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10222015,02:41AM
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CustoMacGlossary:ExplanationsofCommonTerms
nobodynose
Moderator
JoinDate:
Sep2012
Posts:
2,197
Mobo:
MSIH97MG43
CPU:
IntelCorei54590S
(Haswell,3.0GHz,65W)
Graphics:
NVidiaGTX750
GeekbenchScore:
10139
Online:
ACPI
AHCI
ATX/EATX/microATX/MiniITX
BIOS
boot0error
Chimera
Clover
Codec
DisplayPort/MiniDP
DSDT
DVI
ECCmemory
EFISystemPartition(ESP)
EHCI
FakeSMC
FAT/FAT32
Fusiondrive
GPT
HDAdriver
HDD
HDMI
HPET
HWSensors
HybridPartitionTable
IntelHDGraphics
IntelProcessorsandChipsets
Kernel
Kext
M.2
MAS
MBR
Mobo
mSATA
MultiBeast
PCIe/MiniPCIe
.plistfiles
QE/CIGraphicsAcceleration
RAID
SATA
SIP
S.M.A.R.T.
SMC
SSD
SSDT
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SSDT
Thunderbolt
UEFI
UniBeast
USB
VGA
xHCI
CustoMacGlossary:ExplanationsofCommonTerms
ACPITheAdvancedConfigurationandPowerInterfaceisanopenspecificationusedbyoperating
systemsforcomputerhardwarediscovery,configuration,powermanagement,andsystem
monitoring.ACPIdefinesasetoftableswhichprovideaplatformindependentinterfacebetweenan
ACPIcompliantoperatingsystemandthesystemfirmware.Thefilesdescribingthesetablesare
writteninthetextualACPISourceLanguage(ASL)andstoredwitha.dslextension,andthencompiled
intothebinaryACPIMachineLanguage(AML)formatandstoredwithan.amlextension.
AHCITheAdvancedHostControllerInterfaceisaninterfacespecificationallowingtheSATA
controllerdrivertosupportadvancedfeaturessuchasNativeCommandQueuing,HotPlug,etc.Many
SATAcontrollerscanenableAHCIeitherseparatelyorinconjunctionwithRAIDsupporthowever,Mac
OSXdoesnotsupportIntelhardwareRAID.SettingSATAportstoAHCImodeisrequiredforMacOS
XtobootfromaharddiskorSSD.
ATX/EATX/MicroATX/MiniITXMotherboardformfactors,which
includephysicaldimensions,mountingpoints,therearI/Opanel,andpowerandconnectorinterfaces
betweenthecase,motherboard,andpowersupply.Herearethedimensionsofthemostcommon
formfactors:
FormFactorName
Dimensions
ATX
305mm244mm
EATX(ExtendedATX)
305mm330mm
MicroATX
244mm244mm
MiniITX
170mm170mm
BIOSInIBMPCCompatiblecomputers,theBasicInput/OutputSystem(BIOS),also
referredtoaslegacyBIOS,isadefactostandarddefiningafirmwareinterface.TheBIOSsoftware
isbuiltintothePC,andisthefirstcoderunbyaPCwhenpoweredon('bootfirmware').Theprimary
functionoftheBIOSistoloadandstartanoperatingsystem.WhenstartingupthePC,itinitializes
devicessuchasthegraphicscard,keyboardandmouse,storagedevices,andotherhardware.Thenit
locatessoftwareonthestoragedevicedesignatedasthebootdeviceandloadsit,handingover
controlofthePCtotheoperatingsystem.BIOSsoftwareisstoredonanonvolatileROMchipbuilt
intothesystemonthemotherboard.TheBIOSonmostmodernmotherboardshasbeenreplacedwith
anewerinterfacecalledtheUnifiedExtensibleFirmwareInterface,orUEFI.
boot0errorThisisanerrorthatcommonlysurfaceswithharddriveswhichhavea4Kbyteblock
size(a.k.a.AdvancedFormatdrives)insteadoftheolder512byteblocksize.Theerroriscausedby
afailureofOSXtowritethebootloadercodetothe4Kdrives,andrequiresaworkaroundtobooton
theirown.Thiserrorischaracterizedbythefollowingerrorappearingonthescreenatboottime:
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Seeboot0Error:TheOfficialGuideformoreinformationonhowtoinstallthebootloadermanually
(Chimeraonly,doesnotapplytoClover).
