Somali Guidelines
for Management of
Acute Malnutrition
2010
UNICEF/BANNON/2005
1
Important Warning
These Guidelines are based on international standards. However, some changes have been introduced to adapt
them to Somali specific working conditions and environment.
These adaptations are identified in the text, along with the international recommendations: Whenever possible, the
international recommendations should be followed.
The adaptations should NOT be implemented in any other circumstances.
Whenever one of these adaptations needs to be applied, agencies should consider investing their efforts in changing
the working conditions, through lobbying and mobilisation of resources in an effort to eliminate the extreme situation.
Foreword
In Somalia, acute malnutrition has become a chronic problem. In many areas, prevalence consistently exceeds
emergency thresholds. While levels of acute malnutrition fluctuate over seasons and among livelihood zones, a metaanalysis of surveys taken over the past ten years shows a national median rate of 16.7% global acute malnutrition and
4.4% for severe acute malnutrition in the overall population, with slightly higher levels in IDPs. The underlying causes
of acute malnutrition include a lack of access to health care services, poor hygiene and sanitation facilities, high
incidence of morbidity, sub-optimal childcare practices, poor or irregular access to nutritious food stuffs including
milk. These underlying causes are perpetuated by poverty, low education levels, a lack of infrastructure and public
services, livelihood systems eroded by destructive climatic events, as well as ongoing conflict and displacement.
The management of acute malnutrition is a vital link in reducing mortality and promoting optimal nutrition and
development for Somali children.
There is considerable regional variation in the burden of acute malnutrition. Children in the south and central zone,
the area most at risk of conflict, displacement, and a lack of access to basic services typically experiences a chronic
nutrition crisis. Apart from IDPs, the populations of Somaliland and Puntland generally experience lower incidence of
acute malnutrition but a high vulnerability to nutritional shocks characterized by episodic peaks in acute malnutrition.
Despite these challenges, many partners strive to provide access to quality programs for the management of acute
malnutrition. Nutrition partners are diverse including communities, local authorities, government ministries, local
NGOs, international NGOs, and UN agencies. Over the past few years, the geographical coverage of malnutrition
management programs has grown considerably. In 2009, nutrition partners reached over 190,548 children, which
is over 60% of the estimated case load of acutely malnourished children. This is a significant achievement in a
context where partners encounter problems of access in much of the country. In 2010 and beyond, nutrition actors
wish to work together to improve the quality, access, and utilization rates of services they provide. One part of this
includes implementation of standardized guidelines for the management of acute malnutrition which are based on
international standards and which take into account the unique context of supporting nutrition programs in Somalia.
The IMAM package (guidelines, field cards, and training aides) was produced in a collaborative way, supported
by the Nutrition Cluster, and with input from a wide variety of partners. Use of the IMAM package will help to
streamline management protocols and improve the quality of the services provided. In addition, they will facilitate
a more harmonized capacity building program for IMAM and assist in improving monitoring.
Acknowledgements
The IMAM package was facilitated by the IASC Nutrition Cluster through a consultative process. We are grateful
for ECHO funds which made the development of the package possible. The following organizations participated in
meetings to review the guidelines.
Action contre la faim
AFREC
ANPPCAN
CEC Nutri
CISP
Concern Worldwide
COSV
DIAL
ERD
FSNAU
GTZ
HEAL
IMC
Medair
Merlin
Ministry of Health Puntland
Ministry of Health Somaliland
MSF - Holland
Muslim Aid
Oxfam Novib
Relief International
Save the Children UK
SCDF
SOLNARDO
SRCS
Trocaire
UNICEF
WFP
WHO
World Vision International
Contents
Somali Guidelines for Management of Acute Malnutrition
Foreword
Acknowledgements
List of Field Cards
Using these guidelines - 1
Using these guidelines - 2
Introduction
The challenge of managing acute malnutrition in Somalia
Section 1 Malnutrition: an overview
Components of Nutrition
Causes of Malnutrition
Types of Malnutrition: definitions
Acute malnutrition: types and classification
Section 2 Programme Overview
Components of Management of Acute Malnutrition programmes:
Usual programme set-ups in Somalia
Key elements for programme quality
Section 3 Diagnosis of Acute Malnutrition and Admission criteria
Diagnosis of acute malnutrition
Section 4 Supplementary Feeding: Management of MAM
Overview
Admission criteria to targeted SFP
Nutrition support: Diet and frequency.
Routine Medication
Section 5 Outpatient Therapeutic Programme (OTP): Management of Uncomplicated SAM
Overview
Admission Criteria
Nutrition Support: Diet and Frequency
Routine Medication
Complicated SAM in the OTP
Section 6 Inpatient care Management of complicated SAM in Children 6 to 59 months
Overview
Admission Criteria for Inpatient Care
Discharge criteria
Criteria of return to Phase 1
Nutritional Treatment
Phase 1 (Stabilisation)
Transition Phase
Phase 2
Section 7 Management of Acute Malnutrition in Infants
Overview
Infants that cannot be admitted to SC
Discharge Criteria for children less than six months (or less than 3 kg)
Infants Less Than Six Months with a Prospect of Being Breastfed
Routine Medication
Care for the Mother
Infants Without a Prospect of Being Breastfed
Routine Medication
Follow-Up after discharge
Section 8 Treatment of medical complications
Hypoglycaemia
Hypothermia
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Dehydration
Septic (or Toxic) Shock for All Malnourished Patients
Absent Bowel Sounds, Abdominal Distension
Heart Failure
Severe Anaemia
Administration of Medication
Section 9 Community involvement in Management of Acute Malnutrition
Overview
Phases of Community involvement
Section 10 Nutrition information, education and communication
Nutritional topics and key messages
Section 11 Management of centres and routine work
Management of the centre (SFP and OTP)
Flow of patients (SFP, OTP):
Organisation of work in the SFP / OTP
Section 12 Patients cards and reporting system
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Taking measurements
Determining weight-for-height (W/H)
The appetite test
Clinical presentation of SAM
SAM history and examination
Pathophysiology of SAM
Admission criteria for children 6 to 59 months
Complicated and non-complicated malnutrition
Admission criteria for other age groups
How to prepare CSB at home
Routine medication in SFP
Surveillance/follow-up of patients in SFP
Discharge criteria from SFP
Failure to respond to treatment in SFP
Amounts of RUTF to distribute
Taking RUTF at home messages for the carer
Routine medication for OTP and SC admissions
Specific medications
Surveillance/follow-up of patients in OTP
Discharge criteria from OTP
Failure to respond to OTP treatment. Definition.
Failure to respond. Causes and actions
Transfer to SC. Criteria and procedure.
SC Promotion between phases
Quantities of milk and RUTF in SC
Preparation of F75 and F100
Feeding technique
Routine medicines in SC (to be used with FC17 & FC 29)
Systematic antibiotics in SC
Patient follow-up in SC
Infants criteria for admission and discharge
F100 diluted preparation and distribution
Supplementary suckling technique
Infants less than 6 months without prospect of being breastfed
Treatment of dehydration for the marasmic patient
Active screening for acute malnutrition
Home visit check-list
Routine work at OTP check-list
Discharge procedures
these Guidelines
the Field Cards (FC)
the Training materials.
The guidelines present the main body of the recommendations for the management of acute malnutrition, with
explanations and following a logical order. In the relevant sections of the guideline, a field card (FC) is inserted
with the explanation of a particular procedure, treatment or protocol. These field cards will be detached and
presented as a stand-alone document, the field guide.
Several field guides are prepared, selecting different field cards, so that the relevant material is available for each
level of care. In this way, the field guide for OTPs does not need to include the field cards for Stabilisation Centres
and vice-versa. Some field cards are relevant for all levels of care.
The field cards are intended as a reference to be used in daily activities in the field. For this reason, they are printed
in resistant materials, so that they can be checked while consulting the patient. They can take the form of figures,
to remind the practitioner of the correct way of taking anthropometry measurements; tables for checking the correct
dosage of a food product or drug; summaries of the messages that need to be transmitted to the carers; check
lists of steps to follow when consulting each patient; and many others.
The training materials are constructed around the field cards. They are meant to be used in consultation with the field
cards the objective is to learn how to use them and encourage their use, rather than to rely solely on memorization.
overview
recall of admission and discharge criteria
dietary treatment
routine medicines
surveillance / follow up of the patient
Each of these chapters is completed with additional materials, as required for each service. Each of these chapters
is intended for staff working in those facilities, as well as for their supervisors.
The following two chapters present the special case of children under 6 months of age (Chap. 7) and the diagnosis
and treatment of acute complications in SC (Chap. 8). These are addressed mainly to senior nurses and doctors
working in SC, but their reading would be useful for those working in OTP that do not have access to transfer to SC.
Chapter 9 addresses how to organise community mobilisation, and gives some practical suggestions. This is
completed by advice on how to organise nutrition information, education and communication (Chap. 10), with a
summary of the main health and nutrition messages. This can be used, not only during community mobilisation,
but as well in education and counseling sessions at the SFP, OTP or SC. Finally, chapter 11 gives some advice on
how to organise the routine work at the centres, and chapter 12 presents the standard cards for the patients and
reporting materials.
Introduction
Acute malnutrition is a deadly disease. It arrives as the consequence of insufficient or inappropriate feeding and as
a consequence of disease. Without appropriate treatment, acute malnutrition may result in the death of the child.
Even the children that survive may remain vulnerable to other episodes of malnutrition and disease and present
lower intellectual and psycho-motor abilities, which will in turn reduce their chances later in life.
In the second half of 2009, 1 in 6 children were estimated to have acute malnutrition in Somalia, 25 % of which were
severe1. This critical situation, particularly in areas of the centre and south, is related to a high disease burden, lack
of access to health services and to safe water and sanitation, as well as suboptimal infant and young child feeding
(IYCF) practices. This chronic crisis is addressed through a variety of programmes, including food distributions, water
and sanitation, blanket feeding, livelihood programmes and the direct management of acute malnutrition. To further
address this problem, a scale-up of preventative nutrition programmes, such as IYCF, also needs to be considered.
At the time of writing these guidelines there were numerous SFP sites for treating moderate acute malnutrition and
about 250 outpatient units (OTPs) for the treatment of uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition in Somalia. Most
of them have been opened or re-opened in the last 2 years a great achievement. There were as well, around 20
inpatient stabilisation centres, all but four integrated into health structures. Despite this remarkable effort to increase
the number of facilities, only a part of the needs for treatment of acute malnutrition in Somalia are covered. Great
distances, spread of the population, lack of access to existing facilities and the lack of a stable and solid health
network cause many areas to remain uncovered. This situation also means that outpatient facilities are often
disconnected from stabilisation centres, limiting transfer opportunities for patients with complicated malnutrition.
The spread of activities and diversity of actors in Somalia has given place to a number of differences in the way
malnutrition is managed in centres, as well as to important differences in programme quality. These current
guidelines, initially promoted by UNICEF and the Somali Nutrition Cluster, have been written in consultation with
all organisations, departments and agencies implementing programmes to manage acute malnutrition in Somalia.
This was done with the intention of capitalizing on best-practices and experiences, so that lessons learnt by one
can be applied by all partners. They intend as well to facilitate the process of training new staff and to help with
the opening of new centres, so that we approach the objective of ensuring the right to treatment of every child
with malnutrition, through ever increasing rates of coverage.
Managing malnutrition in certain parts of Somalia is difficult. The number of obstacles for quality management and
good coverage are endless, and the situation is often volatile, preventing standard and sometimes consistent service
implementation. These guidelines try to take these constraints into account, whenever possible, and with the hope
that the current exceptional adaptations will become irrelevant and a new set of standard guidelines written.
FSNAU Post Dyer 2009/10 Nutrition Technical Series Report. February 22, 2010.
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Conflict,
High insecurity,
High mobility of population (including health staff),
Spread of the population, with long distances and isolation,
Difficult transport and communications,
Population displacement (and the inability for IDPs to access services in some host areas),
Regular migration among pastoralists,
Difficult social environment related to complex clan structure,
Specific conflicts between clans,
Rigid traditional family structures that relies heavily in womens work,
Lack of health infrastructure,
Lack of training infrastructure, and therefore chronic lack of qualified health staff,
And, in some areas, the need to pay fees to access the health system (and, as a consequence a lack of
access for services)
These guidelines take into consideration the specific challenges of implementing the management of acute malnutrition
in Somalia and the adaptations that programmes have made as a consequence. The usual set-up of services seen
in Somalia is presented in Chapter 2.
In order to increase coverage, promote early diagnosis and reduce the need for transfers, these guidelines promote
the use of intense community mobilisation as the first priority in all programmes. When possible, protocols are
adapted for the eventuality of a complicated case that cannot be transferred to a SC.
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12
Section 1
Malnutrition
an overview
13
Components of Nutrition
People eat foods that contain the nutrients necessary for life. Nutrients may be divided into categories:
Macronutrients
Protein, fat and carbohydrates are macronutrients that make up the bulk of a diet and supply the bodys energy.
In resource-poor populations, carbohydrates (i.e. starches and sugars) are often a large part of the diet (80%) and
the main source of energy. Fats are also important in cell formation. Proteins are required to build new tissue and
are derived mostly from animal origin such as milk, meat and eggs, and from cereals and pulses. Animal by-products
contain essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the body but must be eaten to promote growth and good
health.
Micronutrients
There are around forty different micronutrients that are essential for good health. From a functional point of view,
micronutrients can be divided into two classes: Type I and Type II.
Type I micronutrients, or functional nutrients, include nutrients that are required for the hormonal, immunological,
biochemical and other processes of the body. They include iodine, iron, vitamins A and C among others. Deficiencies
in Type I micronutrients do not affect growth directly (i.e. the individual can have normal growth with appropriate
weight and still be deficient in micronutrients) and thus a deficiency in Type I micronutrients cannot be identified
by anthropometric measurements. Deficiencies in Type I micronutrients will cause major illness such as anaemia,
scurvy and impaired immunity.
