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EFFECTIVENESS OF

SpiderTechTM Klneslologv Taping

Introduction

The Vitality Depot is pleased to introduce Splderfech" Therapy. SplderIech" Therapy is an innovative functional medicine approach to modulate pain and myofascial dysfunction through the use of specialized pre-cut and pre-packaged elastic tape applications. Splderfech" is the first company to provide the benifits of Kinesiology taping in an easy to apply, standardized and effective pre-cut design. Splderfech" applications are manufactured using the original Nitto Denko Kinesiology Tape from Japan which is hypoallergenic, stretchable, breathable and water resistant. The use of SpiderTech'" Applications offers a simple and effective approach to reduce pain, while improving the ability to be active. This provides a synergistic and complimentary addition to any form of patient centered care for the health care professional independent of their designation. The unique features of the tape allows SpiderTech'" applications to be worn for numerous days in order to enhance muscle activation and therefore providing active support to sore muscles and joints without unintentionally hindering ranges of motion. Splderfech" applications are engineered to accelerate the body's natural ability to heal in response to injury, reduce pain, provide protection from further injury during the healing process and to treat sensitization which often occurs in chronic conditions.

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History

The use of kinesiology tape in its original roll format has provided impressive clinical results treating muscle injuries,

joint strains, neurological patients and both conservative and post-surgical rehabilitation for almost three decades. The popularity of this technology reached new heights with its exposure during the 2008 Beijing Olympic via a wide spectrum of athletes utilizing kinesiology tape therapy during the games. Spiderfech" is the evolution of this proven form of therapy, employing a full line of pre-engineered therapeutic applications that require no cutting from rolls of tape. The advantages of using Spiderfech" include: increased efficiency with clinical usage; a reduction in application time; standardization of application; applications that stay on longer due to machine engineered cuts; reproducible results; easier learning curve; and a paradigm shift for the patient from that of just 'tape' to a professionally engineered therapeutic support reinforcing that this is an effective form of therapy.

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SpiderTech™ Products

SpiderTech" is a professionally engineered pre-cut elastic therapeutic tape designed for the different areas of the body, but can be used in over 40 different variations depending on the desired clinical outcomes.

• The Neck Spider"

• The Shoulder Spider"

• The Elbow Spider"

• The Wrist Spider"

• The Posture Spider"

• The Low Back Spider"

• The Hip Spider"

• The Upper Knee Spider"

• The Full Knee Spider"

• The Ankle Spider"

• The Calf and Arch Spider"

• The Hamstring Spider"

• The Groin Spider"

• The Lymphatic Spider" in 3 different sizes, Small, Medium and Large

SpiderTech" Applications and SpiderTape" are available in the following colors:

• Beige

• Blue

• Red

• Black

Bath are to prevent ROM and tensile farce generation in order to prevent further trauma

Why use SpiderTech™? Sensorimotor Therapy

All painful conditions are associated with altered neurosensory signaling between the muscles and joints affected and the central nervous system (CNS). These altered signals can influence muscle recruitment patterns and lead to protective mechanisms which limit ranges of motion and alters muscle function1-12.s8.76 (Figure1). Faulty recruitment patterns lead to the overuse of specific muscles and underuse of their synergistss.13.14 .. This is a local change that can spread throughout the entire motor system via adaptive rnechanlsrns'v", Subsequently, a strictly local injury never exists. Pain signals also trigger a neurologically mediated increase in muscular tone leading to a viscous cycle of pain - increased tone

- pain - increased tone", The increase in muscular tone leads

to vascular constriction resulting in delayed blood and nutrient

flow to the injured muscles", This further triggers painful signals exacerbating an already painful condition. When stiffness or tension in the muscles is elevated, the production and liberation of pain inducing ions and metabolites will also be increased, including:

K+ ions, lactic acid, arachidonic acid, histamine and serotonin":". If left unresolved, the muscle tissue undergoes physiological changes to become more dense and fibrotic with small adhesions forming within the muscle18-21.n.73. The result is that the muscle is no longer able to contract and glide smoothly across surrounding structures":", This limits ranges of motion and the ability for the muscle to stabilize the joint it crosses.

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Figure 1. Neuro-protective mechanisms associated with pain.

Pain Sensory Afferent Input

Muscle Activation Motor Efferent Response

Figure 2. The reflexive effect of pain on neuro-muscular function, as pain increases or persists, muscle activation diminishes.

