1.Is the electrical circuit in a corrosion reaction AC or DC?

DC
2.What is chemical reacition? Combination of elements
3.What is the Formula of hydrous iron oxide (rust) fe++
+2OH
fe (OH)2
4. Three elements for corrosion? anode cathode
electrolyte
5.
6.Does Corrosion occur at the cathode or at the anod?
Anod
7.Name the three factors needed for corrosion to occur.
Anod, cathode and electrolyte
8.What is the meant by the term electrolyte? An
electrolyte is a substance which will conduct a current
and broken down by it.
9.What is the corrosion? Degradation of a metal by
chemical or elector chemical means.
10. In the corrosion circuit do electrons flows from anode
to cathode. yes
11. Which gas is released at the cathode when the
electrolyte is water? Hydrogen
12. Which is the more noble metal, steel or aluminum?
Steel
13. Which is more elector negative? Aluminum
14. If steel and copper were in a contact in an
electrolyte which would corrode? Steel
15. Name 2 common Hygroscopic salts. Chloride ,
sulphates
16. Name 3 metals used as sacrificial anodes an a steel
pipeline. Magnesium, zinc and aluminum

17. What is the approximate thickness of mill scale ? 25100 um

18. Which of the two metals would corrode if steel and
zinc were coupled? zinc
19. Which other names related to the galvanic list?
Electro motive forces series or the electro-chemical
series.
20. In which environment are you likely to encounter
chloride salt. Marin environment.
21. Which three compounds together form mill scale.
RSC, RSA AND RSJ.
22. What are the three components found in the
millscall?
Wustite, Magnetite, Heamatite
23. If magnesium was couplet with zinc which would
corrode? Magnesium
24. In which environment would sulphate salt be found?
Industrial area.
25. What is an osmotic blister? Pinhead sized water fill
blisters.
26. What is the ion? An ion is a charged particle, and it
can be positive or negative
27. What is the meant by polarization?
The flow of electorns from anod to chathod or
positively charged electorns to negatively
charged area
28. Is a anode positive or negative? Positive
29. Can corrosion occur without an electrolyte? No
30. Name a sub atomic particle. Electrons
31. What is mill scale and when and where does it
occur?

A thin layer on substrate, which is formed during

the rolling operation of steel section
32. Name 3 factors, each can accelerate corrosion
reaction. Temperature, hygroscopic salt, aerobic
conditions
33. Why is it considered essential to remove mill scale
prior to painting? Mill scale is catholic to steel and will
accelerate the corrosion of the steel substrate.
34. Why does an uncoated steal plate corrode? There is
no cathodic protection so it is contact with electro light
in the environments such as acid salt and water .
35. If corrosion occur at anodic areas, why does corrode
evenly all over the surface?
Corrosion product
What is the work of abrasive on the substrate? Chipping
away, shattering, impinging
Note: SI 1657 states that any mineral used as an abrasive
must release less than 1 % free silica on impact.
N: garnet reused three times
N: What is working mix? A working mix is an accepted ratio
of large and small particles, where the large particles cut the
profile and the smaller particles clean out the troughs
N: no workmix in Metalic shot
N: rust spotting: W rogue peak is one , which is well proud of
the acceptable profile range and if painted ove due to
contraction of the paint, will leave bare in contact with the
atmosphere, thus allowing corrosion to occur. When rogue

peaks are in concentrated area the effect is of a rash, hence

rest rashing or rust spotting.
B gas profile specification: 30 75 microns
1.What is the title of the Bs 7079? Preparation of steel
substrate before application of paints and related
products.
2.What is adhesion?
The force required to separate two surfaces in touch
3.What are the four characteristics of an abrasive?
Random, sharp edges, amorphous and spherical
4.Why are blast hoses carbon impregnated? Reduce the
chance of the operator getting electric shock from static
5.Name the gauge used for measuring pressure at the
blast nozzle ? hypodermic needle gauge
6.Name of four advantage of centrifugal blasting over open
blasting? Operator safety, more productivity , more
consistent, efficient use of abrasive
7.According to BS 7079 is it possible to blast clean to an A
Sa1? Not possible
8.Is there any difference between an A Sa1 and B Sa1?yes
9. Could you tell the difference between rust grades A and
B Blasted Sa3? Both white metal slight colour different
10.
Could you tell the difference between rust grades C
and D Blasted to SA3?both metalic Colour Pitting visible
on D more than C
11.
What would be typical speed of abrasives leving a
wheel labourator. 220mph
12.
What is considered to be the most efficient blasting
pressure? 100psi

13.
What is meant by the term burnishing? Polishing,
and a smooth shiny area
14.
What would be the equivalent to st2 in Sa grades?
Sa1
15.
What is the natural figure on the pH scale? 7
16.
How is the pH measured. using Ph indicator strip
17.
Why are inhibitors sometimes added to water in wet
blasting?
Retard the formation of corrosion products
18.
Name two typical areas where needle guns might be
used? Heavy rust and grease
19.
What is the Duplex process for surface preparation?
A passivation process using posporic /chromic acid with
a small percentage of iron filling.
20.
Which pH range covers acids? 0 to 7
21.
Which pH range covers alkalies? 7 to 14
22.
What is the meaning of pH? Potential of Hydrogen
23.
Name three disadvantages of wet blasting. Wasting
of water, slurry, and inhibitors
24.
Name two areas on a structure where flame cleaning
cannot be done? Oil Plant and Gas Plant
25.
Which three basic operations are performed during
flame cleaning? Expansion, Dehydration and Heat
penetration
26.
How does BS 7079 define Flame Cleaning standards?
AFI, BFI, CFI, DFI
27.
What is the Jasons Hammer?
It is a power tool
used (for chipping) for tend to leave coarse profile.
28.
What is meant by St2 and St3? Thorough Hand
power cleaning and very Thorough Hand power cleaning
29.
Two alloys are used to render wire brush spark free,
what are they? Phosphor Bronze and Beryllium bronze

30.
Why should Burnishing be avoided? Does not
provide good adhesion
31.
Name tow major disadvantages of using a needle
gun. Lack of surface profile and sparking
32.
After phosphating, what would be a typical pH
requirement prior to coationg? 4.5 to 7.0
33.
What is understood by the term Knock out pot?
Vapour traps which is on the main air line and use for
reduce the amount of water and oil in the compressed
air.
34.
If a operator was blasting with a nozzle pressure of
80psi. what would be approximate efficiency? 70%
35.
Which solvants are commonly used for degreasing?
Hydrocarbon solvent e.g: Xylene (**pickling)
36.
What is a `Dead mans Handle? It is a Handle under
direct operator control for safety.
37.
Why is carbon impregnated into blast hoses To
reduce the chance of electric shock by static.
38.
How is abrasive cleansed in a wheel labrator
system?
The abrasive is cleansed by Air Wash seperator
39.
What is the main disadvantage of high pressure
jetting compared to other systems. Wastage of Large
amount of water
40.
Name five method of wet blasting. High pressure
water blasting (water jetting), high pressure water plus
abrasive injection and low pressure water plus abrasive
injection, steam cleaning, Air blasting with water
injecting.

