Hakeem

Patterson
Biology
11sc&t

Health and man

Health can be defined as the state of being sound in mind body and spirit,
especially freedom from disease and pain.
A disease is a condition in which the health of an organism is hindered. Diseases
are categorized into 4 main types- Physiological, Pathogenic, Hereditary and
Deficiency.

Physiological
A physiological disease is a disease caused when the normal working of the body
system is affected. This could be as a result of malfunctioning body organs or body
cellular structures changing over a period of time causing illness. E.g. Diabetes,
Asthma, Hypertension.

Diabetes
This is a disease in which people lack sufficient insulin so they are unable to
oxidize glucose. Sugar accumulates in the body and is excreted because the
concentration of glucose in the blood is greater than the kidney can deal with.
Diabetes is often associated with obesity and large consumptions of alcoholic
beverages over a prolonged period of time. Diabetes is classified into 2 types

Type 1
This is less common than type 2. If a patient suffers from type 1 diabetes, his islet
of Langerhans in the pancreas fails to produce insulin completely

Type 2
In type 2 diabetes the target cells containing glucose do not respond to insulin , so
causing the diabetes. Sugar accumulates in the body and is excreted because the
concentration of glucose in the blood is greater than the kidney can deal with. The
kidney tubules fail to re absorbs all the glucose.

Symptoms
Tiredness
Continual thirst

Treatment
Insulin
tablet/injection

Weight loss

Low Carbohydrate
diet

Increased
unrination

Exercise

Control/prevention
Education on the
importance of diet
and exercise.

Asthma
This is a disease where the bronchial tubes constrict. Among the many allergens
that trigger asthma are house dust mites, pollen pets fur and feathers, virus
infections, fungal spores, smoke and other air pollutants such as windblown dust,
and cigarette smoking it is spread by airborne particles.
Symptoms

Treatment

Wheezing

Use inhaler

Coughing

Antihistamines to
reduce
inflammation.

Shortness of breath

Control/prevention
Avoid source

Chest tightness

Hypertension
This is when the pressure caused by the blood persistently pushing against the
inside walls of the main arteries is high. It is linked to genetics, poor diet, lack of
exercise and obesity. When it is caused by another medical factor such as kidney
failure, heart disease or stroke then it is referred to as secondary hypertension.

Symptoms

Treatment

Control/prevention

 High blood
pressure usually
has no obvious
symptoms and
many people have
it without knowing.
In some rare cases,
where a person has
very high blood
pressure, they can
experience
symptoms
including: a
persistent headache
blurred or double
vision nosebleeds
shortness of breath.

Take prescribed
medication and
follow doctors
orders.

Eat healthy,
exercise regularly,
stop smoking ,
avoid alcohol.

Pathogenic
These are diseases that are caused by parasitic organisms such as viruses, bacteri ,
fungi and protozoa. Pathogens (disease carrying organism) resides on or inside and
organism; the host, causing it to be diseased or sick. The pathogen transmit itself
from host to host infecting them in numerous ways such as: airborne droplets,
direct contact, contact with feces and vectors. Some of these are influenza, malaria
and athletes foot.

Influenza
This is similar to the common cold, the mucus membranes of the respiratory
system and throat become infected by the virus
Symptoms

Treatment

Control/prevention

Headache

Antibiotic s

Good ventilation

Fever

Rest

Avoid crowds

Sore throat

Pain killers

Influenza vaccine

Backache

Hot drinks

Malaria
A protozoan called plasmodium, which is transmitted by the anopheles mosquitoes
causes the disease. The plasmodium damages the red blood cells of humans and
releases toxins which causes the fever. When taking a meal from an infected the
anopheles mosquito will take in the parasites; these are passes on in the saliva to
infect someone else at the time of the next meal.
Symptoms

Treatment

High fever, chills,

muscle pain.

Take medication
and treatment as
prescribed.

Control/prevention
Take medication
before during and
after a visit to an
area where malaria

is present.
Treat still
uncovered waters
to stop site of
breeding.
Place holes in
containers that can
accumulate still
water.

Athletes foot
This is a common contagious fungal infection on the skin.

Symptoms
Itching
Scaling
Flaking (of
infected area)

Treatment
Usage of ointments

Control/prevention
Good hygiene

Hereditary
A genetic disorder is an illness caused by one or more abnormalities in the
genome, especially a condition that is present from birth. Some of these are Sickle
cell anemia and Hemophilia.

Sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited form of anemia; a condition in which there are
not enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen throughout ones
body. Normally, red blood cells are flexible and round, moving easily through
ones blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells become rigid and
sticky and are shaped like sickles or crescent moons. These irregularly shaped cells
can get stuck in small blood vessels, which can slow or block blood flow and
oxygen to parts of the body.

Symptoms
Weakness
Tiredness

Treatment

avoid situations where

oxygen supply is
reduced.(no treatment
or cure)

Control/prevention
Genetic Counseling

weight loss

May lead to heart /

kidney failure.

Hemophilia
A hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body's ability to control blood clotting
or coagulation, which is used to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is broken.