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Although acute pain following trauma can serve a necessary function in preventing further injury and as a signal for repair and remodeling, if left unresolved, chronic pain through a process of sensitization can lead to sustained pain, dysfunction, and dlsabllltv" 61-64. Sensitization occurs as peripheral and central neuroplastic mechanisms take effect leading to a heightened sensitivity to painful stimuli, the generation of painful reactions to non-painful stimuli and an increase in the referral zone for which pain is experienced. If this cycle is not broken, a neurological footprint of altered muscle function may remain where the pain pathways and processing centers will become conditioned to maintain their post-injury activity long after the trauma has passed25.26.59-64. The effect of pain on function is a neuroprotective mechanism which is inherent to our neurological system, where as pain signals increase, muscle activation decreases as reflexogenic mechanisms

take over (Figure 2). As mentioned previously, in addition to a muscle experiencing inhibition as a result of pain, it has now been shown that all of the synergistic muscles undergo altered EMG activity in order to compensate for the painful condltlon", This further alters the sensorimotor loop leading to increased neuromuscular dysfunction. This improper neuromuscular control can also lead back to kineticchain imbalances leading to a cycle of pain and dysfunction. In essence, the link between the neural signal and muscle contraction is altered following injury (Figure 3).

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Figure 3. The effect of injury on neural signal, muscle contraction and neuromuscular dysfunction

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Proposed Therapeutic Mechanisms of SpiderTechlM Applications

SplderIerh" therapy primarily works on a neurosensory level to help normalize the alterations in neuromuscular control that occur after

an injury through sensory gating and neuroplastic mechanisms. In essence, the enhanced afferent stimulation of A-Beta fibers via mechanoreceptor activation provided by the tape on the skin disrupts and diminishes the ascending signals of pain through sensory gating mechanisms. This disrupts the inhibitory effect pain has on muscle function therefore leading to improved activation of dysfunctioning muscles, all while not limiting the ranges of motion necessary to live an active pain-free life 79. The overall result is a decrease in the sensation of pain along with normalizing the neural drive to the muscle involved. This helps to stabilize the recruitment patterns of the muscles controlling joint function, therefore providing functional joint stability to the structures in question. This differs from a traditional rigid brace which provides structural limitations to movements which may be harmful to long term healing and recovery. Due to the dynamic stretch capabilities of the tape it may also be applied to dynamically limit compensatory or clinical hypermobility.

Through neuroplastic mechanisms the application of the tape is capable of providing the necessary stimulus to 'condition' the neurological pathways back to a normalized state of function post trauma and sensitization. This becomes clinically important for treating chronic pain and myofascial dysfunction. Plasticity is use dependent and is the key process involved in how chronic pain evolves and is maintained as a "disease-state:' One of the key advantages of Splderfech" applications is that they may be worn continuously for multiple day therefore providing the necessary stimulus to the nervous system to activate neuroplastic mechanisms involved in reversing the state of chronic sensitization.

How does SpiderTech work?

There are four (4) main ways SpiderTech" Applications can have both a therapeutic and performance enhancing effect. Outlined below is a framework based on the relevant evidence currently available in the scientific literature.

4 1. Psychological With an increased perception of stability and level of conscious awareness the client/patient is able to get past the first

and often most important hurdle with overcoming an injury, the mental one. Current evidence supports improved outcomes in recovery and rehabilitation if a client is made actively aware of the process.

2. Neurosensory This is the main mode of effect SpiderTech" Applications offer with the interruption of neural signals responsible for pain within the CNS through the enhanced afferent stimulation of the machanoreceptors from the stimulus the tape provides on the cutaneous receptors which stimulates the A-~fibers. The concept of an analgesic response to cutaneous receptor stimulation was initially proposed by Melzack and Wall, as well as CasteF7,28. With the disruption of painful afferent signals from A-delta- and C-fibers being sent to the CNS the muscles affected are capable of normal activation and freedom of movement because they are no longer inhibited by the signal of pain. As discussed above, the interface between the tape and the cutaneous mechanoreceptors along with the continuous movement of the body activates the skin's endogenous analgesic system through stimulation of Merkel Cells leading to enhanced pain modulation. The skin has approximately 500 nervous cells per 1 ern of skin surface. In the human hand alone there are about 17,000 mechanoreceptors in the skin. There is also evidence that stimulation of A-beta fibers can stimulate the release of endogenous opiods with effects on pain perception through descending inhibitory pathways36-44.

