DTE
DCE
DCE
DTE
Bounded Medium
i. Pair of Wire
-Made up of wire pairs stretched
between telephone sets
ii. Coaxial cable
-Used
to
transmit
higher
frequency than pair of wire
iii. Submarine Cable
-Used to overcome long spacing
between amplifiers and upper
frequency at which the cables
can be operated lower than
land cable
SUBMARINE
CABLE
Bounded Medium
iv. Waveguides
- Metal tubes that allow
high frequency radio
waves to travel
Unbounded Medium
i. Ground or Surface Waves
ii. Space or Tropospheric
Waves
iii. Sky
or
Ionospheric
Waves
Information Capacity
A.
B.
C.
D.
CLAUDE
SHANNON
CLAUDE
SHANNON
B. Nyquist Theorem
HARRY NYQUIST
Where:
C
X
f
T
= channel capacity
= number of coding levels
= channel bandwidth
= transmission time
RALPH
HARTLEY
C = f log2(1 + S/N)
Where:
Baud
Named after the French Data Communication
pioneer, Emile Baudot.
Example:
If 1600 signals events occur each second, but
through coding techniques, each signal
element represents 3 bits, what is the baud
rate? Bit rate?
BUS
TOPOLOGY
TREE
TOPOLOGY
STAR
TOPOLOGY
RING
TOPOLOGY
MESH
TOPOLOGY
Network Configuration
1. Point-to-point
> each node in the network is connected to other
nodes by individual communication lines
2. Multipoint
> several nodes in the network will share a
communication link
> Sharing Device a device that enables sharing
a single source (modem, MUX, or computer port)
among several devices
Network Configuration
POINT-TO-POINT
MULTIPOINT
MODEM
A device used to convert
serial digital data from a
transmitting terminal to a
signal
suitable
for
transmission
over
a
telephone channel, or to
reconvert the transmitted
signal to a serial digital
data for acceptance at
the receiving terminal.
MODEM PARAMETERS
Speed or bit rate (bps)
Transmission type sync or async
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES
Refers to a technique of putting two or lower
speed transmission onto a single communication
line of higher capacity.
MULTIPLEXING
TECHNIQUES
TIME DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
SYNCHRONOUS /
STATICAL TDM
FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
ASYNCHRONOUS /
STATISTICAL TDM
Multiplexing Techniques
FREQUENCY
DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
Splits
the
available
bandwidth for a given
communication link into
a number of channels
equal to the number of
different devices being
multiplexed.
Multiplexing Techniques
TIME
DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
Splits up the capacity of
the line by assigning
each user a particular
time slot, during which
its data is transmitted
over the communication
link.
Multiplexing Techniques
2 Types of TDMs
1. SYNCHRONOUS / STATICAL TDM
> high speed data is divided into frames where
each channel has a fixed number of timeslots. The
number of timeslots depends on the data speed of
the terminal.
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
Forms the interface between the higher applicationoriented layers and the underlying networkdependent protocol layers.
Provides end-to-end data integrity and quality of
service.
Allows end users to communicate oblivious to
network constraints imposed by the lower levels
Network Protocols
Are standards that allow computers to
communicate
HANDSHAKING
POLLING
CONTENTION
Neither end of the data link has permanent control over the link
To transmit data, a station must contend for the master status
Station at the other end of the data link will then become a slave
Data are transmitted from Master to Slave
The master controls flow of data along the link
PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS
PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS
i. Link Control
Specifies the rules for data transfer between
two stations
a. Link Initialization data link and stations at
both ends are in idle state when there is no
data exchange
b.
c.
d.
e.
Link Termination
Link Recovery
Relationship of stations
Mode of operation
PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS
ii. Synchronization
Data are sent in blocks or frames. The
beginning and end of each block must be
clearly identifiable
PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS
iii. Flow Control
NETWORK BREADTH
A. Local Area Network (LAN)
Collection of independent computers which
can communicate with one another over a
shared medium, usually confined to a small
geographical area, such as a single building or
a college campus.
