Chapter3cv 53226

BIOPSYCHOLOGY 8e
John P.J. Pinel

Copyright Pearson Education 2011
A
communication
network
consisting of
nerve cells, both
inside and
outside of the
brain and spinal
cord
e r v o u s!
s y s t e m!
General Layout of the Nervous System
The major
divisions of
the nervous
system.
A system of
twos.
Copyright
Pearson Education 2011
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
Brain (in the skull)
Spinal Cord (in the spine)
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
Located outside of the skull
and spine
Serves to bring information
into the CNS and carry
signals out of the CNS
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Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Afferent nerves (sensory)
Efferent nerves (motor)
Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates internal
environment
Afferent nerves (sensory
signals from internal
organs)
Two types of efferent nerves
(motor nerves from to
internal organs)
Sympathetic and
parasympathetic efferents
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Two types of efferent nerves:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
nerves generally have opposite
effects
Each autonomic target gets
opposing sym and parasym
input
Two-stage neural paths, neuron
exiting the CNS synapses on a
second-stage neuron before
the target organ
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PARASYMPATHETIC EFFERENTS
SYMPATHETIC EFFERENTS
Cranial and sacral
Thoracic and lumbar
Rest and digest
Fight or flight
Second stage neurons

are near the target
organ
Second stage neurons

are far from the target
organ
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Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
CNS encased in bone and

covered by three meninges
Dura mater tough outer
membrane
Arachnoid membrane weblike
Pia mater adheres to CNS
surface
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Fluid serves as cushion
Fills ventricles, subarachnoid
space and central canal
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Protecting the Brain
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The Cerebral Ventricles
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Protecting the Brain
Chemical protection
The blood-brain barrier
tightly-packed cells of
blood vessel walls
prevent entry of many
molecules
Physical protection
Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)
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Neurons and the Human Brain
The human brain
Neurons
An amazingly intricate
network of neurons
Cells that receive and

transmit electrochemical
signals
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Cells of the Nervous System: Anatomy of Neurons
Neurons
Specialized cells for the
reception, conduction,
and transmission of
electrochemical signals
Many sizes and shapes
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The
major
external
features
of a
typical
neuron
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The major
internal
features of
a typical
neuron
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The cell
membrane
is a lipid
bilayer with
signal proteins
and channel
proteins
embedded in it
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A unipolar
neuron, a
bipolar
neuron, a
multipolar
neuron, and an
interneuron
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Glial Cells: The Forgotten Cells
Glial cells
Support neurons
Outnumber neurons
10:1 (apparently)
Recent evidence for
glial communication
and modulatory effects
of glia on neuronal
communication
Much ongoing research
in this area
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Four Classes of Glial Cells
Oligodendrocytes extensions rich in myelin

create myelin sheaths in CNS
Schwann cells similar to function of

oligodendrocytes but in PNS, can guide
axonal regeneration (clinical applications)
Astrocytes largest glia, star-shaped, many

functions such as support and protection (and
signalling)
Microglia involved in response to

injury or disease
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The myelination of
CNS axons by an
oligodendrocyte
and the
myelination of PNS
axons by Schwann
cells
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Terminology
CNS
PNS
Myelin-providing
glia
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Clusters of cell
bodies (activity)
Nuclei
(singular nucleus)
Ganglia
(singular ganglion)
Bundles of axons
(pathways)
Tracts
Nerves
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Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System
Figure 3.14
Anatomical
directions in a
representative
vertebrate
(cat).
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Figure 3.15
Anatomical
directions in a
human
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Anatomical directions ignore the
fact that humans walk upright.
Therefore, top of the head is
both dorsal (back) and
superior (top)
Other directions:
Medial toward the middle
Lateral toward the side
Proximal close
Distal far
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Sections of the Brain
Horizontal a slice
parallel to the ground
Frontal (coronal) slicing
bread or salami
Sagittal a midsagittal
section separates the left
and right halves
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Spinal Cord
Gray matter inner

