Midterm Practical Study Guide

Chapter 1 Intro to Anatomical Terms

Anatomical Terms

Body Cavities and Membranes

Two major body cavities

Dorsal (posterior) Largely on the posterior/dorsal side of the body

Ventral (anterior) Largely on the anterior/ventral side of the body
Major cavities are subdivided into smaller cavities, which are then
subdivided into even smaller subcavities formed by thin sheets of
tissue called serous membranes, the cells of which produce a thin,
watery fluid called serous fluid that lubricates organs so they move
with a minimum of friction
Serous Membranes Composed of two layers:
Outer Parietal Layer Attached to the surrounding
structures
Inner Visceral Layer Attached to the organ or organs of
the ventral cavity
Dorsal (Posterior) Cavity
o Cranial Cavity Area encased by the skull; contains the brain and the
special sense organs such as the eyes and the organs for hearing
o Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity Area encased by the vertebrae; contains the
spinal cord
Ventral (Anterior) Cavity
o Thoracic Cavity Superior to diaphragm
Pleural Cavities Each pleural cavity surrounds one of the lungs
Located between two serous membranes called the
pleural membranes
Parietal Pleura Attached to body wall
Visceral Pleura Attached to surface of the lung
o Mediastinum Area between the pleural cavities; contains great
vessels, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi, and other structures; houses
another set of serous membranes that form the pericardial cavity
Pericardial Cavity Surrounds the heart
Between the pericardial membranes
Parietal Pericardium Attached to surrounding structures
Visceral Pericardium Attached to heart muscle
o Abdominopelvic Cavity Inferior to diaphragm, extends into bony
pelvis
Peritoneal Membranes
Parietal Peritoneum Attached to body wall and
surrounding structures
Visceral Peritoneum Attached to surface of many organs
in cavity
Peritoneal Cavity Found in between the two layers of peritoneal
membranes
Retroperitoneal Organs Found posterior to the peritoneal
cavity
Abdominal Cavity Area superior to bony pelvis; houses many of
the organs of the digestive, lymphatic, and urinary systems
o
o
o

Pelvic Cavity Housed within the bony pelvis; contains certain

organs of the reproductive system as well as certain organs of
the digestive and urinary systems

Chapter 4 Cytology

The Cell Cycle

A continual cycle of growth and replication; consists of four phases:
o 1. G1 Initial growth phase
o 2. S Phase DNA is replicated
o 3. G2 Second growth phase
G1 G2 = Interphase, cell is not dividing
o M Phase (Mitosis) Cell divides its organelles, cytosol, and replicated
DNA among two identical daughter cells
Prophase Nuclear membrane starts to degenerate, DNA
condenses so individual chromosomes are visible, mitotic
spindle forms
Metaphase Chromosomes line up along central portion of cell,
microtubules called spindle fiber emanate from mitotic spindle
and attach to center of each pair of chromosomes
Anaphase Chromosomes start moving toward opposite poles of
cell as spindle fibers shorten, cytokinesis begins
Telophase Cleavage furrow forms, nuclear membranes begin to
reassemble, mitotic spindle becomes less visible, cytokinesis is
completed

Chapter 5 Histology

Epithelial Tissues Our covering and lining tissues

Simple Squamous Epithelium A single
layer of flat cells with a flattened nucleus;
often found in places where substances
have to cross the epithelium quickly, such
as the air sacs of the lungs

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Cells are about

as wide as they are tall, with a round, central
nucleus; found lining glands such as the
thyroid gland, certain respiratory passages,
and in kidneys

Columnar Epithelium
taller than they are wide,
nuclei located near the base
certain respiratory passages,
digestive tract, and the
genitourinary tract; surfaces
contain cilia or are folded
microvilli

Simple
Cells are
with round
of cell; line
much of the
often
into

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Many

layers of flattened cells; may also contain
keratinocytes (keratinized); stratified
squamous keratinized epithelium is found
in areas subject to mechanical stresses
(the outer layer of skin); stratified
squamous nonkeratinized epithelium is
located in the oral cavity, the pharynx,
the anus, and the vagina

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Rare in

human body; found lining ducts of
certain glands

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Rare in human body; found lining
ducts of certain glands

