Primary Sources

Bryan, William Jennings. "Text of the Closing Statement of William Jennings Bryan at the Trial
of John Scopes." Trial of John Scopes. Dayton, Tennessee. 28 July 1925. California
State University. Web. 8 Dec. 2015.
This quote by William Jennings Bryan was used in our Encounter page to show the
liberal perspective on the Scopes Trial and because it was from the time period itself, it
is a primary source.
Carter, John F., Jr. These Wild Young People: By One of Them. The Atlantic Monthly
[Boston, Massachusetts] Sept. 1920: 301-04. Google Books. Google. Web. 22 Oct.
2015.
This article in the Atlantic Monthly reflected the ideologies of the younger generation and
how they were psychologically impacted by World War I. A quote from this article is
included on our historical context page.
Chrysler Building, New York, NY. Personal photograph by author. 2015.
This photo was taken by Sharon and is a primary source because the building remains
the same from the 1920s since there were no major renovations to its architecture. This
photo was incorporated in our Exchange: Art Deco page.
Caumsett Estate: Estate Entrance, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by author. 2015.
We visited the Caumsett Estate in Lloyd Harbor in order to experience the architecture in
more detail. This photo was incorporated in our Exchange: Colonial Revival page.
Caumsett Estate: Farm Cottage, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by author. 2015.
This photo is of one of the many farm cottages on the estate and it shows the colonial
architecture in its white shingled and rectangular style. This photo was incorporated in
our Exchange: Colonial Revival page.
Caumsett Estate: Farm Cottage Exterior, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by author.
2015.

This photo is a close-up of the farm cottage exterior so that the shingles can be seen in
more detail. This photo was incorporated in our Exchange: Colonial Revival page.
Caumsett Estate: Farm House, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by author. 2015.
This photo is one of the main buildings on the farmland of the estate and was probably
used to store tools and materials for raising animals and taking care of the gardens. This
photo was incorporated on our Exchange: Colonial Revival page.
Caumsett Estate: Gardens, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by author. 2015.
This photo is of the gardens on the property and it shows the connection that people
living in the 1920s had to nature and the outdoors. This was significant in showing land
and wealth as well. This photo was incorporated on our Exchange: Colonial Revival
page.
Caumsett Estate: Horse Stables - Open Window, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by
author. 2015.
The polo stables were almost as large as the main house and it shows that the upper
class of the 1920s had a lot of leisure time to pursue interests while also encasing these
buildings in a colonial style, which indicated wealth. This photo was incorporated on our
Exchange: Colonial Revival page.
Caumsett Estate: Loggia Facing Main Door, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by author.
2015.
The loggia was the main room after the entryway and contained arched doorways,
which separated the two spaces. It also shows the moulding that is classic of the
colonial style. This photo was incorporated on our Exchange: Colonial Revival page.
Caumsett Estate: Main House, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by author. 2015.
The Main House on the Caumsett Estate was designed in an extravagant colonial
revival style in order to reflect old money of families who originated from Great Britain.

The house is still relatively the same, except one wing of the house was removed. This
photo was incorporated on our Exchange: Colonial Revival page.
Caumsett Estate: Main House - Back View, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by author.
2015.
The back of the house exemplifies large windows with arched tops and brick exterior
with cream stone accents. This is characteristic of the colonial style and this photo was
incorporated on our Exchange: Colonial Revival page.
Caumsett Estate: Main House - Hallway, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by author.
2015.
The hallway of the main house shows the large French doors leading into the loggia and
the arched doorways in the house. This photo was incorporated on our Exchange:
Colonial Revival page.
Caumsett Estate: Main House - Main Door, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph by author.
2015.
The main door was wooden and contains an ornate design that gives off a feeling of
grandness with inserted columns inside the entryway. It is a primary source because it
was taken by us personally. This photo was incorporated on our Exchange: Colonial
Revival page.
Caumsett Estate: Main House - Moulding and Panels, Lloyd Harbor, NY. Personal photograph
by author. 2015.
This is a primary source photograph of the Caumsett Estate, taken personally along with
a collection of other images of the buildings. The photograph was valuable in providing
us a first hand visual of the architecture of the estate, and it allowed us to analyze
specific details that were Europeans influenced, like the moulding and high vaulted
ceilings. There is potential for inaccuracy however as the buildings have been renovated

