Nelson Thornes Answer To Practice Problems

NAS
Section 6 Solutions to Practice Questions
NAS Chemistry Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.
Unit 1
Mechanics and Radioactivity
Solutions to Practice Questions
Chapter 1
1
Length = (74.4 + 0.4) mm = 74.8 mm

Width = (32.7 + 0.4) mm = 33.1 mm
Height = (28.9 + 0.4) mm = 29.3 mm
Close micrometer and check for any zero error

Use it to measure combined thickness of all 56 pages (not the covers)
Page thickness = measurement/56 [ 5 mm/56 0.09 mm]
E.g. the metre rule may have shrunk or its end may be 3 mm short
Percentage uncertainty = 0.05 mm 100/(1.23 mm) = 4.1 %
Uncertainty = 4.7 k 2/100 = 94 100 = 0.1 k

Possible values range from 4.6 k to 4.8 k
Chapter 2
1
See experiment description on page 4
Mass = density volume

(a) Volume of room = 4 m 3 m 2 m = 24 m3
Mass of air = 1.3 kg m3 24 m3 = 31.2 kg = 31 kg
(b) Volume of Earth = 4r3/3 = 4 (6.35 106 m)3/3 = 8.04 1020 m3
Mass of Earth = 5500 kg m3 8.04 1020 m3 = 4.42 1024 kg
(c) Volume of rod = r2 l = (0.2 cm)2 24 cm = 3.02 cm3
Mass of rod = 8.0 g cm3 3.02 cm3 = 24 g
Volume = mass/density = 170 g/(2.7 g cm3) = 63 cm3

Length3 = 63 cm3
Length of each side = 3.98 cm = 4.0 cm
Volume of cube = 5 cm 5 cm 5 cm = 125 cm3

Mass = density volume = 2.5 g cm3 125 cm3 = 313 g
Estimates: diameter = 10 cm; thickness = 1 mm; mass = 20 g
Volume of DVD = r2 t (5 cm)2 0.1 cm = 8 cm3

Density = mass/volume = 20 g/(8 cm3) = 2.5 g cm3 = 2500 kg m3
Similar to that of glass
NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.
Unit 1
6
Volume of mercury = mass/density = 10.1 g/(13.6 g cm3) = 0.743 cm3

Volume of cylinder = r2 l = 0.743 cm3
r = (0.743 cm3/( 10.5 cm)) = 0.150 cm
Internal diameter = 2r = 2 0.150 cm = 0.300 cm
Chapter 3
1
See Table 3.1 on page 7
Metre the distance an electromagnetic wave travels in a vacuum in a time of 1/(299 792 458) s
Using this definition has the advantages that the metre can be reproduced anywhere in the world
and it does not vary with temperature like the original standard bar
A disadvantage is the difficulty imagining the distance travelled by such a fast wave in such a short
time compared with observing the actual length of the original standard bar
A caesium atomic clock makes 9 192 631 770 oscillations every second
So in 1 day
Number of oscillations = 9 192 631 770 s1 24 hour 3600 s hour1 = 794 243 384 928 000
Examples:
75 kg
32 mm
5.4 m s1
75 kg = 75 kg
5
13 Mm/(13 m) = 13 106 m/(13 106 m) = 1 1012
Chapter 4
1
All quantities, other than base quantities, are called derived quantities
All derived quantities can be produced by suitable combinations of base quantities
Speed
m s1
Area
m2
Volume
m3
Density = mass/volume
Units are kg/m3 = kg m3
Homogeneous means the same type

Can only equate or add together quantities which are of the same type
e.g. Density = 3 mass/volume

Speed = distance/(4 time)
Unit 1
Chapter 5
1
Total distance = 3.5 km + 5.5 km = 9.0 km

Final displacement from home = 0 m
A scalar is a physical quantity where the magnitude is not associated with any particular direction
a scalar has only size while a vector has both size and direction
Scalars: distance, energy, volume, speed, mass
Vectors: acceleration, weight, displacement, velocity, force
Average speed = total distance travelled/total time taken

(a) Average speed = 100 m/(10 s) = 10 m s1
(b) Average speed = 42 500 m/(2.25 hour 3600 s hour1) = 5.25 m s1
Attach a measured length of card centrally to the trolley

Position the light gate so that the card blocks its beam as the trolley passes
Use an electronic timer to record the time interval for which the beam is blocked
Average speed = length of card/recorded time
Average speed = total distance travelled/total time taken

Both journeys are the same length L, so total distance is 2L
For each journey, time = distance/speed
Time to work = (L/3) seconds
time to home = (L/9) seconds
Total time = (L/3) + (L/9) = (3L/9) + (L/9) = (4L/9) seconds

Average speed = 2L/(4L/9) = 2 9/4 = 4.5 m s1
[OR chose a journey of, say, 90 m
[Time to work = 90 m/(3 m s1) = 30 s
[Time to home = 90 m/(9 m s1) = 10 s
[Total time = 30 s + 10 s = 40 s
[Average speed = 180 m/(40 s) = 4.5 m
]
s1
Chapter 6
1
Average acceleration = change in velocity/time taken

a = (25.1 m s1 3.4 m s1)/(6.2 s) = 21.7 m s1/(6.2 s) = 3.5 m s2
Time taken = change in velocity/acceleration

t = (330 m s1 75 m s1)/(5 m s2) = 255 m s1/(5 m s2) = 51 s
Unit 1
3
Attach a double interrupter card of measured prong length x centrally to the trolley
Position the light gate so that the prongs block its beam as the trolley passes
Use an electronic timer to record:
the time intervals for which the beam is blocked t1 t2
the time interval between the interruptions t3
Average velocity = length of prong/recorded time
v1 = x/t1
v2 = x/t2
Acceleration a = (v1 v2)/t3
rate of means divided by time

so rate of doing work means work done divided by time (which is power)
Average acceleration = change in velocity/time taken

a = (30 m s1 0 m s1)/(8 s) = 4 m s2
Chapter 7
1
The gradient of a displacement-time graph is the instantaneous velocity