ChimeraAlegacybootloadercommonlyusedonolderCustoMacsystems.Chimeraworks
byemulatingEFI,actingasmiddlewarebetweentheBIOSandtheOSXEFIinterface.Chimeraisthe
bootloaderinstalledbyUniBeast5.xandolder.
CloverAUEFIbootloadercommonlyusedonnewerCustoMacsystems.ThoughCloveris
UEFIbased,itallowsforbootingMacOSX(andotheroperatingsystems)onUEFIandlegacyBIOS
systems.CloveristhebootloaderinstalledbyUniBeast6.xandnewer.
CodecTheaudiocodecisachipthatcodes/decodestheaudiostreamfromdigitaltoanalogsignals
andviceversa.TheHDAcontrollerprovidestheregisterlevelinterfacetothecodecchip,sothat
softwarewrittentotheIntelHDAspecificationcancommunicatewiththecodec,nomatterwho
manufacturedthechip.MostmotherboardsinHackintoshsystemsuseoneofseveralcodecssupplied
byRealtek.
DisplayPort/MiniDPDisplayPortisadigitalgraphicsinterfacedevelopedbytheVideoElectronics
StandardsAssociation(VESA).LikeHDMI,DisplayPortcancarrybothdigitalvideoanddigitalaudio
signalsonthesamecable.MiniDPisDisplayPortwithaminiaturizedconnector,whichisalsousedby
Thunderbolt.
DSDTTheDifferentiatedSystemDescriptionTableisthemainACPItable.IttellstheOShowto
interactwiththemotherboardshardware.OSXhasanincompleteACPIimplementationwhich
supportsonlyasubsetofDSDT.ByreplacingtheDSDTfile,wecandeclareessentiallythesame
interfacebutinthewaythatOSXwillunderstandit.ThispotentiallycansolvenearlyanyACPI
relatedproblemaslongasOSXdoesnotbypasstheACPI.
DVIDigitalVisualInterfaceisadigital/analoggraphicsinterfacedevelopedbytheDigitalDisplay
WorkingGroup(DDWG).TherearefivevariantsofDVI:DVID(digitalonly)SingleorDualLinkDVI
A(analogonly)andDVII(integratedcombinesdigitalandanaloginthesameconnector)Singleor
DualLink.ADVIDsourcecanoutputHDMIwiththepropercableoradapterbecausebothhavethe
sameelectricalspecifications.
ECCmemoryErrorCorrectingCodememoryisatypeofRAMthatcandetectandcorrectthemost
commonkindsofinternaldatacorruption.Itismostoftenusedincomputerswheredatacorruptionof
anykindcannotbetolerated,suchasforscientificorfinancialapplications.Thereisaproblemthat
canarisewithHackintoshesrelatedtoECCmemoryakextcalledAppleTyMCEDriver.kextcauses
kernelpanicsiftheuserselectsasystemdefinitionthatsupportsECCRAMbutthecomputerdoesnt
actuallyhaveECCRAMinstalledinthiscircumstance,AppleTyMCEDriver.kextmustbedeleted.
EFISystemPartition(ESP)theEFISystemPartitionisaspecialstoragepartition,usuallyonthe
bootdrive,thatisusedbyPCsthatbootviaUEFI.TheUEFIfirmwareloadsbootloaders,device
drivers,configuration,andotherfilesstoredontheESPtostarttheinstalledoperatingsystem.The
ESPsformatisbasedontheFAT/FAT32format).
EHCITheEnhancedHostControllerInterfacedefinesalowleveldescriptionofahostcontrollerfor
USB2.0,controllinghowtheUSB2.0portsbehave,andsupportscompliantUSB2.0low,full,and
highspeeddevices.
FakeSMCisanopensourceSMCdevicedriver/emulatordevelopedbynetkas.FakeSMC.kextisthe
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FakeSMCisanopensourceSMCdevicedriver/emulatordevelopedbynetkas.FakeSMC.kextisthe
onlykextfilethatisabsolutelyrequiredtobootMacOSXonnonApplehardware.FakeSMC,along
withahandfulofplugins(alsoopensource,releasedunderthename"HWSensors"),emulatesmuch
ofthefunctionalityoftheSMCchipfoundin"real"Macintoshcomputers.SeealsoHWSensors.