Symptoms

Bruise easily, Internal

bleeding especially
around joints. Pain in
joints More severe
cases will be Several
large or deep bruises.
Joint pain or swelling.
Unexplained bleeding
or bruising. Blood in
feces (stools).Blood in
urine. Unexplained
nosebleeds.
Unexplained gum
bleeding. Tightness in

Treatment

medication is used in
response to an episode
of prolonged bleeding

Control/Prevention

Medication to prevent
bleeding episodes, and
subsequent
complications, such as
joint and/or muscle
damage.

the joints

Deficiency
Diseases that are caused by the lack of some particular nutrient in a person's diet.

Iron deficiency anemia

This disease is caused due to the deficiency of iron. In this disease, the level of the
hemoglobin becomes low, Thus shortening the oxygen carrying rate.
Symptoms
Fatigue
pale appearance

Treatment
Eat foods rich in
iron and take iron
supplements

Control/Prevention
Education on the
importance of a
balanced diet

shortness of breath
increased heart rate

Kwashiorkor
This disease is due to the deficiency of protein.
Photo shows a child suffering from kwashiorkor.

Symptoms
Fatigue

Diarrhea

Treatment
Eat foods rich in
protein and take
protein
supplements

Control/Prevention
Education on the
importance of a
balanced diet

loss of muscle mass

Extended belly

change in skin and hair

colour

Vectors
Vectors are organisms that do not cause disease themselves but which spreads
infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. Some of these are
Flies: Can be commonly found in restaurants, homes, warehouses and food storage or
processing plants, as well as grocery stores, wine cellars and anywhere else food is left to
ferment and decay. They feed on food we eat and transmit the disease, for
example gastroenteritis.

Mosquitoes: These are vectors for malaria and can be found in areas that have untreated still
waters which makes a haven of breeding ground for mosquitoes. Mosquitoes bite an infected
host and obtain the pathogen which is then transmitted to its next victim by
a bite. The mosquito has 4 life cycles: the egg , larvae , pupa and adult
stage in that order .

infant stages its habitat

particles in the water as
moves from water to
typical mosquito has a

The diagram shows the life

cycle of the mosquito its
is aquatic as it feeds on tiny
it moves to adulthood it
land and feeds on blood. A
life span of 4-6 weeks.
Rats: Rats are various
medium-sized, long-

tailed rodents of the super family Muroidea.They are vectors as they transmit the leptospirosis
disease.

STDs
Disease

Causative agent

Symptoms

Control

Aids: Acquired Immune

Deficiency Syndrone

Virus (HIIV)

Persistent cough ,
fever , skin rashes ,
swollen lymph
glands , diarrhea,
weakness.
Secondary
infections:
pneumonia ,
tuberculosis,
cancers

Keep to one sexual

partner. Do not
inject drugs , use
condom during
sex. Education
about diseases.

Gonorrhoea

Bacterium

Keep to one sexual

partner , treatment by
antibiotics e.g
penicillin
streptomycin.

Syphilis

Bacterium

Genital herpes

Virus

Yellowish discharge
from urethra ,pain
when urinating, if
untreated ;
inflammation of
fallopian tubes and
sperm duct. Arthritis ,
weakened heart.
One or more painful
ulcers , usually in
genital region. Skin
rash , sore throat ,skin
sore , scarred liver ,
blindness, heart
failure , insanity
Blisters in genital
region , which burst to
form ulcers

Keep to one sexual

partner , penicillin ,
but this will not
reverse the damage of
later symptoms.
Avoid contact with
blisters or ulcers or
infected person.

Social and economical implications

of diseases on man, animal and
crop.
The loss of life and loss of working hours to disease are important social and economic factors in
disease also. The research for cures and treatments to diseases such as aids and for degenerative
diseases such as cancer also places increasing demands on health services . self-inflicted diseases
related to smoking , lack of exercise and over eating are becoming increasingly important
economically in developed countries ,in the cost of treatment and effect on life.
However, man is also affected economically by the health of the crops and animal stocks he
grows for food. loss of livestock and agricultural crops due to disease , can have serious
economical implications . A disease can greatly reduce or wipe out the live stock or food crop of
an area in a short space of time , for example mealy bug infestation in the caribbean and footand-mouth disease in Europe . this results in loss of income for the farmers and reduction in
food availability . Food in the form of livestock and agricultural produce move throughout the
world in ships and airplanes daily . It is therefore very difficult to prevent the spread of some
diseases. Quarantine procedures at ports and airports help but do not prevent the spread of
diseases. Many pathogens are micro-organisms , not seen and can exist as spores for a long
period of time.

Bibliography
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Blood-pressure-(high)/Pages/Prevention.aspx
http://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension
http://www.medicinenet.com/athletes_foot/page3.htm#what_is_the_treatment_for_athletes_foot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat#Rats_as_pests
http://www.orkin.com/flies/fruit-fly/biology-of-fruit-flies/
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Haemophilia/Pages/Treatment.aspx

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/hemophilia/causes-of-hemophilia.php
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/malaria-topic-overview
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/asthma/
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/health
http://www.preservearticles.com/201101032353/deficiency-diseases.html

Table of content
Health and man______________________________________________pg.4
Vectors_____________________________________________________pg.12
STDs_______________________________________________________pg.13
Social and economical
implications of diseases on man, animal and crop.____________________________pg.14

Introduction
A healthy person is physically socially and mentally well, there are many diseases that can
corrupt this. They are classified as pathogenic, deficiency, hereditary and physiological. These
can cause many social and economic implications in the family , community and country