The gradient of a velocity-time graph is the instantaneous acceleration
The area of a velocity-time graph is the change in displacement
The area of an acceleration-time graph is the change in velocity
Since body moves 20 m in 15 s and graph is a straight line

(a) (10 s/15 s) 20 m = 13.3 m
(b) (8 m/20 m) 15 s = 6.0 s
(c) Average speed = total distance/total time = 20 m/(15 s) = 1.3 m s1
(a) Object is first accelerating, then constant velocity and then decelerating
(b) Stage 1
Acceleration = change in velocity/time = 12 m s1/(5 s) = 2.4 m s2
1
Distance = area under graph up to 5 s = 2 12 m s1 5 s = 30 m

Stage 2
Acceleration = 0 m s2 (since constant velocity)
Distance = area under graph from 5 s to 10 s = 12 m s1 5 s = 60 m
Stage 3
Acceleration = 12 m s1/(12 s) = 1 m s2
1
Distance = area under graph from 10 s to 22 s = 2 12 m s1 12 s = 72 m

(c) Total distance = 30 m + 60 m + 72 m = 162 m
Average speed = total distance/total time = 162 m/(22 s) = 7.4 m s1
Unit 1
4
2.5
2
Acceleration/m s2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
10
15
20
25
Time/s
(a)
5
Acceleration/m s2
4
3
2
1
0
0
Time/s
(b)
12
Velocity/m s1
0
0
1
Time/s
(c)
Displacement
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
Time/s
Unit 1
Chapter 8
1
Record motion of ball in front of a vertical metre rule using a video camera
Replay the video a frame at a time and record displacement from scale at 0.04 s intervals
Velocity
Time
Height of second bounce = either of the shaded areas

Acceleration of gravity = gradient of negative sloping lines
Velocity/m s1
Time/s
The two graphs are the same for the times for which the two balls are in the air
Unit 1
Velocity
Displacement
Centre of the track (since both positive and negative displacements)
Acceleration
Time
Time
Time
Unit 1
Displacement
Velocity
Time
Acceleration
Time
Time
Chapter 9
1
Using v = u + at
t = (v u)/a = (18 m s1 0 m s1)/(4.5 m s2) = 4.0 s
Using v = u + at
a = (v u)/t = (0 m s1 18 m s1)/(4.5 s) = 4.0 m s2
1
Using x = 2 (u + v)t

1
x = 2 (18 m s1 + 0 m s1) 4.5 s = 41 m

3
Using x = ut + 2 at2
x = (3.6 m s1 4.5 s) + [2 1.4 m s2 (4.5 s)2] = 16.2 m + 14.2 m = 30.4 m

4
1
1
u = (x 2at2)/t = {60 m [2 35 m s2 (1.6 s)2]}/(1.6 s) = (60 m 44.8 m)/(1.6 s)

= 15.2 m/(1.6 s) = 9.5 m s1
Using v = u + at
v = 9.5 m s1 + (35 m s2 1.6 s) = 9.5 m s1 + 56.0 m s1 = 65.5 m s1 = 66 m s1
Unit 1
5
(a) Using v2 = u2 + 2ax

a = [v2 u2]/2x = [(9.0 105 m s1)2 (1.0 105 m s1)2]/(2 0.20 m) = 2.0 1012 m s2
1
(b) Using x = 2 (u + v)t

t = 2x/(u + v) = 2 0.20 m/(10.0 105 m s1) = 4.0 107 s
Chapter 10
1
See pages 22 and 23
1
1
from rest, x = 2 at2 = 2 9.81 m s2 (1.9 s)2 = 17.7 m

3
Using x = 2 at2 (from rest)

t = (2x/a) = [2 30 m/(9.81 m s2)] = (6.12 s2) = 2.5 s
Using v2 = 2ax (from rest)
v2 = 2 9.81 m s2 30 m = 588.6 m2 s2
v = (588.6 m2 s2) = 24.3 m s1
Using v2 = u2 + 2ax and taking upwards as positive

u2 = v2 2ax = 02 (2 9.81 m s2 200 m) = 3924 m2 s2
u = (3924 m2 s2) = 62.6 m s1
1
Using x = 2 at2 (from rest)

Time to rise = time to fall = t = (2x/a) = [2 200 m/(9.81 m s2)] = (40.8 s2) = 6.4 s
Total distance travelled = 200 m + 200 m = 400 m
Final displacement = 0 m
5
(a) Using v = u + at
Speed = at = 150 m s2 6 s = 900 m s1
1
Distance = 2at2 = 2 150 m s2 (6 s)2 = 2700 m

(b) Rocket then decelerates at 9.81 m s2
Time to slow down = 900 m s1/(9.81 m s2) = 91.7 s
Total time to reach top = 6 s + 91.7 s = 97.7 s
Further distance covered = 450 m s1 91.7 s = 41 284 m
Unit 1
(c)
Acceleration/m s2
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
20
40
60
80
100
60
80
100
Time/s
Velocity/m s1
900
600
300
0
0
20
40
Time/s
Chapter 11
1
A body thrown horizontally from a cliff top takes the same time to reach the bottom as a body
dropped vertically. Provided air resistance is small, the horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant
while its vertical velocity increases at 9.8 m s2.
Using x = 2at2 (from rest)
Time to fall t = (2x/a) = [2 0.85 m/(9.81 m s2)] = (0.173 s2) = 0.42 s

Time to fall t = (2x/a) = [2 2 m/(9.81 m s2)] = (0.408 s2) = 0.64 s
3
as Figure 11.3 on page 25 with h = 0.85 m and x = 6.4 m

1
Using x = 2 at2 (from rest) for the vertical motion

Time to fall t = (2x/a) = [2 0.85 m/(9.81 m s2)] = (0.173 s2) = 0.42 s
Since horizontal speed is constant
Speed = x/t = 6.4 m/(0.42 s) = 15.4 m s1 = 15 m s1
4
Using x = 2 at2 (from rest) for the vertical motion