component, primarily cell
bodies
White matter outer
area, mainly myelinated
axons
Dorsal afferent, sensory
Ventral efferent, motor
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Five Major Divisions of the Brain
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Five Major Divisions of the Brain
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Major Structures of the Brain
Myelencephalon = medulla
Composed largely of tracts
Origin of the reticular
formation
Arousal, sleep, attention,
muscle tone, vital reflexes
Metencephalon
Many tracts
Pons ventral surface
Functions similar to
medulla
Cerebellum coordination
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Structures of the human

myelencephalon
(medulla) and
metencephalon
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Mesencephalon = midbrain
tectum has inferior (auditory) and superior
colliculi (visual)
on dorsal surface
tegmentum has
periaqueductal gray (pain),
substantia nigra, and red nucleus
(sensorimotor
medial and ventral
Diencephalon
Thalamus (sensory relay to cortex
Hypothalamus (controls ANS, endocrine
systems
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The human
mesencephalon
(midbrain)
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The human
diencephalon
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Telencephalon Cerebral Cortex
Convolutions serve to increase

surface area
Outer covering unmyelinated
grey matter
Layer beneath myelinated
axons white matter
Longitudinal fissure a groove
that separates right and left
hemispheres
Corpus callosum largest
hemisphere-connecting tract
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Outermost
part of
forebrain,
responsible
for
analyzing
sensory
processing
and higher
brain
functions

erebral
c o r t e x!
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The major fissures of the

human cerebral cortex
The lobes of the cerebral

hemisphere
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Telencephalon Subcortical Structures
Limbic system regulation of

motivated behaviors
Mammillary bodies,
hippocampus, amygdala,
fornix, cingulate, septum
Basal ganglia motor system
Amygdala, striatum (caudate
nucleus + putamen), globus
pallidus
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The Limbic System

The major structures of
the limbic system:
amygdala,
hippocampus, cingulate
cortex, fornix, septum,
and mammillary body
Regulation of motivated
behaviours, emotion and
memory
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The Basal Ganglia
Structures in the forebrain that

help to control movement
Damage to the basal ganglia
contributes to Parkinsons disease.
The basal ganglia also allow us to
perform voluntary movements to
obtain rewards.
Many implications:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crh_LGBNwSA
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The Basal Ganglia

The basal ganglia:
amygdala, striatum
(caudate plus putamen)
and globus pallidus
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Summary of major
brain structures
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BIOPSYCHOLOGY 8e

John P.J. Pinel

General Layout of the Nervous System

General Layout of the Nervous System

General Layout of the Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Cranial and sacral

Thoracic and lumbar

Rest and digest

Second stage neurons

Second stage neurons

Autonomic Nervous System

Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

CNS encased in bone and

Protecting the Brain

The Cerebral Ventricles

Protecting the Brain

Neurons and the Human Brain

The human brain

Cells that receive and

Cells of the Nervous System: Anatomy of Neurons

Cells of the Nervous System: Anatomy of Neurons

Cells of the Nervous System: Anatomy of Neurons

Glial Cells: The Forgotten Cells

Four Classes of Glial Cells

Oligodendrocytes extensions rich in myelin

Schwann cells similar to function of

Astrocytes largest glia, star-shaped, many

Microglia involved in response to

Glial Cells: The Forgotten Cells

Glial Cells: The Forgotten Cells

Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System

Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System

Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System

Sections of the Brain

Gray matter inner

Ventral efferent, motor

Five Major Divisions of the Brain

Five Major Divisions of the Brain

Major Structures of the Brain

Structures of the human

Major Structures of the Brain

Major Structures of the Brain

Major Structures of the Brain

Telencephalon Cerebral Cortex

Convolutions serve to increase

The major fissures of the

The lobes of the cerebral

Telencephalon Subcortical Structures

Limbic system regulation of

The Limbic System

The Basal Ganglia

Structures in the forebrain that

The Basal Ganglia

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