Type II micronutrients, or growth nutrients, include magnesium, sulphur, nitrogen, essential amino-acids, phosphorus,
zinc, potassium, sodium and chloride. They are essential for growth and tissue repair. Type II micronutrients
are required only in small quantities by every cell and system, but the correct balance is essential for good
health. A deficiency in any of the Type II micronutrients will lead to growth failure, measured by stunting and/or
wasting. Replenishment of all these nutrients, in the correct balance, is essential for recovery from malnutrition and
convalescence from acute illness.
Water
Most of the body is water. Water is necessary for good nutrition as well as for maintaining hydration. Only half of
the bodys water is obtained through drinks, the rest being absorbed from foods and produced by the body. Water
often needs to accompany foods in order to provide good dilution and absorption of nutrients.
Causes of Malnutrition
Malnutrition, whether acute or chronic, has multiple causes that usually work in conjunction, reinforcing each other
to the point that no single action or intervention can prevent it. Only exceptionally, a single cause can be found.
Managing acute malnutrition implies having an understanding of the causes of malnutrition and how they interact.
The immediate causes are usually easier to observe, but they cannot be addressed unless their underlying causes
are understood and addressed. Sustainable eradication of malnutrition can only be based in the elimination of its
basic causes.
The division of the causes of malnutrition into different levels facilitates understanding and analysis of a given
context, and can be used for planning of programmes.
Immediate Causes of Malnutrition
Inadequate dietary intake and disease are immediate causes of malnutrition and create a vicious cycle in which
14
disease and malnutrition exacerbate each other. Thus, food intake and disease must both be addressed to support
recovery from malnutrition.
Underlying Causes of Malnutrition
Three major underlying causes of malnutrition include:
Long-term consequences:
Adult size, intellectual ability,
economic productivity,
reproductive performance,
metabolic and cardiovascular
disease
Short-term consequences:
Mortality, morbidity, disability
Maternal and child
undernutrition
Disease
Household food
insecurity
Underlying
causes
Inadequate care
Immediate
causes
Unhealthy household
environment and lack of
health services
Income poverty:
employment, selfemployment, dwelling,
assets, remittances,
pensions, transfers etc
Lack of capital: financial,
human, physical, social and
natural
Basic causes
Social, economic and political
context
15
MALNUTRITION
OVER-NUTRITION
UNDER-NUTRITION
Obesity
Wasting, Stunting,
Underweight, MDD
micronutrient deficiencies
The term protein-energy malnutrition is no longer used as it is not thought anymore that protein or energy
deficiency are causes of acute malnutrition.
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Section 2
Programme
an overview
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Intervention:
To sensitize the population to the problem of malnutrition and how to identify it, in order to
reach more children and at an earlier stage in their development of acute malnutrition, therefore
increasing programme coverage and recovery.
Screening of children through assessment of MUAC and nutritional oedema; mobilisation of key
leaders and associations; education and sensitization; promotion of acceptance of the programme
by the community; follow up of patients in programmes that default or present a problem.
To treat patients with Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) and prevent the development of
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM).
Weekly, biweekly, or monthly distributions of take home rations in the form of Fortified Blended
Flours (e.g. CSB or UNIMIX) or Ready to Use Supplementary Foods (RUSFs) (e.g. Supplementary
Plumpy) and routine medicines; nutritional monitoring of the patient; programmes implemented
as stand alone by fixed or mobile teams, or from Health Centres.
To treat patients with SAM who have a good appetite and no medical complications.
Weekly or biweekly distributions of Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs) and routine
medicines; medical and nutritional monitoring of the patient; programmes implemented as stand
alone by fix or mobile teams, or in Health Centres. After recovery and discharge he/she can be
admitted in SFP to prevent relapse through supplementary food.
To treat patients with SAM who have poor appetite or medical complications.
Daily therapeutic milk and medical treatment in inpatient care centre (Hospital or stand alone
centre, run as daycare or as a 24h care centre). A child with complicated SAM will start treatment
at SC (inpatient), when the child improves he/she can continue treatment as an outpatient at
the OTP. After recovery and discharge he/she can be admitted in SFP to prevent relapse through
supplementary food.
A referral system must be in place to transfer patients from one component to the next (when the patient condition
worsens), or to return to the previous one if the evolution of treatment is satisfactory.
Refer to respective chapters for more information on each of the programme components presented here.
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Community mobilisation and early diagnosis. Regardless of the set-up of the programme, community mobilisation
and early diagnosis are the most important components. When properly implemented, they will contribute to
increased coverage of the programme, and will identify children at an early stage of malnutrition before the
development of complications that can result in the death of the patient if he/she cannot be transferred to the SC.
Community mobilisation will help as well to develop good relationships and understanding with the local community.
All programmes should have dedicated staff and resources for community mobilisation, and develop a proper
strategy for its implementation. It should never be left as an additional activity to be done when times allows
or be left only in the hands of volunteers or community leaders, however committed they are.
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Section 3
23
Weight for height (W/H): Calculated from patients weight, height and sex, using WHO Growth Standards
(Z-scores). The weight and the height of the child are compared to those of a standard population of the same
sex.
Middle Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC): Using a band around the mid-point of the upper left arm of the
patient.
Bilateral Oedema: bilateral pitting oedema, for identification of Kwashiorkor and Marasmic kwashiorkor.
Severe Wasting and other clinical signs of SAM and its complications.
The raw measurements (weight, height, MUAC and oedema) are of radical importance. Mistakes in these
measurements will result in a wrong diagnosis and unnecessary treatment or, worst, in a malnourished child not
being treated.
The role of each of this possible diagnosis is different:
MUAC and oedema are used for screening of malnutrition at the community.
W/H, MUAC and oedema are used for screening of malnutrition at the centre and to classify the patient as
normal, MAM or SAM, in order to decide on the admission of the patient to the programmes. Depending on the
level of severity of these indicators, the patient will be admitted to a different type of programme (TSFP, OTP
or SC).
A series of clinical signs, and above all the lack of appetite (anorexia), are used to identify complicated SAM,
which requires treatment at the SC.
Weight, oedema and presence of clinical signs (ex. appetite) are used to monitor the evolution of the patient
under treatment.
An individual is malnourished when he/she meets AT LEAST one diagnostic criteria of malnutrition (W/H, MUAC or
oedema). For this reason, the patient cannot be declared cured after treatment until he/she has recovered for ALL
the criteria).
The process of diagnosis has, therefore, three steps:
1. Measure the childs oedema, MUAC, weight and height, and calculate W/H.
2. Decide if the child presents acute malnutrition, and if it is moderate (MAM) or severe (SAM).
3. If the child has SAM, run an appetite test and observe presence of complications, to decide if the child needs
treatment at the SC.
See FC-7 for criteria of admission in the programme and FC 13 and FC 20 for discharge criteria.
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5
4
Source: How to Weigh and Measure Children: Assisting the Nutritional Status of Young Children, United Nations, 1986
25
Mother-and-baby key
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27
3
2
Source: How to Weigh and Measure Children: Assisting the Nutritional Status of Young Children, United Nations, 1986
15
Hand on chin
Shoulder level
10
Childs hands
and arms at side
Left hand on
knees; knees
together against
board
Measurer on knees
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4
2
Assistant on knees
12
8
Line of sight
13
1
16
7
6
Source: How to Weigh and Measure Children: Assisting the Nutritional Status of Young Children, United Nations, 1986
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Source: How to Weigh and Measure Children: Assisting the Nutritional Status of Young Children, United Nations, 1986
The colours in the MUAC tapes used in most centres in Somalia do not reflect current criteria to define malnutrition.
Until these are replaced, DO NOT FOLLOW THE COLOUR CODES.
Instead, just note the number of mm and follow the guidelines:
< 115 mm : Severe acute malnutrition
>=115 and < 125 mm : Moderate acute malnutrition
> 125 mm: No malnutrition
29
+
++
+++
@ Get picture for bilateral and for other parts of the body
1
2
30
31
32
33
Sachets
Spoons
1/8th
1/3rd
4 - 6.9
1/4th
2/3rd
7 - 9.9
1/3rd
10 - 14.9
1/2th
1 1/2th
15 - 29
3/4th
Over 30kg
If you think that the child did not pass the test because he/she was frightened or didnt like the product, try repeating
it in a calmer environment. This test can be done with other products other than Plumpynut, following the amounts
in spoons.
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Kwashiorkor
35
(Yes, No)
Vomiting
(Yes, No)
Cough
(Yes, No)
Appetite
(number of days)
Breastfeeding
(Yes, No)
Chest retractions
(Yes, No)
Temperature
(number in C)
Conjunctiva/palms
(Normal, Pale)
Eyes
(Normal, Sunken,
Discharge)
Dehydration
(None, Moderate,
Severe)
Ears
(Normal, Discharge)
Mouth
(Normal, Sores,
Candida)
Lymph nodes
Disability
(Yes, No)
Skin changes
Hands/feet
(Normal, Cold)
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37
Cardiovascular system
Gastro-intestinal system
Liver function
Genitourinary system
Circulatory system
Endocrine system
Immune system
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OTP
TSFP
SAM no complications
MAM
W/H (z-score)
< -3
< -3
< -2
MUAC (mm)
< 115
< 115
< 125
Oedema
No oedema, or Bilateral
oedema +, ++
No oedema
Appetite
NO APPETITE
N?A
No Complications
No Complications
New admissions
SC
Uncontrollable vomiting
Fever > 39C
Hypothermia <35C
Complications
Other admissions
Unconscious, convulsions
Upgrades
Relapse
Previously discharged as
cured but again SAM
Previously discharged as
cured but again MAM
Return
Other
Second twin
See FC-1 and FC-2 for calculation of W/H, MUAC and oedema.
See FC-3 for implementation of appetite test. See FC-8 for how to identify complicated SAM.
The criteria for admission of children less than 6 months and adults can be found in Chapter 8.
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How to identify it
Oedema +++
Severe anaemia
This table is used for deciding who needs to be sent to SC, but as well to identify failure to respond to treatment.
It should be present in ALL consultations, and each item in the list should ALWAYS be checked.
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Indicator
SAM
MAM
Normal
<-3
Oedema
Present
Absent
Absent
Clinical presentation
Poor feeding
Normal feeding
W/H (Z-scores)
<-3
<-2
Above - 2
MUAC (mm)
< 160
N/A
N/A
Oedema
Present
Absent
Absent
Oedema
Present
Absent
Absent
No weight loss
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Section 4
Supplementary Feeding
Management of MAM
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Overview
The main objective of Supplementary Feeding Centres (SFPs) is to treat Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) and
prevent individuals with MAM from becoming severely malnourished (SAM).
Supplementary programmes are usually separated into two types:
Blanket SFP: Blanket feeding is addressed to all members of a particular group, like children below 5 years or
pregnant or lactating women, and is independent of their nutritional status. The distribution is usually intended for
all the family. Supplementary food distributions are typically done once a month, but other frequencies are possible.
Blanket feeding is usually implemented only during short periods of time, coinciding with existing or expected peaks
in malnutrition.
Possible groups (more than one of these groups can be addressed at the same time):
All children under 5 years (or under 110 cm) or
All children under 10 years (or under 130 cm) or
All pregnant and lactating women or
The chronically ill, as defined by a diagnosis of HIV or TB or Kala-Azar, or other, or
The disabled, or
The elderly (over 60 years old, for example),
etc.
Targeted SFP: Targeted feeding is addressed only to those that present MAM. These can be children below 5
years, older children and adults, pregnant and lactating women, etc. Targeted feeding is offered as well to children
discharged fromOTP or SC, after recovering from SAM.
Targeted feeding can be implemented weekly, bi-weekly or even less often. Patients are followed up at each visit,
and discharged when they recover from malnutrition.
Both types of SFPs are related to other services, as follows:
Community mobilisation: Patients with MAM are identified at the community level and referred to SFP. Patients
that are already following treatment in the SFP and that are absent for one or two weeks can be followed up at
their homes by the community mobilisation teams, to ensure that they return to the programme before they become
defaulters (in the third week of absence).
OTP/SC: Patients that do not recover or deteriorate while in treatment in SFP are referred to OTP for evaluation and
treatment. Patients screened at the SFP that present SAM are sent directly to the OTP. When a patient recovers in
OTP/SC he is sent to SFP in order to consolidate his nutritional status and prevent relapses.
Take home / wet rations:
During emergencies, food rations can be distributed as either wet (i.e. on-site) or dry (i.e. take-home) rations. The
ideal dry ration supplementary food provides, per day, 1000 to 1200Kcal; 35g to 45g of protein; and fat supplying
30% of required energy. On-site supplementary feeding provides 500 to 700Kcal per beneficiary per day; including
15g to 25g of protein; and with fat supplying 30% of required energy.
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OTP
TSFP
SAM no complications
MAM
W/H (z-score)
< -3
< -3
< -2
MUAC (mm)
< 115
< 115
< 125
Oedema
No oedema, or Bilateral
oedema +, ++
No oedema
Appetite
NO APPETITE
N?A
No Complications
No Complications
New admissions
SC
Uncontrollable vomiting
Fever > 39C
Hypothermia <35C
Complications
Other admissions
Unconscious, convulsions
Upgrades
Relapse
Previously discharged as
cured but again SAM
Previously discharged as
cured but again MAM
Return
Other
Second twin
The patient is discharged cured from SFP when W/H and MUAC are above the admission criteria for two consecutive
visits. See FC 13 for more details on discharge criteria.
There are no specific admission criteria for Blanket SFP. All members of the group selected for supplementation are
included in the programme, regardless of their nutritional status.
45
Food commodity
Quantity/person/day
Comments
Supplementary Plumpy
Other products are being made available, and may be used in Somalia. Check with your supervisor for specific
guidelines whenever a new product is sent, and at the start of a new programme.
Non-food items
Non- food items such as mosquito nets, soap, blankets, tents, and buckets can also be distributed depending
on availability and the needs of the beneficiaries. Most non- food items are distributed on admission, except for
consumable items such soaps that can be provided to beneficiary at each visit.
Storage and handling of food items
Food items must be stored and handled following strict guidelines.
