DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

ABSTRACT:
D.C.machine is a highly versatile energy conversion device. It can meet the demand
of loads requiring high starting torques, high accelerating and decelerating torques
d.c.machine is easily adaptable for drives requiring wide-range speed controls and quick
circuits. In d.c machines, the field poles are on the stator called yoke .Armature windings
and commutator are on the rotor .brushes are pressed on the commutator surface to collect
current from commutator

These machines are classified into two categories i.e . Generators and motors

Generators are mainly used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
Motors are used to convert electrical energy. to mechanical.

Generators are classified into many types depending upon their excitations
they are self & separately exited .Again these self exited generators are of three types
1) Series generators
2) Shunt generators
3) Compound generators
There are some losses in generators some of them are listed below
1) Frictional losses
2) Iron losses
3) Field winding losses

Now-a-days these d.c.machines are applied in many aspects.

 INTRODUCTION
A d.c,machine is a highly versversatile energy conversion device.In normal dc
machines,
stator pole is not laminated,armature core is always laminated to reduce eddy -current losses
d.c.machines used in control systems

These d.c machines mainly consists of two types .i.e generators & motors,
In the year1821 Michael faraday invented these machines i.e.generators&motors basing on
his laws of magnetic induction

CLASSIFICATION OF D.C.MACHINES:
D.C.machine’s are classified mainly into two types basing on their useful
functions
D.C Generators
D.C Motors

D.C.GENERATORS:
D.C.Generator is first introduced by Michael Faraday in the year 1821.
D.C.Generators are mainly used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

PRINCIPLE:
It works on the principle of Flemings right hand rule
the energy conversion is based on the principle of faraday’s laws.i.e.when a conductor
cuts magneticflux, dynamically induced e.m.f is produced in it.This e.m.f causesa current to
flow if the conductor circuit is closed
The direct current generator consists of two main parts i.e. STATOR and ROTOR
 STATOR: It is a stationary part which consists of
1)YOKE
2)FIELD POLES
3)FIELD WINDINGS

ROTOR: It is a rotating part which consists of

1) ARMATURE CORE
2) ARMATURE WINDING
3) COMMUTATOR
4) BRUSHES
5) BEARINGS

1)YOKE: Yoke protects the internal parts of generator and also provides path
for pole flux.

2)FIELD POLES: Field poles consists of pole core and pole shoe. The pole
core is made from cast steel but the pole shoe is laminated and fixed to the pole core. The
laminated pole is bolted to yoke. Pole cores are the main poles which provides the path of
flux.
 3)FIELD WINDING: The poles is exited by a winding wound around pole
called field winding. Field winding depends upon the type of machine.
1) For dc shunt machine large no of turns of small cross-section are used
2) For dc series machine small no of turns of large cross-section are used

4)ARMATURE CORE: It is a cylindrical shaped and it is build up of

circular steel discs and is keyed to the shaft in small machines. it provides a path of very
low
reluctance to the flux through the armature from North to South pole.due to laminations in
armature core and slots losses due to eddy current reduces.

5) ARMATURE WINDING: Armature winding (or) the conductors are

made up of copper and they form a closed circuit by connecting. The main function of this
winding is generation of E.M.F to carry supply current.

6)COMMUTATOR: Commutator is a rotating mechanical rectifier

mounted on the shaft of the dc machine. The main function of the commutator is to
collect current generated in the armature winding and rectify it, i.e. convert A.C
induced in the armature winding into an unidirectional current. It is made up of copper
segments insulated from each other by mica sheets

7)BRUSHES: Usually the brushes are made up of high grade carbon and
are held in contact with the commutator by pressure springs. The main function of these
brushes is to collect current from the commutator (or) supply by a flexible copper pig tail
mounted at the top of the brushes.

8)BEARINGS: The shaft is usually supported at the commutator end on

ball bearing which are packed in hard coils. They provide quieter operations together with
reduced wear and tear.
CLASSIFICATION OF D.C GENERATORS:
Depending upon type of excitations dc generators are classified into two types
1) Separately exited dc generators
2) Self exited dc generators

SEPERATELY EXITED D.C GENERATORS:

When the field coils are connected seperately to get exited from a storage battery or from a
separate dc source then the generator is called a seperately exited generator .the main
advantage of this type of generator is that it will operate in a stable condition with any
field exitation .
 SELF EXITED D.C GENERATOR:
When the field coils are connected to generator such that it is exited by the generator
itself, such type of generator is known as self exited generator. Depending upon
connection of field coil to armature the following generator types are obtained.

1) D.C.SERIES GENERATOR:

The generator in which the field coil is connected in series with the armature is
known as
D.C.series generator.