NETWORK BREADTH
B. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Are developed primarily by data carriers in
response to the demand to interconnect LANs
across metropolitan area.
NETWORK BREADTH
C. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Essentially interconnected LANs and MANs,
they can be homogenous (like networks) but
are often heterogonous (different topologies).
It can span campuses, cities, or continents.
February
year 1980
10BASE5
10BASE2
10BASE-T
10BASE-FL
LAN Terms
repeater
hub
node
gateway
router
transceiver
bridge
LAN Terms
1. NODE
2. REPEATER
LAN Terms
3. BRIDGES
4. TRANSCEIVER
LAN Terms
5. HUB
6. ROUTER
7. GATEWAY
LAN Protocols
1. TCP / IP
LAN Protocols
2. DECNetTM
3. Apple Talk
LAN Architectures
1. PEER-TO-PEER LAN
LAN Architectures
2. CLIENT SERVER LAN
LAN Hardware
1. NETWORK ADAPTER BOARD
2.
3.
4.
5.
CABLING
SERVERS
REPEATERS
HUBS AND CONCENTRATORS
NETWORK ADAPTER
BOARD
Servers
FILE SERVER
A network computer with a
large hard disk drive where
files or applications are saved
from the entire LAN
Servers
COMMUNICATION SERVER
A networked PC or other
computer connected to one or
more communication devices
such as modem, multiplexer or
other transmission equipment
PRINT SERVER
A networked PC connected to
a printer
Should be centrally located
where it can be easily shared
by a workgroup
BASEBAND TRANSMISSION
BROADBAND TRANSMISSION
Baseband Transmission
Broadband Transmission
Available Networks
1. ETHERNET
2. TOKEN RING
3. FDDI (FIBER DATA DISTRIBUTED INTERFACE)
4. CDDI (COPPER DATA DISTRIBUTED INTERFACE)
ETHERNET
FDDI
TOKEN
RING
LAN Components
1. COMPUTERS
2. FILE SERVER
LAN Components
4. NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS
7. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
INTERNET
ARPANET
Internet Terms
WORLD WIDE WEB
A menu based search tool that
enables users to access the Internet
resources world wide while using
links embedded documents
This linked documents allow users
to move easily from place to place
within the Internet in a nonlinear
fashion
CYBERSPACE
A term coined by William Gibson in
his fantasy novel, Neuromancer to
describe the world of computers
and the society that gathers around
them
Internet Terms
GOPHER
NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR
Essentially a tool or program
that makes Internet surfing a
lot easier
Capable of showing graphics
and movies, producing audio or
music and best of all, you can
download it all for free, if the
author of the webpage permits
you to do so
Internet Terms
TELNET
A program that allows
Internet nodes to log-in
and access program and
other data on another
Internet node
Enables you to connect
outside your server, for
example, outside the
country
At least 8 MB RAM
Video Graphics Adapter monitor
Modem
Procedure
Functions of E-mail
1.
2.
3.
4.
Creation
Sending
Reception
Storage
PACKET SWITCHING
Involves dividing data messages into small bundles of
information and transmitting them thru communications
network to their intended destination.
Is a switching technique wherein the message is divided
into blocks called packets preceded and followed by
control characters which allow the network to decide on
the final destination. Switching is done on a packet-bypacket basis.
X.25
Defines the structures contents and sequencing
procedures for the transmission of data among
DTE, DCE and a public data network.
X.25 Operation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Data is taken from the source device and is stored for processing and to make
retransmission possible.
Packet envelope is then placed around the data. This envelope contains the address
of the destination and information for error detection.
Based on the packet envelope information, the network makes a determination as
to where the data should now be sent.
A frame envelope is placed around the packet envelope which is responsible for
ensuring data integrity across a single physical line.
The data is then sent, via the physical layer, over the appropriate copper or fiber or
satellite facility to the next node in the network
In the next node, the data is once again stored.
It is examined for errors. If error is found, the faulty data can be retransmitted
from the previous node, where it was stored before transmission.
