A Best Practices
Guide to Operations
and Communications
www.faa.gov/go/runwaysafety
Introduction
Introduction
Taxi Procedures
Following good operating procedures while taxiing
increases the safety of the surface operation. This
section focuses on some of the common tasks that
you should incorporate into your taxi procedures.
Air Traffic Control (ATC) Instructions
Once taxi instructions are received, you should:
Taxi Procedures
Taxi Procedures
Answer _______
Scenario C: November 123QZ, Runway 34, taxi via
Alpha.
Answer _______
Scenario D: November 123QZ, line up and wait
Runway 6 via Alpha and Bravo, cross Runway 6.
Answer _______
Answers A-5
D-8
B-11
Taxi Procedures
Taxi Procedures
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Taxi Procedures
Line Up and Wait (LUAW)
ATC now uses the line up and wait instruction when a
takeoff clearance cannot be issued immediately due to
traffic or other reasons. The words line up and wait
have replaced position and hold in directing a pilot
to taxi onto a runway and await takeoff clearance.
Under LUAW phraseology, the controller will state
the aircraft call sign, departure runway and line up
and wait. Be aware that traffic holding in position
will continue to be used to advise other aircraft that
traffic has been authorized to line up and wait on an
active runway.
Pay close attention when instructed to line up and
wait, especially at night or during periods of low
visibility. Before entering the runway, remember to
scan the full length of the runway and its approach
end for other aircraft.
Consider lining up slightly left or right of centerline when
holding for takeoff so that your aircraft is visible and can be
differentiated from runway lights.
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A Pilots Guide
Guide to
to Operations
Safe Surface
Operations
A Best Practices
and
Communications
Taxi Procedures
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Taxi Procedures
Taxi Procedures
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Taxi Procedures
Aircraft Lights
Aircraft Lights
Anytime during operations, day and night, exterior
aircraft lights may be used to make an aircraft on the
airport surface more visible, conveying location and
intent to other pilots.
Use Exterior Aircraft Lights as Follows:
Engines Running Turn on the rotating
beacon.
Taxiing Prior to commencing taxi, turn on
navigation/position, strobe*, taxi, and logo
lights, if available.
Crossing a Runway All exterior lights should
be illuminated when crossing a runway. You
should consider any adverse effects to safety
that illuminating the forward facing lights will
have on the vision of other pilots or ground
personnel during runway crossings.
Line Up and Wait When taking position on
the runway, pilots should make their aircraft
more visible to aircraft on final behind them
and to ATC by turning on lights (except landing
lights) that highlight the aircrafts silhouette.
Entering the Departure Runway After
Takeoff Clearance Received Turn on all
exterior lights to make your aircraft more
visible.
Takeoff - landing lights should be turned on
when takeoff clearance is received, or when
commencing takeoff roll at an airport without
an operating control tower.
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Aircraft Lights
Landing lights
Logo lights
Taxi lights
Strobe light*
Navigation/Position
Navigation
Position
lights
= Turn on
Rotating beacon
Engine(s) running
Communications
Effective pilot/controller communications are key
to safe surface operations. You can help enhance
the controllers understanding by responding
appropriately and using standard phraseology.
Guidelines for clear and accurate communications
include:
Use proper communications procedures when
contacting ATC. Your initial transmission should
contain these elements:
Who you are calling
Your call sign
Where you are located on the airfield
Acknowledgement of ATIS information
and its current alpha code
Your intentions, stated briefly
Taxiing
Crossing a runway
Entering departure runway
for line up and wait
Takeoff
* Strobe lights should not be illuminated if it will have an adverse
effect on others.
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Communications
Communications
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Communications
Communications
Readback errors
A readback is a pilots acknowledgement of an
air traffic controllers transmission that repeats
the information that the controller conveyed. A
pilot readback presents the first and most efficient
opportunity to catch miscommunications. It provides
a reality check in two ways:
First, it tells the controller, This is what the pilot
heard, and secondly, it provides the controller the
opportunity to reaffirm that is what he/she meant to
say.
An effective readback can mitigate the effects
of expectation, because it gives the controller an
opportunity to correct the error. In the next example,
a readback of what the pilot expected, rather than
what was said, saved the pilot from an unauthorized
landing, or worse. The controller, recognizing from
the readback that the pilot had lined up on the wrong
runway is able to amend the clearance to reflect the
runway that the aircraft is approaching.
