Computer networks

Computer network is a collection of two or more interconnected computers to perform data

communication. Relationship between two or more computers that can occur through wired or
wireless medium (without cable). The data can be communicated in the form of text, sounds,
images, or video.
History of computer network started in 1940 in the United States through the
development of a computer project at Bell Labs Model I and Harvard University
research group led by Howard Aiken. At that time, the project aims to utilize only a
computer device that can be used together. In 1950, when computers began to
grow and supercomputers born, there was the need for a computer that can serve
many terminal. Then was found the concept of TSS (Time Sharing System) or the
queuing system. In 1969, formed the first computer network called ARPANET.

Benefit and advantage built computer networks are:

a. computers that are connected to make sharing files and folder sharing, ie the use
of file or directory together
b. with a centralized file storage (file server), files or data on the server can be
shared
c. allows the use of applications jointly by multiuser
d. allows us to backup data
e. allows us to get the latest data / current rapidly.
There are two ways to classify types of computer networks, namely:
1. computer network based wide area or region
2. computer network based transmission media.
1. Computer Networks or Wide Area by Area
Based on the area or wide area, computer networks can be divided into three,
namely:

LAN (Local Area Network)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
a. LAN (Local Area Network
LAN or Local Area Network is a computer network to areas that are not so wide. LAN
vast size limitation is a building.
This type of LAN network very often we meet in the cafe, college, school or office

that requires a relationship or connection between two or more computers in a

room.
b. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
MAN stands for metropolitan area network. This type of computer network MAN is a
network of computers in a city with high speed data transfer that connects a
location such as schools, colleges, and government offices. MAN network is actually
a combination of several LAN networks. Range of the MAN network can reach 10-50
kilo meters.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

WAN or Wide Area Network is a computer network with the widest geographical
coverage to reach the island, country, continent, and even outer space. WAN is
usually a collection of a number of LAN and MAN. Examples of the application of
WAN is a network owned by a national bank. Bank "A" which is headquartered in
Jakarta has branch offices in Surabaya, Makassar, and Denpasar. Bank "A" also
opened overseas branches namely in Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines. In
each branch, the bank has its own office with a number of employees and full
amenities including ATM (Automatic Teller Machine). In order to obtain accurate
information from all branches of financial transactions, Bank "A" makes the
computer network including WAN category.

2. Computer Network Transmission Based Media

Transmission media is conductive media data can be either wired or
electromagnetic waves. Physically, there are three types of conductive media data,
cable, electromagnetic waves (wireless) and satellite.

a. cable
Type of cable used in computer networks are:
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
Cable STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
Coaxial cable
Fiber optic cable.
UTP
Cable UTP cable is the type most widely used to build computer networks. This
cable has 4 sections and each section has 2 fiber. UTP cable specifications, among
others, has a range of data up to 100 meters, connected to RJ45 connector, has
several categories, namely category 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

STP Cable
STP cable has physical characteristics similar to the UTP cable. It's just that this
cable is very sensitive to radio signals and electrical. STP cable is often used in
token ring topology.

Coaxial cable
has a copper conductor at its center. Plastic insulator layer located between the
conductor and metal fiber layer security. The metal fiber coating helps cover the
interruption of electric lights, vehicles and computers. These cables are susceptible
to interference signals certain. There are two types of coaxial cable, RG-58 is the
type that can reach a distance of 200 meters and RG-8 type that can reach a
distance of 500 meters.

Fiber optic cable

Fiber optic cables or optical fibers have the ability to transmit a signal over a
distance of the most distant with the highest speed. Range of fiber optic cables can
reach 2000 meters.

Wireless
Wireless networks are often called WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) is a
computer network that uses radio waves, infrared rays (IR) or laser light as a
medium. Because it does not require cables, wireless network is very practical to
use.
Infrared rays are widely used for short range wireless communication. The system
uses infrared rays are easy to make and relatively inexpensive. However, infrared
light has limitations because it can not penetrate walls or dark objects. The simplest
example is the use of infrared remote control television. On the means of
communication, infrared light is also used as a medium of exchange between
mobile phones.
Radio waves, RF (radio frequency) in the network without wires wider. This
technology is also applied to radio, television, cordless phone / wireless, and the
Internet.

Satellite
Using a satellite telecommunications network is apt to reach areas that are difficult
to reach by cable networks as well as conventional wireless networks. In addition,
satellite communications can be selected to reach a wider geographical area. One
example is a satellite telecommunications network using VSAT. VSAT
communications with guaranteed safety and fast. This system is much more difficult
than with intercepted radio communications as well as communications cables. An
advantage of using VSAT is:
- High-speed transfer
- Direct access to the network of the ISP router with near 100% reliability.
VSAT systems are widely applied to the ATM machine (Automatic Teller Machine),
subscription television, and satellite phones.

summary
Information and communication technology is the development and application of computer
technology and communications-based technologies to process, present, and manage data and
information. Information and communication technology includes the manufacture of computer
hardware and components, computer software development and various computer-related
services, and manufacturing of components and services related to communications equipment.
Computers are the main means of information and communication technology.
According to its function, computer equipment can be divided into 4 types, namely:

Instrument
Instrument
Instrument
Instrument

input
process
storage
output

Two or more computers can be connected so that they can communicate with each
other and form a computer network.
Based on its location, a computer network is divided into three, namely:

- Local Area Network (LAN)

- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- Wide Area Network (WAN)
Based on the transmission media or media penghantarnya, computer network is
divided into two, namely:

- Cable networks (wireline)

- The network without wires (wireless)