Chapter 1

The Frequently Used-vocabulary

In Well Control

abnormal pressure (normal

pressure,
higher-than-expected/normal
pressure,
lower-than-normal pressure
abnormally high pressure
abnormally low pressure
accumulator
2.
accumulator bottle
3.
acid fracture
4.
adjustable choke
5.
annular blowout preventer (BOP)
6.
(ram BOP) bag BOP
annular pressure/casing pressure
7.
()(drillpipe pressure ) pit
gain
annular space (annulus)
8.
annular velocity
9.
anticline
10.
atmospheric pressure (0.1Mpa)
11.
(1at)
background gas
12.

1.

back off / make up

back-pressure check/
14.
non-return valve
barite BaSO4
15.
barium sulfate BaSO4
16.
barrel (bbl) gallon/
17.
1m3=6.2897bbl
bell nipple ,()
18.
BHP (bottom hole pressure)
19.
bleed
20.
bleed line
21.
blind ram
22.
pipe ram
shear ram
blind ram preventer
23.
blowout
24.
(kick )
blowout preventer control panel
25.
console
blowout preventer control unit
26.

blowout sticking
27.
BOP stack
28.
bottom hole pressure test
29.
/DST----drill stem test
bottoms up /lag time
30.
bottoms-up time
31.
13.


lag time
Boyles law
32.
bridging materials
33.

bullheading
34.
cased hole
35.
open hole section
casing collar
36.
casing burst pressure
37.

casing point
38.
casing pressure
39.
casing seat
40.
casing string
41.
cement n.
42.
cement plug
43.
change ram
44.
charless law (V1/T1=V2/T2)
45.
check valve
46.
choke
47.
choke line
48.
choke manifold /kill manifold
49.
circulate-and-weight method
50.

concurrent method /
51.
circulating components
52.
3


circulating density ECD
53.
circulating fluid=drilling
54.
fluid=mud/slurry
circulating head
55.
circulating pressure
56.
circulation
57.
lost circulation
clay hydration
58.
closed-in pressure
59.
shut-in pressure
concurrent method
60.
condition v. ,,
61.
connate water
62.
connection gas
63.
constant choke-pressure method
64.

constant pit-level method

65.

pit gain
crystallization
66.
degasser
67.
diverter
68.
diverter line
69.
drag
70.
drillers BOP control panel
71.
4

drillers method wait-andweight method /

drilling break /
73.
drilling fluid=drilling mud
74.
drilling rate
75.
ROPrate of penetration
m/h drilling time min/m
drilling under pressure/under balance
76.
pressure drilling UBD

drilling over pressure /

near-balance pressure drilling/
drill pipe float
77.
drill pipe pressure
78.
drill pipe pressure gauge
79.
drill pipe safety valve
80.

Kelly cock
drill stem drill string
81.
DST---drilling stem test /
82.
/unintentional kick/intentional kick
drill under pressure v.
83.
ECD---equivalent circulating density
84.
/
entrained gas
85.
gas-cut mud/
explosive fracture
86.
72.

87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.

95.
96.

97.

98.
99.

100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.

107.

fault
fill line fill-up line
fill the hole v.
fill-up rate
filter cake
filter loss
filter press
final circulating pressure /FCP
/ICP---initial circulating pressure
flow check
formation breakdown pressure
/leak-off test
formation competency test

formation fluid
formation fracture gradient

formation pressure
formation strength
fracture
fracture pressure
friction loss
gas
gas buster=mud-gas separator -
Poor boy
gas-cut mud
6

gas cutting
109. gas detection analyzer
110. geopressured shales
111. geostatic pressure
112. geothermal gradient
113. guide shoe
114. gunk plug
115. hang off
116. hard shut-in
117. soft shut-in
118. head
119. hole geometry/hole size
120. hydraulic control pod
121. hydril /
H2S
122. hydrogen sulfide
123. hydrostatic pressure
124. IADC International Association of
Drilling Contractors IWCF--forum
125. ICP
initial circulating pressure
FCP
final circulating pressure
123. inside blowout preventer
inside BOP
internal BOP
126. interstitial water =connate water
127. invert-emulsion mud
108.

 oil-base mud
128. Kelly cock
upper kelly cock
lower kelly cock
126 kick /overflow
127 kick fluids
129. kick tolerance
130. kill v. well-kill n.
killing fluid MWI----mud
131.
weight increase = 102Pd/H
132. kill line
133. kill rate
134. kill-rate pressure
135. kill sheet
fill in
133 kill string
leak-off test
136. log
137. log a well v.
138. logging device
loss of circulation
139.
lost circulation
140.
lost circulation additives
141.
140
lost circulation materials
LCM
141lost circulation plug
142lost returns
8