41.
What would be the typical temperature and
concentration of sulphuric acid in the pickling process.
Temperature 65c to 70c and 5% to 10% sulphuric acid.
42.
Describe the `Duplex process. Deplex system
involves the pickling process followed by a passivation
process using phosphoric or chromic acid along with a
small percentage of iron filing.
43.
What would be a maximum pressure for high
pressure water jetting. 30000 psi
44.
What are the disadvantages of wet blasting over dry
blasting? Does not provide a profile, Supply of large
amount of water, slurry and inhibitors
45.
Describe the phosphating process. Immerse the
component in a bath of phosphoric acid, 2% solution at
80c for approximately one to two minutes with iron filing
0.5%. This leaves a very thin rust inhibitive layer on the
substarte.
46.
What would be considered to be advantages of wet
blasting over dry blasting? Spark free, free from static,
operator safety
47.
Why is the phosphating or chromating of steel done?
These form a rust inhibitive layer, which passivates the
surface and increase the adhesion properties they are
extremely resistant to cathodic disbondment.
(**pasivates = reduce the chemical reactivity of a
surface by applying a coating dic)
48.
What would be an acceptable remedy for burnished
areas? Abrading with coarse emery
49.
Would burnishing be expected on areas of St2
preparation? No

50.
How many photographs of blast cleaning standards
are shown in BS 7079 pt A? 14
51.
Do the plates shown in BS 7079 Pt A relate to grit
blasting or shot blasting? Grit blasting
52.

Why we do surface preparation?

To remove contaminants in ordered to provide a
surface to which the paint will readily adhered

Note:
SI 1657 states that any mineral used as an
abrasive must release 1% free silica impact.
COSHH REGS does not allow the use of stand
contaioing silica for dry blasting.
Copper salg: (random, sharp edges, amorphous)
Garnet: diamond type hardeness
Reused up to three times
Grit: (amorphous, pints and cutting edges
irregular profile)
Shot: spherical, smoother profile
Define the adhesion: The force require to separate tow
surfaces in touch
Surface profile specification(B gas): 30 - 75 microns1
Why digital gauges are ofted used(not use regurlarly)?
Batteries can produce sparks
Degree of cleanliness is mainly dependent on the time
spend on the area and the velocity of the partical
One major problem in wheellabrators is access of bolt
pockets, gussets and stiffeners etc.

Safety concentration while blast cleansing:

Warning signs, The hourse should be carbon
impregnated, A dead mans handle should be under
direct operator control for his/her own safety, hoses
should be kept as straight to avoid kinks, use reinforced
hoses if possible, use external bayonet type couplings,
continually bonded, Maintain operation pressure at 100
psi, correct protective clothing should be worn by the
operator including direct are fed helmet with adequate
visors, leater aprons and gloves boots and ear
protectors.
Compressor are rated by tow fartors, what are they? Air
pressure (psi-pounds per square inch), capacity(cfmcubic feet per min:the amount of air deliver at the
pressure required)
100 pis gives 100% efficiency.
1 psi drop in pressure results in an effecience drop of 1
1/2%
The abrasive flow can be adjusted by means of a
metering valve on the conicalbase of the pot. This
sometimes called a miser valve
Water blasting :- spark free
Water blasting ideal for removal of soluble salts and
removing layers of toxic material e.g. red lead, calcium
plmbate and zinc chromate primers.

Water blasting inhibiters usually sodium compounds

added to the water to retard the formation of corrosion
product.
BG do not allow the use of inhibitors, in which case wet
blasting is followed by dry blasting, to remove light
oxidantion
Waterjetting:- 60 liter water per minute
Head to surface distance 25 to 35 mm
increase the distance will reduce the efficiency
This remove soluble contamination
andmillscale at the higher pressure range but will not cut
a profile.
Highpressure water plul abrasive injection:- speed
20000, marine grouth and barnacles are easily removed,
use in dry-dock yards on ship hulls
Low pressure water plus abrasive injection:- abrasive
content is semi soluble e.g. Sodium Bicarbonate crystals,
talc, chalk, and ideal for use on non ferrous metals.
G.R.P Sodium Bicarbonate is excellent ofr acidic or
greasy situations
Steam cleaning :- ideal for greasy situations. Using heat
is not suitable for oil and greasy industry
Air blasting with water injection: sufficient to control
dust.

Hand and power tool cleaning:- needle guns wire

brushed, emery cloth and grinders can be achieve these
standards.
One of major disadvantage of this method is lock of
surface profile.
Wire brushing willnot produce a profile and in most
cases will actually reduce an existing profile, sometimes
resulting in burnishing which is polishing and a smoth
shin area does not provide good adhesion. Burnishing
needs to be treated by abrading with coarse emery.
St2= sa1
St3 =treated much more thoroughly to give a metallic
sheen(palapalappu) arising from the metallic substrate.
There are no wire burshing grades for Rust Grade A as
the mill scale is much harder than the bristles on the
brushes, which are of non sparking alloys such as
phosphore bronze and beryllium bronze.
Needle guns, jasons hammers are used they tend to
leave a very coarse profile which invariably need to
reduced by abrading with emery or girinding.
Flame cleaning:- Not likely to be used on oil and gas
plants, but it is an approved method of surface
preparation with photographic standards.
AFI, BFI, CFI,DFI
Expansion: expand and contract

Millscale is chemically bonded to the steel and

applied heat is materials to expand and different rates,
thus breaking the chemical bond
Dehydration: Water in the corrosion products and the
fissures(pilavu,vedippu) is evaporated away.
Heate penetration: The heat conducted efficiently into
the substrate aiding the drying of the steel and removal
of penetrated oil and grease.