due to weathering. This photo was incorporated on our Exchange: Colonial Revival
page.
Crane, Hart. "To Brooklyn Bridge." The Bridge. New York: Liveright, 1933. 1-2. Print.
This is a primary source introductory poem from Hart Cranes extensive poem about
bridges in the 1920s. It is valuable in providing us with a point of view from the time period
that admired the grand architecture and engineering feats. Modernism was controversial,
but Hart Crane provides evidence, although one-sided, that supports modernization and
the introduction of new styles of architecture.
Ducas, Dorothy. "Women's Economic Freedom Blamed for Marriage Decline." New York
Evening Post 5 Jan. 1929. Print
This newspaper article discusses the shift in family life and the role of women in society. It
informed us that there was a rise in divorce rates and a decline in marriage rates.
However, what was more valuable was the two different perspectives it showed. It
addressed the fact that conservatives blamed women and the modern/liberal values they
followed and argued that it caused a corruption of family value and societal morale. It also
illustrated how many people believed that this was not the case, and that women were not
to blame. We used this on our Encounter web page to illustrate the different perspectives
on social life.
Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson. 1918. International Church of the Foursquare Gospel.
Foursquare. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.
We used this image of an Evangelist young woman to illustrate the style of traditional
women. It was positioned on our Encounter web page adjacent to the image of
modernism, and it was used to contrast the two different styles and philosophies of the
time period.
Fitzgerald, Zelda. "Eulogy on the Flapper." Metropolitan Magazine. Smithsonian Institution,
June 1922. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.

We used an excerpt from this document on our Exploring Modernism web page. It served
to illustrate the modern philosophy of women during the 1920s, and it succinctly
described their style and values. The Flapper was an icon of the Roaring Twenties, and
this eulogy was extremely beneficial in explaining the perspective of modernists.
"Flappers." Women's Fashion in the 1920s. Weebly. Web. 08 Dec. 2015.
This photograph is of women at the beach smoking. We used it in our exploration of
modernism, and it emphasizes the liberal attitude that women tended to have during the
1920s. They did as they wanted and did now allow for conservative rules to restrict their
freedom, as evident in the image.
Flappers Smoking Cigarettes in a Train Car. 1920. Smithsonian Museum.Smithsonian
Magazine. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.
This image was placed adjacent to an image of a traditional woman during the 1920s on
our Encounter web page. It served to illustrate the style of the modern women, more
specifically a flapper. It also illustrated some of the changes in culture as the women are
seen in short skirts, with short hair, and smoking on a railcar with no men around.
Ford, Henry. "The Meaning Of Power." Today and Tomorrow. Doubleday, Page, 1926. Print.
We used an excerpt from Henry Fords book to illustrate some of the benefits to modern
technology. Being in the business himself, it provided a vital perspective, however, biased
in his support of modernization. It provided an analysis of the impact that modern
technology has on society and some of the benefits it provides.
Frost, Robert. "A Brook in the City." New Republic. 1921. Print.
This poem was vital in illustrating some of the negative aspects of modern technology and
urban life. It provided insight into some of the environmental issues and overcrowding that
was caused by urbanization, and it also commented on the aesthetic of the city. The
skyscrapers and metal/grayscale buildings were an eye sore to the traditional
conservatives of the time period.

GOLFING: MAGAZINE COVER; 'The Wearing of the Green.';'Life' magazine golf number
cover; 1921; Fine Art; Encyclopdia Britannica ImageQuest; Web; 17 Oct. 2015.
This cover of Life magazine depicts the social trends of the 1920s where the middle and
upper class were able to spend their leisure time playing sports such as gold and being
active in nature. The cover is also of an upper class woman whose style contrasted with
the flappers of the time period.
The Ingenues. "1928 - Banjo's Blues." YouTube. YouTube, 30 Nov. 2007. Web. 07 Dec. 2015.
This song is by an all-women banjo band from the 1920s who played music that was
classic of that time period. We included this audio on the homepage of our website.
Minor, Geore Maynard. "3 Minute Talks with Notable Women." The Washington Post
[Washington, D.C.] 31 Oct. 1920: 1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers - Graphical
[ProQuest]. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
This newspaper article came from the 1920s and reflected the changes in lifestyle and
attitude of the people. Modernization and reform became very popular, especially
feminism, and so progressive changes in other aspects of life were also promoted. The
changes in architecture and development of art deco during this time period paralleled
other reforms in society.
"Monkeyana." Wellcome Library London. Punch Magazine, 1861. Print.
This is a political cartoon illustrating the implications of evolution. We used it on our
Modernism web page to signify the shift towards secularism during this time period and
also to allude to the Scopes Trial which we also discuss. It comes from Great Britain, but
it still emphasizes the radicalism of this idea and how it challenged traditional belief.
Mumford, Lewis. "The Intolerable City: Must It Keep on Growing?" Harper's. Feb. 1926: I-IV.
National Humanities Center.
Unlike Hart Cranes poem, this magazine article is a primary source from the time period
(1920s) that reflects an opposition to technological advancement and modernization. This