If no error is found, the network strip off the frame envelope and look at the packet
within the frame to determine the destination of this data.
If necessary, it will then route it to yet another node. This process will continue
until the ultimate destination node is reached.
When the final node is reached, all envelopes are examined, and then removed,
and the data is delivered to the endpoint device.
X.25 Layers
1. Link layer (frame level)
2. Network layer (packet level)
3. Physical layer
VIRTUAL CIRCUIT
Permit communications between distinct network
elements through any number of intermediate node
without the dedication of portion of the physical circuits.
FRAME RELAY
A wide area network
technology that uses
fast packet switching
technique to meet the
demands of high speed
bursty traffic.
A technique used in
data transport network
where error checking is
performed end-to-end
instead of on each
individual link.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Definition of Terms
1. CIR Committed Information Rate
The average rate (in bps) at which the network
guarantees to transfer information units over a
measurement interval.
2. Bc Committed Burst Size
The maximum number of information units that
can be transmitted during the time interval.
3. Be
The maximum number of uncommitted
information units that the network will attempt
to carry during the time interval
Bridge
Router
Host
Frame Relay Access Device
Frame Sizes
(variable lengths)
Maximum number of
bytes
Per frame
Ethernet
1500 bytes
Token frame
4.096 Mbps
ATM Components
1. Routers and switches to connect carrier on a
global basis
2. Backbone devices to connect all the LANs
within a large organization
3. Switches and adapters which link desktop
computers to high speed ATM connection for
running multimedia applications
ATM Media
1. Coaxial cables
2. Twisted pair cables
3. Fiber optic cables
ATM LAYERS
ATM LAYERS
1. Physical Layer
Responsible for the electrical or optical
transmission and reception along the physical
media between two devices.
2. ATM Layer (Network Layer)
Deals with moving cells from source to destination
Involves routing algorithms and protocols within
the ATM switches
3. ATM Adaptation Layer
Adapts user traffic to a cell format
4. ATM Services and Application Layer
ATM INTERFACES
1. User to Network Interface (UNI)
Boundary between a host and an ATM network
ATM INTERFACES
ATM APPLICATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Home working
Home shopping
Video on demand
Interactive multimedia games
Distance learning
ATM Speeds:
FR Speeds:
Bit Error Rate:
ATM: 10-12
X.25: 10-6
2.4 Gbps
1.024 Gbps
ISDN Channels
1. B-channel (Bearer Channel)
2. D-channel
3. H channel
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
H0
H11
H12
H21
H22
H4
3. Broadband ISDN
150 Mbps
For future HDTV projects
H channels
TA (Terminal Adapter)
Allows a non-ISDN equipment to be
connected to the ISDN line
Analog signal are digitized and put into ISDN
format before entering the network
ISDN APPLICATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Digital telephony
Video communications
Leased line overflow or Back-up
LAN and WAN
Internet access
PSK
FSK
QAM
ASK
PSK
FSK
QAM
ASK
1800
900
10800
8064
2B + D
B+D
B + 2D
2B + 2D
Frame delay
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
ISDN
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
Terminal equipment
Terminal adapter
Modem
Network adaptor
PCM
PWM
Vocoder
PFM
2
n
2
n
2
2n
<
m
m
m
m
+
+
+
+
n
n
n
n
+
+
+
+
1
1
1
1
45.What
determine
which
network
configuration is most appropriate?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Application layer
Presentation layer
Network layer
Data link layer
10
20
30
40
Mbps
Mbps
Mbps
Mbps
1500
1500
1500
1500
ft
m
km
kft
Topology
Architecture
Topology or architecture
Topology and architecture
Synchronous mode
Start / stop mode
Packet mode
Circuit mode
7
14
64
128
Bit rate
Baud rate
Coding
Channel capacity
Samuel Morse
Emile Baudot
Alexander Graham Bell
Guglielmo Marconi
R. V. L. Hartley
J. R. Carson
H. Nyquist
Alex Reeves
V.26
V.24
V.42
V.32
20
30
40
50
kbps
kbps
kbps
kbps
57.What is multiplexing?