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Communications
Communications
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Communications
Communications
Fair
Poor
Nil
Example:
Controller: November 123QY, Charlotte tower,
runway five, cleared for takeoff.
Pilot: November 123QY, cleared for takeoff,
runway five.
Runway Exiting
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Example:
Pilot: Constable ground, November 123QY,
exiting runway two at bravo, taxi to the
ramp.
Controller: November 123QY, Constable ground,
taxi to the ramp via bravo.
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Communications
Communications
Non-Towered Airports
Arrival Example:
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Communications
Communications
With respect to runways, always stop at the
runway holding position marking unless
otherwise directed by ATC. A read back
confirmation to ATC is required anytime a hold
short instruction is given.
Glossary of Phraseology
This section contains a glossary of terms commonly
used in ground or surface operations. For a complete
listing of all ATC phraseology, consult the FAA
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), which
can be accessed at: http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/
publications/atpubs/aim/
Affirmative Yes.
Confirm My understanding of your
transmission is ______: Is that correct?
Correction An error has been made in the
transmission and the correct version follows.
Expedite - Used by ATC when prompt
compliance is required to avoid the
development of an imminent situation.
Final Commonly used to mean that an aircraft
is on the final approach course or is aligned
with a landing area.
Go Ahead Proceed with your message. Not to
be used for any other purpose.
Hold or Hold Position or Hold For Stay in
place where you are currently located.
Hold Short of... Proceed to, but hold short
of a specific point and maintain appropriate
distance to avoid interfering with other traffic.
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Alternative array of
signs when location
sign not installed.
Surface painted
direction sign
Surface painted
location sign
for Taxiway A
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environment.
Runway Guard Lights are flashing yellow lights
that can be in-pavement or elevated and are used to
help identify a runway holding position.
In-Pavement Runway
Guard Light
Elevated Runway
Guard Light
Steady Red
Cleared to go; OK to
cross runway or taxiway.
STOP!
Flashing Red
Flashing Green
Cleared to taxi. DOES
NOT APPLY TO
VEHICLES!
Alternating Red/Green
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Exercise extreme
caution. This warning
signal can be followed
by another light signal
as circumstances
permit.
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Self Assessment
1. Which of the practices below should be adopted
when planning your airport surface movement?
A Alpha
S Sierra
B Bravo
T Tango
C Charlie
U Uniform
D Delta
V Victor
E Echo
W Whiskey
F Foxtrot
X X-ray
G Golf
Y Yankee
H Hotel
Z Zulu
I India
0 Zee-ro
J Juliett
1 One
K Kilo
2 Two
L Lima
3 Three
M Mike
4 Four
N November
5 Five
O Oscar
6 Six
P Papa
7 Seven
Q Quebec
8 Eight
R Romeo
9 Niner
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Self Assessment
4. If you become disoriented or uncertain about
your location on the airport, what should you do?
Self Assessment
6. The yellow painted marking at the beginning of
this runway indicates:
D. A and B.
5. As you taxi out for take off, you encounter the
depicted taxi line below. What does it mean, and
what should you do?
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Self Assessment
8. When communicating with ATC, which of the
following is correct?
A. Read back all clearances/instructions to enter
a specific runway, hold short of a runway
or line up and wait including runway
designator.
B. Read back all takeoff and landing clearances,
including the runway designator.
C. If unfamiliar with the taxi route at an airport,
ask for progressive taxi instructions.
D. All of the above.
9. You are approaching an airport and have
received a clearance to land. You notice an aircraft
on the runway in position for takeoff. What should
you do?
A. Continue the approach and land; the other
aircraft is holding for you.
B. Ask the controller about the aircraft on the
runway if you dont hear them being issued a
takeoff clearance.
C. Execute a go around.
Self Assessment
10. The red and white sign next to the taxiway is
called a runway holding position sign. This sign
indicates:
D. Both B and C.
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Self Assessment
12. On a runway you see this sign. What does it
mean?
Self Assessment
14. What is the procedure when you approach
these painted markings from the solid line side?
C. It is informational only.
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D
A
B
B
B
C
C
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