Record any food item entering or leaving the store with stock control cards and report monthly,
Maintain store security (lock, guards).
Check for damaged or expired food items and separate them.
46
1 cup - CSB
2 cups - water
Routine Medication
Field Card 11. Routine medication in SFP
In the SFP, a nurse should check medical conditions, immunization status, anaemia and common infections then
record the information on the beneficiary card.
All beneficiaries must receive systematic treatment to cure any current infection, as well as to minimize chance of
catching others. Record all treatment in the register and beneficiary card.
For details on usage of each of the drugs in this list, refer to FC 17 in the OTP chapter.
Systematic Medicine for Moderate Malnutrition in SFP
Name of Product
VITAMIN A*
When
AT ADMISSION
Age / Weight
Prescription
6 months to
< 1 year
1 year
100 000 IU
200 000 IU
IRON FOLATE **
AT ADMISSION
AT ADMISSION
AT ADMISSION
Dose
Single dose on
admission
From 9 months
(standard)
Single dose on
admission
< 1 year
DO NOT GIVE
NONE
12 - 23 months
2 years
400 mg (1 tablet)
Single dose on
second visit
24 - 59 months
20 - 30mg
6 - 11 years
30 - 60mg
adults
60 mg
* VITAMIN A: do not give if child has already received within last 3 months
** IRON: DO NOT give in malaria endemic areas. In this areas give only to children with anaemia.
47
Special medication:
Treatment of sick moderately malnourished patients should be in line with the WHO/IMCI protocols. There are
common illnesses that can be treated in a supplementary feeding site. These include diarrhoea, vomiting, malaria
and other common infections such as ears, eyes and skin infections.
In the absence of a nurse/ clinician, all beneficiaries with common ailments should be referred to the nearest health
facility.
each visit:
Measurement of oedema.
Measurement of weight.
Measurement of MUAC.
Medical checks and treatment if necessary.
Give routine medicines if necessary.
Assess evolution of the patient: organise home visit or refer if no evolution.
Distribute food items.
Update ration card and SFP card.
Give health education.
Monthly:
Measure height/length.
Recalculate W/H.
When necessary:
Refer to medical facility for health problems that cannot be treated at the SFP.
48
Default
Death
Non-cured
Transfer to OTP/SC
A child that is sent to a different SFP to continue treatment is not discharged from the programme. He/she should
take the card with him/her.
These children need to be taken into account in the statistics in order to calculate the number of children in charge
in the centre at the end of the month (to calculate food needs for the centre).
Problems with the application of the protocol (when many children are not recovering)
Nutritional deficiencies that are not being corrected by the diet supplied in the SFP
Home/ Social circumstances of the patient (ex. Sharing or selling of the food)
An underlying physical condition/ illness (to be examined by an experienced nurse)
Other causes.
Transfer to OTP/SC:
All children that meet the criteria of Severe Acute Malnutrition should be transferred to the OTP or SC depending on
their condition. Additionally, those that present a failure to respond to treatment that cannot be corrected in the SFP
(after having checked through the list above and tried all options) should also be transferred for further investigation.
49
50
Section 5
Outpatient Therapeutic
Programme (OTP)
Management of Uncomplicated SAM
51
Overview
Patients with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) with present with appetite and no medical complications can be
treated as outpatients in the community, through OTPs. The patient attends the OTP once per week, or once every
two weeks, to assess treatment evolution and to receive therapeutic foods and drugs until the next visit. The carer
provides the treatment for the patient everyday at home, following indications from OTP staff.
The objective of outpatient management of severe acute malnutrition is to increase access to treatment, establishing
the appropriate facilities within or closer to more communities. A system of community mobilisation must always
be organised in order to screen, monitor and follow-up malnourished children in the community. A good community
mobilization program will help identify children at an early stage in their progression towards malnutrition and will
reduce the number requiring transfer to SC.
The intervention in the OTP is not limited to distributing RUTF. Other parts are as important, including the education
to the carer on how to follow the treatment, the follow up, and the identification of medical conditions and their
treatment.
Working in a OTP is not reduced either to visiting patients. The duties of the staff at the OTP include monitoring the
number of admissions and their evolution, keeping and sending statistics, keeping the stores of foods and drugs,
and preparing requests of foods and drugs, etc.
Fixed or Mobile teams:
The OTP should ideally be organised as part of MCH activities in a Health Centre. However in some areas with low
access to health facilities, it is implemented independently. In both cases, the team of the OTP may be fixed (they
always work in the same centre) or mobile.
Weekly or Bi-weekly visits:
In most centres the child is seen weekly, while in others they are seen every other week. Weekly centres have the
advantage that the childs follow up is better (which is particularly important for complicated cases that are treated
in OTP instead of in the SC), and they do not have to care so much RUTF home. This can be more manageable
and easier to organize for the mother. Where visits are biweekly this allows a single mobile team to cover a wider
area and reduces the amount of displacement for mothers and children. In general, both systems can obtain good
recovery rates in a similar amount of time.
OTP centres do not operate in isolation in the management of acute malnutrition. They have relationships with the
other services, as follows:
Targeted SFP (SFP):
The OTP receives patients whose nutrition status deteriorates in SFP.
Children that recover in OTP are sent to the TSFP for 3 months, to consolidate nutrition status and prevent
relapses.
SC:
The OTP can refer to the SC those patients that present on admission with anorexia or medical complications,
as well as those that present them after having started treatment and those that present failure to respond
to treatment in the OTP.
Once the children treated in the SC regain appetite and their medical complications are under control, the
OTP receives them to complete the treatment in the community.
Community mobilisation:
As all programmes, the key for success consists of a good community mobilisation programme that will
ensure early diagnosis of cases before they develop the complications that would require treatment at the
SC, and to increase coverage of the programme.
52
Community mobilisation activities help to identify and refer patients to the OTP for assessment of their
status and the need of treatment (early case finding).
The patients that do not evolve correctly in the OTP, or who default from treatment are visited at their homes
by the community mobilisation teams. The first visit is done after 2 visits of absence, without waiting for
the child to be declared defaulter (which is done after 3 absences).
These relationships are not always possible in the working environment of Somalia, due to lack of SC or TSFP
services. In these cases, the following may be needed:
The children with complicated SAM need to be treated at the OTP from the beginning of treatment.
The children that recover in OTP cannot be transferred to TSFP to consolidate treatment.
In both cases, community mobilisation should be reinforced, to reduce the need for SC.
Admission Criteria
See Chapter 3 for information on how to diagnose Severe Acute Malnutrition (check Field Cards 1 to 9).
In particular, check Field Card 7 for the criteria of admission for OTP.
Criteria of admission for OTP and SC:
W/H (z-score)
New admissions
MUAC (mm)
SC
OTP
SAM no complications
< -3
< -3
< 115
< 115
Oedema
No oedema, or Bilateral
oedema +, ++
Appetite
NO APPETITE
Uncontrollable vomiting
Fever > 39C
Hypothermia <35C
Complications
No Complications
Severe anaemia
Extensive skin infection
Very weak, apathetic
Other admissions
Unconscious, convulsions
Upgrades
Relapse
Previously discharged as
cured but again SAM
Return
Other
53
RUTF (Plumpynut) is made from ground nuts, oil, sugar, milk powder and vitamin and minerals. It requires no
further cooking or preparation and can be eaten directly from the packet.
It provides approximately 530Kcal per 100g. The ration given to a severely malnourished child is based on the
intake requirement of between 150-200 kcal/kg/day.
Due to its low moisture (water) content it is safe for home use a packet can be opened and folded over and
reused the contents do not have to be finished all at one time.
RUTF should always be given with safe drinking water, to improve absorption.
The amount prescribed to a child is based on their weight and should be adjusted at subsequent OTP visits when
there is weight gain (see FC 15).
For the first week encourage the child to take mainly RUTF, afterwards other family foods can be introduced as
long as the entire RUTF ration per day has been consumed.
Breast feeding should be continued during treatment, and given always before the RUTF, to avoid filling the child
with RUTF so that he/she will not be hungry for breast feeding.
The carer should be advised to provide clean water with the RUTF.
RUTF should never be used in children below 6 months (i.e. they cant suckle well, which may produce chocking,
and their digestive system cannot process RUTF correctly).
Preparation of RUTF
RUTF is pre-cooked thus does not require preparation. It can be eaten directly from the container or packet.
54
Plumpynut Dosage
(average of 200 kcal/kg/day)
Weight of the child (kg)
3.5 - 3.9
1.5
11
22
4.0 - 5.4
14
28
5.5 - 6.9
2.5
18
36
7.0 - 8.4
21
42
8.5 - 9.4
3.5
25
50
9.5 - 10.4
28
56
10.5 - 11.9
4.5
32
64
>=12
35
70
This table refers specifically to Plumpynut, the RUTF most commonly used in Somalia. If your project is using a
different RUTF, check the specific table for that product.
Some programmes add to this amounts an extra ration, to be kept in stock by the family. This may be useful if they
cannot come to the OTP at the normal time but make sure that they understand that it is only for that purpose,
and it is not consumed, shared, or used as an excuse not to come to visit the centre regularly!
If there is a problem with food security or in an emergency situation, a protection ration (usually CSB Premix or
equivalent) can be given to the family both to assist the family of the malnourished child and to prevent sharing of
the RUTF with other family members. The carer must be told that this ration is not for the patient but for the rest
of the family only.
Field Card 16. Taking RUTF at home - messages for the carer.
When delivering these messages, replace the name RUTF for the local name of the product you use.
You should know these messages by heart.
Always check this Field Card to be sure that you didnt forget anything.
Breastfeeding is best and first. For infants and young children, continue to put the child to the breast
regularly.
RUTF should not be shared. It is a food and a medicine for the malnourished child only.
Give small amounts and often. Sick children often do not like to eat. Give small regular meals of RUTF and
encourage the child to eat often (if possible 8 meals a day). RUTF can be left for later if not finished, and be
eaten during the course of the day.
Give RUTF before other foods (except for breast-milk). RUTF is the only food the child needs in order to
recover. Other foods should only be offered after RUTF.
Offer safe water. Always offer plenty of clean water to drink while he or she is eating the RUTF.
Wash before eating. Use soap for childrens hands and face before feeding if possible.
Keep food clean and covered.
Give RUTF even if child is ill or has diarrhoea. When taking RUTF, the stools of the child may change. This is
normal. When a child has diarrhoea, never stop feeding. Give extra food and extra clean water and breastmilk.
Come to the OTP. Continue coming to the OTP even if the child has problems, or if he/she starts participating
in another programme.
55
Repeat the same messages at each visit, and ask the mother to repeat them as well, in order to check that she has
understood them. If the child is having problems gaining weight, you can use this list to ask the mother to explain
to you how she used the RUTF at home. Check one point at a time and dont forget any of them.
In addition to these recommendations, it is important to train carers on how to feed their child with available local
foods. Each programme and centre should know what the availability of local foods is, and how they can be used
to improve the childs diet and transmit this information to the carers.
Routine Medication
Field Card 17. Routine Medication for OTP and SC admissions
The next page presents a summary of the routine medication to be given to ALL children admitted directly into OTP
and to SC, even if they do not present clinical signs of infection. Children transferred from one centre to another
while undergoing treatment have already received their routine medications, and do not need to receive them again.
Medications are given as a single-dose treatment so that the health worker can observe administration and avoid
problems with compliance. The one exception is the first-line antibiotic (Amoxycillin): the first dose should be given
in front of the health worker who explains to the carer how to continue treatment at home.
Vitamin A
Give ONLY to wasted patients. DO NOT give on admission to patients with oedema.
Check if the child has already received Vitamin A during a vaccination campaign or a health day in the last three
months. In this case, do not give Vitamin A again, to avoid overdose.
Vitamin A deficiency in Somalia is very prevalent. The amounts of Vitamin. A in RUTF are enough to manage mild
deficiencies, but not to treat a child with important Vitamin A deficiency.
Vitamin A can be given as well at the 4th week of treatment, including those that have been transferred from
Inpatient care and those that did not receive it on admission because they had oedema.
Antibiotic
Most severely malnourished children have several infections, but they cannot be diagnosed due to diminished
inflammatory response (which hides the signs of infection). Treat all children admitted to the OTP.
First line choice is Amoxycillin for 7 days, as it is effective against small bowel overgrowth, usually associated with
malnutrition. See below for dosages based on childs weight.
If a child is receiving Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis due to a chronic disease, this should continue at the same dose
throughout the duration of treatment. You still need to give the Amoxycillin to these children.
Malaria treatment
First line treatment in Somalia is with Artesonate (3 day) and Sulphadoxine Pyrimethamine(1 day). See the table
below for dosages based in childs weight. Malaria treatment is give treatment if a rapid diagnostic check and/or
microscopy is positive or the child has clinical signs (particularly if fever persists after completing antibiotics),
Measles vaccination
Standard treatment includes measles vaccination to all children admitted to OTP. Measles vaccination is not usually
done in Somalia, due to lack of cold chain in many centres, except in the presence of a measles epidemic. As soon
as your centre is equipped with a cold chain, start vaccinating all children admitted to OTP.
De-worming
Albendazole is the only routine medicine that is given only on the second visit of the child and only for children
above 1 year. In case of doubt on age, give only to children who can walk. In some programmes, Albendazole can
be replaced with Mebendazole (but check dosages: they are different).
56
When
AT ADMISSION
VITAMIN A*
Age / Weight
Prescription
6 months to
< 1 year
1 year
100 000 IU
Dose
Single dose on
admission
200 000 IU
AT ADMISSION
All beneficiaries
See protocol
MEASLES
VACCINATION
AT ADMISSION
From 9 months
(standard)
Single dose on
admission
< 1 year
DO NOT GIVE
NONE
12 - 23 months
2 years
400 mg (1 tablet)
Single dose on
second visit
ALBENDAZOLE
SECOND VISIT
* VITAMIN A: do not give if child has already received within last 3 months
AMOXYCILLIN DOSAGES
Dosage of Amoxicillin
Weight range
Kg
in mg
capsules
<5kg
125 mg * 2
cap.*2
5 10
250 mg * 2
1 cap * 2
10 20
500 mg * 2
2 cap * 2
20 - 35
750 mg * 2
3 cap * 2
> 35
1000 mg * 2
4 cap * 2
57
Malaria Treatment
Patients with severe acute malnutrition may have an asymptomatic malaria infection. With the new recommendation
from WHO that all suspected cases of malaria be confirmed parasitological (using either microspy or with a malaria
rapid diagnostic test - RDTs) before administration of antimalarials, the procedure for these children is now the
same irrespective of whether they live in an endemic or non-endemic malarial zone.