2)D.C.SHUNT GENERATOR:
The generators in which the field coil is connected in parallel to armature is known
as
d.c.shunt generator
3)D.C.COMPOUND GENERATOR:
The compound generator of two windings on each pole one connected in series with
armature and other may be connected in parallel to the armature only or to the series
combination
of armature and series field winding .Depending upon second coil connection is classified
into
two types, they are
a) D.c.long shunt compound generator
b) D.c.short shunt compound generator

D.C .LONG SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR:

The generators in which the shunt coil is connected in parallel to the series
combination of armature and series field winding is known as d.c.long shunt compound
generator.

D.C.SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR:

The generator in which the shunt coil is connected in parallel to only armature is
known as d.c .short shunt compound generator.

LOSSES:
Some important losses in generators are
1) Frictional losses
2) Iron losses
3) Field winding losses

IRON LOSSES:
There are two types in iron losses

HYSTRESIS LOSSES:
 This is due to alternate magnetization of atoms, forming domains in the
magnetic material of the core, It depend upon flux density and frequency of variation of
flux
EDDY – CURRENT LOSSES:
When the armature core rotates in the magnetic field emf is induced in the
core. This emf induced produces a circulating current in the core material. These are
called eddy-currents due to this currents some power is lost which’s known as eddy-
current losses.
FRICTIONAL LOSSES:
Frictional losses take place due to the rotation of armature .these are
baring friction losses, brush friction losses e.t.c
There is not a single universal reason why all applications should choose a DC
generator over an AC generator There are, however, specific reasons for each project or a
combination of reasons that favor the DC generator. Some of which include

APPLICATIONS IN GENERAL(INCLUDING SOLAR,WIND

HYBRID,PRIME POWER,BACKUP):

The DC generator system is designed and optimized to deliver the high currents
at low voltages required for battery charging and operating DC loads. No battery chargers or
power supplies are required.

DC generators do not require a transfer switch. Transfer switches lower system

reliability.
In prime power applications the DC generator lowers the overall cost of the
system.
Certain AC generators and switch mode power supplies are incompatible. These AC
generators have voltage regulators that cannot regulate voltage due to the current pulsing
load of the switch mode power supplies.
 Polar’s DC generators when connected to a battery do not suffer this
incompatibility. DC generators are more fuel-efficient. Site operators want the longest run
time with the least amountof fuel on site.

Polar’s DC generators are simpler in design, have considerably less

maintenance and are more reliable than AC generators. Propane carburetion and electronic
speed governors require frequent calibration and testing. If the propane carburetion, ignition
system, or governor speed control should develop a problem, alternator voltage regulation
and frequency control will fail. Some equipment powered by the generator will be damaged,
other equipment may survive.
Polar’s DC generators have a current limit control to prevent the alternator from
overheating and the engine from stalling during shorts or overloads. This feature is
extremely important in battery charging because a battery in a low state of charge can
demand more power than the generator or battery charger can manage. Polar’s DC
generators will continues to supply power under current limit control, allowing the battery
to increase its charge and drop its current demand. The AC generator uses a fuse or circuit
breaker to protect against shorts and over current so the battery fails to get charged if it is
overly discharged. The additional problem is that for remote sites a person is required to
visit the site to replace or reset the fuse or circuit breaker and devise a means where the
batteries can be brought to a state of charge where the batteries can take over.

Polar’s DC generators can be connected in parallel and load share. Paralleling

these small AC generators is not practical. In many projects there are concerns about future
site expansion and given load estimates are sometimes understated.

DC generators use smaller engines that can be lifted by hand and transported to
a shop for repair. The high-level generator mechanics are not required, or their expensive
travel time to the site.
AC generators are typically oversized to handle starting currents of motors and
to provide light enough engine loads to facilitate speed regulation. Engines that are lightly
loaded build up carbon around the valves and exhaust lines (wet stacking) this creates
additional engine maintenance.

DC generators are considerably smaller in size and use smaller horsepower engines.
This facilitates both roof mount installations and installations inside the small shelters, well
as the required permit process.

DC generator lowers the costs to install and operate. It is smaller in size and requires
Less site support. Transport to the site and installation is facilitated because: smaller shelter
and Concrete pads can be used, elevator transport to roof rather than crane, smaller
helicopters or Vehicles for transport. Fuel consumption is lower, so cost to transport fuel to
the site is lower (Transportation of the fuel to the site can be very expensive).

Engines need a warm up period before they are able to provide full power, for
an AC Generator this translates to providing a stable frequency and voltage. Polar’s DC
generator can deliver power at a reduced level immediately after starting, then switch to full
power after warn up.

Also a cold engine can exhibit speed fluctuations, which has no effect on Polar’s DC
generators.

UPS SYSTEMS:
Polar’s DC generators connect direct to the battery bank so there are fewer
Problems with on site permitting. Many inspectors and utilities are concerned with isolation
of the AC generator from the utility grid. Using a DC generator there should be no
questionsOn isolation from the inspector.
CONCLUSION:
There are some applications in which generators must be used i.e.
For power Generation generators must be used .To run some machines dc is necessary
These generators produce dc so, the generators are useful for many applications.so, these
generators are necessary