1.Which British standard would be used in determining the

size of copper slag abrasive? BS 7079
2.Which British standard would be used in determining the
size of metallic abrasive? Bs 2451
3.Which regulation prohibit the use of sand for blasting
steel? COSHH REGS
4.What is meant by the term key ? cross section of a
blasted area
5.Why is it important to have good surface preparation?
A good surface preparation grade along with a suitable
profile gives 10 years life from a typical four coat paint
system
6.What is meant by the term `sliver? Appears to be a
longitudinal `crack, one lip curling back
7.What is a hackle? A small surface lamination, which
stands upright like a needle after blasting

8.Name two other terms that could be used for anchor

pattern? key, amplitude
9.What are the main advantage of using Testex papers for
measuring profiles? Provide a permanent record
10.
What is meant by the term grade, relating to a blast
finish?
Degree of cleanness
11.
What are the main factors governing the grade of a
blast finish? Oil,grease,dirt, mill scale and rust
12.
Can the grade of blast finish be determined by using
the surface comparators to BS7079 pt c3? No
(comparators using only for assess roughness of
characteristics of blast cleaned steel)
13.
What profile range can be measured using X coarse
Testex? 1.5 to 4.5 thou and 37 to 115 um
14.
What profile range can be measured using coarse
grade Testex? 0.8 to 2 thou and 20 to 50 um
15.
What are the two theories of adhesion. Molecular
interference (physical), molecular attraction (chemical)
16.
Briefly describe the mechanisms of the two theories
of adhesion. Molecular interference: The surface is rough
and uneven the paint wets, and locks into the profile,
analogy Velcro. Physical.
Molecular attraction:
negatively charged particles attaraced to positive area,
and vice versa. Anology magnet (sometime called ionic
bonding). Chemical
17.
How many microns are in 1 thou? 25.4 um
18.
Give three different name for the cross section of a
blast? Anchor pattern, peak, trough
19.
What is the approximate speed of abrasives leaving
a venture nozzle? 450mph

20.
What is the most common cause of flash rusting on
a blasted substrate? Environmental condition
21.
What would be considered to be an ideal shot girt
mix?
A shot grit mix resulting More uniform profile.
22.
What is the purpose of mixing shot and girt? To
control the rough peaks and avoiding rust spotting
23.
Which abrasive would have the effect of work
hardening a substrate? Metallic shot
24.
Name three methods measuring or assessing a
profile. Needle gauge, Dial Micro meter using Replica
Tape and Comparators.
25.
What is the most common cause of rough peak on a
substrate?
Rust spotting
26.
In what situation would it be better to use steel grit
in preference to copper slag abrasives? Recyclable
situation
27.
If cracks or laminations are found on a substrate
after blasting what steps should be taken? Refer to
engineer to ultrasonic test.
28.
Using comparators to ISO 8503, what are the three
main profile assessments? Fine, medium and coarse
29.
What are the other two assessment when the above
three are not appropriate? Finer than fine and courser
than course
30.
What would be size of copper slag needed to give a
profile of 50 to 75 microns.

SURFACE CONTAMINANTS AND TEST FOR DETECTION

1.Why want to do test detection before coating? Any
contaminants left on a prepared substrate will affect
the adhesion of a coating
2.Name tow kind of test for contaminants. Quantitative
test and qualitative test
3.Name the tow soluble iron salt on the substrate.
Sulphates and Chlorides
4.What is the test for soluble iron salts? Potassium
ferricyanide test (Potassium Hexa Cyanoferrate)
5.What is Whatman N3 Laboratory filter papers? A test
paper using for Potassium ferricyanide test.
6.What is the percentage of Potassium ferricyanide using
in whatman paper? 5% to 10% Solution
7.What is the colour of whatman paper after soaked with
Potassium ferricyanide? Lime Green
8.What is the color (after test) of potassium
ferrocyanide? Prussian Blue
9.What is Silver Nitrate Test? Test for detect soluble
Chloride salts
10. What is the percentage of silver Nitrate using detect
Soluble chloride salts? 2%
11. What is the color of silver Chloride Salt? Black and
Brown
12. Name five tests for detect soluble salts. Potassium
ferrocyanide, Silver Nitrate test, Merkoquant, Bresle
sample patch, Salt contamination meters
13. Name two kind of quantitative test? Bresle sample
patch, Salt contamination meters

14. What is the effect when mill scale on the substrate?

Early disbondment
15. Name the solution using for detect mill scale?
Copper Sulphate
16. What is the mill scale colour after using copper
sulphate? Black
17. What is the tape using for detect presence of dust on
substrate? Self adhesive tape.
18. Describe the test of moisture on a substrate. Take a
little amount of chalk powder and blow away on the
substrate. If there is moisture the chalk will sick on the
area.

Painting Technology

1.Name a third type of paint other than solvent free

and solvent born. Power
2.An epoxy resin would use which solvent? Ketones
3.Name four or more advantages of Cholorinated
rubber paints.
High resistance to moult growth
Non-flammable after solvent release
Very resistance to chemical attack (acid,
alkalis)
Very high resistance to water vapour
transmission.
No abrasion needed, clean surface only
4.What are the three main disadvantages of
cholorinated rubber paints.
Low resistance to solvent (resistant to
aliphatics and water)
Low temperature tolerance 65C
maximum
Spray application resulted in `cobwebs
5.Which solvent could be used with a Phenolic Resin?
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
6.Chlorinated Rubber paint would contain which
solvent?
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
7.Would it be good practice to apply chlorinated
rubber over alkyd resin? No
8.Which solvent would be used with an alkyd resin?
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
9.How was the word alkye derived?

10.
11.

