CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY II
Instructions for candidates :
Answer any Five (05) questions
All questions carry equal marks
Time : Three (03) hours
01.
Majority
No. of pages
: 03
No of questions : 08
ii).
iii).
What are various classification of hand moulding ? write short notes on each
iv).
v).
2.
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v).
04. It is an utmost important factor to satisfy health security of customers. Interior designers
should look into it upon supplying services to Urban & rural sectors ;
i).
ii).
iii).
iv).
v).
05.
The defects in Sub structure and super structure are surfaced during
life- span
of building. These are known as building defects. Also such defects are seen in service
of the building and such defects are called service defects.
i).
ii).
iii).
iv).
v).
06.
ii).
iii).
iv).
v).
Clear Timber
Plywood
07. Interior planning of a building shall be completely done because at any moment there
could be a fire. It is an utmost responsibility to ensure security the client.
i).
ii).
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iv).
v).
08.
The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete
is a composite material consisting of aggregate, cement and water.
i).
ii).
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v).
1. Important :It seems that all the questions are to assess the
knowledge only at least two, three questions may insert to assess
the higher levels such as application, analysis synthesis etc..
i).
ii).
iii).
iv).
(v)
Notes :
Moulding :Should be done by experienced workers and supervision
Bricks are moulded on the table.
02.
i).
ii).
( 4 marks )
Functions of Ventilation ;
a. To supply fresh air to meet the respiratory needs of
occupants.
b. To remove airborne contaminations such as dusts, mists,
gases, vapors, tobacco smoke, body odors and bacteria
which may pose
heal hazards
or nuisance to the
occupants and,
c. To maintain the temperature and humidity within and
acceptable range that is appropriate to the activities on the
premise.
( 3
ma
rks
)
Natural Ventilation ;
iii).
Cross Ventilation ;
When placing ventilation openings, you are placing inlets and outlets to
optimize the path air flows through the building. Windows or vents placed on
opposite sides of the building give natural breezes a pathway through
the structure.
This called cross ventilation
Single opening
Two openings
Two
openings
Same wall
with windows
Two openings
Adjacent walls
iv).
Two openings
opposite walls
two openings
opposite walls
Different positions
( 4 marks )
Mechanical Ventilation ;
A building ventilation system that uses powered fans or blowers to provide fresh air to
space
( rooms) when the natural forces of air pressure and gravity are not
enough to circulate air through a building. Mechanical ventilation is used to control
indoor air quality, excess humidity, odors and contaminants can often be controlled
via dilution or replacement with outside air.
Principal exhaust
Kitchen
exhaust fan
fan
Bathroom
exhaust fan
Factory exhaust
( 5 marks )
v). Exhaust Fan Mechanism ;
Out-side air
10C-30C
Make up
air
25
Exhaust air
31C-37C
( 4 marks )
03. i). Sound ;
Sound is defined as any pressure variation that the human ear can detect. A wave
motion in set off when an element sets the nearest particle of air into motion. This
motion gradually spreads to adjacent air particles further away from the source.
Depending on the medium sound propagates at different speeds.
Noise : Some sounds are unpleasant or unwanted. These are called noise.
( 3
marks )
ii). Types of sources of noise ;
a. Point source
If the dimensions of a noise source are small compared with the
distance to the listener, it is known as a point source.
Eg. Fans, Chimney stacks
b. Line source
If a noise source is narrow in one direction and long in other
compared to the distance to the listener, it is called a line source,
Eg. Single source such as a long pipe carrying a turbulent fluid.
(3
marks )
iii).
Noise pollution ;
If the noise level exceeds the maximum permissible level given in the Gazette
extraordinary,
( No. 924/12 Thursday May 23 1996 ) schedule I & II. It
could be a noise pollution.
Noise pollution is basically categorized into;
1. Occupational noise pollution
2. Environmental noise pollution
(3
marks )
iv).
Noise sources
Transmission path
Types of spaces, in which people gather
Soil
450 mm
Standard type man hole cover
Reinforced concrete slab resisting
on sides of hole
Honeycomb block
laid on their side
400 mm Rubble fill
100 mm pipe
from septic
tank
soi
Bed of
Rubble
Minimum 2 m
Rubble fill
Concrete footing
under wall only
and between rows
of blocks
(6
marks )
ii). Defects occur in various forms and to different extents in all types of buildings,
irrespective of age. The following all contribute to the occurrence of defects in
buildings. The large varieties of building materials used that may not be well
congruent with one other.