Endemic malarial zone and Non-endemic malarial zone
All children admitted for SAM should be systematically tested for malaria using either microscopy or RDTs irrespective
of the presence or not of symptoms and /or signs of malaria and all positive cases treated with an antimalarial,
regardless of clinical signs. If the patient tests negative (especially with RDT) but remains persistently symptomatic
for malaria, give full treatment for malaria. This is especially true if fever persists once the patient has started
antibiotics.
Treatment dosages are based on weight. Follow the dosages below.
ARTESUNATE & SULPHADOXINE/PYRIMETHAMINE
Give Artesunate (50mg) & Sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine (500mg/25mg) as a combination on Day 1
Continue with Artesunate (50mg) on Day 2 and 3 as per the schedule below:
Dose
58
Weight of child in kg
Artesunate
Day1, Day2, Day3
SP
Day 1 tablets
<5
5.0 7
7.1 12
12.1 20
20.1 30
30.1 40
40.1 50
50.1 60
> 60
When to Give
Prescription
Special Instructions
Chloramphenicol
To be given as a second
line antibiotic for children
not responding to
amoxycillin i.e continued
fever that is not due to
malaria
Tetracycline eye
ointment
Nystatin Drop
Paracetamol
Benzyl Benzoate
Whitfields
Gentian Violet
Continue treatment
until condition has
completely resolved
Apply on lesion
Can be repeated at
next visit and continued
until condition resolved
According to IMCI
ONLY to be given
after 14 days in the
programme (dangerous
before and RUTF
contains enough)
59
CHLORAMPHENICOL DOSAGES
Use for second line antibiotic for those children who have not responded to amoxycillin
Give 3 times a day for 7 days
SYRUP 125mg/5ml
Weight
Dose
2.0 - 6.0 kg
6.0 - 10.0 kg
10.0 - 30.0 kg
Give capsule
CAPSULES 250mg
Weight
Dose
2.0 - 6.0 kg
give syrup
6.0 - 10.0 kg
10.0 - 30.0 kg
NOTE: Always check label on bottles for dosages and dilution of syrups as this can change between different
manufacturers
PARACETAMOL DOSAGES
Dose
<4.0kg
25 mg (1ml) stat
4.0 - 8.0 kg
60 mg (2.5ml) stat
8.0 - 15.0 kg
>15kg
Warning on Paracetamol
Paracetamol can be dangerous in malnourished children because of poor liver function. It should be given only when
there is high fever. Combine always with natural methods to reduce fever (damp clothes, tepid sponge) and start
as soon as possible antibiotics or antimalarials. Refer the child to SC if possible. Monitor the child carefully. Never
give Paracetamol for use at home.
60
each visit:
Measurement of oedema.
Measurement of weight.
Measurement of MUAC.
Repeat appetite test in the second and third visits, and again later if the child is not gaining weight.
Check of vital signs (temperature, respiratory rate, etc.)
Medical check and history (stools, vomiting, etc. See FC 5).
Assess evolution of the patient: organise home visit or refer if no evolution.
Receives RUTF.
Update of ration card and OTP card.
Give health education.
Monthly:
Measurement of height / length.
Recalculate W/H.
When necessary:
Measurement of height / length (if you suspect that the child has been substituted for a different child).
An appetite test (unless it is done for every visit). Do a complete medical evaluation and consider transfer to
Inpatient if the patient fails the appetite test and weight is not increasing. Consider a home visit if the child is
not gaining weight but his appetite is normal (it could be the consequence of family sharing of RUTF).
A complete medical examination, if the child presents a condition that requires further investigation. The objective
will be: 1) to evaluate if the condition can be treated at the OTP, 2) to evaluate if the child needs transfer to the
SC.
The best way not to forget any measurements is to follow the OTP card point by point, from the beginning to
the end, at every visit.
Default
Death
Non-cured
*this child is not discharged from the OTP; his card is kept at OTP but the transfer noted on the tallysheet
61
In order to identify the patients that become defaulters or non-cured, you need to check the information in the
register and the OTP card.
Most children who die while in OTP treatment, do so at home. As a consequence, they may appear in the statistics
as Defaulters. If the defaulter tracing finds out that the child had died, you need to correct the reason for discharge
in the OTP card and the register book, so that this will be taken into account when calculating statistics.
When the only criteria of admission is MUAC, some agencies impose a minimum of 2 months of treatment before
discharge.
Children discharged from OTP should be sent to TSFP for consolidation of their nutrition status and to avoid relapse.
When no TSFP is available, advise the mother to bring the child back to the OTP if his/her status deteriorates.
Failure to gain any weight or weight loss during 3 consecutive weeks of treatment
No improvement in clinical condition.
Increase of oedema and/or no resolution of oedema by 3 weeks. Development of oedema in a child who previously
did not have any.
Child has not reached discharge criteria by month 3.
Development of complicated SAM (Loss of appetite or development of complications in the list)
Do not wait until the end of the third month to take action. Failure to properly respond to treatment should be
investigated and dealt with as soon as the child shows any sign of not progressing.
Recovery syndrome
As the immune and inflammatory systems recover, the child may present symptoms of infection or other pathology.
This happens when the illness was asymptomatic, and the child only expresses symptoms after nutritional start
of recovery. The child may present fever, increased respirations and increased pulse rate.
The majority of these conditions can be diagnosed and treated at the OTP. Otherwise refer to Inpatient care. As
a general rule, the rehabilitation syndrome presents accompanied with weight gain.
It is, in fact, a sign of recovery rather than a symptom of failure of treatment!
Actions:
Review all procedures of the OTP and organise a supervision visit. Reconsider protocols.
Re-calibrate scales and measuring boards. Reassess knowledge of health staff and organise training.
Actions:
Medical problems:
Actions:
While investigating the causes for failure to respond, ask the carer to explain in detail how she gives the RUTF to
the child at home, or ask her to do it in front of you. An appetite test may orient you to the type of problem: if the
child who is not responding to treatment has appetite, it is more likely that the problem is social; if the child has no
appetite, consider first medical causes. Always be polite and respectful of the carers response.
Write a transfer form (Chapter 12), with details of the evolution of the child, medication given and reason for
transfer,
Give the child sugared water, and
Discuss with the carer how they are going to proceed to the SC assess if it is realistic that they will arrive
to the SC, taking into account the severity and urgency of the condition of the child. In some instances, the
only option for you may be to arrange transport for the transfer.
63
64
Section 6
Inpatient care
Management of complicated SAM in Children 6 to 59 months
65
Overview
Most cases of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) do not need to be admitted to a hospital ward in order to follow
treatment and recover. They can be treated at the OTP and follow the treatment from home. However, those cases
that present complicated SAM, and in particular anorexia, need to be admitted in order to stabilise their metabolism
and treat the complications. After this has been accomplished (in average one week), they can continue treatment
at the OTP.
Complicated severe acute malnutrition is a life-threatening condition. These patients are very fragile, often with
a serious electrolyte imbalance. They do not always present with the typical symptoms of an illness (e.g. fever,
rapid pulse or rapid respirations). Also, it can be very difficult to diagnose dehydration or anaemia however it is
extremely important to do so accurately. A misdiagnosis can lead to a high risk of mortality (see Management of
SAM complications).
The child with complicated SAM does not usually present the same symptoms and signs of complications that other
children do. They react differently to the same inputs: for example, an IV infusion that may be life saving for a wellnourished child could be lethal for a child with SAM. For this reason, these children should ONLY be treated by health
staff that have been specifically trained to diagnose and treat severe acute malnutrition. This includes assistants,
nurses and doctors. When admitted to the hospital, children with severe acute malnutrition should not be attended
in the emergency ward or casualty department for the first 24 48 hours, as the staff in these departments are
usually not familiar with the management of SAM and a wrong decision taken during this period could be fatal.
Despite these complexities, the correct application of the protocols presented in this section results in the recovery of
the child in the majority of cases. The use of specialised therapeutic foods (ex. F75) in combination with antibiotics
and the use of appropriate differential diagnosis and treatment that is adapted to the condition of severe acute
malnutrition, have shown that mortality in the SC may be as low as 5 % when these protocols are respected by
dedicated and careful medical staff.
The management of severe acute malnutrition in the inpatient setting is divided into three phases:
Phase 1 covers nutrition and medical stabilization, treatment of medical complications, and commences nutritional
rehabilitation.
Transition Phase covers a gradual increase in diet leading to some weight gain while preventing complications
of over-feeding.
Phase 2 is a rapid weight-gain phase (catch-up growth). It is most often implemented at the OTP but can be
done at the in-patient facility under some circumstances.
The inpatient treatment of acute malnutrition can be done in a section of the paediatric ward, but it is preferable
to do it in a separate ward to avoid cross-infection with other children and allow total dedication of medical staff.
The facility can offer 24 h care, or work as a daycare (ex. from 6am to 9pm). In the last case, the patients and their
carers can return home or stay in the ward overnight, although no specific care is offered during the night.
Phase 1: Nutrition and Medical Stabilization
Patients without an adequate appetite and/or a major medical complication are initially admitted to an in-patient
facility for Phase 1 treatment.
The formula used during this phase (F75) promotes recovery of normal metabolic function and nutrition-electrolytic
balance. In Phase 1, the patient receives F75 formula at 100kcal/kg/day. Rapid weight gain at in Phase 1 is dangerous,
and that is why the quantities and formula are formulated so that patients do not gain weight during this stage.
A routine systematic medical treatment is commenced in Phase 1, and medical complications are treated. It is
important in Phase 1 that oedema, if present, reduces. When oedema is reduced from +++ to ++, only then can
these patients graduate from Phase 1 to Transition Phase. Patients who initially require intravenous (IV) therapy or
66
naso-gastric (NG) feeding must have completed these therapies before transfer to Transition Phase.
The patient remains in Phase 1 until the medical complications stabilize, appetite improves, and the patient completes
the designated quantity of F75 or equivalent diet at each mealtime.
Phase 1 treatment is always given in an inpatient setting for children with complicated SAM. This phase of the
treatment is intended to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
67
< -3
MUAC (mm)
< 115
Oedema
Appetite
NO APPETITE
New admissions
Uncontrollable vomiting
Fever > 39C
Hypothermia <35C
Complications
Other
Discharge criteria:
Children admitted to SC (Phase 1) are usually sent to OTP to complete treatment, after moving through Transition
Phase. See next page for criteria for being promoted to OTP.
In the exceptional cases that a child needs to stay in Phase 2, the discharge criteria are the same as for OTP (see
FC 20). In this case, the child is sent to TSFP, if possible.
68
Appetite improved.
Child taking all quantity of milk
prescribed
Appetite is good.
Child is taking at least 75 % of
RUTF or all F100 prescribed
Reduced to moderate++
Reduced to low +
Absent, if patient stays in Ph2
Medical complications
All patients are sent to OTP to complete treatment. If the patient is from an area with no OTP services, or if he/she
presents a chronic complication (ex. tuberculosis, clef palate) he/she may stay in Phase 2 at the hospital.
Criteria
Increase of oedema
Child without oedema that develops it during treatment
Medical complications
Fluid overload
Other complications
Re-feeding diarrhoea WITH weight loss (if child gains weight, continue
treatment).
Some of the conditions that result in return to Phase 1 need specific treatment. See chapter 8 treatment of
complications for advice. It is common for some change in stool frequency when there is a change in diet. This
does not need to be treated unless the child loses weight. Several loose stools without weight loss are not a criterion
to move back to Phase 1.
69
Nutritional Treatment
Phase 1 (Stabilisation):
Nutritional treatment in Phase 1 is given through a F75 therapeutic milk diet only.
The quantity of milk a child needs to receive in phase one is equivalent to 130ml/kg/day.
For older children and adults, the quantity of milk per kg of body weight is different than for children younger than
five years. If you are treating children above 5 years or adults, please refer to international guidelines for the amounts
to give per kg of body weight.
The milk diet is given at regular intervals throughout the day (approximately every two to three hours). The quantity
required for each 24 hour period is determined by the childs weight. To determine the amount per feed, divide the
24-hour required quantity by the number of feeds per day. Give 6 meals per day (ex. every three hours from 6am
to 9pm). If conditions allow feeding overnight (i.e. enough and well trained staff and possibility to prepare milk at
night) then you can divide the intake in 8 meals (every 3 hours), see FC-25 for the appropriate amounts.
Special situations:
In rare cases where a child has severe vomiting or refuses adequate diet quantities, it may be necessary to give the
diet continuously by NG tube. Occasionally, a patient may have osmotic diarrhoea and may require more frequent
feeds (feed every two to three hours, and overnight).
For severely malnourished patients with severe oedema (+++), reduce the quantity of F75 by up to 20% until the
oedema begins to subside.
Breastfed children from 6 months up to 24 months should always be offered breast milk before the therapeutic
milk, and always on demand.
70
Some patients initially refuse the RUTF. In this case, give the F100 diet for one or two days and then reintroduce
the RUTF. Other children prefer the RUTF. It is good practice to give the diet that the children prefer. Particularly
small or weak children (those between 6 months and 1 year) usually prefer a milk diet.
As in Phase 1, the breastfeeding children should always be breastfed before taking F100 or RUTF, and on demand.
This is because human breast-milk is better than any product. If the child takes the products first then he/she will
not be hungry enough to demand the breast, and if the mother does not breastfeed then breast-milk production will
stop. Giving the breast first ensures that breastfeeding is maintained despite the treatment, and can be continued
at home.