Sensorimotor control is provided by continuous input from receptors located in the joints, muscles, and skin. The idea that the CNS deals with the signals arising from these receptors separately is a historically incorrect belief. Recent research supports a sensory integration model between joint, muscle and cutaneous receptors":", This form of combined processing leads to more appropriate responses due to the increased level of redundancy within the system that allows compensation for errors in feedback. The plastic nature of our nervous systems is one whereby increased input, be it frequency, duration, or strength of activation, as an external stimulus or a motor program leads to either a stronger or weaker response to that input"?'. This is the result of a greater number of synaptic connections being established within the CNS to better handle the variety of stimuli and respond to them appropriately, be it with a positive or detrimental outcome. In essence, the ability of the nervous system to learn is dependent on neural plasticity. Where damage has occurred to articular and/or muscular structures, the altered sensations from their rnechanoreceptors can be compensated through the various neuroplastlc adaptive mechanisms that are imparted by the activation of cutaneous afferent receptors through

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the continuous wearing of the tape. This can lead to improved joint and position sense thus improving sensorimotor control. The scientific

literature has now shown that cutaneous receptors do play an important role in the sensation of movement either by providing direct feedback or by facilitating feedback from other receptors45-52•

3. Structural Splderfech" applications can be applied in a variety of ways that can dynamically support better static and dynamic postures and protect potentially harmful ranges of motion from further exacerbating painful conditions. The tape may be pre-stretched in a neutral anatomical position in order to dynamically limit ranges of motion without a hard end point by exogenous traction on cutaneous tissue. This reinforces correct biomechanical imbalances potentially leading to pain by keeping structures aligned in their ideal position in order to balance forces and movements acting on the body's centre of mass in addition to maintain ideal movement patterns for enhanced healing.".

4. Microcirculatory The application of the tape creates convolutions or waves on the skin which is believed to improve micro-circulatory flow at the subdermal level (Figure 4). The lymphatic channels primarily work within this layer of skin and can have profound effects on a person's overall health and recovery capabilities.34•35 Relieving areas of lymphatic congestion at a local level can influence systemic lymphatic flow.

When would I use SpiderTechlM applications?

Figure 4. The tape on the skin leads to the formation of areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure leading to a change in the flow of fluid.

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The SpiderTech 3P protocol meets the needs of today's rehabilitative and performance enhancing professionals. The 3P protocol consists of 3 elements;

Pain

• For patients experiencing painful conditions such as muscle strains, joint sprains and ligament tears, as well as arthritic conditions, Splder'Iech" can effectively reduce the signals of pain via neural mechanisms.

Prevention

• For the patient where prevention of further damage to injured tissue is the primary concern, Splder'Ierh" applications can be effective in re-establishing functional joint stability to protect against further trauma. Splderfech" applications are also capable of supporting the prevention focused patient by enhancing static and dynamic postures along with structurally limiting harmful ranges of motion in a smooth controlled manor

Performance

• For those clients who are not experiencing a painful condition but are looking for natural performance enhancement, Splderfech" applications can be worn to enhance athletic performance. This is achieved indirectly through decreased risk of repetitive strain trauma, a decreased onset of muscular fatigue, and the reduced occurrence of muscle cramping.

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Conclusion

The science and practical application of SpiderTech" as a therapy links several well-developed but complex and separate areas of physical medicine into a comprehensive model that maximizes the therapeutic effects of this easy to apply, but highly effective form of Elastic Therapeutic Taping. Although the scientific links that would fully legitimize this form of therapy from a fad to a conventional form of care has yet to be definitively proven, Splder'Iech" offers a simple and universal approach to decreasing pain while improving activity regardless of the therapist's professional designation. SpiderTech" Applications are currently involved in numerous research studies around the globe in order to clarify the integrated mechanisms behind its therapeutic potency. Splder'Iech" Applications can be integrated into any form

of therapeutic intervention becoming a synergistic and complimentary addition to any patient centered care system. It is evident that SpiderTech" offers a variety of methods that can make it a paramount component of pain modulation and prevention. SpiderTech" can also be useful in enhancing an athlete's performance along with being essential in allowing athletes to meet their goals of quickly returning to their respective sport following an injury. Splder'Iech" is engineered with the progressive therapist in mind and created from patientcentered innovation to build upon Nucap Medicallnc.'s quest to be the global leader in pre-engineered therapeutic taping technology.

Education and Certification Process

The SpiderTech" educational programs are intended for the progressive therapist interested to improve their scientific understanding and hands on skill sets of incorporating kinesiology taping into their practices. The SpiderTech" Educational Series is offered to licensed health care professions and is designed to ensure continuous advancement in knowledge and understanding of how this form of taping can be used across a range of conditions and required therapeutic outcomes. For more information on training please contact your distributor, or visit us on our web site, www.SpiderTechTraining.com.

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