Acid and alcohol reaction

What is ment by opaque?
Light scattering
What is ment by vehicle?
Binder

12. Would it be acceptable practice to apply an

alkyd over chlorinated Rubber? yes
13. Would it be acceptable practice to apply
Chlorinated Rubber over Phenolic? No
14. Would it be acceptable practice to apply Phenolic
Resin over Chlorinated Rubber? Yes
15. Would it be acceptable practice to apply epoxy
over linseed oil base? No
16. Would it be acceptable practice to apply
Chlorinated Rubber over Epoxy? Yes
17. Would it be acceptable practice to apply Epoxy
Resin over Alkdy Resin? No
18. What is another name for an un-pigmented
paint?
Varnish
19. What are the natural properties of a Resin?
Brittle and Fast drying
20. What are the natural properties of an Oil?
Slow Drying porperties
21. How does paint using the barrier principle work?
The material forms a thick impermeable layer of
a high electrical resistance
22. How does paint using the passivation principle
work?
Causing a chemical reaction between the paint
constituents and the substrate

23. How does paint using cathodic protection

principle work?
Employs the bimetallic principles by using a less
noble metal as pigmentation.(e.g. zinc in zinc
rich primers)
24. Give another name for solvent free two packs
MCLs (Multi component liquids)
25. Name six properties of a binder.
Resistance to Abrasion
Cohesive strength
Dialectric strength
Resistance to Chemical attack according to
enviorment
Ease of application (flow properties or
viscosity)
Adhesion to the substrate for the expected
life of coating
26. Name three natural resins used in paints
Copals, dammars and coumarones
27. Name five natural oils used in paints
Soya Oil, Tung Oil, Tall Oil, linseed oil and
safflower Oil
28. What does `oleoresinous mean?
A mixture of Oil and resin
29. Name an Inorganic high temperature service
binder
Silicones
30. Name two pigments likely to be used for high
temperature service. Zinc, Aluminium

Paint technology (2)

1. By what name would you call the basic unit of a

polymer?
Mer: a sring or structure of repeated
units
2. What is Polymerisation?
Joining together of a string or structure of
repeated units
3. Name three types of polymers
Linear polymers
Branched polymers
Cross linked polymers
4. What would be the characteristics of a short oil
paint
Less than 45% Oil to resin
5. What would be the characteristics of a long oil
paint
More than 60% Oil to resin
6. What is meant by the term Opaque pigment?
Opaque pigments are inert particles with
excellent light scattering.
7. What is a typical size of a pigment particle?
10/1 microns
8. Briefly describe the different between `saturated
and unsaturated when referring to Oils or Polymers
In order to be usable as a paint binder the
oil must be of a type that will combine with
oxygen i.e unsaturated. A saturated oil

cannot be used as a binder because it will

not solidify by polymerization to form a
flim.
9. Name two drying oil which are unsaturated
Tung oil and linseed Oil
10. What is the main different between dye and
pigment
Dye Dissolves in vehicle and pigment do
not dissolves in vehicle. (Wetting only)
11. What are the sources of pigment
Animal, vegetable, mineral and
synthetically produced
12. If Titanium Dioxide use in paint what would be
the colour
White
13. Name three rust inhibitive pigments considered to
be toxic
Red lead
Calcium Plumbate
Coal tar
14. Name four commonly occurring minerals used as
extender pigments.
Clays, chalk, talcum, slate flour
15. Name three laminar pigments
Aluminium Flake, Glass Flake, Mica and
Graphite
16. If pigment was added way below the CPVC, how
would it affect the film.

Poor covering power (opacity) and

tendency to blister (low cohesive
strength)
17. The abbreviation CPVC means what?
Critical pigment Volume Concentration
18. Why are thixotropes added to a paint formulation?
Aid to self life and also Higher film
thickness
19. If carbon was used as a pigment what would be
the paint colour? Black
20. Name four properties that a binder contributes to
a paint film.
Good film properties (Acrylic)
Water Proof properties (Ashphaltic
Bitumens)
Drying Properties(Natural Oils)
Adhesion Properties (Phenolic Resin)
21. Describe how a basic inhibitor works
The basic inhibitor works in the presence of fatty
acid esters in natural oil and resins only
22. Which of the common extenders could not be used
in whites and pastels?
Slate flour (because this is dark
gray)
23. How would the film be affected if pigment was
added above the CPVC?
Low cohesive strength and adhesion
24. Which of the rust inhibitive pigments is the most
common?

Zinc phosphate
25. Why are extenders used in paint formulation?
Adhesion, cohesion, film strength, and
durability
26. If chromium was used as pigment, what colour
would the paint be?
Green yellow and oranges
27. Why are plasticisers added to paint?
It gives flexibility and reduces brittleness
28. Tow metals are commonly used as galvanic
pigmentation, name them. Zinc and aluminium
29. Why are driers added to oil based paint?
Instead of relying on atmospheric Oxygen
penetrating the paint layer, the oxygen is
already there, to allow even through drying
of the flim)
30. What is meant by the term `thixotropic?
Becoming fluid or less viscous when
stressed
31. If an anti oxidant was added to paint, what would
it do?
To retard the formation of a skin on the
surface of the paint
32. Give the name of two platicisers
Castor Oil Coconut Oil

Solutions and dispersions/Drying and curing of

paint flim
33. What is meant by the term `aggregate when
reffering to paint?
The pigment particles cluster
together to form aggregate or
agglomerates
34. What is meant by the term solution? Next
Chapter
A solution is the resulting liquid of solvent
and solute
35. Give two examples of a solution?
Salt and water, Sugar and water

36. What is meant by the term dispersion?

A paint consist of solid partical suspended
in the vehicle, where there is no solubality
37. There are two type of dispersion, what are they?
A suspension and an emulsion
38. If paint cures by chemical reaction is it reversible
or convertible?
Convertible or non-reversible
39. What type of polymerization occurs in chemically
curing paint?
Crossed linked
40. Name a paint, which dries solely be solvent
evaporation
Chlorinated rubber
41. What is meant by non convertible?
Solvent evaporates away allowing
saturated
42. What is meant by `non reversible?
Solvent evaporates away allowing the
oxidation to being
43. Name four drying mechanisms
Solvent evaporation, Oxidation, chemical
curing, coalescence
44. In a coating which dries by solvent evaporation,
what type of polymerization occurs?
Linear polymers
45. What is another term for fineness of grind?
The aggregate size (chapter: solutions and
dispersions)

46. Which generic types of paint dry by solvent

evaporation followed by oxidation? Liquid paint
containing solvent
47. What type of polymer forms during oxidation?
Oxidative cross linking
48. What term applies to paint drying at ambient
temperatures?
Air Drying
49. What is meant by term `co-alescence
Physically join together
50. What is meant by the term `pot life
Pot life is the period of time after mixing in
which the paint must be used.
51. Name three curing agents used in epoxies
Amides
Amines
Isocyanates
52. Is paint a solution or dispersion, qualify?
dispersion
53. What is an exothermic reaction?
Giving off heat the container will warm up
54. What is meant by the term induction period?
The length of time after mixing which the
paint should stand before use.