71
8 feeds per
day
Transition Phase
F100
6 feeds per
day
8 feeds per
day
ml per feed
6 feeds per
day
ml per feed
2 - 2.1
40
50
2.2 - 2.4
45
60
2.5 - 2.4
50
65
2.8 - 2.9
55
70
3.0 - 3.4
60
3.5 - 3.9
Transition
Phase
Plumpynut
Phase 2
F100
6 feeds per
day
6 feeds per
day
sachets per
day
ml per feed
F100 diluted
F100 diluted
F100 diluted
F100 diluted
75
60
75
110
65
80
65
80
4.0 - 4.4
70
85
70
85
4.5 - 4.9
80
95
80
95
5.0 - 5.4
90
110
90
110
5.5 - 5.9
100
120
100
120
6.0 - 6.9
110
140
110
140
210
7.0 - 7.9
125
160
125
160
240
8.0 - 8.9
140
180
140
180
9.0 - 9.9
155
190
155
190
10 - 10.9
170
200
170
200
11 - 11.9
190
230
190
230
12 - 12.9
205
250
205
250
13 - 13.9
230
275
230
275
14 - 14.9
250
290
250
290
15 - 19.9
260
300
260
300
20 - 24.9
290
320
290
320
25 - 29.9
300
350
300
350
30 - 39.9
320
370
320
370
850
40 -60
350
400
350
400
1000
72
120
1
150
180
270
300
350
5
6
450
550
650
750
Decide on the amount of milk to prepare, by adding how much each child needs for the meal.
Boil the water.
Let the water cool down.
Add the milk powder WHILE THE WATER IS STILL WARM following this table:
Product
Water quantities
Product quantities
2 litres of water
1 scoop (4.1 g)
20 ml of water
24 ml of F75
2 litres of water
1 scoop (4.1 g)
18 ml of water
22 ml of F100
F75
F100
Mix
Distribute to each child according to the amount needed for that meal.
73
The milk feed is given by cup. Any dribbles that fall into the saucer are returned to the cup.
The child is never force fed, never has his/her nose pinched, and never lies back and has the milk poured into
the mouth.
Meal times are best to be social. The mothers can sit together in a semi-circle around an assistant who encourages
the mothers, talks to them, corrects any faulty feeding technique, and observes how the children are taking the
milk.
Carers do not take their meals beside the patient. The child is likely to demand some of the mothers meal and
this sharing is not recommended as the childs appetite will reduce and then the milk will be refused.
Naso-gastric Feeding
Naso-Gastric (NG) tube feeding is required only when a patient is not taking a sufficient diet orally, which is
less than 75% of the prescribed diet per day . NG tube feeding is required when one or more of the following
is true:
The patient takes less than 75% of the prescribed diet per 24 hours in Phase 1
The patient presents with pneumonia with a rapid respiration rate
The patient has painful lesions of the mouth
The patient has a cleft palate or other physical deformity
The patient is experiencing disturbances of consciousness
IMPORTANT: Each day, try patiently to give the patient F75 by mouth before using the NG tube. NG tube
feeding should not exceed three days, and is only used in Phase 1.
Field Card 28. Routine Medicines in SC (to be used with FC 17 and FC 29)
See FC 17 for a complete explanation of Routine medicines given to children on admission to OTP or SC. This page
only reflects what is different in SC.
Phase 1.
Vitamin A: As in OTP.
Measles vaccination: As in OTP.
Malaria treatment: As in OTP.
Folic acid: As in OTP.
Other Nutrients: As in OTP.
Systemic antibiotics: See next page.
Transition Phase:
Routine antibiotic therapy should be continued for four days after Phase 1 or until the patient is transferred to OTP
or Phase 2. This is to ensure that any infection is treated. Patients arriving to OTP after the SC do not need to be
given antibiotics again. Their transfer slip should clearly indicate what systematic treatment they received at the SC.
Phase 2.
Iron
For inpatients receiving entire treatment of acute malnutrition in the inpatient health facility: Add iron to the F100
in Phase 2. RUTF already contains the necessary iron.
Iron is added to the F100 diet:
74
Crush an iron tablet and add to 4mls of water and mix well (Iron Solution).
For one sachet of F100 (makes 2.4 litres of F100), add one (1) crushed tablet of ferrous sulphate (200mg) in
the 4mls of water (Iron Solution).
For half a sachet of milk (1200ml of F100), add 2mls of the iron solution.
For 600ml of F100, add 1ml of the iron solution.
If severe anaemia is identified, see Treatment of Medical Complications.
De-worming
De-worming is necessary for malnourished children being treated as inpatients, but should be delayed until they are
recovering in Phase 2 or discharged to OTP.
Use Albendazole as in OTP, with the same dosages (see FC 17).
75
76
Section 7
Management of Acute
Malnutrition in Infants
77
Overview
Children younger than six months who are malnourished are always treated in an inpatient unit. They should not
be admitted to an outpatient treatment facility. RUTF is not suitable for them, as they cannot swallow the product.
Breast-feeding will always be the first option as this is the best food for infants in majority of contexts. Any
HIV positive woman should either practice exclusive breast-feeding until the child is 6 months and receive ART
treatment or when breast-milk substitute is AFASS (accessible, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe) avoid all
breastfeeding and choose another feeding option.
Breast-feeding can be proposed to any female carer who is willing to breast-feed and take care of infant (wet
nursing for example).
The approach of the treatment will depend on the prospect of the child to be breastfed: If the mother (or a relative
ready to wet nurse the child) is available, the treatment will focus on reinstating natural breast milk production in
the mother and returning the child to exclusive breastfeeding. If this is not an option, the treatment will be similar
to that of other malnourished children, only that F100 will be replaced by diluted F100 (a different way of preparing
F100, with more water, so that it can be tolerated by the infant child).
One day observation may be necessary to determine the treatment according to the evaluation of breast-feeding
practices and breast-feeding possibilities with the mother or other carer. If your project has a breastfeeding promotion
component, have the staff help you in evaluating breastfeeding possibilities.
Age
If there is NO possibility of breast
feeding
78
Admission Criteria
Too weak to suckle effectively (independently of weight-for-length), or
not gaining weight at home, or
weight-for-length < -3 Z-scores, or
presence of bilateral oedema.
Admission Criteria
Presence of bilateral oedema, or
W/L (weight-for-length)< -3 Z-score (WHO)
Discharge Criteria for children less than six months (or less than 3 kg):
Age
If the child is breast feeding
Age
If the child is not breast feeding
Admission Criteria
Child is gaining weight on breast-milk alone after the Supplementary
Suckling technique has been stopped, and
There is no medical problem, and
The mother has been adequately supplemented with vitamins and
minerals.
(there are no anthropometric criteria for discharge)
Admission Criteria
The mother has been adequately supplemented with vitamins and
minerals, and
When they reach -1 Z-Score, and
An appropriate breast-milk substitute for the child is defined
considering the familys possibilities and is sustainable, and
Child is used to milk substitute, gaining weight and carer education
on preparing and dispensing the milk substitute is done.
Routine Medication
Folic acid: 2.5mg (1/2 tab) in one single dose
Ferrous sulphate: when the child suckles well and starts to gain weight, start adding iron to the milk. The easiest
way is to add iron to normal F100, following explanations for older children, and then dilute it with 1/3 water to
obtain the correct dilution.
Antibiotics:
First line: Amoxycillin (from 2kg): 30mg/kg two (2) times a day (60mg/day).
79
Second line if required: Gentamycin for severe infections (do not use Chloramphenicol in young infants).
Surveillance
Surveillance is the same as for other patients in Phase 1 (see FC 30).
Follow-Up after discharge
The follow-up for these children is very important. The mother should be enrolled for a supplementary feeding
programme if it exists and receive a high quality food ration to improve the quantity and quality of breast milk. It is
also important to monitor the infants progress, support exclusive breast feeding and inform the mother on when
to introduce appropriate complementary food at the age of six months.
<=1.2
1.3 - 1.5
30
1.6 1.7
35
1.8 2.1
40
2.2 - 2.4
45
2.5 - 2.7
50
2.8 2.9
55
3.0 - 3.4
60
3.5 3.9
65
4.0 4.4
70
80
F100 Diluted or formula milk is put in a cup. The mother holds it.
The end of the tube is put in the cup.
The tip of the tube is put on the breast at the nipple and the infant is offered the breast in the normal way so that
the infant attaches properly. This way the infant will both get milk from the cup and at the same time stimulate
the breast and the mothers milk production. Sometimes at the beginning the mothers find it better to attach
the tube to the breast with a piece of tape.
When the infant suckles on the breast with the tube in his mouth, the milk from the cup is sucked up through
the tube and taken by the infant. It is like taking a drink through a straw.
At first an assistant needs to help the mother by holding the cup and the tube in place. She encourages the
mother confidently. Later the mother nearly always manages to hold the cup and tube without assistance.
At first, the cup should be placed at about 5 to 10cm below the level of the nipple so the milk does not flow too
quickly and distress the infant, and so the weak infant does not have to suckle excessively to take the milk. As
the infant becomes stronger the cup should be lowered progressively to about 30cm below the breast.
The mother holds the tube at the breast with one hand and uses the other for holding the cup.
Notes
It may take one or two days for the infant to get used of the tube and the taste of the mixture of milks (F100
diluted and breastmilk), but it is important to persevere.
By far the best person to show the mother the technique is another mother who is using the technique
successfully. Once one mother is using the SS technique successfully the other mothers find it quite easy to
copy her.
The mother should be relaxed. Excessive or officious instructions about the correct positioning or attachment
positions often inhibit the mother and make her think the technique is much more difficult than it is. Any way
in which the mother is comfortable and finds that the technique works is satisfactory.
If the formula diet is changed then the infant normally takes a few days to become used to the new taste. It is
preferable to continue with the same supplementary diet throughout the treatment.
81
If the child loses weight over three consecutive days yet seems hungry and is taking all the F100 Diluted, add
5mls to each feed.
In general the supplementation is not increased during the stay in the centre. If the child grows regularly with
the same quantity of milk, it means the quantity of breast milk is increasing.
If, after some days, the child does not finish all the supplemental milk, but continues to gain weight, it means
that the breast milk is increasing and that the child has enough.
Weigh the child daily with a scale graduated to within 10g or 20g. When a baby is gaining weight at 20g per
day (whatever his weight):
Decrease the quantity of F100 Diluted to one half of the maintenance intake.
If the weight gain is maintained (10g per day whatever his weight) then stop supplemental suckling completely.
If the weight gain is not maintained then increase the amount given to 75% of the maintenance amount for
two to three days and then reduce it again if weight gain is maintained.
If the mother is agreeable, it is advisable to keep the infant in the centre for a further few days on breast milk
alone to make sure that the infant continues to gain weight. If the mother wishes to go home as soon as the
child is taking the breast milk greedily then they should be discharged.
When it is certain that the child is gaining weight on breast milk alone he should be discharged, no matter what
his current weight or weight-for-length.
Field Card 34. Infants Less Than Six Months without Prospect of Being
Breastfed
There are special circumstances where a child less than six months cannot be exclusive breastfed (these include
abandonment, a child being orphaned, medical conditions or when a mother who is HIV positive meets the criteria
for, and chooses, exclusive replacement feeding).
82
When there is no prospect of being given breast milk, then severely malnourished infants less than six month old
are treated according to the standard protocols of management of severe acute malnutrition in Phase 1, Transition
and Phase 2. However, the following dietary modifications explained here must be applied.
Phase 1
Transition Phase
Phase 2
F100
Dilute F100
Diluted F100
ml per feed
ml per feed
ml per feed
Below 1.5
30
45
60
1.6 - 1.8
35
53
70
1.9 2.1
40
60
80
2.2 - 2.4
45
68
90
2.5 - 2.7
50
75
100
2.8 2.9
55
85
110
3.0 - 3.4
60
90
120
3.5 3.9
65
98
130
Class of
Weight (kg)
4.0 4.4
140
Routine Medication
Routine medicine is the same as for infants under six months who are breastfed.
Surveillance
Surveillance is the same as for phase 1, inpatient care. See FC 30.
83
84
Section 8
Treatment of medical
complications
85
Hypoglycaemia
Though uncommon, severely malnourished patients can develop hypoglycaemia. All children who have travelled
long distances to attend a health centre should be given sugar-water as soon as they arrive ( 1 heaped teaspoon of
sugar in 50ml of water). Children who have hypothermia or septic shock should be given 50-100ml of sugar water,
whether or not they have low blood glucose.
A child who has taken the prescribed quantity of F75 diet each day (with 5-6 feedings per day) will not develop
hypoglycaemia overnight and does not need to be woken for night-time feeding. If the diet is not completely
taken during the day (due to vomiting or refusal of milk), the health worker should encourage the caregiver to
give at least one prescribed quantity of F75 during the night.
Treatment of Hypoglycaemia
Patients who are conscious and able to drink are given about 50ml (approximately 5-10ml/kg) of sugar-water.
Or they can be given F75 diet or F100 (depending on what is immediately available) orally. The actual amount
given is not critical.
Patients losing consciousness are given 50ml (or 5-10ml/kg) of sugar-water by NG tube immediately. When
consciousness is regained, give milk feed frequently.
Unconscious patients are given sugar-water by NG tube. They should also be given glucose as a single intravenous
injection (5ml/kg of a sterile 10% glucose solution).
All severely malnourished patients with suspected hypoglycaemia should be treated with second-line antibiotics.
Also keep the child warm and monitor for hypothermia.
Quantity of Sugar
100 ml
10g
2 heaped teaspoons
20g
4 heaped teaspoons
50g
10 heaped teaspoons
1 litre
100 g
20 heaped teaspoons
Notes:
Take clean drinking water (slightly warm if possible to help dilution). Add required amount of sugar and shake
or stir vigorously.
Give immediately to ALL ADMISSIONS IF MILK CANNOT BE GIVEN IMMEDIATELY.
