11/24/2015

ASimpleyetReliableThermostat

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31March2010
Author:GiorgosLazaridis

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ASimpleyetReliableThermostat
When someone learns about the Schmitt trigger, i believe that a
thermostat is the first application that comes into his mind. The Schmitt
triggerworksexactlyasacommonthermostatwoulddo.Ifthetemperature
exceedsaspecificpointthe"Highthreshold",itwillarmarelayuntilthe
temperaturefallsbelowthe"Lowthreshold".Thedifferencebetweenhigh
andlowthresholdiscalled"hysteresis".Theonlydifficultthingishowto
choosetherightcomponentsastherearemanyparameters.Thiscircuitisan
implementationofathermostatwithaSchmitttrigger.Iwillshowyouhow
tomakeone,andhowtochoosethecorrectcomponentvaluestochangethe
settingsofthethermostat:Highthreshold,LowthresholdandHysteresis.

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Thecircuit
Firstofall,iwillshowyouacircuitthatimadeformyPCcabinet.Thecircuitcanbeadjustedfrom
22.5oCupto50oCandhasahysteresisofaround2oC.Ifforexamplethecircuitisadjustedto30oC,therelay
willbearmedwhenthetemperatureexceedsthispoint(30oC),anditwillbedisarmedwhenthetemperature
fallsbellow28oC(302).
So,let'sseethecircuit:

CNCStepper
Motors
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Circuit
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Electronics
Tutorial
StepperMotor
Operation

HOTinheaven!

NEWinheaven!

http://pcbheaven.com/circuitpages/Simple_Reliable_Thermostat/

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11/24/2015

ASimpleyetReliableThermostat

NewTheory:ACelectricmotorworking
principle

StartingfromR1andR2,thisisthetemperaturemeasuringtwin.R1isa10KNTCthermistor.Along
with R2, they make a voltage divider. The voltage output of this divider will change according to the
temperature change. This voltage is then driven directly to the inverting input of the 741, a normal
configurationforasinglepowersupplySchmitttriggerusingOPAmp.Theoutputofthe741drivesthePNP
powertransistor.Theoutputisreversedandtheloadisdirectlydrivenfromthistransistor.
As i said before, the circuit can be adjusted form 22 to 50 oC. This means that when R5 is turned
completelytotheleft(0ohms),theloadwillbeactuatedabovethe22oC,andwhenitiscompletelyright(max
resistance)itwillbeactuatedabove50oC.IchosenthesevaluesbecauseiplantoinstallthiscircuitinmyPC
cabinet.Thisrangewillfitmyneeds.Nevertheless,iwillexplainhowyoucanselectpartsyourself,inorderto
changetherangeandhysteresisatyourwill.

Canichangetherelaywithsomethingelse?
Wellluckilyyes,youcan.Iusedthe2N2907thatcanhandleupto
600mA.So,youcansimpleremovetherelayandinsteadputa12Vbuzzer.
Orbetter,youcanputaPCfan!WellOK,yougotme!Thisisexactlywhat
ihadinmindfromthebeginningofthisproject.Usually,PCfanswillnot
draw more than 350mA. This is about half of what the transistor can
provide, so a PC fan can be easily controlled. Just remember to put the
positivewireofthefanonthecollectorofthetransistor,andthenegativeto
theground,likethefollowingschematic:

http://pcbheaven.com/circuitpages/Simple_Reliable_Thermostat/

Thecircuitwasoriginally
designedtocontrolafan.The
transistorcanhandleupto
600mAload

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ASimpleyetReliableThermostat

ThepositivegoestoAandthenegativetoB.Sameisifyouuseabuzzerthathaspolarity!Positiveto
AandNegativetoB

BillOfMaterials(Firstcircuit)
Resistors
R1 NTC10310KOhmNTCThermistor
R2 Resistor4.7KOhm1/4Watt5%CarbonFilm
R3 Resistor100KOhm1/4Watt5%CarbonFilm
R4 Resistor5.6KOhm1/4Watt5%CarbonFilm
R5 5KOhmspotentiometer
R6
Resistor2.2KOhm1/4Watt5%CarbonFilm
7