serves as valuable in supporting the colonial revival movement in architecture, and how
many people believed that the old American dream, farming and agriculture, was more
idealized than skyscrapers and city-life.
NEW YORK: HARLEM, c1927 ; 'The Gay Northeasterners' strolling on Seventh Avenue in
Harlem; Photographed c1927 by James Van Der Zee; Fine Art; Encyclopdia Britannica
ImageQuest; Web; 19 Oct. 2015.
This photo shows three upper class women from Manhattan that were dressed in the
wealthy way that the 1920s is stereotyped for. This photo from the time period itself is
located on our historical context page.
Piketty, Thomas. "Figure 5.1. Private and Public Capital: Europe and America, 1870-2010."
Capital in the 21st Century. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2014. N. pag. Paris School of
Economics: Thomas Piketty. Web. 17 Oct. 2015.
This graph from the Paris School of Economics is a primary source because it graphs
data from 1870 to 2010, which showed the drastic difference in capital between Europe
and the United States after World War I.
"Radio City Music Hall."; Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia; Grolier Online, 2015. 21 Sept. 2015.
This is an image of the inside of Radio City Music Hall. We used it on our Art Deco page
as an illustration of some of the structures that reflected this style. It provided enough
detail for us to identify the aspects that were relevant to the style and the time period,
more specifically the modern point of view.
SCOPES TRIAL, 1925. - Clarence Darrow (left) and William Jennings Bryan during a lull in
the Scopes Trial at Dayton, Tennessee, in 1925.. Fine Art.Encyclopdia Britannica
ImageQuest. Web. 8 Dec 2015.
This photo is from the Scopes trial and shows the lawyers of the case, Clarence Darrow
and William Jennings Bryan. This photo is located on the Exploration page of our
website.

SCOPES TRIAL CARTOON, 1925. - 'Classroom in Proposed Bryan University of Tennessee.'

American cartoon, 1925, by Rollin Kirby on the Scopes 'monkey' trial, in which William
Jennings Bryan served as prosecuting attorney against John Thomas Scopes, a biology
teacher charged with violating Tennessee's law forbidding the teaching of evolution in
public schools.. Fine Art. Encyclopdia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 8 Dec 2015.
This cartoon shows the opinions of the time period on the Scopes Trial and it is a liberal
perspective because it shows how Scopes is being restricted by the government by
physically chaining him up and forcing him to teach students absurd information in the
cartoon.
"Treaty of Versailles (1919)." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Web. 17 Sept.
2015.
The Treaty of Versailles was a post-World War I document that reflected idealism and
progressive thought. Although the United States also experienced reform and attempts
at peacekeeping, it was also a global pattern. The compromise and balance of art deco
with colonial revival reflects not only US patterns of thought but also global. This primary
source document was valuable in contextualizing the modernization of American
architecture.
Wall Street, New York City, 1927 . Fine Art. Encyclopdia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 8 Dec
2015.
This photo is of Wall Street in New York City in the 1920s and is a primary source photo.
We used it on our Art Deco page to illustrate some of the features that identified this
architectural style.
"Warren Harding: Return to Normalcy speech (1921)." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2015.
Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
Since there were primarily two opposing schools of thought regarding architecture
during modernization, those who wanted to return to colonial influences, and those who

wanted be inspired by foreign influences and art deco, this document helped to support
the first. Considering this speech is from the President during the start of modernization,
it provides valuable insight into why many people desired a return to colonial influences
rather than encourage progressivism and modernization. After the war and destruction,
people simply desired a return to normalcy.
"World War 1 Footage." YouTube. YouTube, 28 Nov. 2012. Web. 07 Dec. 2015.
This is a video of World War I footage. We used it to illustrate the destruction and chaos
that was associated with the war. It served the purpose of enabling our audience to
visualize this and understand why there was shift to normalcy, calm, and traditional
values. It can be found on our context web page.
"WWI Casualty and Death Tables." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.
This was a graph of the casualties during WWI. Similarly to the youtube footage of
combat during WWI, this serves the reinforce the idea that the war produced a lot of
chaos and destruction. In response to this, it is understandable that the nation as a
whole would shift towards the right and a more secure, conservative perspective. It can
also be found on our Context webpage.
WWI Women in Military Service. N.d. National Women's History Museum, Alexandria,
Virginia. National Women's History Museum. Comp. The Women's Memorial
Foundation.
We used this image of women in WWI to parallel the change that was going to occur
domestically in the U.S. As the role of women, particularly in the military, was changing
globally, it foreshadowed a change in the role of women in the United States during the
1920s, post WWI. This would come to represent the modernist philosophy, and so we
paired it with an image of flappers from the 1920s on our Context web page.

