organic chemistry to disperse a substance or material desired from those that are not. While the term extraction may be unfamiliar, its process is in fact something that is commonly performed. In the procedures found in this experiment, researchers will have an opportunity to develop their present experimental expertise further by isolating organic compounds using the liquid-liquid type of extraction. (Gilbert, 2015) The desired compound from a reaction is frequently part of a mixture, and its isolation in pure form can be a significant experimental challenge. Similar to the previous performed experiment, recrystallization and distillation, extraction is one of the more methods for separating and purifying organic solids and liquids. As what will be seen in this experiment, extraction method involves partitioning of compounds between two immiscible phases. This process is titled phase distribution and can result in separation of compounds if they have been distributed differently between the two phases. (Martin, 2011) According to research, distribution of solutes between phases is a result of adsorption or partitioning phenomena. Partition involves the difference in the solubility of a substance in two immiscible solventin other words, selective dissolution. On the other hand, adsorption is based on the selective attraction of a substance in a liquid or gaseous mixture to the surface of a solid phase. Extraction involves selectively removing one or more components of a liquid, solid, or gaseous mixture into a separate phase. The substance being extracted will partition between two immiscible phases that are in contact, and to which it form a distinct layer and the ratio of its distribution between this phases will depend on the relative solubility of the solute in each phase. There are several of types in extraction, and this experiment deals with the liquid-liquid extraction. Liquid-liquid extraction is by far one of the most common methods in separation of an organic compound from a mixture. This process is used by chemist not only for the isolation of natural products but for purification of products from chemical reactions as well.
The process involves the distribution of solutes, A,
between two immiscible liquids, Sx, the extracting phase, and So, the original phase. The immiscible liquids generally encountered in the organic laboratory are water and some organic solvent, such as diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O or dichloromethane, CH2Cl2. At a given temperature, the amount of the distribution of solutes in g/ml, in each phase is expressed quantitatively in terms of a constant, K, commonly called the partition coefficient, from equation 5.1 (Martine, 2015). The volumes of solution, if the solution is dilute, only slight errors result if volumes of solvent are used. Moreover, a close approximation of the partition coefficient K can be obtained by simply dividing the solubility of A in the extracting solvent Sx by the solubility of A in the original solvent So.
K=
[ A ] Sx [ A ] So
The process of liquid-liquid extraction can
be well-thought-out a competition between two immiscible liquids for solute A, with solute A distributing or subdividing between these liquids when it is in contact with both of them. The equation above indicates that at equilibrium, the ratio of the concentrations of A in the two phases will always be at constant. The equation as well leads to various important predictions. Taking for example when K> 1, the solute will be mainly in the extracting solvent, Sx, as the volume, Vx of this solvent is at least equal to the volume, Vo, of the original solvent, S o. thus the amount of the remaining solute in S o will depend on the value of K. There are many other equations involve in extraction and it is within these calculations that the multiple extractions become increasingly important as the volume of K decreases. The improved recovery of solute from this multiple extractions, must acquire balance likewise with the practical consideration that the relatively small increases in recovery may not substantiate the additional time and solvent required to perform multiple extractions unless the product is of great value.
Experimental Section Assemble the apparatus as shown in Fig. 5.1. Note the proper way of handling each equipment to prevent unnecessary breakage which can be as well a source of error in the following data gathering.
Salting-out Effect In the first part of the
experiment which involves the salting-out effect, two micro test-tubes were filled with 3 ml of distilled water. A drop of 0.003M aqueous crystal violet was added with a subsequent 0.50 ml of n-amyl alcohol. Both test tubes was given a shake until such a violet vibrant color change was apparent. Upon completion, a sodium chloride was introduced to one of the test tube where in a layer formed separately and that the water layer is saturated. A comparison between the two test tubes was compared and recorded. Distribution coefficient determination In the second part, in a 150 ml Erlenmeyer flask, a 10 ml of 10% adipic acid was added with a drop of phenolphthalein as an indicator. The solution was then titrated using NaOH thats standardized with a 250 ml of stock solution of 0.05M NaOH from 2.50M NaOH until an appearance of light pink colored was observed. This is an indication of the endpoint being reached. Take note of the volume NaOH used. This volume of titration was later used to obtain the weight of the acid in the original solution. 10 ml of the adipic acid was then transferred to the quick fit separatory funnel for the extraction. Before proceeding with the extraction, be sure
that no flame was present in the area. A 10 ml of
ether was mixed in the adipic acid as an extractor. A drop of phenolphthalein was added as well to the extracted aqueous layer and was titrated with 0.05M NaOH. The organic layer was drawn off and placed in a separate bottle with the label Ether extract. The next part involved double extraction. Again 10 ml of adipic acid was transferred in the quick fit separatory funnel with the addition of 5 ml of ether. The aqueous solution was extracted while the organic solution was drawn off and transferred to the labeled bottle Ether extract. The aqueous layer previously extracted was placed again in the separatory funnel, mixed with another 5 ml of ether. This was subjected once more to extraction. A drop of phenolphthalein was added to the aqueous layer and titrated with 0.05 M NaOH. The resulted volume were collected and was recorded for further observation.