Pseudostratified Ciliated
Columnar Epithelium Has the
appearance of having many layers
but actually has only one layer of
cells; cell shape is always
columnar; found lining the nasal
cavity and much of the respiratory
tract

Transitional Epithelium Stratified

but not classified by shape
because cells can change shape;
typically, the apical or surface cells
are dome-shaped, but when tissue
is stretched, they flatten and are
squamous in appearance; found
lining the urinary bladder and
ureters

Loose (areolar) CT Primary element is ground substance, giving it a loose

appearance; all three types of protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) are
scattered in loose CT ground substance; found as part of the basement
membrane and in walls of hollow organs

Reticular CT Consists of many reticular fibers produced by reticular cells; located

in spleen and lymph nodes, where the fibers interweave to form nets that trap
pathogens and foreign cells; also located around blood vessels and nerves, where it
forms supportive networks

Adipose Tissue Consists mostly of cells, with little visible ECM; huge cells are
adipocytes, each contains a large lipid droplet that occupies most of its
cytoplasm; nucleus and other organelles are barely visible, pushed to periphery
of cell; distributed widely throughout the body under the skin and around organs

Dense Regular Collagenous CT Consists primarily of collagen fibers arranged in

parallel bundles with little ground substance and few cells; exceptionally strong,
makes up structures that require tensile strength in a single plane, such as
tendons and ligaments

Dense Irregular CT Consists of

bundles of collagen fibers arranged in
an irregular, haphazard fashion
without a consistent pattern; quite
strong, located in places requiring
tensile strength in multiple planes,
such as the dermis and joint and organ
capsules

Dense Elastic CT Contains elastic

fibers arranged in parallel bundles;
found lining large blood vessels and in
certain ligaments

Hyaline Cartilage Contains mostly

chondrocytes scattered in ground
substance with few visible protein fibers;
smooth, glassy appearance makes it
ideal to cover ends of bones where they
form joints with another bone; also found
connecting ribs to sternum, in nose, and
forming framework for certain
respiratory passages

Fibrocartilage Full of protein fibers

(mostly collagen), making it tough and
extremely strong but not smooth;
reinforces ligaments and forms articular
discs; also found in joints where hyaline
cartilage has been damaged

Elastic Cartilage Filled with elastic

fibers that allow it to stretch and
recoil; found in ear and epiglottis

Bone (Osseous Tissue) Consists

of osteocytes encased in an ECM
that contains collagen fibers and
calcium hydroxyapatite crystals;
ECM arranged in concentric layers
(lamellae), with osteocytes
sandwiched between them
makes bone the hardest tissue in
the body and most resistant to
mechanical stresses
Compact Bone Hard, dense bone
tissue found immediately deep to
periosteum; repeating, densely
packed osteons

Cancellous (Spongy) Bone Found

inside of a bone deep to compact
bone; somewhat resembles a
sponge and consists of a
latticework-type structure with tiny
bone spicules called trabeculae

Blood Only CT that doesnt actually

connect anything physically;
consists of erythrocytes and
leukocytes, platelets, and plasma

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Myocytes

are long, tubular, and striated in
appearance due to myofilaments;
formed from the fusion of myoblasts
and for this reason have multiple nuclei

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Myocytes

are short, fat, striated, and tend to
be branching; adjacent myocytes
linked by intercalated disks; typically
only have one nucleus, but some
have more

Smooth Muscle Tissue Myocytes

are flat with one nucleus in the
center of the spindle-shaped cell;
lack noticeable striations; lines all
hollow organs and is found in skin,
eyes, and surrounding many glands

Nervous Tissue Primary

component of brain, spinal cord,
peripheral nerves; consists of a
unique ECM and neurons and
neuroglial cells
Neurons Responsible for sending
and receiving messages within
the nervous system
Neuroglial Cells Perform functions
that support neurons in some
way