(*Lesson Paint system)

55. What is the different between `thermoplastic and
`thermosetting
Thermo plastic soften in application of heat
and thermosetting cure in application of heat

56. With a chemically curing paint, what type of

polymerization occurs?
Cross linked
57. Two other terms relate to induction period, what
are they?
An exothermic reaction (*e.i give off heat) and
An endothermic reaction (*Taking in heat)
58. Does a phenolic resin have an induction period?
No
59. Name three reversible paints?
Chlorinated rubber, vinyls, acrylics and
cellulosic
60. Is an epoxy powder paint thermoplastic or
thermosetting?
thermosetting
61. If a coating is permeable, what does it mean?
Allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse
through (**dic)
62. What is meant by cross-linking, give two binders
as an example
Polymerisation,
Alkyds, Phenolics
63. What is the opposite to exothermic?
endothermic
64. What is the term used for paints needing
temperatures in excess of 65c to cure?
stoving
65. What would be a typical induction period for
chlorinated rubber paint? Not applicable
66. Name a material used as a dryer in paint
formulation.
Octoates or naphthanates of Cobalt

67. Why would bentonite or wax be used in paint

formulation?
These materials help to keep solid particulate
constituents in dispersion within the paint.
(***Anti settling agents)
68. Name two materials used as plasticisers.
Castro oil,Coconut Oil and Palm Oil
(**all the Above question are upto Driying and curing
of paint flim)
69. What generic type of paint would use antioxidants?
Oxidizing paints (*chapter 4 - other
additives)
70. How does a single pack, epoxy ester paint dry?
Coalescence drying mechanisms

There was no question in the lessons Paint

system to Flim thickness. The below question
is from specified coating)
71. How is Dewpoint defined?
This is the temperature at which water vapour in
the air will condense
72. How is Relative Humidity defined?
The amount of water vapour in the air expressed
as a percent tage of the amount of water vapour
which could be in the air at that same
temperature
73. When using a whirling hygrometer which bulb
should be read first and why? Wet bulb - Because
when the rotation stops the aspiration rate slows
and so the wet bulb temperature will slowly start to
rise towards that of the dry bulb.
74. At what speed should the thermometer bulbs pass
through the air?
4m/sec
75. What should be used when wetting the wick on
whirlig hygrometer
Distilled water
76. By what other name can we refer to a whirling
hygrometer?
Aspirated hygrometer or psychometor

77. When the air temperature rises does the airs

capacity to hold water increase or decrease?
increases
78. what is the stated criterion for acceptance, prior
to calculations, on a whirling hygrometer? 0.2 C
79. Name two pieces of equipment used for taking
steel temperature.
Limpet gauge , pyrometer
80. Is it possible for a wet bulb temperature to be
higher than the dry bulb? No

1. Define viscosity
Being a fluid resistance to flow
2. What is meant by high viscosity?
Hihg fluid resistance to flow
3. Approximately, what is the viscosity of water?
One centi poise
4. Name the cgs and SI units of dynamic viscosity
Cgs = poise, SI = newton second per square
meter (N.s/m)
5. Name three different flow cups
Ford, zahn, DIN
6. When using a flow cup which unit of viscosity
would be used?
The time in second is recorded as the
viscosity
7. In ford Flow cup N 4 what does 4 related to?
4mm hole size

8. Give the names of three different rotational

viscometers
Rotothinner, krebs stormer viscometer
9. Give a reason for performing a viscosity test on
site.
10. Which viscometer would not be used on
thixotropic paint?
Flow cup
11. Why is temperature very important when doing
viscosity test?
An increasing temperature (or decrease) can
have a severe effect on a fluids viscosity.
12. What is the main difference between the
rotothinner and Krebs Stomer. Rotothinner driver
by a electric motor and Krebs stomer by falling
weights.
13. Describe how to use a Ford Flow Cup
Enure that the equipment and paint temperatures
are at 20C

0.5C. Level off the equipment using

the bubble level and adjustable screw legs. Put

the lid to one side when leveling is complete.
Place a suitably sized receptacle under the
orifice(greater than 100cc). Place a finger over the
nozzle orifice and fill with the paint to be tested,
up to the brim, leaving a convex meniscus. Using
a straight edge (a ruler) quickly scrape excess
material into the overflow rim on the top of the
cup. Simultaneously start a stopwatch (or use

sweep second hand) and remove finger from

nozzle. The paint will run from the orifice in a
continual stream. At the first distinctive break in
the stream i.e when it drips, stop the watch. The
time in seconds is recorded as the viscosity, at the
measured temperature.
14. Give another name for a Fineness of grind gauge
Hegman grind guage
15. Is a low flash point safer than a high flash point?
No
16. How and for what is a Hegman grind guage used?
What: this is a guage using for measure
the degree of dispersion of paint
How: Paint added to the deepest point of
the scale and drawn along to totally fill the
groove using a specially profiled scraper
bar.
17. Briefly describe how to do the volatile, not volatile
test to BS 3900 Pt B2
Select a clean thoroughly dry glass stirring rod
and watchglass. And weight on a sensitive
balance to the nearest milligram. Place onto
the watchglass approximately 2gm of paint
and weight again. Place the watchglass with
paint into a hot air oven. No naked flame or
element, repeatedly stir to drive away the
volatile content. Take a final weight of the
glass, rod, and dry paint and simple
calculations will give volatile/not volatile ratio
by weight.

18. Name the equipment used to calculate the

density?
Density cup
19. What colour should the flame be at the flash point
Blue flame
20. What formula is used to calculate the density?
Density = weight
Volume
21. What formula is used to calculate the gravity?
SG (specific Gravity) or RD (relative density) =
Density of x
Density of water

22. What is relative density?

Relative density is in effect comparing the density
of another material with that of water using
formula
23. What are the other names for a density cup
Relative density cup
Specific gravity cup
Weight per liter cup
pyknometer
24. What is a stoke, the unit for?
1.Viscosity measurement unit 2.Kinematic
viscosity
25. Which test is used to determine Abrasion
Resistance?
Taber Rotary Abraser test
26. Which equipment would be used to determine
flexibility?
A conical mandrel with a uniform taper

27. Which equipment would be used to measure

Impact resistance?
Tubular impact Testers
28. For what reason would the Koenig Albert
Apparatus be used?
Hardness
29. For which two reasons could a density cup be
used on site
Meausure the volume and measure the
waight of a paint
30. Name four accelerated test boxes
Humidity cabinets
Salt spray cabinets
Water soak test
Temperature cycling
31. Why would a tropical box be used?
For testing tropical conditions (** tropical =
humidity)
32. Would a paint be higher or lower density than
water?
Higher
33. How would the density be affected if solvent was
added to paint?
Low density
34. What is the capacity of a density cup?
100cc (**cc= cubic centimetre)
35. What difference is there between SG and Density?
Density is being a waight per unite volume
and the SG is in effect comparing the
density of another material with that of the
water using formula.