Secondary Sources

Alchin, Linda. "Women in the 1920s." : Changing Roles and Famous Women for Kids. Siteseen
Ltd., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2015.
We used this website to understand the changing role of women in the 1920s and how
they became an active part in society through fashion and their actions outside of the
home. We used a quote from this site on our Exploration page.
Bessell, Matthew. Caumsett: The Home of Marshall Field III in Lloyd Harbor, New York.
Huntington, NY: Huntington Town Board, 1991. 9. Print.
We used this book to learn about the Caumsett Estate prior to our visit and it helped us
understand the significance of the architectural detailing of the house. This is a
secondary source even though it contains some primary source interviews.
Boyle, James E. "American Agriculture from the Standpoint of World Economics."
Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 21. Bd. (1925): 122-32. JSTOR. Web. 20 Sept. 2015.
This document summarized the state of American agriculture during the 1920s in
comparison to the World. It illustrated an emphasis on industry and a clear faltering the
agricultural sector. This was valuable in explaining why many people supported that return
to colonialism and a focus on agriculture because it was suffering so much. Therefore, in
general, people supported a shift away from modernization in many aspects of life,
including architecture.
Callahan, Aleesha. "Daniel Libeskind." Daniel Libeskind. Architectuul, 7 June 2013. Web. 20
Sept. 2015.
This article is where we found our quote for the homepage on architecture and its
importance in reflecting the values and psychology of the people during a time period.
This is categorized as a secondary source because it is an opinion from an architect who
is not specifically referring to the architecture from the 1920s.
"Calvin Coolidge: Domestic Affairs." Miller Center of Public Affairs. Ed. David Greenberg.
University of Virginia, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.

We used this secondary source of information in order to establish the domestic policy
during the 1920s. It helped us to identify that there a general shift towards traditional and
conservative politics as a result of the Presidents philosophy towards government
(laissez-faire). This weblink was vital in understanding how traditional and modern values
collided in the political sphere.
Candelario, Susan; Grand Foyer at Radio City Music Hall; 2012; New York, NY; SDC
Photography. 19 Oct. 2015.
This is an image of the foyer at Radio City Music Hall. It was taken recently so it is
secondary, but some of the ornamental details are reflective of the 1920s modernism
movement. This was helpful when explaining and illustrating Art Deco and how it
represented the modern aspects of society in the 1920s.
Curtis, William J. R. Modern Architecture since 1900. London: Phaidon, 1996. Print.
We used information from this book to identify the counter-response to modern
architecture, which was the colonial revival. It addressed the reasons for this development
despite the Art Deco and modern culture that seemed to infiltrate society in the 1920s. It
provided an interesting point of view as the book was targeted towards the modern culture
and analyzing that, so the description of colonial revival came from an opposing
perspective, but was nonetheless very beneficial in understanding the relationship
between the two architectural styles.
Louie, Elaine. "How It Sparkled in the Skyline." The New York Times. The New York Times
Company, 26 May 2005. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.
This New York Times article helped us understand the connection between the
skyscrapers and city life. We also featured a quote from the article on the art deco page
of our website in order to exemplify the meaning of the skyscrapers and its
representation of the youth and the wealthy in America during the 1920s.
Horsely, Carter B; The Chrysler Building; New York; The City Review; 20 Sept. 2015.