Time to fall t = (2x/a) = [2 2 m/(9.81 m s2)] = (0.408 s2) = 0.64 s
Since horizontal speed is constant
x = speed t = 400 m s1 0.64 s = 255 m
Unit 1
5
Using x = 2 at2 (from rest) for vertical motion of dart (falls 0.4 m vertically from rest)
t = (2x/a) = [2 0.4 m/(9.81 m s2)] = 0.29 s
Since horizontal velocity is constant
Velocity = x/t = 3 m/(0.29 s) = 10.5 m s1
Chapter 12
1
A force can cause a body to accelerate; either to speed up, to slow down or to change direction
The single force that could replace all other forces acting on a body and have the same effect
Maximum resultant force when forces act in same direction = 8 N + 12 N = 20 N
Minimum resultant force when forces act in opposite directions = 12 N 8 N = 4 N
Both bodies have zero acceleration

So resultant force on each body must be zero
A body will remain at rest or continue to move with a constant velocity as long as the forces on it
are balanced, i.e. the resultant force is zero
The inertia of a body is its reluctance to change velocity

Apply the same force to both stationary cans
The empty can will move the most as it has least inertia
Chapter 13
1
See page 28
Set up apparatus as described on page 28

Measure the mass of the trolley
Use a forcemeter to apply a constant force to the trolley and measure the resulting acceleration
Repeat for a range of known masses added to the trolley
Plot a graph of acceleration against 1/mass
A straight line through the origin shows that acceleration is directly proportional to 1/mass, so
acceleration is inversely proportional to mass
Using F = ma
a = F/m = 24 000 000 N/(2 000 000 kg) = 12 m s2
Using v = u + at
a = (v u)/t = (40 m s1 0 m s1)/(10 s) = 4 m s2
Using F = ma
F = 1200 kg 4 m s2 = 4800 N
Unit 1
5
(a) Using F = ma
a = F/m = 150 N/(30 kg) = 5 m s2
(b) Resultant force F = 150 N 30 N = 120 N
a = 120 N/(30 kg) = 4 m s2
Chapter 14
1
None
Both skaters have equal and opposite forces acting on them so move away from each other with
accelerations that depend on their masses; the heavier skater having the smaller acceleration
Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body always exerts a force on the
first body; hence forces occur only in pairs
While body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an equal and opposite force on body A
A Newton III pair of forces cannot cancel each other as they act on different bodies
Chapter 15
1
Your weight arises from the gravitational attraction of the Earth pulling on you
The Newton III force that pairs with your weight is the gravitational attraction of you pulling on
the Earth
Gravitational forces are always attractive while electromagnetic forces can be either attractive or
repulsive
Gravitational force of attraction between two masses

Electrostatic force of repulsion between two electrons
Magnetic force of attraction between two opposite poles
Gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear and weak nuclear
Contact forces arise from electrostatic forces acting over very short distances
Chapter 16
1
Diagram showing a body with no forces acting on it
Similar to Figures 16.2 and 16.3 on page 34

Planet pulls the body down with a gravitational force
Body pulls the planet up with an equal gravitational force
While a body A exerts a force on a body B, body B exerts a force on body A. The forces are equal,
opposite and of the same type; they have the same line of action and act for the same time
Unit 1
4
Joe pushes Fred right with a contact force of 40 N
See Figures 16.4, 16.5 and 16.6 on page 35
Chapter 17
1
Earth pulls me down
Chair pushes me up
I push chair down
Earth pulls chair down
Earth pushes chair up
Chair pushes Earth down
Chair pulls
Earth up
I pull Earth up
Unit 1
2
Tension in cables
pulls crane down
Earth pushes
crane up
Earth pulls
crane down
Tension in cables
pulls container up
Earth pulls
container
down
Crane pushes Earth down
Container pulls
Earth up
Crane pulls
Earth up
Similarities: equal magnitude, same type, same line of action, act for the same time (any 2)
differences: opposite directions, act on different bodies
(a) Acting on same body

(b) Acting in same direction
(c) Different lines of action
(d) Different types of force
Unit 1
5
Table pushes book up

with a contact force
Book
Earth (and table) pulls

book down with
gravitational force
Both forces act on the same body rather than on different bodies
Forces are of different types (gravitational down and contact up) rather than the same type
Forces produce equilibrium of book, a Newton III pair cannot oppose each other
Chapter 18
1
Total distance = 800 m + 1200 m + 300 m = 2300 m

1200 m
300 m
800 m
final
displacement
As you end up being 500 m north and 1200 m east of your starting point:
Distance = [(500 m)2 + (1200 m)2] = (1 690 000 m2) = 1300 m
Angle east of north = tan1 [1200 m/(500 m)] = tan1 2.4 = 67
2
8 m s1 and 2 m s1 are two perpendicular velocities

Resultant velocity = [(8 m s1)2 + (2 m s1)2] = (68 m2 s2) = 8.2 m s1
Angle to bank = tan1 [8 m s1/(2 m s1)] = tan1 4.0 = 76
Resultant force = [(14 N)2 + (9 N)2] = (277 N2) = 17 N

Angle to 14 N force = tan1 [9 N/(14 N)] = tan1 0.64 = 33
This object is not in equilibrium as it has a resultant force of 17 N acting on it
Unit 1
4
Split the SW force of 86 N into two components directed towards the South and the West:
86 N cos 45 = 60.81 N towards the South
86 N sin 45 = 60.81 N towards the West
Unbalanced force towards South = 60.81 N 35 N = 25.81 N
Resultant force = [(25.81 N)2 + (60.8 N)2] = (4 363 N2) = 66 N
Angle below East = tan1 [25.81 N/(60.8 N)] = tan1 0.42 = 23
When acting in same direction, resultant force = 25 N +14 N = 39 N

When acting in opposite directions, resultant force = 25 N 14 N = 11 N
When these forces are perpendicular
Resultant force = [(25 N)2 + (14 N)2] = (821 N2) = 29 N
Angle to 25 N force = tan1 [14 N/(25 N)] = tan1 0.56 = 29
Chapter 19
1
Vertical component
Horizontal component
Vertical component = 220 N cos 40 = 170 N

Horizontal component = 220 N cos 50 = 140 N
(a) Force component = 85 N cos 30 = 74 N