IntegratedCircuits
IC1 LM741OperationalAmplifier

Transistors
Q1 2N2907Generalpurposeamplifierandswitchingtransistor

Setdifferenttemperaturerangeandthreshold
Ihavetowarnyouthatthisisalittlebitstiffifyoudoitforthefirsttime.Ifyouarenotinterestedin
changingthesettingoftheabovecircuit,justskipthisstep.
Firstofall,youneedtoknowsomemoredetailsforthethermistor.Youneedtoknowactually,how
the resistance changes in relation to the temperature. Luckily, i had ran an experiment with this thermistor.
You can find this experiment here. I discourage you though to run such a detailed experiment yourself.
Instead,youneedtomakesurethatthethermistoryouhavechangeslinear.Ifitisnot,thenyouwillprobably
failtocalculatethecircuit.Youcanhavethisinfofromyourthermistorvendor.
Then,youneedtoknowtheresistanceofthethermistorinroomtemperature.Thisvalue,corresponds
totheresistanceofthecomponentwhenthetemperatureis25oC.Youcanalsolearnthisinformationfrom
yourvendor.Usually,thisinfoisprintedonthethermistor.A10Kthermistorforexample(liketheonethati
use),willhave10Kresistanceinroomtemperature.
Finally,youneedtoknowtheslopeofthechange.Thatwouldbethehardestpartifyouarenotina
laboratory...Whatyoureallyneedtoknowistheresistanceofthethermistorinanothertemperature.So,either
putitintherefrigerator,orputitsomewherehot.1020degreesaboveorbelowroomtemperatureistheplace
where you should put it. Put your imagination to work. When you do find the resistance in this specific
temperature,thendrawthecharacteristicofthethermistorasiexplaininthethermistorexperiment.
Nowthatyouhavethecharacteristicofthethermistor,youcaneasilycalculatethevariousresistance
values for various temperatures of the thermistor. I explain in the experiment how to use the line equation
calculatortodothis.
Nowitistimetodecidetheupperandlowertemperaturelimits.Supposethatyouwanttonarrowthe
temperaturesettings(andthusincreasethestabilityandaccuracy).Supposethatyouwanttobeabletosetthe
circuit from 20 up to 40oC, and the hysteresis about 4oC. First of all, you need to calculate the thermistor
resistancevalueforthesetemperatures.Inmycase:
20oC=12.174Ohms
40oC=5.454Ohms
Now you need to run some tests to find the best R2. The best R2 is the one that will generate the
biggest voltage difference for these values, while it will not be too big or too small to cause problems. It
should be minimum 1/10 of the thermistor nominal resistance and not bigger than 10 times the thermistor's
nominal resistance. In my case, it should be between 500 ohms and 100 KOhms. Use the Voltage Divider
Calculator to solve for V2, and speed up the process. I will use a resistor 2.2 KOhm to have a reasonable
voltageoutput.Thevoltageoutputswillbe:
20oC=1.8Volts
40oC=3,45Volts
I want a hysteresis of 4oC. I have to express this value in voltage difference. According to our
previouscalculations,from20to40degrees,thevoltagedifferenceis1.65volts.Thus,for4degreesitis0.33
volts.
Now you have everything to start playing with the Schmitt trigger. You have a very handy tool for
this,theSchmitttriggercalculatorforsinglepowersupplyOPAmp.Eachresistorvaluechangewillhavea
http://pcbheaven.com/circuitpages/Simple_Reliable_Thermostat/

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particulareffectonsomevalues,whileontheotherstheywillhaveonlyaslightaffect.RFBforexample(R3
inmycircuit)usuallychangesthehysteresis.Thus,iwillusearatherbigresistortohavesosmallhysteresis
(0.33V).Thatsagoodpointtostartwith.
FirsttocalculateR4R5andR6.Iwillstartwiththeminimumvoltagelevel.Inthatcase,R5is0asthe
potentiometer is fully turned to the left. Use the calculator and fool around until you find some values for
thoseresistors,thatalongwithR3,willgiveaVHighnear1.8voltsandaVLowabout0.33voltslower...
youneedtimeandexperience.Themoreyouplaywith,themoreyouunderstandwhatisgoingon.Isuggest
you use resistor values that do exist. If you do not know them by heart, then advice the Standard Resistor
Calculator.
I came up with the following results: R4=10K, R6=6.2K, R3=220K. Possibly you may find other
values.ThatisNOTwrong.Theymayalsobecorrect.Therearemanywaystosolveanelectronicproblem,
and sometimes this is the biggest problem in electronics. Now for the potentiometer. During this step, you
maycometotheconclusionthatthevaluesyoufoundforthe3resistorsmaybewrong.Unfortunately,you
willneedtocalculateresistorpairs...Now,thereareverycertainpotentiometervalues.Isuggestyoutrythe
1K, 2.2K, 4.7K, 10K, 22K, 47K and 100K. What you have to do is, to add every time the value of a
potentiometertothevalueofR6.IftheresultofVHighiscloseto3.45voltsandtheresultofVLowcloseto
3.15, then you are finished. Now let's see my resistor pair... Using a 10K potentiometer i get the following
values:
VHigh=3.53VandVLow=2.91Volts.
ArethesevaluesOK?let'ssee.Accordingtomythermistorexperiment,3.53Vcorrespondstoaround
41oCand2.91correspondsto35oC.TheHighvalueisok,thehysteresisischangedtoomuchthough.Soi
havetorecalculatetheresistorswithalargerR3inordertohavelesshysteresis.Thisisthepointwhereyou
needexperienceandpatience...Andsomeluck.

