1

TABLEofCONTENTS
PRFACE(ALAINFEUGIER,Dr.ENVIR.IFP))
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
PARTI
FROMFINISHEDLUBRICATINGOILTOWASTEOIL
Chapter1.Baselubricatingoilmanufacturing
Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Chapter2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

2.5

Conventionalmineralbaseoilsmanufacturing
Nonconventionalmineralbaseoilsmanufacturing
Synthesesoilsmanufacturing
1.3.1
Thepolyalphaolefins
1.3.2
Theorganicesters
Themainadditivesused
1.4.1
Theantioxidantadditives
1.4.2
Thedetergentadditives
1.4.3
Thedispersingadditives
1.4.4
Theantiwearadditives
1.4.5
Theviscosityindeximprovers
1.4.6
Thepourpointdepressors
1.4.7
Theantirustandanticorrosionadditives
1.4.8
Theantifoamadditives

Oiluseintheengine,collectandcontrols
Usualuseoftheoilintheengine
Totalwasteoiltodisposeof
Collect
2.3.1
Wasteoilcomposition,collectandanalyses
2.3.2
Collectorganization,financingandlegislation
Europeandata(collect,recyclingandrerefiningcapacity)
2.4.1
Wasteoilcollectionanddisposalforeverycountry
2.4.2
RerefiningplantsannualproductionintheEuropeancountries
2.4.3
BriefsurveyofthewasteoilmanagementintheEuropeancountries
ShortreviewonthererefiningindustryinFranceandfinancingprocedures

PARTII
USEDENGINESOILSREREFINING
Chapter3

Oilcompositionandthetreatmentstepsrequired

3.1

Upstreamtreatments

3.2

Separationsprocesses
3.2.1
Physical/chemicalseparationprocesses(sulfuricacid,thermaltreatment,flocculation)
3.2.2
Thephysicalseparationtreatments(vacuumdistillation,deasphalting,
ultrafiltration,centrifugation)

3.3

Finishingsteps
3.3.1
3.3.2

3.4

Chapter4

Bleachingclay
Catalytichydrotreatment(processandcatalyst)

Rerefiningschemes:Yieldsevolutionandecologicalrestraint

Mainprocessesavailable(industrializedornot)
Introduction

4.1

TheMEINKENprocessinvolvingsulfuricacidandclay
4.1.1Processdescription
4.1.2Wasteproduction
4.1.3Processimprovement

4.2

TheMATTHYS/GARAPprocess(acid,clay,centrifugation)
4.2.1Introduction
4.2.2Processdescription
4.2.3Conclusion

4.3

TheECOHUILEprocess
4.3.1Reviewofpreviousactivities
4.3.2Usedoilreceiptandcontrol
4.3.3Productionscheme
4.3.4Baseoilsandgasoilanalyses

4.4

TheREVIVOILprocess(DSV,propaneextractiononresidue,Hydrofinishing)
4.4.1Review
4.4.2ProcessappliedtodayandinthenearfutureatViscolubeS.p.A.
4.4.3Feedstocksandproductsanalyses
4.4.4Someadvantagesoftheprocess
4.4.5Economics

3
4.5

TheKTIprocess(Thinfilmevaporator+refining)
4.5.1
Introduction
4.5.2
Processdescription
4.5.3
Feedstocksandproductsanalyses

4.6

TheCEP/MOHAWKprocess(Thinfilmevaporator+refining)

4.7

TheEVERGREENOILprocess(stemsfromMohawkwithtechnicalandeconomical
improvements)

4.8

TheSNAMPROGETIprocess(twostepsinvolvingpropane+refining)
4.8.1
Introduction
4.8.2
Processdescription(firstscheme)
4.8.3
Feedstocksandproductsanalyses
4.8.4
Conclusion

4.9

TheVAXONPROCESS(multievaporators+refining)
4.9.1
Introduction
4.9.2
Descriptionofaseparationstage
4.9.3
Completeprocessdescription
4.9.4
Feedstocksandproductsdescription
4.9.5
Conclusions

4.10

TheSOTULUBProcess(Thinfilmevaporator,basicadditiveantipoll)
4.10.1
4.10.2
4.10.3
4.10.4
4.10.5

Maincharacteristicsoftheprocess.
Patentssurvey.
Todateprocessdescription.
Feedstocksandproductsannalyses.
Economicaldata.

4.11

TheRECYCLON(DEGUSSALEYBOLDHERAEUS)process
4.11.1Introduction
4.11.2Processdescription
4.11.3Productsanalyses
4.11.4Economics
4.11.5PCBremovalfromtransformeroils

4.12

TheREGELUBprocess(ultrafiltration+hydrofinishing)

4.13Then.M.2.Psolventextractionprocess
4.13.1 Introduction
4.13.2 Applicationoftheprocesstowasteoil
4.13.3 TheBECHTELprocessdescription
4.13.4 TheMRDSolventExtractionProcedureandprocessoptimizationusingnM2P
4.14

ThePROPTECHNOLOGYprocess(PhillipsPetroleumCompanyphosphated'ammonium
+hydrofinishing)
4.14.1 Processdescription
4.14.2 Processfeatures
4.14.3 Economics
4.14.4 Conclusion