a. The process of increasing bandwidth on a channel
b. A technique that enables more than one data source
to share the use of a common line
c. Mailing letter at the post office
d. The ability to share frequency by time
Amplitude
Analog
Digital
Pulse
Pulse
Pulse
Pulse
Pulse
duration modulation
position modulation
width modulation
code modulation
Compressing
Expanding
Encoding
Companding
64 kbps
3.152 Mbps
1.544 Mbps
6.312 Mbps
60
600
1800
10800
76
80
84
88
80
84
88
92
kHz
kHz
kHz
kHz
EBCDIC
ASCII
Morse code
Baudot code
Up / down keying
On / off keying
Front / back keying
I / O keying
Analog signal
Large bandwidth
Digital signals
Fiber optics cable
Nyquist theorem
Hartley theorem
Shannon-Hartley theorem
Shannon theorem
Quantizing noise
Fade margin
Noise margin
Noise figure
Network topology
Star network
Ring topology
Bus network
Broadband
Baseband
Digital
Analog
Circuit switching
Packet switching
Message switching
PSTN
Clock
Star bit
Quantizing
BCC
an
to
OSI
CCITT
Bell system
AT&T
Bridge
Router
Gateway
Hub
Bridge
Router
Gateway
Hub
Serial data
Parallel data
Full duplex
Half duplex
DTE
DCE
Modem
FEP
Full/full duplex
Echoplex
Isochronous
Synchronous
84.Codes must be
a. Eight bits per character
b. Either seven or eight bits per character
c. Agreed upon in advance between sender and
receiver
d. The same in all modem computers
86.Digital
to
analog
converter
in
synchronous modems send signals to the
a.
b.
c.
d.
Modulator
Transmission lines
Terminal
Equalizer
32 kbps
64 kbps
144 kbps
192 kbps
3
4
2
5
256
132
2400
512
CCITT number 2
ASCII
CCITT number 5
EBCDIC
Conversion
Emulation
Imitation
Simultation
FSK
QPSK
ASK
DPSK
3
3.5
3.32
4
16
4
8
32
has
______
Byte
Digit
Bit
Nibble
Network layer
Physical layer
Transport layer
Data link layer
98.Modem is referred to as
a.
b.
c.
d.
Code signaling
Synchronous
Common channel signaling
Asynchronous
Internet
Novell netware
10Base-T
Intranet
10
20
30
40
kHz
kHz
kHz
kHz
12
9
14
8
256
64
128
512
Hub
Cloud
Server
Gateway
One at a time
Simultaneously
In group of 2 bits
In group of 3 bits
Store
Receive
Transmit
Read
EBDCDIC
BAUDOT
ASCII
HOLLERITH
Modem
Muldem
Multiplexer
Codec
LAN
WAN
ISDN
PSTN
Host
Communication controller
Cluster controller
Interface equipment
Peer to peer
Hierarchical
PVC
LAN
Line
Line
Line
Line
equalizer
amplifying
conditioning
encoding
Private-line network
PT network
Dial-up network
Trunk network
Print
Client
Network
File
Parity
Error
Overhead
Hamming bits
101101110
101101111
010010001
10110111
Hub
Central pointer
Router
Repeater
Upload
Download
Call
Transmit
NIC
RS 232
Software
Protocol
TE
TA
NT2
TP
3
4
7
2
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CA
Token passing
PDDI
V series
X series
I series
T series
128.Broadband uses
a.
b.
c.
d.
TDM
Space multiplexing
FDM
Statistical multiplexing
Broadband transmission
Digital transmission
Base band transmission
Analog transmission
Ring
Bus
Star
Tree
Gray
EBCDIC
Baudot
ASCII
1 and 0
Dot and dash
Message and interval
On and off
BCC
LRC
VRC
CRC
Gateway
Bridge
Router
Repeater
Electrical
Mechanical
Logical
All of them