(b) Force component = 85 N cos 55 = 49 N
(c) Force component = 85 N cos 90 = 0 N
Unit 1
4
Since pendulum is in equilibrium

Weight W = vertical component of tension = 35 N cos 20 = 33 N
Force F = horizontal component of tension = 35 N cos 70 = 12 N
Parallel component of tension = 600 N cos 25 = 544 N

Perpendicular component of tension = 600 N cos 65 = 254 N
Since moving with a constant velocity parallel to the tow path, resultant force is zero, so:
a force of 544 N must act backwards produced by the water as the barge pushes it out of its path
a force of 254 N must act away from the bank produced by an angled rudder
Vertical component of 60 N force = 60 N cos 30 = 52.0 N

Vertical component of 100 N force = 100 N cos 45 = 70.7 N
Horizontal component of 60 N force = 60 N cos 60 = 30.0 N
Horizontal component of 100 N force = 100 N cos 45 = 70.7 N
Total vertical force = 70.7 N 52.0 N = 18.7 N down
Total horizontal force = 30 N + 70.7 N 50 N = 50.7 N to the right
Resultant force = [(50.7 N)2 + (18.7 N)2] = (2920 N2) = 54 N
Angle = tan1 [18.7 N/(50.7 N)] = tan1 0.37 = 20 below the right-hand horizontal
For equilibrium, a fourth force of 54 N must act at 20 above the left-hand horizontal
Chapter 20
1
Upthrust is an upward force that acts on all immersed objects

Upthrust arises from the greater pressure acting on the bottom than on the top of an immersed
object
When in a river, part of the boulders weight is already opposed by the upthrust
Force required = weight upthrust
Use apparatus as in Figure 20.2 on page 42

Time how long it takes for ball bearing to pass through each equal length section
Times will decrease but then become constant
Constant times show that the ball bearing has reached its terminal speed
Using v2 = u2 + 2ax
From rest v2 = 2ax = 2 9.81 m s2 1000 m = 19 620 m2 s2
v = (19 620 m2 s2) = 140 m s1
Other forces acting are upthrust and drag
As the speed of a raindrop increases so do the drag forces acting on it
Resultant force on the raindrop = weight (upthrust + drag)
Resultant force on the raindrop decreases as its speed increases, becoming zero before drops speed
reaches anywhere near 10 m s1
Unit 1
4
Air has to travel faster over the curved upper wing surface than the flat lower surface
Air pressure is least where the air travels fastest
The pressure difference produces the upward force known as aerodynamic lift
The upside-down wing on a racing car produces a downward force that improves the grip between
the tyres and the track
See Figure 20.7 on page 43

air pushes
aircraft (lift)
air pushes
aircraft (drag)
air pushes aircraft

(thrust)
Earth pulls aircraft

(weight)
Drag = thrust
Lift = weight
Horizontally:
forward components of thrust and lift = backward component of drag
Vertically:
upwards components of lift and drag = weight + downward component of thrust
Unit 1
Chapter 21
1
Earth pulls book down
Table pushes book up
Book pushes table down
Earth pulls
table down
Earth pushes table up
(a) The ground/starting blocks push the athlete forwards

The force arises as the athlete pushes backwards on the ground/starting blocks
Ground pushes athlete
Air pushes athlete (drag)
Ground pushes athlete
Earth pulls athlete
(b) Constant velocity so no acceleration and horizontal forces must balance
Unit 1
3
Earth
pulls car
Air
pulls car
Trailer
pulls car
Ground
pushes car
Ground
pushes car
Ground
pushes car
Car pulls trailer
Earth pulls trailer
Friction from
Earths surface
pushes trailer
Normal forces
from Earths surface
pushes trailer
Earth pulls box

down (gravitational)
man pushes
box to right
friction with Earths

surface pushes box
to left
Earth pushes box up
(contact)
(a) Forces on box must balance in both horizontal and vertical directions
(b) Force from man pushing box is greater than frictional force from floor on box
Unit 1
5
Tension pulls lamp
Tension pulls lamp
Earth pulls lamp
Lamp is stationary so resultant force on it must be zero
Chapter 22
1
18 N
18 N
Moment about centre of wheel = (18 N 0.18 m) + (18 N 0.18 m) = 6.5 N m

2
The moment of a force is the product of force and its perpendicular distance from the point about
which the force is acting
A torque is the resultant moment of two or more turning forces
(a) Moment = F perpendicular distance = 20 N 0.40 m = 8.0 N m

(b) Perpendicular distance from P = 0.60 m sin 65 = 0.54 m
Moment = F perpendicular distance = 35 N 0.54 m = 19 N m
Unit 1
4
If a body is in equilibrium, the sum of the moments about any point must be zero
Sum of the moments about:
left-hand support = (35 kN 24 m) (10.5 kN 80 m) = 840 kN m 840 kN m = 0
right-hand support = (35 kN 56 m) (24.5 kN 80 m) = 1960 kN m 1960 kN m = 0
centre = (35 kN 16 m) + (10.5 kN 40 m) (24.5 kN 40 m)
= 560 kN m + 420 kN m 980 kN m = 0
For beam to balance, sum of moments about its pivot is zero:

16 N 25 cm = (a) 10 cm
(a) = 400 N cm/(10 cm) = 40 N
3 N (b) = 5 N 18 cm
(b) = 90 N cm/(3 N) = 30 cm
35 N 8 cm = 14 N (c)
(c) = 280 N cm/(14 N) = 20 cm
(d) 18 cm = 45 N 16 cm
(d) = 720 N cm/(18 cm) = 40 N
Chapter 23
1
The point at which all the weight of the body appears to act
See experiment at top of page 48
Condition 1: the sum of the forces in any direction is zero

Condition 2: the sum of the moments about any point is zero
Usually condition 1 is applied to two perpendicular directions to produce two equations and
condition 2 used to produce the third equation
Foot of ladder is 3 m from base of wall {[(5 m)2 (4 m)2]}

R1
Sum of vertical forces is zero:

R2 150 N = 0 equation (1)
Sum of horizontal forces is zero:
R1 F = 0 equation (2)
Sum of moments about point of contact of ladder
with floor is zero:
4m
R1 4 m = 150 N 1.5 m
R1 4 m = 225 N m equation (3)
From equation (1), R2 = 150 N
150 N
R2
F
From equation (3), R1 = 225 N m/(4 m) = 56 N

From equation (2), F = R1 = 56 N
1.5 m
Unit 1
4
Rule 1: when the three forces are drawn as head-to-tail vectors, they form a closed triangle
Rule 2: all three forces must pass through the same point
force from
top hinge
Note that the intersection of lines of action of F and W determine the common point through which
the third force must act
5
W (N)
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
x (cm)
52
35
26
21
17
15
13
1.92
2.86
3.85
4.76
5.88
6.67
7.69
1/x
(m1)
8
7
W/N
6
5
4
3
2
gradient=Wx=1.04 N m
1
0
0
4
5
(1/x)/m1
Weight of stand = gradient of graph/(0.08 m) = 1.04 N m/(0.08 m) = 13 N
Chapter 24
1
See second experiment on page 50

Precautions:
balance rule accurately before adding masses
balance screw on its head, using the slot in its head to position it accurately on the rules scale
similarly use any slot in 10 g mass to assist in its accurate positioning
use a range of large distances from the pivot
Unit 1
2
tension
in string (T)
30
horizontal
force (F)
weight
(25 N)
For vertical equilibrium, vertical component of tension = weight of sphere = 25 N

Vertical component of tension = T cos 30
T = 25 N/(cos 30) = 29 N
For horizontal equilibrium, horizontal component of tension = horizontal force F
Horizontal component of tension = T cos 60
F = 29 N cos 60 = 14 N
3
Line of action of painters weight is 2.4 m from foot

of ladder {3 m 4 m/(5 m)}
R1
Sum of vertical forces is zero:

R2 150 N 750 N = 0
R2 900 N = 0 equation (1)
Sum of horizontal forces is zero:
4m
R1 F = 0 equation (2)
Sum of moments about point of contact of ladder
with floor is zero:
R1 4 m = (150 N 1.5 m) + (750 N 2.4 m)
150 N
R2
F
R1 4 m = 225 N m + 1800 N m
R1 4 m = 2025 N m equation (3)
1.5 m
From equation (1), R2 = 900 N

From equation (3), R1 = 2025 N m/(4 m) = 510 N
2.4 m
From equation (2), F = R1 = 510 N
750N
Unit 1
4
Taking moments about P

T2 2.2 m = 150 N 1.2 m = 180 N m
T2 = 180 N m/(2.2 m) = 82 N
T1
T2
0.3 m
For vertical equilibrium

T1 + T2 = 150 N
2.2 m
T1 = 150 N 82 N = 68 N
1.2 m
1.0 m
150 N
The figure shows the forces acting on the rod
0.9 m
T
Fv
hinge
0.5 m
Fh
1.5 m
90 N
Clockwise moment about hinge = 90 N 1.5 m = 135 N m

For equal anticlockwise moment, Tvertical = 135 N m/(1.5 m) = 90 N
Tvertical 1.5 m = 135 N m
Tvertical = 135 N m/(1.5 m) = 90 N
Angle wire makes with vertical = tan1 1.5 m/(0.9 m) = tan1 1.67 = 59
T cos 59 = 90 N
T = 90 N/(cos 59) = 175 N
Horizontal component of tension = T cos 31 = 175 N cos 31 = 150 N
For horizontal equilibrium (only two forces have horizontal components):
Horizontal force of hinge = horizontal component of tension = 150 N
For vertical equilibrium:
weight acting down = 90 N
vertical component of tension acting up = 90 N
So vertical force of hinge = 90 N 90 N = 0 N
Unit 1
6
Taking moments about A

T2
T1
A
B
0.5 m
0.1 m
0.4 m
100 N
250 N
350 N
T2 1.2 m = (100 N 0.5 m) + (250 N 0.6 m) + (350 N 1.0 m)

T2 1.2 m = 50 N m + 150 N m + 350 N m = 550 N m
T2 = 550 N m/(1.2 m) = 460 N
For vertical equilibrium
T1 + T2 = 100 N + 250 N + 350 N = 700 N
T1 = 700 N 460 N = 240 N
Chapter 25
1
Momentum = mass velocity

Momentum is a vector quantity
Momentum = mass velocity

(a) Momentum of rugby player = 120 kg 10 m s1 = 1200 kg m s1
(b) Momentum of electron = 9 1031 kg 2 107 m s1 = 1.8 1023 kg m s1
(c) Momentum of toy train = 1.6 kg 0.25 m s1 = 0.4 kg m s1
Change in momentum = final momentum initial momentum = mv mu

(a) Change in momentum of car = (800 kg 30 m s1) (800 kg 5 m s1)
= 24 000 kg m s1 4000 kg m s1 = 20 000 kg m s1
(b) Change in momentum of trolley = (0.8 kg 0.2 m s1) (0.8 kg 0.8 m s1)
= 0.16 kg m s1 0.64 kg m s1 = 0.48 kg m s1
(c) Change in momentum of ball = (0.05 kg 5 m s1) (0.05 kg 7 m s1)
= 0.25 kg m s1 0.35 kg m s1 = 0.6 kg m s1
The rate of change in momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on
it and takes place in the same direction as the resultant force
Force rate of change in momentum
F (mv mu)/t m(v u)/t ma
F = kma where k is the constant of proportionality
In SI units, the newton is defined so that k = 1, so F = ma
Unit 1
5
Force = change in momentum/time

(a) Force acting on car = 20 000 kg m s1/(8 s) = 2500 N
(b) Force acting on trolley = 0.48 kg m s1/(3 s) = 0.16 N
(c) Force acting on ball = 0.6 kg m s1/(0.6 s) = 1 N
Chapter 26
1
Provided no external forces act, the total momentum in any direction remains constant so that the
total momentum after the collision equals the total momentum before the collision
See experiment on page 54
Momentum of skateboard = mu = 4 kg 2 m s1 = 8 kg m s1
Combined mass after bag lands on it = 4 kg + 1 kg = 5 kg
Assuming momentum is unchanged
5 kg v = 8 kg m s1
v = 8 kg m s1/(5 kg) = 1.6 m s1
Momentum of bullet = mu = 0.02 kg 300 m s1 = 6 kg m s1