Relativepages
Dr.Calculus:Standardresistorvaluescalculator
Experimentingwithathermistor
TheSchmittTriggerCircuit
ThepowerconnectorsusedforPCssince1981
Howtherelayswork
ThesimplestDCmotorlinearrpmcontroller
Highaccuracyhumidityandtemperaturesensor
PICThermometerandthermostatcircuit,designedforetchingbaths
Highaccuracytemperaturemeter
LowcostmediumaccuracyPICtemperaturemeter

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Writeyourcommentsbelow:
BEFOREyoupostacomment:Youarewelcometocommentforcorrectionsandsuggestionsonthis
page.Butifyouhavequestionspleaseusetheforuminsteadtopostit.Thankyou.

http://pcbheaven.com/circuitpages/Simple_Reliable_Thermostat/

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Submityourcomment

At17October2015,20:06:44userAlvarowrote:[reply@Alvaro]
Ihadtoputa10kresistorfrompin6to12vbecauseonceconnectedthetransistorwillnotshutdown.

At5November2013,15:56:46userpaulwrote:[reply@paul]
Hi,
Iamdoingasimilarprojectwithatemperaturecontrolledroom.IwouldliketosetaHysteresisof
about5degreesCbetween2025degreesC.Mycircuitwouldbeconnectedtoanoilradiator240v
butIcouldsimulatethisifneedsbe.
Anyhelpwouldbegreatlyappreciated.

At2January2013,9:19:00userGiorgosLazaridiswrote:[reply@GiorgosLazaridis]
@BaraAlwawiI'msorrybutidonotalterorredesignthesecircuits.

At29December2012,18:50:52userBaraAlwawiwrote:[reply@BaraAlwawi]
Hello
Thankyouforthis
butineedahelpinmydesign,Iwanttoputtherangebetween50Cand100C,ButIcouldn'tfind
thebestR2.andimnotsureifthisisthedesignineedformyprojet
HeretheQuestionforthedesign,iwishyoucanhelpme:
TemperatureistobemeasuredintherangeofT1(50C)toT2(100C).Thesensorisaresistance
(RTD)whichvarieslinearlyfromR1(141%u03A9)toR2(171%u03A9)forthistemperature
range.
a.Designanalogsignalconditioningcircuitwhichprovidesavoltagevaryinglinearlyfrom0Vto5V
forthistemperaturerange
b.DesignacircuittolightaLEDwheneverthetemperatureiswithinT(50C)andT2(100C)
otherwisetheLEDisOFF.

At9December2012,16:21:47userGiorgosLazaridiswrote:[reply@GiorgosLazaridis]
@Gzubyestatwouldhelp

At6December2012,2:19:35userGzubwrote:[reply@Gzub]
Greatcircuit!Brilliant,infact.Iwanttousea5kNTCthermistor.WouldIhavetoreduceR2to
somethinglike2.2KOhminordertohaveitworkjustthesameasyouroriginalcircuit?

At10November2012,19:20:04userGiorgosLazaridiswrote:[reply@GiorgosLazaridis]
@AndyI'msorryAndybutidonotmakeorchangecircuitsondemand.Youwillhaveto
experimentyourselffollowingthestepsthatitook.