Construction techniques
that may not be defect proof
inconsistent or sub-standard workmen-ship.
Use of unsuitable construction details
Extreme site conditions, undermining performance standards
Natural deterioration
Attacks by pollutants
Improper uses of the completed buildings.
( 3 marks )
iii). Common buildings defects ;
1. Defective concrete
2. Water seepage from external wall, window roof or from ceiling
3. Structural cracks in walls
4. Structural cracks in columns & beams
Symptoms/Phenomenon
Possible Causes
i.
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Overloading
Uneven distribution of phases
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Landing misalignment
Parts ageing, mechanical failure, rubbish
obstructing operation
Inadequate servicing
Air
Conditioning/
Heating
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ii.
Water Supply
Electricity
Supply
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iii.
Fire Services
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iv.
Lift and
Escalator
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v.
( 5 marks )
Possible Causes
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Damage or deterioration of waterproofing layer
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Leakage at access doors or top hatch doors
ii.
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Leakage from bathroom or kitchen above usually caused by seepage from fitments,
bathtubs, shower trays, buried pipes or drains due to improper construction of joints,
installation of sealants or occurrence of cracks
Waterproof cement rendering underneath floor tiles for the floor above not
installed/specified or such waterproofing features damaged by installation of sockets or
conduits
Mal-function of waterproofing in nearby external features such as balconies or external
walls above.
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iii.
Walls
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Water penetration through external wall defects such as cracks, joints, honeycombs,
spalling, weak points, holes, punctures, leftovers of debris, and movement of external wall
components
Water penetration through defective external wall finishes such as loosened mosaic tiles,
cracked ceramic tiles & paint surface; through poor cladding or curtain walls
constructions; or weaknesses in water-resisting components
Water leakage through party walls between units of pre-fabricated elements, or between
buildings.
iv.
Floor
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v.
Window
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vi.
Basement
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vii.
Buried or underground
drains
or pipes
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Inadequacy in design of drains such as insufficient diameter of drains, bends being too
sharp, etc
Blockage of drains by rubbish/ sand collected in the system especially in bends or traps
Insufficient number or deterioration of brackets leading to hammering and breakage of
supply pipes
Blockage of open joints such as hoppers of down pipes by plants or rubbish
Unauthorized additions overloading the drainage system
viii
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( 5 marks )
06.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
What
(iv)
(v)
Clear Timber ;
Timber with no defect is called clear timber.
Plywood ;
i.
Plywood is obtained by gluing three more veneers. Veneers
are thin sheets of wood.
ii.
iii.
iv.
07. i). Building to be provided with pathways for fire-fighting vehicles minimize on either
side it. The accessible roads to be so constructed to bear the weight of truck about
13-25 tons. Further height of the ways should be free to ensure he easy passage the
vehicles. Accessible roads should be clearly shown by directional boards.
( 4 marks )
ii). Fire fighting equipments to be installed inside a building ;
1. Foot paths to fire staircase to be clear
2. Fire extinguishers used for various types of fire.
( 3 marks )
iii). Fire Pillar Hydrant ;
Fire pillar hydrant is a special pipe which built close or around a building. This is
connected to pipe basement water system or under-ground water levels seen in the
vicinity of industrial building or factory. When water in fire vehicle is limited,
exhausted hose reel is connected to this system. As a result water is continuously
accessible.
( 5 marks )
iv).
purpose is minimized.
v).
( 3 marks )
Role of water sump ;
There is a necessity for underground water levels in addition to over-head tanks
particularly for industrial and commercial buildings. If water in underground water
tank is maintained properly, it could be use for fire extinguishing purposes. It is
more appropriate to install an underground water system connected to fire pillar
hydrant.
( 5 marks )
08. (i)
(ii)
Tricalcium silicate
Responsible for the development of strength during early stages.
Dicalcium silicate
This contributes to the development of strength after the first stages.
Tricalcium Aluminate
This has very little commenting value and hydration of C 3A is extremely
rapid give rise to flash set in the absence of gypsum
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite
This has the least commenting value. The presence of the ferric oxide
gives cement its characteristics colour.
(4 marks )
(iii)
(iv)
Water-resistant concrete Using below ground works, water retaining structures like
tanking, dams, jetties and bridges.
water
Shot crete
Spray concrete, not using form work or mould, srayed directly on to
the surface.
( 3 marks)
Write short notes on mortar ;
(v)
Fineness
Soundness
Setting time
Strength
Loss of ignition
Heat of Hydration