FAT/FAT32TheFileAllocationTable(originally16bit,now32bit)istheoriginalfilesystem
formatusedbyMSDOSandlaterWindows.ItisalsocommonlyfoundonUSBmemorysticks,SDand
MicroSDcards,andotherstoragedevices.
FusiondriveApple'simplementationofahybriddrive,combiningaharddiskdrivewithasolid
statedriveintoasingleCoreStoragelogicalvolume.Themostfrequentlyaccessedfiles,applications,
documents,andotherdataareautomaticallymovedtotheSSDforfastaccessinfrequentlyused
itemsaremovedtotheharddrive.Theplacementofthedataismanagedbytheoperatingsystem.
GPTTheGUIDPartitionTableisthemostrecentoftheHDD/SSDpartitiontableformatssupported
byOSX.GPTsupportsgreaterpartitionsizesandnumbersthanMBR,specificallyupto128partitions
of8ZiBeach(fordiskswith512bytesectors).GPTistherequiredformatforbootinganIntelbased
Mac.
HDAdriverHighDefinitionAudiodriverreferstoanaudiodrivercompliantwithIntel'sHDA
specification.Apple'simplementationofthisspecificationisintheAppleHDA.kextwhichisspecifically
writtenforAppleMacintoshhardware.Consequently,forCustoMacsystems,amodifiedHDAkextis
requiredforeachmotherboard'simplementationoftheIntelspecificationandeachdifferentcodec
chipusedintheimplementation.
HDDHardDiskDriveMassstoragedevicewithrotationalplatters.Harddrivesarecheaperand
comeinmuchlargercapacities,butarealsomuchslowerthanSSDs.
HDMIHighDefinitionMultimediaInterfaceisadigitalaudio/videointerface.TheHDMIstandard
includesaDRM(DigitalRightsManagement)implementationcalledHDCP(HighbandwidthDigital
ContentProtection),whichitusestoencryptthesignalifrequiredbythesourcedevice.Signals
carriedbyHDMIareelectricallycompatiblewithDVIDsignals,sothetwoconnectorsarebasically
interchangeablewiththecorrectadapter/cable.HDMIhasseveralconnectortypesforuseinvarious
applications.
HPETTheHighPrecisionEventTimerisahardwaretimerusedinpersonalcomputers.Itwas
developedjointlybyIntelandMicrosoftandhasbeenincorporatedinPCchipsetssincecirca2005.
TheHPETcircuitinmodernPCsisintegratedintotheNorthbridgechip.HPETmustbeenabledandin
64bitmodeinmostcasesforMacOSXtobootonaPC.
HWSensorsareasetofpluginsforFakeSMCthatenableittosupplyinformationsuchasCPUand
drivetemperatures,fanspeeds,anddriveSMARTinfotohardwaremonitoringprograms.
HybridPartitionTableAstoragepartitioningsystemwhereanHDD/SSDwillbeformattedasGPT
first,thenformattedwithMBRontheremainingfreespace(asaFAT32partition).Inordertofunction
properly,boththeGPTandMBRmustbe"synchronized",thatistheymustcontainidenticalentries.
ThispartitioningschemeismostcommonlyusedonPCsthatbootintobothMicrosoftWindowsand
MacOSX.
