PRECIPITATES
When 2 aqueous solutions are mixed together and an insoluble compound is formed, this is known as
precipitate, not a suspension.
The observation that a precipitate is formed should always be accompanied by the colour of the ppt even if it is
white.
Some reagents should be added until they are in excess. This may result in a ppt forming and then dissolving in
excess reagent.
(I)
SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION (NaOH)
When dilute NaOH solution is added to a solution containing a metal ppt, the ppt of the insoluble
hydroxide (e.g. Mn(OH)2 ) is formed. Ppt which are amphoteric (that acts both as base and acid)
hydroxides will dissolve in excess NaOh to give a solution containg a complex ion (e.g. [Cr(OH)6]3- ).
Students should assume that aqueous NaOH should be added until it is in excess even if it is not stated in
instruction.
OBS. ON ADDING DIL.NaOH
LIKELY ION
Green ppt
Chromium (III)
Ppt is insoluble
Manganese (II)
Ppt is insoluble
Iron (II)
Brown ppt
Ppt is insoluble
Iron (III)
Green ppt
Ppt is insoluble
Nickel (II)
Blue ppt
Ppt is insoluble
Copper (II)
White ppt
Zinc (II)
White ppt
Ppt is insoluble
Mg2+/Ba2+/St2+/Ca2+
(II)
Dilute aqueous NH3 when added to a solution containing a cation that will form the same hydroxide as
NaOH solution.
Excess NH3(aq) may dissolve the ppt to form a complex ion [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. Students must assume
that NH3(aq) must be added until in excess.
LIKELY ION
Chromium (III)
Ppt is insoluble
Manganese (II)
Ppt is insoluble
Iron (II)
Brown ppt
Ppt is insoluble
Iron (III)
Green ppt
Blue Solution
Nickel (II)
Blue ppt
White ppt
White ppt
Ppt is insoluble
Copper (II)
Zinc (II)
Magnesium
Oxidizing agents usually liberate Iodine as a brown solution or black solid from aqueous Potassium Iodide (KI).
Iodine solution gives a blue black colouration with starch.
Oxidizing agents:
Acidified Manganate (VII) ions
Acidified Dichromate (VI) ions
H2O2
H2O2 SOLUTION (HYDROGEN PEROXIDE)
Aqueous H2O2 can act both as an oxidizing agent and reducing agent often with an evolution of Oxygen.
OBS ON ADDING H2O2
INFERENCE
Brown ppt