86
Monitoring Hypoglycaemia
The patients response to treatment should be dramatic and rapid. If a very lethargic or unconscious patient does
not respond, it indicates a different cause for the clinical condition such as an infection. The different source of the
lethargy must be determined and treated. If consciousness drops or temperature falls, re-test the blood glucose
level and give another dose of glucose 50ml by NG tube or IV (10% glucose as above).
Prevention of Hypoglycaemia
Make sure that the severely malnourished patient receives sugar water on admission if it is not close to a feed time or
if the patient is waiting in the casualty/emergency department for over one hour. For patients at risk of hypoglycaemia
(very sick children with poor appetite, with vomiting or diarrhoea), give frequent, regular feeds every three (3) hours.
Hypothermia
Clinical signs of Hypothermia
Severely acutely malnourished patients are highly susceptible to hypothermia. Hypothermia is indicated by a rectal
temperature below 35.5C, or an under-arm temperature below 35C.
Treatment of Hypothermia
Do not bathe severely malnourished patients on admission. Later, when the patient is stabilized, bathe patient
only during the warmest part of the day with warm water. Dry patients quickly and gently after washing.
Use the kangaroo technique for children with a carer.
Put a hat on the child and wrap mother and child together.
Offer hot drinks for the mother to drink to keep her skin warmer (plain water, tea or any other hot drink).
Kangaroo Care
Kangaroo care means keeping an infant in continuous skin-to-skin contact with the mother or adult caregiver.
The infant is kept near the mothers breast.
1. The mother removes inner clothing
2. The infant only wears a nappy and head covering
3. The infant is held close against the mothers bare chest by wrapping a culturally appropriate cloth
4. The mother wears enough outer clothing to keep warm, adjusting so that the infants face is exposed to the
air and the mother can see the infant.
87
Monitoring Hypoglycaemia
Note: The thermo-neutral temperature range for malnourished patients is 280C to 320C. This is often uncomfortably
warm for the staff and carers who may want to adjust the room to suit them. Staff and caregivers should not
reduce the room temperature as it will be too cold for severely malnourished children. Children should sleep with
their mothers or caregivers and not in the traditional hospital child-cots. There should be adequate blankets and a
thick sleeping mat or adult bed. Most heat is lost through the head; hats should be worn by malnourished children.
Dehydration
Misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment for dehydration is the most common cause of death of the severely
malnourished patient. It is difficult to diagnose dehydration in these patients. The signs of dehydration - such as
non-elastic skin and sunken eyes - are often present in the severely malnourished patient regardless of hydration
status. It is important to take a detailed medical history and determine if there was a recent fluid loss from acute
diarrhoea or vomiting.
With severe malnutrition, the therapeutic window is narrow: even dehydrated children can quickly go from
having a depleted circulation to experiencing over-hydration with fluid overload and cardiac failure.
In malnutrition, both marasmus and to a greater extent kwashiorkor, IV infusions are rarely used because there
is a particular renal problem that makes the children sensitive to salt (sodium) overload and at high risk of fluid
overload.
To prevent overuse of oral rehydration salts i.e. ReSoMal, do not leave these products accessible in the ward
for the carers to give freely to children. Over consumption of ReSoMal can lead directly to heart failure in the
severely malnourished patient. Additionally, it may aggravate oedema.
If there is no dehydration, do not treat diarrhoea with rehydration fluids with the intention to prevent the onset
of dehydration. This will again lead to over-hydration and heart failure.
88
Weight changes
Clinical signs of improvement such as alertness
Clinical signs of over-hydration (engorged veins, rapid pulse, respiratory distress)
89
Case Study
For a 4kg child, over the first two hours give the following orally or by NG tube:
5ml/kg ReSoMal every 30 minutes for two hours = 20ml x four (there are four 30 minute intervals in two hours)
= 80ml. (This is 2% of a 4kg childs body weight).
Over the next few hours give 5 to 10ml/kg/hour ReSoMal until weight gain is achieved and the patient shows
improvement. Therefore for a 4kg child, give 20 to 40ml per hour after the initial two hours.
It is important to re-assess frequently to make sure that the patient does not become over-hydrated. Fluid
balance is measured at frequent intervals by weighing the child.
UNCONSCIOUS
ReSoMal
IV Fluid
Darows solution or
saline & 5% glucose or
Ringer lactate & 5% dextrose at
15 ml/kg the first hour & reasses
If improving, 15 ml/kg 2nd hour
If conscious, NasoGastric tube:
Resomal
If not improving ==> Septic Shock
90
Monitor weight
Gain
Clinically
improved
Continue
Target weight
Stable
Loss
Increase Resomal
by 5 ml/kg/hour
Reassess every
hour
Increase Resomal
by 10 ml/kg/hour
Reassess every
hour
Clinically not
improved
STOP ALL
re-hydration fluid
Give F75
Re-diagnose &
assess
F75
Two hours after commencing re-hydration therapy, make a major medical reassessment.
Check
Check
Check
Check
Check
all vital signs such as body temperature, pulse and respiration rate.
heart sounds.
for clinical signs of respiratory distress.
level of consciousness and weight gain.
for vomiting and/or diarrhoea.
If there is:
Continued weight loss: Increase ReSoMal by 10ml/kg/hour and re-assess the patient in one hour.
No weight gain: Increase ReSoMal by 5ml/kg/hour and re-assess the patient in one hour.
Weight gain and...
...deterioration of the childs condition with the re-hydration therapy:
The diagnosis of dehydration was definitely wrong. (Even senior clinicians make mistakes in the diagnosis
of dehydration in malnutrition.)
Stop the ReSoMal and start the child on F75 diet.
...no improvement in the mood and look of the child, or no reversal of the clinical signs:
The diagnosis of dehydration was probably wrong.
Change to F75.
...clinical improvement, but signs of dehydration:
Continue with treatment until the appropriate weight gain is achieved.
Continue with ReSoMal alone. Or F75 and ReSoMal can be alternated.
...resolution of the signs of dehydration:
Stop re-hydration treatment and start the child on F75 diet.
During re-hydration, breast-feeding should not be interrupted.
Begin to give F75 as soon as possible after re-hydration has been completed. The F75 can be given orally or by NG
tube. ReSoMal and F75 can be alternated each hour in the case of a patient with mild dehydration and continuing
diarrhoea. The introduction of F75 is usually achieved within two to three hours after starting the
re-hydration process when the patient should be improving. The re-commencement of F75 will also help to prevent
development of hypoglycaemia
91
Monitoring Re-hydration
Re-hydration (oral or intravenous) therapy must immediately stop if any of the following are observed:
92
Toxic shock
Septic shock
Liver failure
Cardiogenic shock.
Toxic shock may be caused by traditional medicines, self-treatment with other medication such as aspirin,
paracetamol, or metronidazole, etc.
Septic shock is a specific type of toxic shock where the damage is caused by overwhelming sepsis.
This is frequently associated with liver failure.
Diagnosis of Dehydration for the Kwashiorkor Patient
Patients with bi-lateral oedema are over-hydrated and have increased total body water and increased sodium levels.
Oedematous patients thus cannot be dehydrated, although they are frequently hypovolaemic.
The hypovolaemia (relatively low circulating blood volume) is due to a dilatation of the blood vessels with a low
cardiac output. The treatment of hypovolaemia in kwashiorkor is the same as the treatment for septic shock (see
below). If a child with kwashiorkor has watery diarrhoea, and the child is deteriorating clinically, then the fluid lost
can be replaced on the basis of 30ml of ReSoMal per watery stool.
93
Cold peripheries
Disturbed consciousness
Absence of signs of heart failure
94
95
Do not put up a drip at this stage. Monitor the child carefully for six (6) hours without giving any other treatment.
Improvement is measured first by a change in intestinal function: a decrease in the distension of the abdomen,
visible peristalsis seen through the abdominal wall, return of bowel sounds, and decreasing size of gastric
aspirates. Second, there should also be improvement in the childs general condition.
If there is intestinal improvement, begin to give small amounts of F75 by NG tube (half the quantities given per kg
in dehydration. Subsequently adjust by the volumes of gastric aspirated).
If there is no improvement after six (6) hours:
Consider putting up an IV drip. It is crucial that the administered fluid contains adequate amounts of potassium.
Add Sterile Potassium Chloride (20mmol/l) to all solutions that do not contain potassium. If it is available, use
one-fifth normal saline in 5% dextrose, otherwise use Ringer-Lactate in 5% dextrose or half-strength saline in
5% dextrose. The drip should be run VERY SLOWLY. The amount of fluid that is given should be NO MORE
THAN 2 to 4 ml/kg/hour.
Start to give the first and second line antibiotics intravenously.
When the gastric aspirates decrease so that one half of the fluid given to the stomach is absorbed, discontinue
the IV treatment and continue with oral treatment only.
Heart Failure
For the severely malnourished patient, congestive heart failure is usually a complication of over-hydration (when
IV fluids or standard ORS solution is given). It can also manifest when there is very severe anaemia; after a blood
or plasma transfusion; or with a diet high in sodium. It is important to differentiate heart failure from respiratory
infection and septic shock.
Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure
Heart failure is diagnosed when the patient has a few of the following symptoms (do not wait for all symptoms to
occur, as the patient will continue to deteriorate):
An increase in respiration rate:
An acute increase in respiration rate of more than 5 breaths per minute (particularly during rehydration
treatment).
More than 50 breaths/minute in infants (0-12 months)
More than 40 in children one to five years old.
Physical deterioration with a gain in weight.
A sudden increase in liver size with tenderness developing over the liver. (The liver is marked before starting any
infusion to determine change in size).
Respiration that has or develops a grunting sound during each expiration
Crepitations or rles in the lungs.
Prominent superficial and neck veins.
Engorgement of the neck veins when the abdomen (liver) is pressed.
Increasing oedema or reappearance of oedema during treatment.
An acute fall in haemoglobin concentration (Requires laboratory).
If heart failure progress, and the patient further deteriorates, there is either
1) Marked respiratory distress progressing to a rapid pulse, cold hands and feet, oedema and cyanosis; or
2) Sudden, unexpected death.
This is cardiogenic shock. Severely malnourished patients are fragile and can go from dehydration to over-hydration
quickly after treatment has started. Patients can be admitted with heart failure: it is important that its differentiated
from shock due to dehydration or sepsis because the treatment is quite different.
96
For patients who have already been admitted, there is usually also weight gain. As heart failure usually starts after
treatment, there is nearly always a record of the weight of the patient that was taken before the onset of heart failure.
Heart failure and pneumonia are clinically similar, and very difficult to tell apart:
If there is an increased respiratory rate and any gain in weight, then heart failure is the first diagnosis.
If there is an increased respiratory rate with a loss of weight, then pneumonia is diagnosed.
If there is no change in weight (fluid balance) then the differentiation has to be made using the other signs of
heart failure.
Pneumonia is NOT diagnosed if there has been any weight gain before the onset of respiratory distress.
Heart Failure and Oedema
Children with oedema can go into heart failure without a gain in weight, when the expanded circulation is due
to oedema fluid moving from the tissues to the vascular space.
During the initial treatment of severe acute malnutrition, any fluid containing sodium given will have to be safely
excreted later. Initial over-treatment can lead to death from heart failure several days later, when intracellular
sodium (marasmus and kwashiorkor) and oedema fluid are being mobilised.
As oedema fluid is mobilised (kwashiorkor) and the sodium is coming out of the cells (both kwashiorkor and
marasmus), the plasma volume expands and there is a fall in haemoglobin concentration. This dilutional anaemia
happens to some extent in nearly all children as they recover. A substantial fall in haemoglobin, as a sign of
an expanding circulation, is also a sign of impending or actual heart failure. These children should never be
transfused.
Severe Anaemia
Diagnosis of Anaemia
If the haemoglobin concentration is less than 40g/l, or the packed-cell volume is less than 12% in the first 24 hours
after admission, the child has very severe anaemia which can cause heart failure.
All children have a fall in Hb during the early phase of treatment. This dilutional anaemia is due to the sodium
coming of the cells and mobilization of oedema it must not be treated. That is why it is important to check Hb
on admission for any child suspected of having severe anaemia.
Treatment of Anaemia
Give 10ml per kg body weight of packed red cells or whole blood, slowly over three hours.
The patient fasts during blood transfusion and for at least three hours after blood transfusion.
After the start of nutritional rehabilitation with F75, do NOT transfuse a child after 48 hours and up to 14 days.
Do NOT give iron during Phase 1 and Transition Phase of treatment.
97
If the facilities and staff expertise exist (i.e. neonatal units), it is preferable to give an exchange transfusion to
SAM children with severe anaemia.
Heart failure due to anaemia is clinically different from normal heart failure. With anaemia there is high output
failure with an over-active circulation.
Increasing anaemia and heart failure or respiratory distress, is a sign of fluid overload and an expanding plasma
volume. The heart failure is not being caused by the anaemia; these patients should never be given a straight
transfusion of blood or even packed cells.
Diagnosis and treatment of anaemia
Anaemia
Check Hb at admission if any clinical
suspicion of anaemia
Hb>= 40 g/l or
Packed cell vol> = 12 %
Hb < 40 g/l or
Packed cell vol < 12 %
Between 2 to 14 days
after admission: NO
ACUTE TREATMENT
Iron during phase 2
Administration of Medication
Great care should be exercised in prescribing drugs to severely malnourished patients. Severely malnourished patients have: abnormal kidney and liver function; changed levels of the enzymes that metabolise and excrete drugs;
excess enterohepatic circulation (reabsorption) of drugs that are excreted in the bile; a decreased body fat which
increases the concentration of fat-soluble drugs; and, in kwashiorkor, a possible defective blood-brain barrier. Few
drugs have been examined for pharmocokinetics, metabolism or side effects in SAM patients.
It is strongly advised that severe malnutrition is treated first, before standard doses of drugs are given (with the
exception of the routine medicines). Drugs used for HIV and TB can damage the liver and pancreas. HIV and TB
are not considered rapidly fatal (except military TB and TB meningitis) so treatment can be delayed for up to one
week. During that time, nutritional treatment returns the patients metabolism to normal.