Since block is stationary, total initial momentum (TIM) = 6 kg m s1
Total final momentum (TFM) = TIM = 6 kg m s1 (since momentum conserved)
Final speed = TFM/(total mass) = 6 kg m s1/(4 kg) = 1.5 m s1
TIM = (65 kg 7 m s1) + (45 kg 6 m s1)

TIM = 455 kg m s1 270 kg m s1 = 185 kg m s1
TFM = TIM = 185 kg m s1
Combined speed = TFM/(total mass) = 185 kg m s1/(110 kg) = 1.7 m s1
In the original direction of the 65 kg skater
Prior to a gun being fired, its total momentum is zero (TIM = 0)

As momentum is conserved, total momentum after firing must also be zero (TFM = 0)
Pellet has momentum in the forward (positive) direction
so gun must have momentum in the backward (negative) direction, and so recoils
(a) Momentum of stone = mu = 0.1 kg 6 m s1 = 0.6 kg m s1

(b) TFM = TIM = 0.6 kg m s1
Speed of squirrel = TFM/(total mass) = 0.6 kg m s1/(0.6 kg) = 1 m s1
(c) Total momentum must remain at 0.6 kg m s1
Stones new momentum = 0.1 kg 2 m s1 = 0.2 kg m s1 (as backwards)
Squirrels momentum = (0.6 + 0.2) kg m s1 = 0.8 kg m s1 (to keep TFM = 0.6 kg m s1)
Squirrels final speed = 0.8 kg m s1/(0.5 kg) = 1.6 m s1
Unit 1
Chapter 27
1
Impulse = force time

Unit of impulse from this equation is N s
In base units:
N s = kg m s2 s = kg m s1
The same unit as momentum
(a) Impulse = Ft = 60 N 0.008 s = 0.48 N s

(b) Ft = mv mu but since u = 0, Ft = mv
v = Ft/m = 0.48 N s/(0.15 kg) = 3.2 m s1
Impulse = area under force-time graph

1
Impulse = 2 6 N (0.3 s + 0.9 s) = 3.6 N s

Impulse = Ft = mv mu but since u = 0, Ft = mv
v = Ft/m = 3.6 N s/(0.8 kg) = 4.5 m s1
4
(a) Change in momentum = mv mu = m(v u) = 900 kg (0 m s1 30 m s1) = 27 000 kg m s1

(b) Impulse of wall on car = mv mu = 27 000 N s
(c) Force of wall on car F = impulse/t = 27 000 N s/(0.5 s) = 54 000 N
(a) Change in momentum = m(v u) = 0.3 kg (2 m s1 8 m s1) = 0.3 kg 10 m s1

= 3 kg m s1
(b) Impulse of hammer on nail = mv mu = 3 N s
(c) Force of hammer on nail F = impulse/t = 3 N s/(0.012 s) = 250 N
(d) Connect one of the start leads of a digital timer to the nail and the other to the metal
hammer head
When two bodies collide, they exert equal and opposite forces on each other, F and F
These forces act for the same length of time t
Therefore the impulses are also equal and opposite, Ft and Ft
and the change in momentum of one body is equal and opposite to the change in momentum of
the other
So the overall change in momentum is zero and total momentum is conserved
TIM = 3 kg 4 m s1 = 12 kg m s1
TFM = TIM = 12 kg m s1
Momentum of 2 kg sphere after collision = 2 kg 4.5 m s1 = 9 kg m s1
Momentum of 3 kg sphere = 12 kg m s1 9 kg m s1 = 3 kg m s1
Speed of 3 kg sphere = momentum/mass = 3 kg m s1/(3 kg) = 1 m s1
Unit 1
Chapter 28
1
Work = force distance moved in the direction of the force

(a) Work = 60 N 3 m = 180 J
(b) Work = 4000 N 0.25 m = 1000 J
(a)Work done = area under graph up to 60 mm = 2 1.5 N 0.06 m = 0.045 J

(b) Work done = area under graph between 40 mm and 140 mm
1
= 2 (1.0 N + 3.5 N) (0.14 m 0.04 m) = 0.225 J
Work done = area under graph

Area up to 3 cm
1

2
0.03 m 13.6 N 0.20 J
Area between 3 cm and 9.5 cm 0.065 m 14.2 N 0.90 J

Total work done 1.1 J
4
Power is the rate of doing work

(a) Average speed = distance/time = 36 m/(60 s) = 0.60 m s1
(b) Average upward velocity = upward displacement/time = 21 m/(60 s) = 0.35 m s1
(c) Total work done against his weight = weight height = 800 N 21 m = 16 800 J
(d) Average power = work/time = 16 800 J/(60 s) = 280 W
144 km h1 = 144 000 m h1/(60 60 s h1) = 40 m s1

Power = force velocity
Resistive force = power/velocity = 35 000 W/(40 m s1) = 875 N
Chapter 29
1
Energy is a scalar quantity

Base units: J = N m = kg m s2 m = kg m2 s2
Energy can be stored as either potential energy or kinetic energy

3 types of potential energy: gravitational, electromagnetic and nuclear
elastic potential energy
Increase in gravitational potential energy W = mgh

(a) W = 0.5 kg 9.81 N kg1 25 m = 123 J
(b) W = 60 kg 9.81 N kg1 0.30 m = 177 J
(c) W = 1.2 106 kg 9.81 N kg1 0.15 m = 1.8 106 J
Kinetic energy = 2 mv2
Kinetic energy of car = 2 900 kg (20 m s1)2 = 180 000 J