IntelHDGraphicsMany,ifnotmost,IntelCorei3/i5/i7desktopprocessorshaveintegrated
graphicscontrollersthatarecompatiblewithOSXXeon,Pentium,andCeleronprocessorsgenerally
donot.ThefollowingisalistofintegratedIntelHDGraphicscontrollersthataresupportedinMacOS
X(thislistmaynotbeallinclusive):
Graphics
Controller
Processor
Lines
ProcessorModels
Notes
HD3000
Sandy
Bridge
Core
i3/i5/i7
i3:2105,2125i5:
2405S,2500Ki7:
2600K,2700K
SNBframebuffer
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HD2500
IvyBridge
Corei3/i5
mostmodels
Capri
framebuffer
HD4000
IvyBridge
Core
i3/i5/i7
i3:3225,3245i5:
3335S,3475S,3570K
i7:3770T,3770S,3770,
3770K
Capri
framebuffer
HD4400
Haswell
Corei3
i3:all41xxxmodels
Azulframebuffer
HD4600
Haswell
Core
i3/i5/i7
i3:all43xxxmodelsi5:
mostmodelsi7:most
models
Azulframebuffer
IrisPro
5200
Haswell
Corei5/i7,
XeonE3
i5:4570R,4670Ri7:
4770RXeon:1284Lv3
SameasHD5000
(mobile)with
added128MB
cache
IrisPro
6200
Broadwell
Corei5/i7
i5:5675Ci7:5775C
SameasHD6000
(mobile)with
added128MB
cache
HD530
Skylake
Core
i3/i5/i7
mostmodels
(Skylakesupport
notyetcomplete)
IntelProcessorsandChipsetsIngeneral,anyInteldesktopprocessorwiththeIntel64bit
instructionsetiscapableofrunningthelatestversionofMacOSX.Thismeansthefollowinglistof
processorlinescanrunElCapitan(thislistmaynotbeallinclusive):
Sockets
BrandNames
CodeNames
Chipset
Series
LGA775
Core2Duo,
Pentium,
Celeron,Xeon
Conroe,Allendale,Wolfdale
9xx,3
series,4
series
LGA775
Core2Quad,
Core2Extreme
Kentsfield,Yorkfield
3series,
4series
LGA1156
Corei3/i5/i7,
Pentium,
Celeron
Clarkdale,Lynnfield
5series
LGA1366
Corei7,Xeon
Bloomfield,Gulftown
5series
LGA1155,
LGA2011
Corei3/i5/i7,
Pentium,
Celeron
SandyBridge,Sandy
BridgeE
6series,
7series
LGA1155,
LGA2011
Corei3/i5/i7,
Pentium,
Celeron
IvyBridge,IvyBridgeE
6series,
7series
LGA1150,
LGA2011
v3
Corei3/i5/i7,
Pentium,
Celeron
Haswell,HaswellE
8series,
9series
LGA1150
Corei5/i7
Broadwell
9series
LGA1151
Corei3/i5/i7,
Pentium
Skylake(note:
Skylake/100seriessupport
notyetcomplete)
100
series
However,theinverseisnottruenewerprocessorsgenerallycannotrunolderversionsofMacOSX.
SeeBuildRecommendationsforOlderVersionsofOSXUsingOlderChipsetsfordetailsonwhich
processorscanrunwhichOSXversions.
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KernelThekernelis,insimpleterms,thecoreoftheoperatingsystem.Itcontrolsbasicallyall
lowleveloperatingfunctions.KernelsexistinallLinuxandUNIXbasedsystems,includingMacOSX,
aswellasWindowsoperatingsystems.OnMacOSX10.9(Mavericks)andolder,thekernelislocated
intherootofyourbootdrive(/)andisnamedmach_kernelbydefaultonMacOSX10.10
(Yosemite)andnewer,thekernelislocatedin/System/Library/Kernels,andisnamedsimply
kernel.
KextAkextfile(actuallyafolder)isakernelextension.Kextsaregenerallyusedfor
devicedriversandothertypesofsoftwarethatneedtomodifythesystematthelowestlevel.Kext
filesareactuallyfolderbundleswhichcancontainvariousbinaries,configurationfiles,andother
resourcesbundledtogether.TheyrenotthesameasclassicMacOSextensions,asmanyofthethings
thatclassicMacOSextensionsdidaredonedifferentlyinMacOSX.Sincekernelextensionsarent
protectedbyOSXsmemoryprotection,developersareencouragedtostayawayfromwritingthem
unlesstheyabsolutelyhaveto.Whateverneedstoruninthekernelenvironmentcanbewrittenasan
extensionandthenloaded,evenafterOSXhasfinishedloading.
M.2TheM.2(formerlyknownasNGFF,orNextGenerationFormFactor)specificationisthe
replacementformSATAforsmallfootprintSSDstoragemodulesusedinnotebooksandalso
increasinglyfoundondesktopmotherboards.
MASTheMacAppStore,i.e.theonlyplacetolegallydownloadMacOSX.