Chapter 6 Integumentary System

Skin Anatomy and Accessory Structures
Epidermis (stratified squamous keratinized epithelium)
o Stratum Corneum Superficial layer composed of dead cells called
keratinocytes
o Stratum Lucidum Single layer of translucent, dead cells found only in
skin of palms and soles of feet
o Stratum Granulosum Superficial cells are dead, but deeper cells are
alive; named for cells cytoplasmic granules, which contain keratin and
an oily waterproofing substance
o Stratum Spinosum First actively metabolizing cells encountered here;
melanin found in this layer
o Stratum Basale Deepest layer, contains single row of actively dividing
cells; often combined with stratum spinosum and called stratum
germinativum
Dermis
o Papillary Layer Composed of loose CT; has dermal papillae which
project into the epidermis, contain Meissners (tactile) corpuscles and
capillary loops that provide blood supply to the avascular epidermis
o Reticular Layer Thick, composed of dense irregular collagenous CT;
houses sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, and Pacinian
(lamellated) corpuscles
Hair
Shaft Long, slender;
composed of dead
keratinized cells; projects
from skins surface
Root/Bulb Embedded in
dermis
Hair Follicle Epithelial
tissue-lined sheath
surrounding hair bulb

Nail Plate Surrounded by skin on all three sides (nail folds); formed by
nail matrix

Chapter 7 Intro to the Skeletal System

Compact Bone Hard, dense bone tissue found immediately deep to the
periosteum; hardness comes from structure, which consists of repeating,
densely packed subunits called osteons
Features of Osteons
o Lamellae Concentric rings of bone matrix; give compact bone a great
deal of strength
o Central (Haversian) Canal Runs down the center of each osteon,
contains blood vessels and nerves and is lined with a CT membrane
called the endosteum
o Lacunae Small cavities situated between lamellae, contain mature
osteoblasts called osteocytes that monitor and maintain the bone
matrix; neighboring lacunae and osteocytes are connected to each
other by tiny canals called canaliculi
o Perforating (Volkmanns) Canals Lie perpendicular to osteon and
carry blood vessels into the bone from the periosteum; lined by
endosteum
Spongy Bone Found on inside of a bone deep to compact bone; latticeworktype structure with tiny bone spicules called trabeculae
o Houses the bone marrow
Red Bone Marrow Produces blood cells
Yellow Bone Marrow Composed primarily of adipose tissue

Classification of Bones by Shape

Long Bones - Longer than they are
wide; bones of upper/lower
extremities excluding ankle and wrist
bones
Short Bones About as long as they
are wide; bones of wrist and ankle
Flat Bones Flat; include ribs, sternum,
clavicle, certain skull bones, bones of
pelvis
Irregular Bones Bones whose shape
doesnt fit into any of the other
classes; vertebrae, certain bones of
skull (mandible)
Sesamoid Bones Roughly ovalshaped bones located within tendons
Sutural Bones Generally small bones
located between flat bones of skull

Anatomy of Long bones

Diaphysis Shaft of long bone; consists of a
thick collar of compact bone surrounding
a hollow area called the medullary
cavity, which is filled with yellow bone
marrow in living bone
Epiphyses Ends of a long bone; each
epiphysis contains a shell of compact
bone surrounding the inner spongy bone,
which contains either red of yellow bone
marrow; end of each is covered with
hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
Epiphyseal Line Thin, calcified remnant of
the epiphyseal plate, a band of hyaline
cartilage from which long bones grow in
length

Chapter 8 Skeletal System

Cranial Bones
Frontal bone
o External
Supraorbital foramen
Supraorbital margin
Glabella
o Internal
Frontal sinuses Surround nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
Anterior cranial fossa
Parietal bones

Temporal bones
o External
Zygomatic process
External acoustic meatus
Styloid process
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Foramen lacerum
o Internal
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Occipital bone
o External
Occipital condyles
Foramen magnum
Inferior/superior nuchal li ne
External occipital protuberance
o Internal
Foramen magnum
Posterior cranial fossa
Sphenoid bone
o Greater Wing
External
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Internal
Foramen lacerum
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
o Lesser wing
Internal
Sella turcica Houses pituitary gland
Optic canal
Ethmoid bone

Superior
Cribiform plate Forms roof of nasal cavity
Olfactory foramina
Crista galli
Lateral
Ethmoid sinuses
Projections into nasal cavity
Superior nasal conchae
Middle nasal conchae
Perpendicular plate Forms part of bony nasal septum

Facial Bones
Mandible
o Mandibular rami arms
o Mandibular body
o Mandibular angle
o Coronoid process Anterior
o Mandibular Condyle Posterior
Maxillae
o