This is an image of the Chrysler Building. We used it as an example of Art Deco as it has
some of the identifying features as described on the website. It also represents the sleek
and modern style of the 1920s and the shift of urban day life to nightlife.
Leppard, Tom, Yvonne Berliner, Alexis Mamaux, and Mark Rogers. "Peacemaking,
Peacekeeping - International Relations, 1918-36." IB History of the Americas: For the
IB Diploma. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. 13-76. Print.
We used this textbook to find global historical context on World War I and the interwar
years. It is a secondary source because it is a textbook, which is an accumulation of
information that is rewritten by historians.
May, Bridget A. "Progressivism and the Colonial Revival: The Modern Colonial House, 19001920." Winterthur Portfolio 26.2/3 (1991): 107-22. JSTOR. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.
This document proved extremely valuable in establishing a basis for our project. Much of
our information stemmed from this article analyzing the two differing viewpoints of
progressivism and colonial revival during the 1920s. Much of our distinguishing
information between the two styles was taken from this article, and then elaborated on
using additional primary sources.
Mckee, John M. "The Automobile and American Agriculture." Annals of the American Academy
of Political and Social Science 116.The Automobile: Its Province and Its Problems (1924):
12-17. JSTOR. Web. 20 Sept. 2015.
This secondary source article reflected some of the conflicting thought during
modernization. It analyzed the impact that automobiles had on American agriculture, and
how it was essentially negative. This document helped to legitimize our argument
contextually in history, as often art/architecture in influenced by the attitudes during that
time period.
"Modernism." Def. 1-1.2. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2015.

This is the website that we used to define modernism and it is a secondary source
because definitions can be revised and altered over time that may not have had the
same meaning as the time period we are studying.
Reparations. Issues & Controversies in American History. Infobase Learning, Web. 12 Oct.
2015.
This article discussed the punishments that Germany had to go through after WWI. It is
a secondary source because the numbers are not directly from a treaty or from
Germanys treasury.
Roberts, Priscilla. "World War I reparations." American Government. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Web. 12
Oct. 2015.
This article stated that Germany had agreed upon the Dawes Plan with the US and is a
secondary source because it is not an article of the Dawes Agreement itself.
Sneider, Cary. "Edwin Hubble Discovers the Universe Is Expanding."Carnegie Science Cosmology.
Observatories for the Carnegie Institution for Science. Web. 5 Oct. 2015.
We used this website to get information on some the modern science discoveries of the
1920s. There was an obvious shift towards secularism, and this discovery of an expanding
universe and evolutionary concepts are now valid explanations of why that was. It is
representative of the modern era and the shift towards innovation and change.

Stayton, William H.. Have We Prohibition or Only Prohibition Laws?. The North American
Review 221.827 (1925): 591596.
We used this article to gain information about Prohibition and how modernism influenced
this movement. We ended up using a quote from it in order to illustrate the beliefs of
prohibitionists and how it was similar to the beliefs of the modernist.
"The War to End All Wars (Overview) ." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Web.
17 Sept. 2015.

This document proved very valuable when paired with the Treaty of Versailles. Similarly,
it provided some world context as to the attitudes of the 1920s and specifically how they
were influenced by the World War in the previous decade. It illustrated how there was an
emphasis on peacekeeping and progressivism, and this idealistic tone set for society,
which manifested in modernization, which can then be applied specifically to
architecture.
"The 1920's: Introduction." SIRS Decades. ProQuest LLC, n.d. Web. 21 July 2015.
This secondary source article was valuable in summarizing some of the politics and social
aspects of American life in the 1920s. We used a lot of this information as the basis for
contextualizing modernization and the changes that were occurring this time, for example
a very brief start to womens rights and more liberal philosophies, which include
modernization and architectural styles like art deco.
United States of America:History--The Roaring Twenties: Boom and Crash. Issues &
Controversies in American History. Infobase Learning, Web. 19 Oct.
This secondary source summarization of the shift in American attitudes emphasizes the
conflicting architectural styles during the 1920s and slightly afterwards. After the economic
crash and Great Depression, modernization experienced a halt as hope for progressivism
became less important than domestic welfare. This explains much of the support for the
revival of colonial styles as art deco and modernization experienced, in general, less
popularity during this time period.
Yancy, Diane. Art Deco. Detroit, MI: Lucent, 2011. Print.
This book was a vital resource as it provided us with all of the information about Art Deco
and the identifying features of it. It also provided us with examples in NYC that we were
able to find and use. The author also addressed the link between Art Deco and the history
of the 1920s in addition to its European origins/influences.
Zeitz, Joshua. "The Roaring Twenties." Gilder Lehrman. Gilder Lehrman Institute of

American History, 2009. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

We used this document for information on the role of women during the Roaring
Twenties. It provided insight into modernism and how that changed womens traditional
role as well as the youth culture. We used this information on the Encounter page under
culture. The information came from primary sources within that web page, so it was not
only accurate but representative of how modernism was viewed during the 1920s.