MBRTheMasterBootRecordisanolderHDD/SSDpartitiontableformat,usedtobootlegacyBIOS
basedsystems.MBRonlysupportsfourpartitionentries,andeachpartitionislimitedtoamaximum
of2TB(ondiskswith512bytesectors).
MoboTheMotherboardisthemainboardthatallotherdevicesinyoursystemconnectto.Comes
inseveralstandardformfactors(sizes).SeeATX/EATX/microATX/MiniITX.
mSATAThemSATA(MiniSATA)interfaceisasmallfootprintSSDformfactorcreatedforusein
notebookandnetbookcomputers,butalsofoundonsomedesktopmotherboards.Itsconnectorlooks
similartotheMiniPCIeconnector,butisnotelectricallycompatible.mSATAhasbeensupersededby
M.2.
MultiBeastAnallinonepostinstallationtoolusedtoenablebootfromharddriveand
installsupportforaudio,network,andgraphics,aswellasotherconfigurationoptions.
PCIe/MiniPCIePCIestandsforPeripheralComponentInterconnectExpress,andistheman
expansionbususedinmodernPCs.PCIeisahighspeedserialbusandcomesinseveraldifferent
revisionsandvariants,allofwhicharegenerallycrosscompatible.Itisusedforgraphicscards,SATA
adapters,USBadapters,andalmostanyotherdevicethatcanbeaddedtoaPC.MiniPCIeisasmaller
versionofPCIe(electricallybutnotphysicallycompatible)usedasexpansioncardsinnotebook
computers.
.plistFilesFileswiththeextension.plistinMacOSXrepresentconfigurationfilesforthesystem
andforvariousapplications.ThefileformatisXML,withconfigurationoptionsspecifiedaskeyvalue
pairsinstructuredsections.
QE/CIGraphicsAccelerationQE/CIisanacronymforQuartzExtremeandCoreImagegraphics
acceleration.QuartzExtremeusesOpenGLandasupportedgraphicscardtooffloadonscreen
calculationsthatarenormallyperformedbythesystemCPUtotheGPU,toreducetheCPUs
workload.Somegraphicseffects,suchasthe"rotatingcube"effectyouseewhenusingFastUser
Switchingtoswitchusers,arepoweredbyQuartzExtreme.Othergraphicseffectsandoptimizations
inMacOSX,suchastherippleeffectthatappearswhenyouplaceawidgetonDashboard,aredriven
byCoreImage.
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CustoMacGlossary:ExplanationsofCommonTerms
RAIDRAID,anacronymforRedundantArrayofIndependentDisks,isatechnologythatprovides
increasedstoragefunctionsandreliabilitythroughredundancy,combiningmultiplediskdrivesintoa
logicalunitwherethedrivesinthearrayareinterdependent.ThereareseveralRAIDarchitecture
designs,distinguishedbytheamountofredundancyanddatareplicationprovided(e.g.RAID0,RAID
1,RAID1+0,RAID5).RAIDcanbeimplementedeitherinsoftwareoratthehardwarelevel.MacOS
XsRAIDimplementation(software)supportsRAID0,RAID1,andRAID1+0.ManyhardwareRAID
PCIecardsaresupportedinOSX,providedtheirfirmwarecontainsOSXdrivers,thoughthefirmware
RAIDonmanymotherboardsisnot.
SATASerialATAisaninterfaceusedtoconnecthostbusadapterstomassstoragedevicessuchas
harddrivesandSSDs.Itcomesinbothinternalandexternal(eSATA)variants.
SIPSystemIntegrityProtection,alsoknownasrootlessmode,isasystemsecurityfeaturenew
inOSXElCapitan.ItessentiallyprotectsallOSXsystemfilesandprocessesfromanymodification,
evenbyauserwithrootprivileges.Enabledbydefault,SIPcanbepartiallyorcompletelydisabled
withsystemparametersinCloversconfig.plistfile,andmustbedisabledtosuccessfullyinstallOSX
onaHackintosh.TodisableSIPcompletely,twosystemparametersmustbesetintheClover
config.plistasfollows:
Code:
<key>RtVariables</key>
<dict>
<key>CsrActiveConfig</key>
<string>0x3</string>
<key>BooterConfig</key>
<string>0x28</string>
</dict>
SeeExplainingOSXElCapitanSecurityChangesformoredetailedinformationaboutSIP.