At8November2012,19:16:40userAndywrote:[reply@Andy]
http://pcbheaven.com/circuitpages/Simple_Reliable_Thermostat/

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ASimpleyetReliableThermostat

Hello,
Ihaveseenthatyouhaveexperiencewiththermostats.Ineedtoreplacemyrefrigeratorthermostat
(it%u2019salmostjustarefrigerator,its`freezer`compartmentgoestomaximum5Celsius).Ibuilt
thisschematic:
http://www.escol.com.my/Projects/Project03%28Thermostat1%29/Proj03.html
Itisworkingwell,butonlyforpositivetemperatures(20Celsiusto70Celsiusworksperfect).Itried
differentsolutionstomakeitworktotemperaturesnelowzero(iuseLM35CZ)buttonoavail...
Thenidiscoveredthispage.Canyoupleasehelpmewiththevaluesthathavetobechanged?Ineed
aschematictooperatefrom5Celsiusto4Celsius(touseVR3asreadilyadjustabledevice,inthe
rangeof5Celsius4Celsiusastheoldthermostatknobusedtodo).
Iwouldliketopowerthedesignfroma5,1vstabilizedpowersupply(i%u2019dliketouseaphone
chargeraspowersupply).Ithinki%u2019mgoingtouseLM211Pwhichworksfrom5v.
Bestregards,
Andy

At22October2012,0:12:55userBillwrote:[reply@Bill]
YourcircuitmaybeoldbutbeingnewtoelectronicsIlearnedalotbybuildingandstudyingit.It
alsoseemedlikeagoodexampletopracticedevelopingtheequationsforthecircuitandcalculating
"exact"valuesbasedonyourreportedthermistorresistancesattwotemps.
IcalculatedthederivativeofthevoltagediffvsR2tofindthemaxdiffandR2was5.85KOhm(=
Sqrt(Productofthethermistorresistancesateachtemp/2)whichgivesoutputvoltagesof3.89V
and6.21Vagreatervoltagediffthanthatwhichyouused(2.32Vvs1.65V)buthighervoltages.
Fora4deghysteresis,thisgives0.464Vvsyour0.33V.However,itseems6.21Visinexcessofthat
requiredfor40degwithyourthermistor.Iwonderiftherequirementtomaximizethevoltagediff
forR2mayneedadjustment.
ButIcontinuedandthencalculatedR3,R4,andR6bycalculatingtheminimumdifferenceforthe
Schmidttriggerusing6.21Vand6.210.464VorlessasthegoalandR5=0V.Thecomputationsare
alittlemoreinvolvedbutthederivativeofthedifferencefunctionbetweenthehighandlowvoltages
gaveR4~1.01*R6andR3~12.4*R4.TakingR6as2.2KohmgivesR4=2.2KohmandR3=40
Kohm.Thesevaluesproducehighandlowvoltagesof6.16Vand5.84Vwithadifferenceof0.32,
evenlessthanthedesiredvalue.ValuesaremuchlesssensitivetochangesinR3thanR4andR6
(R3=200KohmandsameR4andR6gives6.03and5.97V).
ThereisnospacetodescribeindetailhowIdidthecalculationsbutthecircuitsinvolvedare
relativelysimpleR2isasimplecalculationandtheSchmidttriggeroneisjusttwovariationsofa
parallelplusserialresistornetwork.
Assumingmycalculationsarecorrect,Iambotheredbythemnotgivingvaluesthatarenearthe
voltagesrequiredforyourthermistor,espsincetheyshouldproducemathematicalminimumand
maximumvalues.IhavenotusedthesevaluesinaprototypeyetIneedmoredataformy
thermistor.Iwouldappreciateanythoughtsyoumighthaveonthesubject.
Beingnewtoallofthis,theremaybemoreartinvolvedthanseemsonthesurface.Iknowsome
10KthermistorsIpurchasedoneBayaregenerallyOKbutarenot10Kat25degasonewould
expect.Itseemsonereallydoeshavetocalibratethethermistorsoneuses.
Thankyouforsharingyourwork.

At11October2012,19:32:04userGiorgosLazaridiswrote:[reply@GiorgosLazaridis]
@Jaiohisee.unfortunatelythisisaratheroldcircuit.Idonothavetheeagleschematicneither.

At11October2012,15:07:18userJaiwrote:[reply@Jai]
@GiorgosLazaridisimeanwhenucreateaschematicineaglewecanhaveitsboarddiagramas
well,sodoyouhavethatdiagramwhichcanhelpmetocreatemypcb.

