Name : Muhammad Mukhlis Afriyanto

Student ID : 153i420i
Email:
mukhlis.afriyanto@gmail.com

Summary of Education: Cultural reproduction, revolution and

peacebuilding in conflict-affected societies by Tejendra
Pherali

In this paper there are three main issues the interrelationship between
education and conflict. The First, education as victim and perpetrator.
The education system often become the target of attacks not only by
the non-state armed groups but also the state security forces. The
backgrounds of assault on education system are ideological, political,
ethnic and military reasons. For example, schools were destroyed due
to learn the culture and knowledge of the western. More than 200
Schoolgirl kidnapped from Chibok, northern Nigeria by book haram
militant because western education is not in accordance with their
Islamic beliefs. Teachers and school children are abducted for
radicalisation and used as support personnel in military operations.
Furthermore, girls are forced into sex slaves. Attacks against teachers,
students, schools and education infrastructure make schools unsafe
place for children during the conflict. On the other hand, education
system can be perpetrator too. Formal education can lead to conflict by
providing access to and quality of education, manipulating history and
textbooks only to certain social and ethnic groups. For instance,
Children of the rich easier to get a good quality education than poorer
children. Because of this they can hold dominant position in society.
When the prospects of social mobility are blocked, people will lose
patience for progress and lead to conflict
The Second, education as liberation from resistance to revolution.
Educational institutions not only be a place for the production of labor
but also as a tool used by teachers and students to discuss about the
issues and state policies that impact on their lives. The failure of
government policies, especially the lack of economic opportunity only
lead to political violence or revolution.
The last one is education as peacebuilder and pedagogies for
peacebuilding. Education policies that provide equal educational access

Name : Muhammad Mukhlis Afriyanto

Student ID : 153i420i
Email:
mukhlis.afriyanto@gmail.com

to all the community can reduce the potential for ethnic tensions. In
the early years, school can use the mother tongue rather than to
impose the dominant national language in the minority groups.
Furthermore, bilingual education will help the ethnic groups to
participate as citizens where they live with the knowledge and means
to defend their interests of recording as well as the revitalization and
strengthening of their culture.

Summary of CONFLICT AND DEVELOPMENT by Suhrke and

Chaudhary
There are two classic perspectives view of the relationship between
conflict and development. A liberal view, sees underdevelopment as a
cause of conflict and development as a source of peace. Modernization
and economic changes can bring stability in states. The idea is that
modernity would reduce ethnicity. Modernization theory assumes that
when people's lives changed towards more modern, identity related to
clan, tribe or ethnic group gradually submerged by a higher national
identity. In addition, development or modernization can reduced
systematic social, economic and political inequalities.
The other view, conflict exist in development as social transformation.
Changes often uneven, unfair and a threat to the loser. When people
feel they are worse than others and the change seemed to make a
difference like that they will rebel and lead to violence. Such violence is
considered to be internal to the development not as a result of
development. The Development is a process of conflict because the
conflict associated with redistribution of power and resources through
violence. Industrial Democracies in the United State, for example, by
destroying the conditions of a plantation economy based on slave
labor, the civil war in the United States as the foundation for the
development of modern industry and the nation's growing middle class
(Moore 1966). Violent conflict or war do not stop the development
process. War requires intense economic activity and involves a change

Name : Muhammad Mukhlis Afriyanto

Student ID : 153i420i
Email:
mukhlis.afriyanto@gmail.com

of power and control of resources. Therefore, the conflict is embedded

in development.
Furthermore, change will raises new conflict and will not reduce conflict
and violence (Cramer 2006, 47). In the western industrialized world,
there is an interest to end the conflict and to build peace in developing
nations. United nation concerned itself early in the peacebuilding effort
to end conflict. It involved reforms in political and economic that is
believed to be the basis for peaceful reconstruction and development.
Political reform in elections, with participation of political parties and on
the economic side, reform on market mechanism and macroeconomic
stability. These reform is expected to stabilize peace