ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM

Classes of Chemical
Messengers
1. Autocrine stimulates the cell that originally
secreted it (eg. Eicosanoids)
2. Paracrine local action on nearby cells (eg.
Histamine)
3. Neurotransmitter produced by neurons and
secreted into a synaptic cleft (eg. Acetylcholine)
4. Endocrine secreted into the blood stream (eg.
Thyroid Hormone, Insulin)

Functions
1.Metabolism
2.Control of Food Intake and Digestion
3.Tissue Development
4.Ion Regulation
5.Water Balance
6.Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Regulation
7.Control of Blood Glucose and other nutrients
8.Control of Reproductive Functions
9.Uterine Contraction and Milk Release
10. Immune System Regulation

Endocrine Glands

Pituitary Gland

Pituitary Gland
Location:
- Posterior to the optic chiasm
Function:
Main: Control the function of other glands in
the body
Other: Secrete hormones that influence
growth, kidney function etc.

Hormonal Control

Direct Innervation

Thyroid Gland
Location:
- 2 lobes on each side of the trachea, inferior to the
larynx
Function:
Main: Secrete Thyroid Hormones
- T3 (triiodothyronine)
- T4 (tetraiodothyronine)
Other: Secrete Calcitonin

Parathyroid
Location
- Posterior wall of Thyroid gland
Function
- Secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)
- essential for regulation of Ca
levels

ADRENAL GLANDS

o located at the top of each kidney

o produce hormones that help the body control blood
sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors, and
regulate blood pressure
o consists of two main parts: the adrenal cortex and the
adrenal medulla

ADRENAL CORTEX
-outer portion of the adrenal gland
-divided into 3 regions, namely: Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, and Zona
reticularis
Zona glomerulosa
-outermost layer
-secretes the first class of hormones, mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone- major mineralocorticoid hormone
-raises blood levels of Na+, increases water retention, and lowers blood potassium level
Zona fasciculata
-middle layer
-secretes the second class of hormones, glucocorticoids
Cortisol- major glucocorticoid hormone
Increases breakdown of proteins and lipids
Help fight against stress and inflammation
HYPERSECRETION Cushings Syndrome
HYPOSECRETION Addisons Disease
Zona reticularis
-innermost layer
-secretes gonadocorticoids
-supplement sex hormones (Androgens and small amount of Estrogens)
HYPERSECRETION exaggerated male characteristics
HYPOSECRETION congenital adrenal hyperplasia

ADRENAL MEDULLA
-inner portion of the adrenal gland
-function together with the sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system
-contains chromaffin cells, which secrete 2 hormones:
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
-effects of these hormones resemble sympathetic
stimulation

REGULATION OF ALDOSTERONE SECRETION FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX

REGULATION OF CORTISOL SECRETION FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX

REGULATION OF ADRENAL MEDULLARY SECRETIONS

Pancreas
flat, pear-shaped gland
fifteen (15) cm or 6 in long
in the upper abdomen (retroperitoneum); behind
the stomach next to duodenum
network of tubes or pancreatic ducts
aids in digestion, contains powerful enzymes

PARTS
-Head widest part
-Body middle section
-Tail narrowest part
-Islets of Langerhans more simply called Pancreatic
Islets

2 FUNCTIONS
-Exocrine Salts & Enzymes Duodenum
HCO3- - neutralize gastric acid (HCl)
Pancreatic amylase
Starch Smaller Carbs
Lipases - break down fats
Proteases
Trypsinogen Enteropeptidase trypsin
Chymotrypsinogen Trypsin chymotrypsin

-Endocrine Hormones Bloodstream

Glucagon - alpha cell; raises the blood glucose level
Glycogen Glucose
Insulin beta cell; decreases the blood glucose level
Glucose Glycogen
Somatostatin delta cell; inhibit both glucagon and insulin
secretion

Pancreatic polypeptide - inhibits secretion of pancreatic

juice

INSULIN
is released from the beta cells
produced in the pancreas by the islets of
Langerhans
regulate the amount of glucose in the blood.
lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.
major target tissues for insulin are the liver, adipose
tissue, muscles, and the area of the hypothalamus
that controls the appetite, called the satiety center
which means fulfillment of hunger
Insulin binds to membrane- bound receptors and
either directly or indirectly, increases the rate of
glucose and amino uptake in these tissues.
GLUCOSE is converted to GLYCOGEN or LIPIDS
AMINO ACIDS are used to synthesize protein

Three Types of Diabetes

1) Type 1
Is also called insulin-dependent diabetes. It used to
be called juvenile-onset diabetes, because it often
begins in childhood.
Is an autoimmune condition. It's caused by the
body attacking its own pancreas with antibodies.
Damaged pancreas doesn't make insulin.

2) Type 2
Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult-onset
diabetes
Was also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
With Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas usually
produces some insulin. But either the amount
produced is not enough for the body's needs, or the
body's cells are resistant to it. Insulin resistance, or
lack of sensitivity to insulin, happens primarily in
fat, liver, and muscle cells.
weight management, nutrition, and exercise
tends to progress

3) Gestational Diabetes
Diabetes that's triggered by pregnancy
It is often diagnosed in middle or late pregnancy.
Because high blood sugar levels in a mother are
circulated through the placenta to the baby,
gestational diabetes must be controlled to protect
the baby's growth and development.
Careful meal planning to ensure adequate
pregnancy nutrients without excess fat and calories,
Daily exercise, Controlling pregnancy weight gain,
Taking diabetes insulin to control blood sugar levels
if needed

Testes and Ovary

Testes
-produce sperm cells

Testosterone
-muscle enlargement, growth of body hair, voice changes, and
male sexual drive
Ovaries
-produce oocytes

Estrogen and Progesterone

-enlargement of the breasts; distribution of fat; influences the
shape of the hips, breasts and thighs
Progestin
-synthetic version of progesterone

Hypothalamus
-release of hormones controls the rate of LH and FSH secretion
-negative feed back effect

THYMUS GLAND

THYMUS
lies on the upper part of our thoracic cavity
important in function of our IMMUNE SYSTEM
Thymosin
aids in the development of white blood cells
called T CELLS
most important EARLY IN LIFE
T Cells
help protect the body against infection by
foreign organisms

GLAND

HORMONE

TARGET
TISSUE

FUNCTION

Thymus

Thymosin

Immune Tissues Promotes

immune system
development
and function

PINEAL GLAND

PINEAL
small pinecone-shaped structure located
superior and posterior to the thalamus of the
brain.
Melatonin
inhibits the functions of the reproductive
system
longer day length causes decrease in
melatonin production
plays an important role in the onset of
puberty in humans

GLAND

HORMONE

TARGET
TISSUE

FUNCTION

Pineal Gland

Melatonin

Hypothalamus

Inhibits secretion
of gonadotropinreleasing
hormone thereby
inhibiting
reproduction.

OTHER HORMONES
Stomach and Small Intestine
secrete hormones that stimulate the production of
gastric juices from the stomach, pancreas, and liver.
Prostaglandins
widely distributed in tissues of the body
function as intercellular signals
plays an important role in inflammation
Kidneys
secrete ERYTHROPOIETIN
Placenta
secretes hormones that maintains pregnancy and
stimulates breast development which are: Estrogen,
Progesterone, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin which is
similar in structure and function to LH.

EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Age-changes include gradual decrease in:
a. Growth Hormone or GH
b. Melatonin
c. Thyroid Hormones
d. Renin
e. Reproductive Hormones
f. Thymosin
Parathyroid hormone secretion increases
Increase in type 2 diabetes in people with familial
tendency

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