Teacher Grace

SCIENCE REVIEWER
Chapter 9
Matter anything that has mass and occupies space
States or phases of matter solid, liquid, gas, plasma Bose-Einstein condensate
Solid
Has definite shape
Has definite volume
Cannot
be
compressed
appreciably by a moderately high
pressure
Very slight expansion during
heating
High density

Liquid
No definite shape; takes the
shape of its container
Has a definite volume
Can be compressed (but only to
a negligible extent) by a
moderately high pressure
Slight expansion during heating

Gas
No definite shape; takes the
shape of its container
Has no definite volume
Can be compressed or expanded
as pressure is increased or
decreased
Great expansion during heating

Medium density

Low density

Plasma fourth state of matter; it has neither a definite shape; often ionized gases
Properties distinguishing characteristics that we use to identify different samples of matter
1) Physical can be observed without changing the substance into another substance (melting point, boiling
point, odor, color, taste, solubility, density, hardness, softness, volatility, ductility, malleability, viscosity, physical
state, heat conductivity and electrical conductivity
2) Chemical characteristics that can be observed when the substance undergoes a change in its composition
(electrolysis)
Pure substance form of matter that has definite and unchanging chemical composition
Elements substances that are made up of only one type of atom; can only be broken down into simple substances by
ordinary chemical means
Oxygen the most abundant element in earths crust
Some Important Elements in the Human Body
Calcium found in compounds in bones, teeth, body fluids
Phosphorous about 85% in combination with calcium in bones and teeth
Magnesium found in compounds contained in bones and body fluids
Sodium mainly found as dissolved salt contained in extracellular fuids
Chlorine mainly found as dissolved salt contained in extracellular fluids; found in gastric juices in the stomach
Potassium a major element in compounds contained in cellular fluids; involved in nerve impulses transmission
Sulfur found in amino acids and proteins of the body
Iron an important component of blood haemoglobin and muscle myoglobin
Zinc required for the function of many enzymes
Iodine needed by the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine
First 20 Elements in the Periodic Table
Symbol
Name
H
Hydrogen
He
Helium
Li
Lithium
Be
Beryllium
B
Boron
C
Carbon
N
Nitrogen
O
Oxygen
F
Flourine
Ne
Neon

Symbol
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca

Name
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosporous
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium

Compounds substances that are made up of more than one type of atom; can be separated into two or more simpler
substances by ordinary chemical reactions
Mixtures made up of two or more substances that are physically combined (soil, blood, seawater, air, milk, rocks)
Solution a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in variable composition
Solute gets dissolved
Solvent does the dissolving
Heterogeneous mixture made up of more than one phase or of different parts and can be separated by physical
means
Physical change occurs when the composition of the substance is not altered in the process
Melting the physical change of a solid to a liquid by the addition of heat
Freezing the change of state in which a liquid becomes a solid as heat is removed
Evaporation the change of a substance from a liquid to gas
Condensation the change of state from a gas to a liquid
Sublimation process in which a solid changes directly into a gas
Chemical change or chemical reaction occurs when the composition of a substance is changed into a substance
having physical and chemical properties completely different from the original. (change in color, odor, taste)

Teacher Grace
Energy the capacity or the ability to do work
Endothermic when a change absorbs heat
Exothermic when a change releases heat
Classification:
1) Radiant energy associated with light and is sometimes called electromagnetic radiation; occurs in the forms
as television, radio waves, microwaves
2) Thermal energy sometimes called as heat energy; mode of energy transfer between objects
3) Mechanical energy possessed by an object due to its motion due to its position
4) Electrical energy energy of a stream of electrons moving through a substance
5) Chemical energy energy stored in substances
6) Nuclear energy released by either splitting atom in nuclei through the process fission or by forcing the nuclei
of atoms together through the process fusion
Chapter 10
Daltons Atomic Theory proposed by John Dalton; theory on the particle nature of matter
1) All matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.
2) All atoms of a particular element are identical, but the atoms of one element differ from the atoms of any other
element.
3) Atoms of different elements combine with each other in certain whole-number proportions to form compounds.
4) In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged to form new compounds, they are not created nor destroyed, nor
changed into atoms of any other element.
Law of conservation of mass outlined by Antoine Laurent Lavosier, states that in a chemical reaction, matter is
neither created nor destroyed; or more accurately, there is no detectable change in mass duing an ordinary chemical
reaction.
Law of definite proportions states that the different samples of any compound contains the same elements in the
same proportions by mass (Joseph Proust)
Law of multiple proportions states that the mass of one element that can combine with a fixed mass of another
element are in ratio of small whole numbers
Democritus proposed that matter is composed of tiny particles that cannot be subdivided ( atomos means uncuttable
in Greek)
Daltons Model proposed by John Dalton based on the original thoughts of Democritus
Thomsoms Model also called the plum-pudding model; Sir Joseph Thomson (discovered electrons)
Electron weightless particles
J.J. Thomson credited with the discovery of the electron while experimenting with cathode rays. He concluded that
cathode ray are negatively charged particles. He proposed the plum-pudding model of atom.
Ernest Rutherford concluded that an atom was made up of a very dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded
primarily by empty space in which the electrons could be found. He proposed the nuclear model of the atom.
Niels Bohr visualized the electrons as rotating in orbits around the nucleus, like planets rotating around the sun. He
theorized that the energy of the electron was quantized
Michael Faraday and Humphry Davis among the first to demonstrate the electrical nature of matter
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the X-rays that could travel through walls
Antoine Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie discovered radioactivity
Alpha rays has double positive charge (+2) discovered by Rutherford
Beta rays has negative charge (-1) discovered by Rutherford
Gamma ray has neither mass or charge; discovered by Paul Villard
Henry Mosley developed the concept of atomic number

Teacher Grace
ENGLISH REVIEWER
Opinion can be someones belief or personal judgment to which you can agree or disagree
Tell whether the statement is a factor an opinion.
1) Ramakin is the story based on the famous Indian epic, Ramayana.
2) It is unique.
3) It contains many episodes and details which are not to be found in the original epic.
4) It seems to show traces of contact with certain versions of the Ramayana in India, Malaysia, Java and
Cambodia.
5) I think an English translation is now available.
Characterization the way writers describe characters
Persuasive Techniques/Propaganda
Association linking product, service or idea with something already liked
Bandwagon using the argument that a person should believe or do something because everybody else does
Testimonial using an expert, celebrity or plain folk to sell and support
Fear uses excitement, sadness or fear to influence viewers; the opposite of association
Humor uses images that make audiences laugh, but provides little information about the product or service
Bribery uses promos or freebies or comfort in order to buy the product
Intensity uses hype to build up the product
Repetition repeats message or sounds within the ad or repeats the ad many times
Identify the propaganda techniques used in each example below.
1) Nine out of ten dermatologists recommended this type of soap.
2) Millions have already joined us in our support of ABC. With so many people backing ABC, you know ABC must
be right. Or You dont want to be left our. Come on board and get all the benefits early!
3) A product is promoted through an ad showing a romantic scene with the woman who uses the product before
date.
4) Film start Kim Ruang says that when it comes to buying gifts for his children, he always chooses books from
Expressways catalog of the fine publications.
5) Either go out and vote or we will lose your right.
Write the correct prefix used in the following words.
1) ______________ heard
2) ______________ satisfied
3) ______________ lucky
4) ______________ appeared
5) ______________ happily
6) ______________ presented
7) ______________ adventurous
8) ______________ stall
9) ______________ important
Persuasive speech delivered when you try to convince someone of something in a persuasive speech, you take
clear, specific position on an issue, and then presents a call for the audience to take action or accept the position