At10October2012,14:48:19userGiorgosLazaridiswrote:[reply@GiorgosLazaridis]
@Jaiidon'thaveapcblayout,ineverdesignedapcbforthiscircuit

http://pcbheaven.com/circuitpages/Simple_Reliable_Thermostat/

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ASimpleyetReliableThermostat

At10October2012,14:34:07userJaiwrote:[reply@Jai]
Thanxforyourcircuit.Itworksexactlyasyousaid.Ineedahelp,asIthinkyouhavedesignedthe
layoutusingEaglesoftware,socanupleasesendmethePCBlayoutsothaticanuseitmakeactual
PCB,asidontknowhowtouseEagle.

At27August2012,21:18:53userta79prwrote:[reply@ta79pr]
usedthisfortoaddatemperaturecontrolledfaninsidemyrouter(itusedtooverheat).thankyou.

At7June2012,0:18:33useruhuruwrote:[reply@uhuru]
Thanksalotman.Iwillstartthisnowandseewhatihavebytomorrow.itfeelslikeitwillbean
interestingproject.

At27May2012,1:25:28userNathanwrote:[reply@Nathan]
Itwasmytransistors.Iboughttwo2n2907A.SomehowImanagedtofrythemboth.WenttoRadio
Shackandgotapackageof15(2761604).WorkedwiththefirstoneItried.Awesome.Nowto
moveitfromthebreadboardtothecircuitboardandhomeIdon'tscrewitupwithmysoldering
skills.Learnedalotfromthiswebsite.Thanks.

At26May2012,2:34:42userNathanwrote:[reply@Nathan]
I'mgettingwarmerwiththiscircuit.BetweenR7andQ1Iammeasuring1.31voltswhenthetrigger
isactiveand11.56voltswhenthetriggerisoff.ThesevoltageschangestothebaseofQ1donot
resultinanyvoltagechangebetweenthecollectorandground.Itremains12voltsregardlessofthe
changeinthetriggervoltages.IsQ1badordoInothavethetriggercorrect?

At21May2012,11:27:44userGiorgosLazaridiswrote:[reply@GiorgosLazaridis]
@NathanI'msorrybuticannottell.Thesethermistorswereonmyshelveformanyyearsbeforei
usethem.

At21May2012,3:03:42userNathanwrote:[reply@Nathan]
http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Murata/NTSD1XH103FPB40/?
qs=zqbRmZ%252bfZD%2fzspO32mP94Q%3d%3dIsthisthesameasyourthermistor?Ibuiltthis
circuitwiththevalueslistedin(FirstCircuit)butitnevershutsoff.Itisalwayson.

At17May2012,18:40:20userGiorgosLazaridiswrote:[reply@GiorgosLazaridis]
@uhuruIexplaininthedocument

At17May2012,15:27:44useruhuruwrote:[reply@uhuru]
Supposeiwantedtoturnonapieceofequipmentifthetemperaturefallsbelow37.5dcelciusand
turnoffabovethiswithahysterisisofplusorminus0.5dcelciuswhatvaluecomponentswouldi
use.

At6May2012,20:30:08userGiorgosLazaridiswrote:[reply@GiorgosLazaridis]
@MarcoOhwell,thatwon'tbeaneasyjobtodo.Youwillneedtoprototypeitonabreadboardand
dosometestsfirst.Andusemyonlinecalculatorfortheschmitttriggertohelpinthedr.calculus
pages.

At6May2012,16:11:34userMarcowrote:[reply@Marco]
Hey!Reallyniceproject.Iamplanningtomakeitmyselfinordertopoweracoolingpadfan.The
onlythingisthatIwouldliketopoweritviaUSB,ansincethatmeans5Vinsteadof12V,Iwas
wonderingifthesamepartswouldstillbecompatible.Couldyougivemeahintaboutthis?
http://pcbheaven.com/circuitpages/Simple_Reliable_Thermostat/

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Thanksandgreatmaterial!

At11March2012,14:28:20userneerwrote:[reply@neer]
heygreatcircuitthanksforsharingit!!!wellmstuckandneedhelpwithcalculationsmythermistor
hasresistanceofabout100ohmsat30'candiwantthefantocomeonatabout40'candhysteresys
couldbe24'cwhatchangesinresistorwillineedtomakecanudomethecalculationsandtellasi
havenoideaaboutit.(mythermisterisntc100d9type).