If all kinetic energy is converted into gravitational potential energy, mgh
Height risen h = kinetic energy/(mg)
h = 180 000 J/(900 kg 9.81 N kg1) = 20.4 m
Unit 1
5
(a) Kinetic energy of trolley = 2 0.60 kg (0.85 m s1)2 = 0.22 J

h = 0.22 J/(0.60 kg 9.81 N kg1) = 0.037 m
1
(b) Kinetic energy of ball = 2 0.11 kg (40 m s1)2 = 88 J

h = 88 J/(0.11 kg 9.81 N kg1) = 82 m
not surprisingly, the worked example gives the same height!
Chapter 30
1
In this situation, the decrease in the gravitational potential energy corresponds to an increase in the
internal energy of the object and its surroundings due to the frictional forces acting on it
The internal energy of a body is the total of the random kinetic and potential energies of all the
molecules of that body
Internal energy may be increased by:
mechanical working by hammering
electrical working by the passing of an electric current
heating in a hot fire
The energy content of a closed or isolated system remains constant
(a) Potential energy lost by falling mass = mgh = 1 kg 9.81 N kg1 0.25 m = 2.45 J
(b) Total kinetic energy just before hitting ground = potential energy lost by falling mass
1
(m +
2
1
v2 = 2
m2)v2 = 2.45 J
2.45 J/(1 kg + 4 kg) = 0.98 m2 s2
v = (0.98 m2 s2) = 0.99 m s1

5
Efficiency = useful output/input

Power of light emitted = (2/100) 60 W = 1.2 W
The other 58.8 W increases the internal energy of the surroundings
Chapter 31
1
Momentum and energy are conserved in both elastic and inelastic collisions
Elastic collisions also conserve kinetic energy; inelastic collisions do not
The collisions between the molecules of a gas are, on average, elastic
Unit 1
3
TIM = mu = 4 104 kg 3 m s1 = 1.2 105 kg m s1

TFM = TIM = 1.2 105 kg m s1
Speed after collision = TFM/(total mass) = 1.2 105 kg m s1/(6 104 kg) = 2 m s1
1
Kinetic energy after collision = 2 6 104 kg (2 m s1)2 = 1.2 105 J

1
Kinetic energy before collision = 2 4 104 kg (3 m s1)2 = 1.8 105 J

This shows that the collision was inelastic, 6 104 J is spread around, mainly raising the internal
energy of the buffers and surroundings so that energy is still conserved
4
Gravitational potential energy kinetic energy gravitational potential energy kinetic energy
gravitational potential energy
(a) Momentum of bullet = mu = 0.02 kg 300 m s1 = 6 kg m s1

Since block is stationary before collision, TIM = 6 kg m s1
Since momentum is conserved, TFM = TIM = 6 kg m s1
Combined speed = TFM/(total mass) = 6 kg m s1/(4 kg) = 1.5 m s1
1
(b) Kinetic energy of bullet = 2mu2 = 2 0.02 kg (300 m s1)2 = 900 J
1
Kinetic energy of block and bullet = 2Mv2 = 2 4 kg (1.5 m s1)2 = 4.5 J
Collision is inelastic as kinetic energy is not conserved
99.5% of bullets kinetic energy is converted to other forms
6
Motorway crash barriers are designed to absorb the kinetic energy of any vehicle that hits them to
prevent the vehicle from bouncing back into the carriageway
Chapter 32
1
neutron
neutral
proton
positive
electron
negative
An atom consists of a very small central nucleus where most of its mass is concentrated and around
which low-mass electrons orbit
Beryllium-8 has 4 protons and 4 neutrons in its nucleus with 4 orbiting electrons
Unit 1
3
Density = mass/volume
An atom is mostly empty space with no mass
Nearly all the mass is concentrated into a very small central volume (very large nuclear density)
The overall density is an average for the whole material, taking into account the empty space
(a) number of protons = 82

(b) number of nucleons = 207
(c)number of neutrons = 207 82 = 125
Isotopes are nuclides with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
Lightest (1st) isotope of tin is Sn-108 i.e. (107 + 1)
2nd isotope of tin is Sn-109
i.e. (107 + 2)
3rd
isotope of tin is Sn-110
i.e. (107 + 3)
So
25th
isotope of tin is Sn-132
Possible symbols:
109 Sn, 110 Sn

50
50
......
i.e. (107 + 25)

131 Sn, 132 Sn
50
50
Chapter 33
1

The vast majority of alpha particles are deflected very little as they travel through the gold foil
while a tiny minority (about 1 in 8000) are deflected through angles greater than 90

The positive nuclei have comparatively large distances between them so most alpha particles are
deflected very little
The closer the path of an alpha particle comes to a nucleus, the more the alpha particle is deflected
Deflections through angles greater than 90 result from almost head-on collisions
Diameter of an atom 3 1010 m

Diameter of a nucleus 1 1014 m
The diameter of this atom is about 30 000 times greater than the diameter of this nucleus
Area of circle diameter2
The head-on area of this atom is about 30 0002 times greater than the head-on area of
this nucleus
Percentage taken up by nucleus = 100 1/(30 000)2 0.000 000 1% (which is why so many alpha
particles miss!)
Quarks are the particles from which all sub-atomic particles are made
There are six types of quark called up, down, strange, charm, top, bottom
A proton consists of two up quarks and one down quark
A neutron consists of one up quark and two down quarks
A baryon is a particle made up of three quarks
A meson is a particle made up of a quark and an antiquark
Unit 1
5
deep inelastic scattering
alpha particle scattering
Incident particles electrons
alpha particles
Targets
protons/neutrons
atoms in foil
Process
deflections off smaller parts within nucleons deflections off smaller parts within atoms
Results
quarks discovered
nucleus discovered
Chapter 34
1
When ionised, an atom releases an electron and becomes a positively charged ion
Air can be ionised either by a flame or by the radiation from a radioactive source
See second experiment on page 72
215 Po 211 Pb + 4
84
82
2
227 Ac 223 Fr + 4
89
87
2
Alpha
source
Alpha particle
detector
Air gap
Smoke particles in air reduce the number of alpha particles reaching the detector
fewer ionisations then occur within the detector
so a lower current flows when smoke is present
A reduction in the current is used to trigger the alarm
5
228 Th
90
4
224
88 Ra + 2
To get to lead-212 from radium-224, 12 nucleons must be removed

as each alpha particle removes 4 nucleons (and beta removes none), 3 more alpha decays
are required
the proton number of all isotopes of lead is 82
Chapter 35
1
A GM tube is more sensitive: it can detect any single ionising event that occurs inside the tube while
an ionisation chamber needs a large number of ionising events to produce a measurable current
A GM tube allows each ionising event to be directly registered on a counter
A GM tube detects radiation once it has entered the tube through its walls (it is poor at detecting
alpha radiation that is mostly stopped by the walls) while the radioactive source can be placed
directly inside an ionisation chamber
Place source close to GM tube window