36. What information could be obtained from a water

soak test?
Test for water absorption
37. What information could be obtained from a
temperature cycling test?
cracking
38. What information could be obtained from a cold
check test?
Cracking (from internet)
39. Name four drying and curing tests.
Ballotini test
Beck koller stylus test (BK trying time recoder)
40. What stage of the BK test would be recorded as
the drying time?
Solvent Evaporation time, The Solgel
transition, surface drying time and final drying
time (**drying and curing test
chap:flimthickness)
41. Name three methods of determining opacity.
Trough type
Black & white fused paltes
Hiding power charts and micrometer
adjustable film applicator
42. What effects the opacity of a paint film
poor covering power
43. Why would a Pfund cryptometer be used?
To check the opacity
44. Give one reason why an inspector would use a PIG
guage?

When an specification need to measure a

coating including MIO
45. Why are wet film thicknesses needed?
It gives added confidence that upon checking
the following day, the dry film thickness.
46. Name two method of measuring WFTs
Eccentric wheel, Comb Gauges
47. What is the reason for taking WFTs immediately
after application?
Solvent starts to evaporates after application
48. Where could and inspector find information to
determine if a 2pack paint was mixed in the correct
proportions, using a density cup?
Data sheet
49. Can a banana gauge be used on nonferromagnetic substrate?
Cannot
50. Could an eddy current gauge be used on
ferromagnetic substrates?
Couldnot
51. Can a horseshoe gauge be used on nonferromagnetic substrates?
cannot
52. As part of which test would be the expected
degree of grind?
The test for Degree of dispersion using hegmen
gauge
53. Which instruments would be used to measure
reflectivity?

Gloss meter
54. How does a gloss meter work?
A light source directs a beam of light onto the
surface under test and a photo electric cell, set at
the same angle. Collects the reflected lights and
quantifies it and covers it digitally into a
percentage of the incident light.
55. Which factors in paint govern the degree of gloss?
PVC degree of dispersion partical size, resin
type and solvent type
56. In a primer /mid coat what would be the expected
degree of grind?
40 um
57. In a gloss paint what would be a typical degree of
grind
20um or some instants 10 um
58. What percent reading would be expected when
measuring gloss on a glass panel?
60% and 20%
59. Using a gloss meter a reading of 25% would
signify what?
matt
60. If an aggregate size of 35 um was present in a
paint of 30 um DFT what would be a likely result
when using a gloss meter?
Lower percentage
61. Name three common tests for determining
adhesion of a paint film?
V cut test, crosscut test and dolly test
62. Which adhesion tests are quantitative?

Dolly test
63. Inter coat adhesion and primer to substrate
adhesion are two faults name the third? Cohesive
failure
64. What chemical solution is used to conduct a
cathodic disbondment test? Sodium choloride
65. Which gas evolved at the cathode causes
disbondment?
Hydrogen gas
66. What criterion is used when assessing a cathodic
disbondment test panel?
67. Name the two methods of applying Cathodic
Protection
Sacrificial anode system
Impressed current system
68. What is used to determine the potential of a
pipeline?
69. Would it be advisable to refill a pipe trench with
carbonaceous backfill?
70. Does a cathodic protection system eliminate
corrosion
No, it controls corrosion
71. Can the external surface of a tank be protected?
Cannot
72. Could a crude oil tank be fully protected
internally?

Can if tank is holding electrolytic midium

73. What voltage would be used on a 250 um thick
paint using a spong type pinhole detector. 9V
74. What woltage would be used on a 450 um thick
coating with a sponge type pin hole detector? 90V
or 67 V
75. When using a wet sponge, what other liquid is
added to the water?
detergent
76. What function does the above additive perform?
It does Immediate penetration of the water
77. Would it be a advisable to wet sponge detection
on galvanizing?
No (because galvanizing is matal coating)
78. Why work upwards on a vertical surface with a
wet sponge?
79. Does a sponge detector work on AC or DC current?
DC
80. Other than the wet sponge, which other
equipment could be used to determine the presence
of pinholes/holidays?
High voltage holiday detector

ABOVE QUESTIONS UPTO CHAPTER HOLIDAY DECTOR

Revision question general

1.
Name two categories of paint mill
Ball mill, Sandmill
2.
What is the main reason for processing paint in a
mill?
Grinding
3.
Briefly describe how a ball mill works.
A ball mill is horizontal steel drum, typically 1m
diameter, which is half filled with various type of
balls. The balls are 1 to 1 diameter. Mill base is
added to the drum until the balls are covered about
50% of capacity of drum. The hatch is then sealed
off and the drum start rotating as such speed so that
the ball cascade down.
4.
Briefly describe how an attritor mill works
The attritor mill is a vertical version of the ball mill,
but more efficient and also static. The ball are driven
by paddles. The mill base is continually circulated by
pump from bottom to top and gives adequate
dispersion in less time. Used to be regarded as a
fixed charge M/C but largely modified now for
continuous use.
5.
When would steel balls not be used in a ball mill?
If the colors is light

6.
A bead mill is some times called by which other
names
Sand mill, pearl mill
7.
How does a colloid mill work?
It works using stone grinding discs containing
carborundum, approximately 10 in diameter. The
top stone is stationary and the lower stone is
rotation fast at speeds up to 3600 revs per minute.
8.
Name eight items of information listed on a
materials data sheet
Description, recommended use, service
temperatures, certificates/approvals, availability,
physical constants, application details and safety
9.
What do you understand from the term
Halogenated Hydrocarbon? Toxic solvent
10. How can we determine the viscosity of a high
viscosity paint? Viscosity is fluid resistant to flow and
high viscosity is fluid high resistant to flow
11. Briefly describe the principles of CP
Cathodic protection is a secondary line of defense
against corrosion, the primary defense being the
coating. When damage to the coating occurs the
underlying steel can then be in contact with
electrolyte and corrosion can occur. But if these
areas can become cathodic i.e. receive current,
corrosion can be avoided. In order for cathodic
protection to be applied, an electrolyte must be
present. For example the external surface of a tank
cannot have cathodic protection, but internal
surfaces can if the tank is holding an electrolytic