Common drugs such as Paracetamol do not work for most severely malnourished children during Phase 1, and can
cause serious hepatic damage.
Any required drugs can usually be given in standard doses to patients who are Phase 2 and those in OTP.
98
Section 9
Community involvement in
Management of Acute Malnutrition
99
Overview
Community involvement is a multi-functional approach that highly contributes to successful implementation of
nutrition programs in both emergency and development contexts. This means placing the affected population at the
centre of decision making for how protection and assistance will be provided when setting up the response program.
In Somalia, community involvement and mobilisation is of radical importance, for the following reasons:
The need to provide early diagnosis, since many patients cannot be transferred to SC (and therefore, they should
be identified in the community before they develop complications)
The need to obtain maximum programme coverage, through identification of the children at their homes and
involvement of more peripheral communities that have low access to the centres
The need to develop good relationships with the elders and representatives from clans and sub-clans, to ensure
that the purpose and objectives of the programme are well understood, and to prevent potential misunderstandings
or problems.
The need to have good relationships with all partners and local leaders to ensure security and continuity of the
programmes.
There is no easy way to do community mobilisation. Each area and organisation will require its own techniques and
approaches. The following pages summarize a number of steps to be taken into account, which may be helpful.
In ALL CASES, it is fundamental that ALL PROGRAMMES take community mobilisation very seriously.
Community mobilisation is a MAJOR part of the programme and not just an extra activity that is implemented
when time allows or only through volunteers without proper supervision or training.
100
Inventory of services most needed by the community to help manage malnutrition (water and sanitation, health
education programs, transport and communication channels, roads, health facilities, schools, marketing systems
of food products)
Feeding program sites based on proximity to households/villages/health facility
Components of the feeding program that community can undertake/implement
Community resources ( storage space, money, time, religious and cultural values)
Human capacity (type of skilled personnel and level of involvement)
Existing community based organizations and learning institutions working on food and nutrition related issues
Most appropriate motivational factors to enhance participation of community volunteers and carers.
Analysis of information obtained will determine the level of community involvement. In addition, selecting a
community for partnership will also depend on whether the agency is already working in that particular community
and the potential openness of the community to participate in the programme.
Recruit and train individual community members have some kind of an agreement between the individual and
implementing agency. During recruitment it is very important that the community members understand their
duties, programme objectives, target groups, and type of remuneration (if any) or motivational elements.
Identify additional resources needed to support participation e.g. incentives for community members.
Design an outreach system by mapping out areas where services are most needed and can be provided though
collaboration. Allocate health workers, community workers and resources accordingly.
Establish links with CBOs and agree on the role of each partner, levels of collaboration, resources needed (who
will provide what), time frame, entry and exit criteria of each partner and sign a memorandum of understanding
to formalize the agreement.
Formulate health and nutrition educational messages that can be used for counselling target groups.
Mobilize the community members and involve them in actual programme activities. Mobilization is the process
of bringing men and women together to discuss common problems and establishing community responses with
the support of humanitarian workers.
Keep a continual dialogue with target population to build trust and confidence and to ensure active participation
in planning, implementation and monitoring of service delivery.
Actual partnership in program implementation happens at two levels, at programme level and community level. In
these two levels, the outreach workers team up with the technical staff to perform various activities:
At
101
The technical staff with the help of the outreach workers will formulate appropriate messages and where possible
translate to the local language e.g. define malnutrition and describe characteristics of a malnourished individual
as perceived by community members.
Identify best channel to pass messages to local leaders and target group
Plan and have sessions with community leaders and announce schedule of trainings and programme activities
to community members.
The outreach worker identifies barriers to the work and provides timely solutions, as well as enhances dialogue
between the community and the implementing agency.
Case-finding
A team of outreach workers may actively be involved in screening children at community level in order to find the
malnourished individuals (severe, moderate or at risk) and refer them to the most appropriate programme. If a child
is found to be severely malnourished without any medical complications, then they should be referred to the nearest
OTP site. If a pregnant mother in 2nd or 3rd trimester or a child 6 -59 months is moderately malnourished, they
should be referred to nearest SFP site. Sometimes, community sensitization alone may stimulate self-referrals by
families and communities to selective feeding programme sites. Case finding is very essential to increase programme
coverage and treat children before they develop life threatening complications.
Follow-up visits
Sometimes beneficiaries are absent or default from the programme. In such instances, the community outreach
worker should follow-up the individual cases to investigate reasons for absence or defaulting and encourage return
to programme. A follow-up can also be done for those individuals that do not respond to treatment; the outreach
worker investigates the potential causes and provides information to the implementing agency for additional support
and care. In short term emergencies, specific outreach workers can be hired to work together with the implementing
agency staff. For longer term activities, trained community volunteers (supported through a health facility or with
some incentives) can assist in follow-up activities.
102
Use criteria of admission as the threshold to decide if the child needs transferring.
W/H will be assessed at the centre, but the child may be admitted to the centre because of W/H, MUAC or
bilateral oedema.
Follow up of activity:
Volunteers and/or outreach workers should meet regularly with programme staff (from the SFP or OTP) and
provide a report of their activities (places visited, number of children screened, number of children referred, etc.).
They should report as well, on their activities to sensitize community leaders, local organisations, etc.
This meeting can be used to help evaluate outreach activities, and make plans of areas to visit in the following
weeks.
103
Caring
Does the parent/caregiver feel that their child is improving? If not, why?
Have they visited the traditional healer to help this child?
Who cares for the sick child during the day?
Is the sick child clean?
Is anyone in the household sick or has recently died? How does this affect the caring of the child?
Any other household circumstances that affect how the child is cared for?
Health
Food Security
104
Section 10
Nutrition information,
education and communication
105
One way of managing acute malnutrition is through addressing the improper behaviours and practices of community
members that contribute to malnutrition. It is imperative to educate members of the community on causes of
malnutrition and best practices to manage and prevent malnutrition at household level. Involvement of the community
in designing and developing education materials is essential and contributes largely towards behaviour change.
Distribution sites and demonstration sessions are good opportunities to deliver appropriate messages focusing on
proper child care practices, household and personal hygiene, use of safe drinking water, hygienic preparation and
protection of foods, and use of nutritious local ingredients for complementary feeding.3
Nutrition information refers to knowledge, such as information about new foods that are being introduced in an
emergency situation. Nutrition education refers to training or orientation for a particular purpose such as support
for breast feeding. Nutrition communication refers to the method by which information is imparted.
At the community level, identify the problems affecting the target population. The problem is best
identified through conducting a needs assessment.
Step 2
List down the problems and prioritize them. The most pressing problems should take up the first position
and the least important ones should come last.
Step 3
Identify the target group. The target group is defined as that group that is most affected by the problems.
Step 4
Build consensus about the problem with the community. The involvement of the community in this step
is crucial and will assist in providing relevant information for the next steps.
Step 5
Based on the problems agreed upon in step 4, select relevant nutrition topics e.g. if the problem is poor
child care practices- select topics such as optimal breast feeding and complementary feeding.
Step 6
Identify possible factors that may impede communicating the nutritional messages e.g. language barriers
and beliefs, and seek for the most appropriate ways of addressing the identified barriers
Step 7
Assess and select appropriate communication channels such as demonstrations, songs, drama, poems,
and counseling sessions
Step 8
Conduct the education session: Prepare educational materials, agree on appropriate dates, time and venue
and inform the target group accordingly.
Step 9
After conducting the education sessions, inform individuals or target group of next sessions and evaluate
your work. The educator must know what was useful, what channels were most effective, how was the
message received by the audience? And adapt accordingly.
Step 10
This chapter is adapted from Guidelines on Management of Moderate Acute Malnutrition Somalia - January
2009.
106
Counseling sessions
Carers and family members need to understand the need for proper care and nutritional support of malnourished
children or individuals discharged from a nutrition program. The counselor, in this case the nurse or nutrition
educator, has the responsibility of giving appropriate information to the caregiver. Below is the process of conducting
a counselling session. All counsellors must be adequately trained on the processes of conducting counseling
sessions and ethical matters. The GATHER4 approach is currently being used by counselors for conducting effective
counseling sessions. This involves;
Greet the patient and offer them a seat, make introductions and assess their well being
Ask their feeling about their nutritional status, symptoms, nutritional problems and concerns.
Tell patient of different options that can be used to address the nutritional problems- communicate key messages
Help patient make informed choices and together develop an action plan / approaches to address the problem
Explain fully the choices and actions and possible barriers
Reassure and give the Return date for the next visit
107
Target
audience
Optimal breast
feeding
1. Breast
feeding
women
2. Pregnant
mothers
in the 3rd
trimester
Optimal
complementary
feeding
Mothers with
children 6
months and
above
Feeding of the
sick and or
malnourished
children
Carers/mothers
with sick
children that are
malnourished
Maternal
nutrition
1. Pregnant
and lactating
mothers
108
Vitamin A
supplementation
1. Carers of
children
6-59
months
2. Lactating
mothers
Children
All children aged 6 to 59 months need a vitamin A capsule every 6 months.
Vitamin A supplementation is safe for children and protects them from diseases
such as diarrhea, acute respiratory infections and also reduces deaths.
Children should be fed as often as possible with vitamin A rich foods (mangoes,
green leafy vegetables, wild red and orange fruits, egg yolk, liver, milk, etc.)
Children sick with measles, certain eye problems, severe diarrhoea or severe
malnutrition should visit health centres because they may need additional
Vitamin A according to the treatment schedule.
Mothers
Give mothers a dose of 200,000 IU of vitamin A if baby is 8 weeks old or less.
Ensure that the capsule is swallowed on site.
Encourage the mother to consume a balanced diet using locally available foods
and a variety of foods rich in vitamin A such as liver, eggs, oranges, yellow
sweet potatoes, pumpkins, dark green leafy vegetables.
Record in register mother who have received high dose vitamin A
supplementation. Also indicate in Child Card that mother has been
supplemented with vitamin A.
1. Carers of
children 6-59
months
2. Pregnant and
Lactating
mothers
Children
Give one dose at 6 mg/kg of iron daily for 14 days.
Avoid iron in a child known to suffer from sickle cell anemia
Avoid folate until 2 weeks after child has completed the dose of sulfa based
drugs (malaria treatment)
Mothers
Give all pregnant women a standard dose of 200mg iron (Feso4) tablets three
times a day + 5 mg folate once daily OR offer multiple micronutrients
Promote use of anti-malarial interventions such as bed nets for preventing
anemia because malaria is often a major underlying factor.
Provide advice on food items and medicines that should not be taken together
with iron supplements since they may inhibit absorption such as milk, antacids,
tea, and coffee.
Treat anemia with treatment doses of iron for 3 months.
Refer severe cases of anemia to the nearest higher level of care if they are
in the last month of pregnancy, have signs of respiratory distress or cardiac
abnormalities such as oedema.
Provide advice on a balanced diet and emphasize on consumption of iron rich
foods such as liver, red meats, eggs, fish, whole-grain bread, legumes and iron
fortified foods.
Promote consumption of vitamin C rich foods such as oranges, green vegetables,
as they enhance the absorption of iron.
Hygiene and
sanitation
1. Carers of
children
under five
years.
2. General
Community
members
3. Household
members
109
Hygiene and
sanitation
1. Carers of
children
under five
years.
2. General
Community
members
3. Household
members
De-worming
Carers of
children
Outline the hygiene and sanitation above to patients with worm infestation
Give 500mg mebendazole or 400mg albendazole as a single dose if the child is 2
years of age or older and if the child has not had any in the previous 6 months
Growth
monitoring
Carers of
children under
five years
Diarrhoea
Carers of
children under
five years
Vomiting
Carers of
children under
five years
110
Replace lost water by giving the child extra fluids. Give small amounts, after
each loose stool, as much as the child will drink, in a clean cup till the diarrhoea
has passed.
Give fluid after every loose stool (children <2yr to cup, children >2yr
to 1 cup)
Give breast milk as often as possible- it is the best food and liquid for a child
with diarrhoea it is clean and can reduce the frequency and severity of
diarrhoea.
Give extra fluid in between breast feeds
Continue to give frequent meals to the child
The child needs extra food once the diarrhoea has finished (one extra meal/day
for 2 weeks) to recover properly
If diarrhoea is very frequent several loose stools in an hour, continues without
improvement for more than 1 week, or contains blood the child is in danger
and needs medical help. Zinc supplements can lessen the severity of a current
diarrhea episode as well as prevent occurrence of future episodes for a few
months.
Replace lost water by giving the child extra fluids slowly. Give small amounts
after each episode of vomiting, in a clean cup till the vomiting has passed.
Continue breast feeding
If the child vomits after taking fluids, wait and then try and give very small
amounts slowly
Stop giving food for day but continue with fluids
If the child hasnt vomited for day try giving small amounts of food and
increase the quantities of both ORS and food slowly.
Continue giving extra fluids till child has recovered
If vomiting continues without improvement, is accompanied by other
symptoms, or is very severe the child may become dehydrated and needs to be
taken to the clinic.
Dehydration
Carers of
children under
five years
Community
Sensitization
Community
members
Community
health workers,
Community
Volunteers
Utilization of
Ready-to-eat
foods (RUFs)
Carers of 6-59
months children
RUFs are a food and medicine for very thin children (under 5 years) only.
RUFs should NOT be shared
RUFs are for children 6 59 months only
Give the child the RUF amount prescribed by the health worker
Always offer the child plenty of clean water or breast milk to drink while he or
she is eating the RUF
Wash childrens hands and face before feeding
Use soap for washing childrens hands and face
Keep the open sachet of RUF clean and covered and give to the child whenever
he/she demands for it.
Breastfeeding the child should continue when they are on RUF
CHILDREN BELOW SIX MONTHS SHOULD ONLY BE EXCLUSIVELY
BREASTFED and should not be given RUFs or any other foods or liquids
Before giving to the child to eat, knead the unopened sachet gently (do not apply
too much force) to allow for flow of the content.
Open the sachet using a clean device and then give to the child to eat.