At26November2011,19:34:00userPaulwrote:[reply@Paul]
Hiwhatisbestvaluesfor50to90degreecontrolusinga10kthermister

At25October2011,4:39:55userKammenoswrote:[reply@Kammenos]
@keyboard22themaxcurrentthistransistorcangetis600mA.Usealargertransistor(forexamplea
TIP142)togetbiggercurrent

At24October2011,11:25:16userkeyboard22wrote:[reply@keyboard22]
whatistheoutputcurrentthatisproduced?canitbeincreasedto0.8amps?

At21July2011,14:36:38userKammenoswrote:[reply@Kammenos]
@Gonexactlytheoppositeofwhatidonow.connectaheatertotheNCcontactoftherelay.

At19July2011,23:21:39userGonwrote:[reply@Gon]
Whatwouldyoudoifyouwanttomaintainahighertemperaturethanthesurroundings(forexample
youwanttokeepthelivingroomat20Cwhileit'sfreezingoutside)?
Isthateasytoimplement?

At16June2011,5:15:50userKammenoswrote:[reply@Kammenos]
@ramythisisathermostatcircuit,sothepotentiometer'sfunctionistosetthetemperaturewherethe
thermostatoutputwillbeHIGHorLOW.Itisthesamelikethethermostatintheairconditionorthe
heatingapparatusinhouses.

At16June2011,4:18:21userramywrote:[reply@ramy]
whatisthefunctionofthepotentiometer?????

At21March2011,3:23:44usertualatin1wrote:[reply@tualatin1]
iuseda10kresistoronr2anditloweredthestarttemperatureofthefansoitsuitedmebetterfor
mypurposes

At24January2011,6:43:21userKammenoswrote:[reply@Kammenos]
jefdeal,regardingthevoltagedivider.Theproblemisithinkthatiamnot100%usedtotheenglish
wayofrepresentingnumbers.Ihadsomeerrors,forexamplethenumber12.174Ohmsisnotcorrect,
itshouldbe12174Ohmsor12,174Ohms,butnotwithdot.(ichangedit).Use12174or12.174
KOHMSinthevoltagedivider.
Alsoifixedthe500ohms.Youareright,itis1000.Butkeepinmindthatthe1/10isarulethatcan
bechangedaccordingtoyourneeds.The1/10isjustagoodstart.
Thisisaverygoodcircuittostartwith,issimpleinmakingandhardincalculations.Assembleiton
abreadboardandhavesomedifferentresistorvaluestochangeandnoticetheresults.Getaresistor
packfromebayofothersupplier,andacoupledifferentpotentiometers.

At24January2011,5:55:33userjefdealwrote:[reply@jefdeal]
http://pcbheaven.com/circuitpages/Simple_Reliable_Thermostat/

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Thereisaproblemwithyour\\\"VoltageDividerCalculator\\\".SolvingforV2enterthesevalues.
V1=12V,R1=12.174Ohms,R2=2.2KOhms.YouwillgetV2as11.93.IfyouchangeR2from
KOhmstoOhmsyouwillgetthe1.8Vasspecifiedonthepage.Iamveryinterestedinmodifying
thiscircuit,butthiswillonlybethesecondcircuitIhavebuilt.IfIamwrongherepleaseexplain,
otherwisepleaseletmeknowwhatmustbecorrectedtoallowtheR2valuetofallwithinthe1/10to
10timeswindowofthevalueofthethermistor.Alsoifyouhavea10Kthermistorwouldn\\\'tthe
1/10valuebe1KOhmsandnotthe500Ohmsstated?

At8July2010,16:47:57userKammenoswrote:[reply@Kammenos]
Ireallydonotfollowyouherctrap.ConnectingaNPNinsteadofaPNP,willreversetheoperation
ofthecircuit(ofcourse).IfyoumeanoutputthevoltagebetweentheNPNemitterandtheground,
thenitwillbe12VminustheVCE.Thisdependsonthetransistoryouuse.Checkthespecifications.
The2N2907hasapproximately0.8Vvoltagedropforthefanload(lessfortherelay).

At8July2010,14:07:20userherctrapwrote:[reply@herctrap]
ifwehadconnectedanNPNtransistoristeadofPNP
collectorat+12v
Baseonthesignal(5V)
andemmitertheoutput
thentheoutputis5Vandnot12V
butwhataboutthePNP?
thanks

At13June2010,17:42:46userkennythamwrote:[reply@kennytham]
electronicsthermostatautomaticfancontrol

At16April2010,13:51:19userTheSeekerwrote:[reply@TheSeeker]
brilliant!welldone.excellentworkandgoodexplanation.10/10

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