medium, but only up to the level of medium, not

above. Underground and subsea pipelines can be
protected, but steelwork above ground in an AGI
needs painting. Cathodic protection can be applied
in one of two ways.
12. What function does a primer have in a paint
system?
Passivation
13. In a mordant primer what is the main working
constituent?
VOC (volatile organic compound)
14. What advantages do electrostatic application
methods provide? Wastage is significantly reduced
and it produces a more uniform coating (**15.6)
15. Which is the most expensive type of brush
filling?
Synthetic fiber
16. What is cohesive failure in paint, give the main
cause?
Stop polymerization, the main cause is
solvent entrap in a film (**11.15)
17. Why does a zinc rich paint need a strong binder
In order to hold the high concentration
on zinc particles together. (**7.4)
18. Why are etch primers not spray applied?
Because of the acid content (**7.1)
19. What do you understand by the term over
spray?
The loss of spray particle in the air
20. Name four methods of determining DFTs
Test Panels

Calculation
Destructive Test gauges
Nos Destructive gauges
21.

What is a psychrometer used for?

Wet and bulb temperature reading
22. What colour should a galvanized surface be after
application of T wash? Black
23. How soon can a T washed substrate be coated?
24. Other than pigment, base and curing agent
name two other constituents of FBE (**fusion
bonded epoxy) powder paint.
Homogeneout liquid, chemical activator
25. Give the main differences between airless and
conventional spray
Conventional
Airless

Slow application due to fluid delivery

Excellent application rates
Low air pressure 40-75 psi
can need 100 psi to
operate the pump
Delivery pressure grater than 20psi
Delivery pressures greater
than 6000 PSI
Need special paint containers
uses manumacturers
containers
Gun can be unwieldy, two lines to supply the gun single line supplies
pressurized paint.
Basic equipment needs very little maintenance
Needs more
maintenance due to high
pressure and moving parts
Easier to clean after use
Equipment needs flushing well to
remove all traces of paint.
Expensive replacement

26. Brush applications has advantages over spray

application, what are they? It was considered that
brush application had a more personal shearing
action and worked paint in to the profile, and any

dust or other fine detritus present on the substrate

worked into the paint film.
27. What is the main consideration when selecting a
metallic pigment for a sacrificial paint? In order to
work in this way the sacrificial component must be
less nobel (more elector negative) than the
substrate which it is protecting.
28. What is meant by shererdizing?
29. Name three types of paint feed for a
conventional spray
Suction feed
Gravity feed
Remote pressure pot (**15.2)
30. What is the calorising process?
Colorising is coating with aluminium.
Aluminium has a melting point of 625 and
one way of calorising is to dip it into molten
aluminium. The reaction is so severe that is
alloys the aluminium with the steel.
31. Why would a sealer be applied by aluminium
metal spray?
The spray is applied to give an extended
major maintenance free life to an anticorrosion system (**16.3) (**check7.4)
32. What is the BS 2015 term for skipped or missed
areas?
33. A colour has three properties, what are they
Hue , Brightness and saturation
34. Why would paint be applied by hot spray?

When paint is heated it reduces in viscosity(flows

easier) and cure or drying starts quicker. And also
reduces the need for solvent addition.
35. On an airless sprya tip how are blockages
cleared?
Blockages can be cleared by turning the tip
through 180
36. How is atomisation achieved using conventional
sprays?
By Air
37. How is atomization achieved using airless
sprays?
By pressure
38. What is dip coating?
A component is dipped into paint and hung
to dry.
39. What do you understand from the term ropiness?
Pronounced brush marks that have not
flowed out because of poor leveling
properties of the coating material
40. What is efflorescence and how does it occur?
A white crystalline formation. Caused by soluble
salt crystallizing on the surface.
41. Name two ways of melting aluminium to enable
it to be sprayed.
Powder system
Electric are system (**16.2)
42. What is flocculation?
The development of loosely cohesive
pigments in a coating material
43. What could be the cause of bittiness in a paint
film?

44.

The presence of particles of gel

What is a tie coat?

45. How many depressions of the bellows are

needed for the drager test.
5 Depressions (19.4)
46. What are the hazard signs for Toxic, Very Toxic,
Harmfull and corrosive?
Toxic: Black symbol of skull and crossbones on
an orange square with the words Toxic or Very
Toxic printed below
Harmfull: Black diagonal cross on an orange
square with the word Harmful or irritant printed
below.
Corrosive: Black symbol showing a tilted testtube dripping onto a hand with a chunk out,
adjacent to a test tube dripping onto a stone
flag. Orange background with the word corrosive
printed blow.
47. What is saponification?
The formation of a soap by the reaction of
fatty acid ester and an alkali.
48. What units are used for measuring toxicity?
Drager tube and Drager bellows
49. Which material would have to be used on a
perpetually damp surface? Polyurethane or High
sold epoxy
50. What is padding?
Mainly DIY Pads of mohair or foam are used
to apply paint. (15.6)

51. What air inlet pressure is needed to give 2500

psi delivery with 35:1 pump?
71.42 (**15.3)
52. What causes lifting of a paint film?
When apply a binder with a strong
solven over an existing coating which is
uses a weak solvent (**4.5)
53. What is cissing and how is it caused?
The formation of small areas of the wet film of a
coating material where the coating material has
receded leaving holidays in the film (**17.2)
54. What is meant by the abbreviations: OES,OEL,
MEL, UEL, LEL, and RAQ?
MEL: Maximum Exposure Limit
OEL: Occupational Exposure Limit
OES: Occupations Exposure standered
55. Why would a paint inspector use potassium
hexacyonoferrate?
Test for Soluble iron salts (Sulphetes or
Cholorides)
56. What would be average thickness for
galvanizing?
100 um (**16.1)
57. How can you tell the difference between
blooming and chalking? Bloom is form floss film and
chalking is formation of a friable. (**17.1)
58. What could be the reasons for inter coat
adhesive failure?
Lack of observance on recommented ovecoating limits and expension/contraction
differences between materials. (11.15)

59. How would you determine quality of added

thinners in thixotropic paint?
60. Why are manufacturers developing solvent free
water borne and powerders?
Hydrocarbon compounds are known to
be harmful to the environment, the
ozone layer, and human life.
61. What would be the cause of grinning on a paint
flim?
Inadequate hiding power of the coating
material (**17.3)
62. how can bleeding be avoided?
Avoid the materials which rises the bleeding
defect, such as bituminous paints, organic
pigments stains and coal tar.
63. In less than 30 words, explain the duties of a
painting inspector.
Activities such as measuring, examining,
testing, gauging one or more characteristics
of a product or services and comparing
these with specified requirements, to
determine conformity.
64. Name fieve documents, which a painting
inspector might need on a contract.
Job specification
Data sheets for the paints /coatings
Procedures
Quality plans
Plant drawings
Site plans.
BSs e.g 7079 pt A.