RUFs should not be shared with other members of the family
111
112
Section 11
Management of centres
and routine work
113
Waiting area:
Screening
Sugared water
Promotion activities
Measurements W/H,
MUAC, Oedema
Register
Exit
Counselling
Vaccination
114
Medical check-up.
Drug and nutrition
prescription
The waiting area should be a comfortable place for the children and their carers. It should always be shaded.
Ensure that water is available for those waiting.
Provide sugared water to patients that look tired (see section on Hypoglycaemia for preparation).
Inform them of the waiting time before they will be seen.
Make water and soap available for mothers to wash their hands and childs hands.
Visit the waiting area regularly, and identify those children that are ill or very weak. Examine them first!
Avoid accumulation of people next to the measurement or the examination areas.
In OTP and SC, you can start the appetite test of those patients that do not look very ill while they wait.
It is important that the parent or caregiver who attends the health facility with a child is acknowledged for the visit.
This is particularly important when the child is not considered malnourished by the weight and height anthropometry
taken at the health centre. Otherwise, the community can become disgruntled with the service, particularly if
mothers travel a long distance. It can seriously affect uptake of the services and negatively impact on coverage.
Every mother should be congratulated for taking good care of her child.
2. Measurement area:
Always ensure that there is enough room to work, and people waiting to be measured are at a reasonable
distance.
Ask the mother of the child and/or a volunteer to help with measurements (remember: height and weight
measurements need two people to be done correctly!).
Check every day that the measurement equipment is in good shape, and order replacements with enough time
if you think that something is not working correctly.
Keep the measurement area tidy. Always write the measurements in the right form do not write them on just
any piece of paper, as these may be lost and create confusion!
Some of these explanations will be repeated to the mother when they receive the food. It is important that they
understand everything and that all questions are answered before they leave the centre.
115
ALWAYS examine every child (new admissions and follow-ups) for nutrition and medical history.
Information should be recorded in the card. In OTP, follow the patients card as a guide for the information that
needs to be collected, and write the answer to every box.
ALWAYS ask the mother for any complaints that the child may have, even if not related to malnutrition.
In OTP, CHECK APPETITE on the day of admission and for the next few distributions. Thereafter, appetite need
only be checked if the child presents a problem (see FC 3)
ALWAYS ask how the child is taking the food at home, ask the carer to explain how she/he organises the feeds.
Ask for treatments that the child may be taking for other conditions.
ALWAYS make a judgement about the evolution of the child: is the childs health and nutritional status improving?
Is it not evolving or is it deteriorating? What actions should be taken? TAKE A DECISION!
Evaluate if the child needs to be discharged, if the child presents signs of failure to respond (FC 14 and FC 21),
if the child needs transfer to other centre, etc.
Be sure to have all the forms with the dosage for the drugs and foods in the table
117
18.
19.
20.
21.
Calculate the amounts of RUTF to be given to the carer until the next visit.
Fill in the Ration card that the carer will take home.
Explain to the mother what are your conclusions and the treatment that you are going to give.
Send the patient to the assistant, to give the single dose of each drug, and first dose of antibiotics. Give the
RUTF.
22. Provide explanations on how to take the drugs and the RUTF, using Field Card 16.
23. Check that the carer understands well all the instructions, and that she knows the date of next visit.
24. Ask the mother if she has questions, and resolve them. Assure her that the child will get better soon.
Routine work for all patients (in following visits):
Assessment and Registration:
1. Welcome the child and the carer and explain that you need to measure the child to see what is his/her evolution.
2. Check for oedema
3. Measure and record MUAC.
4. Take the patients weight and height, and calculate weight-for-height (Z-scores).
5. Do the Appetite test if needed (necessary for visits 1 and 2, and afterwards if the patient is not gaining weight
or presents with another problem). Write down the results.
6. Write down all the information in the Register book and in the patients card.
Medical consultation:
7. Welcome the mother and resolve any questions that she has at this point.
8. Do the consultation following the steps in the OTP card:
9. Check that all the identification information and the anthropometry section are complete. If not, ask the
registration to provide the details.
10. Complete History section by asking the mother.
11. Explore the patient and complete the Physical examination section.
12. Prescribe Routine medicines if still needed (week 2).
13. Check the evolution of weight, oedema and the clinical status of the patient.
1. If child is not gaining weight, do the Appetite test, and explore what may be reasons with carer.
2. Go through the list of complications that require SC treatment. If the child presents complicated SAM
or failure to respond to treatment, consider transfer to SC with the mother.
14. Calculate the amounts of RUTF to be given to the carer until the next visit.
15. Fill in the Ration card that the carer will take home.
16. DECIDE if the patient needs to be classified as Cured or Non-response, or continue treatment.
17. Explain to the mother what are your conclusions and the treatment that you are going to give.
18. Send the patient to the assistant to give the RUTF.
1. Collect the empty sachets from previous week. If they dont have them, explain the importance of
bringing them every week, but do not threaten the mother if she cant do it.
19. Remind the explanations on how to take the drugs and the RUTF, using Field Card 16.
20. Check that the carer understands well all the instructions, and that she knows the date of next visit.
21. Ask the mother if she has any questions, and resolve any doubts. Reassure her that the child will get better
soon.
118
119
Give feedback to the parent/caregiver on the patients final outcome. Make sure that the carer understands why
the child is being discharged.
Refer the patient to the appropriate centre (from SC to OTP and from OTP to SFP). Ensure the parent/caregiver
understands the importance of continuing treatment at the other centre, and knows when and where they need
to attend it.
In OTP, give a final ration of seven (7) packets as a weaning off ration.
Fill in date and reason of discharge on the register.
Store the patients card with the other exits, for future reference (monthly reports or supervision).
Advise parent/caregiver to return to the centre if child becomes sick or is losing weight again.
If the child was cured: Congratulate the carer. Some carers will receive the discharge as bad news, because they
appreciated receiving the food distributions. Explain that the child is cured and needs to return to eating normal food
or continue treatment in the other centre. Let them know that they are not being expelled from the programme
for a bad reason, and that they are very welcome to come back if the child needs it.
If the child was non-response: Do not be judgemental with the carer. Explain that the child was not evolving
correctly, and that the centre has made the necessary medical and social investigations but could not find a reason
for the lack of weight gain. Encourage them to come back if the state of the child deteriorates again, or to go to
an Inpatient centre.
120
Section 12
121
Name of partner/Centre:
Region:
District:
Village:
Name of Mother/Caregiver:
Name of Child:
Age:
Sex:
Address:
Date of Admission:
Weight(kg):
Height(cm):
Z-score Weight/Height:
MUAC(cm):
Oedema:
SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT
Measles Vaccination date:
Vitamin A dose:
Albendazole dose:
Date:
Date:
Other (Specify):
WEIGHT FOLLOW-UP
Date
Weight
MUAC
122
(name of child)
Aaga
Tuuladda
(village)
(area)
Da'da (bilo)
Jinsi
(age:mths)
(sex)
ka SFP
Taariikhda la
diiwaangeliyey/la qaatey
Dib u seexin
(sib u soo celin)
(relapse)
Fogaanta guriga
(saacado)
(distance:hrs)
ka TFC/SC
Mataano
(twin)
haa
maya
Daryeelaha
labaad ee
bukaanka
Magaca daryeelaha
guud ee bukaaanka
(name of carer)
TFC/SC diidmo
(refused transfer)
(2nd carer)
haa
maya
Dheerer (cm)
Barar/oedema
<3 z-score
WH z-score
Kale: cadeey
MUAC
<11.5cm
(other: specify)
Taarikh
Shuban
(diarrhoea)
Matag
(vomiting)
Qufac
(cough)
Cunta qaadasho
(appetite)
haa
maya
haa
maya
haa
maya
fiican
(good)
liito
(poor)
MUAC (cm)
(History)
Saxaro/maalin
1-3
(stools/day)
Socodka Kaadida
(passing urine)
. 4-5
>5
haa
maya
haa
maya
haa
maya
caadi
cadaan
dhexdhexaad
daran
Naas-nuujin
midnaba
(none)
(breastfeeding)
dhibaatooyinka kale
(problems)
Baaris Guud
Heerka Neefsashada
(#
min)
Heerka kulka 0C
<30
30 - 39
(Physical Examination)
40 - 49
Noqashada xabadka
50+
(chest retractions)
Xirib/calaacalaha
(temp.)
Indhaha
(eyes)
Dhagaha
(ears)
Qanjirada
(lymph nodes)
(conjunctiva/palms)
caadi
godan
caadi
Soo baxsan
ma jiro
luqunta
kilkisha
ma jiro
cadho
xubka
Fuuq bax
Soo baxsan
Afka
daawa
taariikh
caadi
(mouth)
Awood daro
laabato
(disability)
nabro
cad-cadaan
haa
maya
caadi
qaboow
qaadasho
Vitamin A
Gacmaha/ciribta
(hands/feet)
lab-dox / barar
ma jiro
(dehydration)
daawa
taariikh
qaadasho
Antimalarials: SP
AS
Amoxycillin
(artesunate)
Mebendazole
taariikh
Talaal buuxo
Measles
(fully immunised)
Daaweeynta Kale
daawa
taarikh
qaadasho
haa
maya
taarikh
qaadasho
(Other Medication)
daawa
123
Magaca
DIW No
(name)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Taariikh (date)
Cabiraad
(Anthropometry)
Culeys (kg)
(weight)
Dherer (cm)
(height)
W / H z-score
MUAC (cm)
Barar (+ ++ +++)
(oedema)
* Isbedelida culeys: MARASMICS: haddii uu ka hooseeyo miisanka seexinta ee usbuuc 3 la xariri shaqaalaha dibada. Haddii uu soo kordheeyn miisaanka usbuuca 5 aad la xariiri TFC/SC
Taarikh
(History)
Shuban (# maalmo)
(diarrhoea)
Matag (# maalmo)
(vomiting)
Qando/xumad
(# maalmo) (fever)
Qufac (# maalmo)
(cough)
Fuuqbax
(H/M) (dehydrated)
Dhiigla'aan
(H/M) (anaemia)
Maqaarka oo jirado
(H/M) (skin infection)
P'nut itixaan
Fiican /Liito/Diiday
Plumpynut/ tirada
baakada (# units)
Howsha loo baahan yahay
in la qabto **
(H/M) (sida hoose) (action
needed)
Daaweeyn kale
Magaca baaraha
(name examiner)
124
17
Goobta OTPga
Magaca Ilmaha
Ciwaanka
Magaca masuulka
Ilmaha
Tarikh
Miisan (KG)
Dherer (CM)
CWCG
Tarikh
Miisan (KG)
Dherer (CM)
CWCG
Barar
(+ ++ +++)
Barar
(+ ++ +++)
Plumpynut
(# units)
Cunto kale
Plumpynut
(# units)
Cunto kale
Faalo
125
Registration Number
Name
DATE
ANTHROPOMETRIC CHART
Referred From
Age
1
Sex
5
Admission Criteria
7
10
Height
(cm)
11
11/22/10
Weight
(kg)
WHZ
(z-score)
MUAC
(mm)
Oedema
(+ ++ +++)
DATE
10
11
ROUTINE MEDICINES
Amoxycillin
7-10 days
Fansidar
Artesunate
TESTS
Vitamin A
Albendazole or
Mebendazole
on discharge
TYPE
RESULTS
SPECIAL MEDICINES
Measles Vaccine
Milk/RUTF
Amount per meal
(6 meals per day)
Total per day
07:00 AM
MEAL TIMES
10:00 AM
01:00 PM
04:00 PM
07:00 PM
10:00 PM
Temperature
Respirations
Stools
Vomit
Date of Discharge
126
12
OTP of Discharge
12
DATE
DATE
NAME:
NUMBER:
SIGNATURE
127
Partner Program:
Remarks:
128
1.2 District
2.3 Performance
Indicators
1.5 Final
Distribution
1.4 WFP Sub-office Point
2.1.3E Deaths
2.1.3D Defaulters
2.1.3B Non-Response
2.1.3A Cured
2.1.2B Readmissions
2.2.2 Children:
Weight for Height
(tick one)
2.2.3 Women:
(tick one)
1.7 Report
Submission Date
2.3.5 % Death
Note: The SPHERE standards are Cured: >75%, default <15%, death<3%
2.3.3 % Cured
2.3.4 % Defaulted
Girls
1.6 Reporting
Month
2.3.1 Average weight gain (children who recovered in g/kg body weight/day)
other (specify)
2.1.3
Discharges
Admissions
BENEFICIARY INFORMATION
2.2 Admissions
Criteria used at the
facility
2.1 Beneficiaries
2.
1.3 Cooperating
Partner
1.1 Region
1.
Boys
Total
129
130
0
MALE
#DIV/0!
ADMISSIONS
0
100%
#DIV/0!
FEMALE
DIRECT
ADMISSIONS IN
SC/TFC
RELAPSES
FROM ---- TO
IMPLEMENTING AGENCY
Report prepared by
MONTH / YEAR
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
DEFAULTE
R (C3)
#DIV/0!
NONCURED
(C4)
TOTAL
DISCHARGE
(C)
g/kg/day
day
Nb:
Nb:
day
Kwashiorkor
Nb:
Nb:
F = A + B - C + D1 + D2 - E1
Other movements
OUT
IN
Total end
Readmiss Transfer Transfer
of the
after
from TFC to OTP or month (F)
default
or from
to TFC
(D1)
OTP (D2)
(E1)
0
g/kg/day
DEATH
(C2)
CURED
(C1)
Discharges (C)
OTHER INDICATORS
TOTAL
OTHER
ADMISS
(B3)
TOTAL
NEW
ADMISSIO
N (B)
>5 years
OEDEMA
(B2)
W/H<-3zTotal
score,
beginning of
the month MUAC<115
mm OR
(A)
MUAC <
160mm
6-59 months
< 6 months
Group age
SC
Estim. U5 pop.
OPENING DATE
SITE
DISTRICT
TYPE OF PROGRAMME OTP
Notes
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131