less than the M.P.
S.P. = M.P. – Discount
Now,
𝑀𝑀.𝑃𝑃.−𝑆𝑆.𝑃𝑃. 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
Discount percent = × 100 = × 100
𝑀𝑀.𝑃𝑃. 𝑀𝑀.𝑃𝑃.

Common Fractions with Decimal and Percent Equivalents

It will be really helpful if you all memorize the below given table.

Fraction Decimal Percent

1/2 0.5 50%
1/3 0.333… 33.333…%
1/4 0.25 25%
1/5 0.2 20%
1/6 0.1666… 16.666…%
1/7 0.1428 14.28%
1/8 0.125 12.5%
1/9 0.111… 11.111…%
1/10 0.1 10%
1/11 0.0909 9.09…%
1/12 0.08333… 8.333…%
1/13 .0769 7.69%
1/14 0.0714 7.14%
1/15 0.0666 6.66%
1/16 0.0625 6.25%
1/32 0.03125 3.125%
2/3 0.666… 66.666…%
3/4 0.75 75%
2/5 0.4 40%
3/5 0.6 60%
4/5 0.8 80%
5/6 0.8333… 83.333…%
3/8 0.375 37.5%
5/8 0.625 62.5%
7/8 0.875 87.5%
2/9 0.222… 22.222…%
4/9 0.444… 44.444…%
5/9 0.555… 55.555…%
7/9 0.777… 77.777…%
8/9 0.888… 88.888…%
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