4
4.15

TheUOPprocess(DirectContactHydrogenation+catalytichydrotreatment)
4.15.1 Processdescription
4.15.2 Pilottests
4.15.3 Materialbalanceandproductsanalyses
4.15.4 Economics
4.15.5 Conclusion

4.16

TheINTERLINEprocess(InterlineResourcesCorporation)(Chemicalpretreatment,waterand
sludgeremovalusingcoldpropane)
4.16.1 Introduction
4.16.2 Processdescription
4.16.3 Productsanalyses
4.16.4 Economics
4.16.5 Processfeatures

4.17

TheENTRATECHNOLOGYprocess(thermalreactionundervacuum,veryshortresidencetime
finishing)
4.17.1 Introduction
4.17.2 Processdescription
4.17.3 Processfeatures
4.17.4 Conclusion

4.18

TheCHUSCENprocess(ARCESAS.A.)(conversionintofuelforshipengine)
4.18.1 Introduction
4.18.2 Processdescription
4.18.3 Commentsandconclusion

4.19

TheCODATENprocess(HPmicroemulsion,metalsremoval,finishingstep)
4.19.1 Introduction
4.19.2 Equipmentdescription
4.19.3 Applicationtoenginewasteoil
4.19.4 Processdescription
4.19.5 Conclusion

4.20

TheCITRA/EXTRAMETprocess(sulfur,halidesandmetalsremovalinameltedsaltsmixture
4.20.1 Introduction
4.20.2 metalsremovalstepdescription
4.20.3 Commentsontheprocess

4.21

TheCeraMemprocess(ultrafiltrationthroughmembranes)
4.21.1 Processdescription
4.21.2 CeraMemapproachandmembranesused
4.21.3 Mainresults
4.21.4 Economics

4.22

ThePROBEXProterraprocess
4.22.1 Introduction
4.22.2 mainstepsoftheprocess
4.22.3 Briefprocessdescription

4.23

TheTIQSONSTechnologiesprocess(antifoulingadditive+preflash+vacuum+finishing)

5
4.24

Theflocculationprocessbyorganicsolventextraction(Wismannetal)

4.25

Synthesesontheprocessesdescribed
4.25.1 Thecommercializedprocesses
4.25.2 Thenoncommercializedprocesses

4.26

Economics
4.26.1 Economicsdataspecifictowasteoil
4.26.2 Typicalcaseevaluation

PARTIII

ENERGYRECOVERYFROMENGINEWASTEOIL
Chapter5
5.1

Engineusedoilcombustion,aloneormixedwithotherfuels
Engineusedoilcombustion
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

5.2

Wasteoilpreparationattheuserorinastoragescenterinviewofenergeticvalorization
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3

5.3

Usualschemeofpreparationequipment(basedon10000t/y)
Equipmentcostevaluation
Controlanalysesonsite.Analysesequipmentcost

Combustionofenginewasteoilmixedwithn6fueloil.
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5

5.4

Introduction
Detailedcharacteristicsofthiscombustion
Elementalanalysesandcombustioncalculations
Stackgastreatment
Coincineration

Introduction
Characteristicsofeachfuel
Mixturewasteoil/N6fuelsurvey
Mixturewasteoil/fueln6combustion
Conclusions

Valorizationinthecementindustry
5.4.1Introduction
5.4.2Cementmanufacturingprocess
5.4.3Furnaceenergeticneedsandfuelsgenerallyused.
5.4.4Wasteseliminationincementworks

6
5.4.5Wasteoilcombustionincementworksfurnace.
5.5

Chapter6

Valorizationinasphaltplants
5.5.1
Generalcharacteristicsofanasphaltplant
5.5.2
Usualfuelsubstitutionbywasteoil

Othervalorizations

6.1

Valorizationinrefinery
6.1.1
RefineryvalorizationsurveyundertheaegisofUFIP(FCCroute)
6.1.2
Valorizationintolubeoils
6.1.3
RefineryvalorizationpresentedbyChemicalEngineeringPartners

6.2

Valorizationbycogeneration(dieselenginesandturbinescombinedcycle)
6.2.1Dieselenginecoupledwithalternator
6.2.2Combinedcycleinvolvinggasandsteamturbinesafterwasteoilgazeification.
Regenerationresiduesvalorization.
6.3.1
Regenerationresiduesanalyses
6.3.2
Valorizationofmixturesofasphaltwithregenerationvacuumresidue
6.3.3
Valorizationofmixturesofasphaltwithpropanedeasphaltingresidue
6.3.4
Sulfuricacidsludgesvalorization.
6.3.5
Conclusion

6.3

Chapter7
WasteoilrerefiningandcombustioncomparisonintermsofTEP
saved
Introduction
7.1

Casen1Wasteoilisburntwithoutanypretreatment.
7.1.1
Wasteoilcombustionassumption(advantagesanddrawbacks)
7.1.2
Rerefiningassumption.
7.1.3
Energyavailableresultingfromnonmanufacturingaproduct.
7.1.4
Tworoutescomparisonandconclusion.

7.2

Casen2Wasteoilistransformedintocleanfuelbeforecombustion.
Introduction
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Wasteoilpotentialityforthecombustionroute.
Cleanfueldefinition.
Wasteoiltransformationintocleanfuel
Processesselectedforthistransformation(flocculationandultrafiltration)
Materialbalanceandeconomicalevaluation.