S.M.A.R.T.SelfMonitoring,AnalysisandReportingTechnologyisahealthmonitoringsystembuilt
intomostharddrivesandSSDsthatdetectsandreportsvariousdrivereliabilityindicators,intended
tohelppredictdrivefailures.Someoftheattributesreportedincludedrivetemperatures,read
failures,retries,andinthecaseofSSDs,severalattributesrelatedtothewearlevelingtechnology.
S.M.A.R.T.reliesonhostsystemsoftwaretogatherthereportedvaluesandmakeadeterminationof
drivehealth.
SMCSystemManagementControllerTheSMC,foundinIntelbasedMacintoshcomputers,controls
thermalandpowermanagement,batterycharging,videomodeswitching,sleepandwake,
hibernation,andLEDindicators.ItalsoenablesenforcementoftheMacOSXEndUserLicense,
allowingittoidentifywhenitisrunningonnonApplehardware.SeealsoFakeSMC.
SSDSolidStateDriveMassstoragedevicewithnonvolatileflashmemory.SSDsaremore
expensivethanHDDs,butcanbeasmuchas4xfaster.Theycomeinmanydifferentformfactors,
includingthestandardlaptopdriveformfactor,mSATA,M.2,andPCIecards.
SSDTTheSecondarySystemDescriptionTableisanACPItable(secondarytotheDSDT).TheSSDT
isusuallyusedtoconfiguresystempowermanagementparameters,thoughitcanalsobeusedfor
otherpurposes.OnsomesystemsmultipleSSDTfilesmaybepresent,namedSSDT.aml,SSDT
1.aml,SSDT2.aml,andsoon.
ThunderboltAhardwareinterfacebearingsomesimilaritiestoUSBthatallows
connectionofexternalperipheralstoacomputer.ThunderboltcombinesPCIeandDisplayPortintoone
serialsignalandalsoprovidespower,allinonecable.Thunderboltusesthesamephysicalconnector
asMiniDisplayPort.ExamplesofThunderboltperipheralsincludestorage,displays,networkadapters,
anddockingstations.
UEFITheUnifiedExtensibleFirmwareInterface(previouslyEFI,orExtensibleFirmwareInterface)
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UEFITheUnifiedExtensibleFirmwareInterface(previouslyEFI,orExtensibleFirmwareInterface)
specifiesastandardsoftwareinterfacebetweenthecomputersfirmwareandtheoperatingsystem.
UEFIhaslargelyreplacedthelegacyBIOSinmostmodernPCs.UEFIprovidesmanyfeaturesand
servicesthatwereunavailableinasimpleBIOS,includingthestorageofdatainnonvolatileRAM,
operatingsystembootloaders,anddevicedrivers.
UniBeastAtoolusedtocreateabootableUSBmemorystickfromtheInstallMacOSX
applicationdownloadedfromtheAppStore.AbootableUniBeastinstallercontainstheClover
bootloaderanditsconfigurationandsupportfilesaswellastheOSXinstallationfiles,andis
multipurposeitcanbeusedtoinstallOSXfromscratchorasarescuebootdriveforsystem
recovery.
USBUniversalSerialBusisacrossplatformindustrystandardinterfaceusedfor
almostanyperipheraldevicethatcanbeconnectedtoaPC,suchasstorage,keyboards,pointing
devices,printers,networkadapters,andaudioadapters,tonameafew.TheUSBstandardhas
evolvedovertime,fromUSB1.0whichsupportedamaximumbandwidthof12Mbit/sec,tothe
currentUSB3.1standardwhichsupportsupto10Gbit/sec.
VGAVideoGraphicsArrayisananaloggraphicsinterfacethatusesa15pinDsubconnector.Asof
OSXLion10.7,VGAisnolongersupportedbyApple.
xHCITheExtensibleHostControllerInterfacedefinesalowleveldescriptionofahostcontroller
forUSB3.0,controllinghowtheUSB3.0portsbehave,andsupportsUSB1.x,2.x,and3.xdevices.
Lasteditedbynobodynose11252015at09:34AM.Reason:AddedFakeSMC,SMC,HWSensors,andS.M.A.R.T.
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