Wast management, duty of care

document
Relevant local regulations
65. What information should be given on a daily
report sheet?
a.Detail about the contract and contractor,
including plant on site and and number of
personnel
b.Ambient conditions applicable during the work
period, to be monitored as near as possible to
the task location.
c. For surface preparation activities the information
required will include, method used, original
substrate condition, abrasive type, degree of
cleanliness achieved, profile achieved, identity
of plant and times of starting and completion.
d.For materials, the information required will
include manufacturer, product reference
number, expiry date, batch number, colour,
reference number of thinners, WFT and resulting
DFT, Time of application and identity of plant. In
the case of labour only contracts it will be
required to record quantity used.
e.The comment part is a space left for the
inspector to report on any irregularities, nonconformance or deviation from specification.
66. Curtains, Sags, Runs and Tears are a result of
what?

A downword movement of a coat between

application.
67. Some binders can be modified to use water as
solvent, name four.
Alkyds
Epoxies
Polyesters
Polyurethane
Vinyls
68. What is meant by the term stripe coat?
Strip coating may be necessary to achieve the
required dry film thickness at edges and to ensure
coverage of weld profile (**pa10 page #16)
69.

How many cm3 are there in 4.5 litres?

4500cc3

70.
A paint data sheet provides a wealth of
information, name eight items.

Revision Question PA 10 specific

1. What is the specified course of action for grit
inclusions?
2. The term longtermportection refers to what?
Protection typically lasting ten years
3. What is the difference between new and weathered
galvanizing

In new galvanized a cohesive oxide layer not yet

formed, in weathered galvanizing a cohesive oxide
layer has formed
4. What criterion determines which paint system
should be used?
The most appropriate cost effective method of
surface preparation
The most appropriate cost effective paint system to
give the required service life
5. What is the total DFT of the compliant epoxy
system?
265 um
6. What is the total DFT of the water borne system?
225 um
7. When can ladders and other means of access be
removed?
Hazardous areas as these cause sparking when
sturck against a steel surface
8. Two materials are specified for used on damp
surfaces, what are they? Moisture curing
polyurethanes and high solids multy components
epoxy paints
9. After removal of a non-drying paint, which type of
primer is recommended? A white spirit-based primer
(**spa5 32.6)
10.
Some non ferrous substrates are painted for
aesthetics only, name four.
Stainless steel
Pre-painted cladding
Glass reinforced plastics
concrete

11.
Which three non-ferrous substrates are painted
for anti corrosion purposed? New galvanized
surfaces
Weathered galvanized surfaces
Previously painted galvanized surfaces
Aluminium surfaces
12.
According to PA 10 in which situations would T
wash be used?
Surface preparation of sweep abrasive blast or
hand abrading eliminate the need for an T wash.
13.
How many coats of primer are specified on
surfaces at 100-149C
Tow coats
14.
Give preferential order for coating system for
surfaces 150-340C
Mask areas
Remove surface contamination
Blast cleaning (SA3 maximum profile 75 um)
Apply system
15.
Is it mandatory for a contractor to produce a test
area?
yes
16.
List four items needing masking off perior to
blasting and painting. Fire protection equipment,
weld end preparations, atmosphere sensing heads,
spray heads, vents on the control equipment, flame
traps, lubrication points and nameplates.
17.
Which aluminium substrate would not be sweep
blasted?
Thin guage aluminium
18.
Which three paint systems are specified for use
on Aluminium?

Water born acrylic, Epoxy high built and

alkyd or modified alkyed
19.
What differences are there in new and
maintenance painting specifications for substrates
below 100C?
New substrat: blast cleaning Bs 7079 SA 2
Coated damaged substract: Mechanically wire
brush st3
20.
Toxic coatings need special considerations for
removal from substrates, name tow methods which
comply.
21.

In which situations is a Permit to Work required?

All site works

22.Which primers are specified for non-weathered
galvanizing?
Water born acrylic
22.
Which primers are specified for weathered
galvanising?
Water born acrylic
23.
According to PA 10 is flame cleaning allowed?
24.
Accordig to PA 10 is thinning of paint allowed?
25.
What temperature range is covered by hot duty
service?
100C or above
26.
does PA 10 cover internal coatings on pipes?
27.
What is the specified overlap on repair areas?
100mm

28.
What would be the specified surface preparation
and coating system for Aluminium cladding?
Sweep abrading blast and paint system G1
water born acrylic, G2 Moisture cured
urethane, G3- Alkyed or modified alkyed
29.
What would be the procedure for removal of
algae and mould?
30.
What would be the procedure for degreasing
prior to surface preparation?
31.
What would be the procedure for degreasing
after to surface preparation?
32.
When blast cleaning on an AGI what precautions
are taken?
33.
Is it permissible to prepare paint by stirring?
34.
What would be the surface preparation method
for new galvanizing? Sweep abrasive blast
35.
When would it be necessary to apply a sealer to
inorganic zinc silicate? yes
36.
How could areas of a paint breakdown be
prepared for repainting?
37.
What information should be on a paint can label
for BG?
38.
When measuring DFTs over galvanising what
allowances are made?
39.
What is the first coat applied to galvanized
substrates and why?
40.
Properties and performances of paint are
covered in which BG specification?
41.
What are the considerations when selecting a
paint system?

42.
According to PA 10 which two coats are applied
at works?
43.
Give the criterion for when and when not,
painting can take place.
44.
What should be the substrate reaction when T
wash is applied to a newly galvanized substrate?
45.
Which two materials are specified for use on
damp surfaces?
Moisture curing polyurethanes
High solids multi component epoxy paints
46.
What is the maximum time lapse from surface
preparation to coating?
47.
Which is the most common pigment used in high
temperature paints? Aluminium pigmented paints
(spa3)
48.
What would be the result of over thick
application of zinc silicate? Mud cracking (spa3)
49.
According to PA 10 is roller application
permissible?
No

The end