Observe count rate as paper placed between source and GM tube no change, no alpha
Repeat with aluminium instead of paper reduction in count rate, beta being emitted
Repeat with lead instead of aluminium no emissions from source detected, no gamma
Unit 1
3
In beta-minus decay, a neutron in the nucleus splits into a proton and an electron
1n
0
0e
11p + 1
The proton stays in the nucleus but the electron is ejected at high speed as a beta-minus particle
4
216 Po
84
212 Pb
82
212 Pb
82
4
212
82 Pb + 2
212
82 Pb +
0
212
83 Bi + 1
241
94 Pu
241
95 Am
237
93 Np
233
91 Pa
233
92 U
229
90 Th
225
88 Ra
225
89 Ac
221
87 Fr
217
85 At
213
83 Bi
213
84 Po
209
82 Pb
209
83 Bi
0
1
4
2
4
2
0
1
4
2
4
2
0
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
Unit 1
Chapter 36
1
Background radiation is the radiation that is around us all the time

natural radioactivity is associated with isotopes that occur naturally
artificial radioactivity is associated with isotopes produced by man by neutron bombardment
cosmic rays are another important contributor to background radiation
Radioactive decay is a random process as it is impossible to predict when an individual atom

will decay
A radioactive source contains an extremely large number of atoms
The unpredictable individual decays of such a large number together produce a statistical pattern
from which predictions can be made
Activity is the number of decays of a radioactive source per second

Decay constant is the probability of decay per nucleus per second
Activity = N
Activity = 8.0 106 s1 3.0 1011 = 2.4 106 s1
As nuclei decay, there are fewer and fewer nuclei left to decay so the decay rate decreases
Half-life is the average time taken for half the nuclei of that isotope to decay
t12 = ln 2/
t12 = ln 2/ = 0.69/(7.84 1010 s1) = 8.80 108 s = 8.80 108 s/(60 60 24 365.25 s y1)
= 27.9 y
84 years = 3 28 years = 3t12
Mass of strontium isotope will have fallen to (2)3 = 1/8

Mass = 4.5 mg 1/8 = 0.56 mg

Nelson Thornes Answer To Practice Problems

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Section 6 Solutions to Practice Questions

NAS Chemistry Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Length = (74.4 + 0.4) mm = 74.8 mm

Close micrometer and check for any zero error

Percentage uncertainty = 0.05 mm 100/(1.23 mm) = 4.1 %

Uncertainty = 4.7 k 2/100 = 94 100 = 0.1 k

See experiment description on page 4

Mass = density volume

Volume = mass/density = 170 g/(2.7 g cm3) = 63 cm3

Volume of cube = 5 cm 5 cm 5 cm = 125 cm3

Estimates: diameter = 10 cm; thickness = 1 mm; mass = 20 g

Volume of DVD = r2 t (5 cm)2 0.1 cm = 8 cm3

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Volume of mercury = mass/density = 10.1 g/(13.6 g cm3) = 0.743 cm3

See Table 3.1 on page 7

13 Mm/(13 m) = 13 106 m/(13 106 m) = 1 1012

Homogeneous means the same type

e.g. Density = 3 mass/volume

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Total distance = 3.5 km + 5.5 km = 9.0 km

Average speed = total distance travelled/total time taken

Attach a measured length of card centrally to the trolley

Average speed = total distance travelled/total time taken

time to home = (L/9) seconds

Total time = (L/3) + (L/9) = (3L/9) + (L/9) = (4L/9) seconds

[Time to work = 90 m/(3 m s1) = 30 s

[Time to home = 90 m/(9 m s1) = 10 s

Average acceleration = change in velocity/time taken

Time taken = change in velocity/acceleration

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

rate of means divided by time

Average acceleration = change in velocity/time taken

The gradient of a displacement-time graph is the instantaneous velocity

Since body moves 20 m in 15 s and graph is a straight line

Distance = area under graph up to 5 s = 2 12 m s1 5 s = 30 m

Distance = area under graph from 10 s to 22 s = 2 12 m s1 12 s = 72 m

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Height of second bounce = either of the shaded areas

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Centre of the track (since both positive and negative displacements)

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Using x = 2 (u + v)t

x = 2 (18 m s1 + 0 m s1) 4.5 s = 41 m

Using x = ut + 2 at2

x = (3.6 m s1 4.5 s) + [2 1.4 m s2 (4.5 s)2] = 16.2 m + 14.2 m = 30.4 m

u = (x 2at2)/t = {60 m [2 35 m s2 (1.6 s)2]}/(1.6 s) = (60 m 44.8 m)/(1.6 s)

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

(a) Using v2 = u2 + 2ax

(b) Using x = 2 (u + v)t

See pages 22 and 23

from rest, x = 2 at2 = 2 9.81 m s2 (1.9 s)2 = 17.7 m

Using x = 2 at2 (from rest)

Using v2 = u2 + 2ax and taking upwards as positive

Using x = 2 at2 (from rest)

Distance = 2at2 = 2 150 m s2 (6 s)2 = 2700 m

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2005 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Using x = 2at2 (from rest)

Time to fall t = (2x/a) = [2 0.85 m/(9.81 m s2)] = (0.173 s2) = 0.42 s

as Figure 11.3 on page 25 with h = 0.85 m and x = 6.4 m

Using x = 2 at2 (from rest) for the vertical motion

Using x = 2 at2 (from rest) for the vertical motion