143lubricate v.
144. macaroni string
145. matrix acidizing
146maximum allowable surface pressure
MASP/MAASP=Pf - Pm
MACP
147measured depth MD

TVD =true vertical depth

ID
OD
148Minerals Management Service
149. mud additive
150mud analysis logging

151. mud column

152. mud conditioning
153. mud density recorder
154. mud-flow indicator
mud-flow sensor
155. mud-gas separator
156. mud gradient
Gm=0.00981m
157. mud-level recorder
158. mud log
159. mud logger
160. mud pit
9

161. mud program

162. mud pump
163. mud return line /ditch
164. mud system
165. mud tank
166. mud weight
167. nipple up nipple down

168. normal circulation

169. normal formation pressure
0.00981----- 0.010496 Mpa/m
170. OCS --- Outer Continental Shelf
171. OCS orders
172. oil-base mud
173. oil- emulsion mud
174. open , open hole
175. overburden pressure
176. permeability impermeability
177. pipe ram preventer
178. pit gain
179.pit-level indicator/recorder

180. pit-volume recorder

181.Pit Volume Totalizer(PVT)
182. plug
183. plug back v.
184. plugging material
cement
10

185. positive choke

negative differential pressure
186. pounds per cubic foot
/ 3
187. pounds per gallon(ppg)
/ 1g/cm3 = 8.33ppg
fresh water /brine
188. pounds per square inch gauge(psig) /
2

189. pounds per square inch per foot psi/ft

/ 2/-----
190. pressure drop
191. pressure gauge
192. pressure gradient
193. pressure-integrity test
194. pressure loss
195. preventer packer
196. rate of penetration (ROP) m/hr
197. reduced circulating pressure(RCP)
SCRslow circulating rate
198. remote BOP control panel =drills BOP
control panel

199. remote choke panel

200. returns
11

201. reverse circulation

202 reverse drilling break
203rotating blowout preventer
204rotating head
205safety valve
206saturation point
207set point =casing depth
208setting depth
209shale / sand
210shallow gas
211shear ram
212shut in v.
213shut-in n.
214. shut-in bottomhole pressure(SIBHP)
215. shut-in casing pressure(SICP)
SIDPP
216. shut-in drill pipe pressure(SIDPP)
occur a kick a kick has
occurred
217. snub
218. snubber
219. snubbing line
220. snubbing unit = snubber
221. stack
222. strip a well v.
223. stripper head
224. stripper rubber
12

225. stripping
226. stripping in pull out of the hole
227. stripping out
228. strip pipe
229. stump pressure test
230. subsea BOP
231. subsea choke-line valve
232. surface stack
233. surging
234. swab v. swabbing
---- swab-surge
235. swabbed show
236. swabbing
237. swabbing effect
238. temperature gradient
239. total depth (TD) MD = measured
depth
240. transition zone
241. trip gas
242. trip margin
243. trip tank
244. true vertical pressure (TVD)
245. tubingless completion
workover/ service rig
246. underground blowout
247. upper kelly cock
13

248. wait-and-weight method (

)
249. water-base mud
250. water hammer
251. wellbore =well=hole
252. wellbore pressure
253. well control
254. well kick
255. wetability
256. wild well /
257. out of control well
Chapter 2 The Basic Concepts of Well Control

blowout
1. /The harms of
1.1 / The harms of out of
control for blowout

Think of danger in time of peace

1.2 /The typical

blow out incident in our country
2. /The causes of out of
control
for blowout

14

3. /The correct view to

well control
4. /The policy to
implement well control operation
5. /well control and
relevant concepts
5.1 /well control /kick control/pressure
control-----
/well control is control abbreviation
to oil/gas well pressure.

5.2 /The three stage of well

control
5.2.1 /primary well control

5.2.2 /secondary well control

,
,

5.2.3 /tertiary well control

15

5.3 /influx
,
(),

5.4 /overflow
,
,

5.5 /well kick

,

5.6 /well blowout wide-open flow

ground blowout / underground blowout

5.7 /out of control for blowout

,

16

Chapter 3

The Various Pressure Concept

In Bore Hole

/pressure
is one of the most important basic concepts. We
should know the pressure concepts and the
relation between various pressure. This is very
important for us to master well control technology
and prevent from blowout.
1/pressure concepts
1.1 /Definition

/pressure is the vertical force per unit area

exerted by object.
1.2 /Formula
P

F
A

P----pressure
1Pa=1N/ m2
F----force N
A----area m2
1.3 /unit
1.3.1 Metric System------(Pa)
1 Pa=1N/m2
17

1 Pa 1 m2 1 N

1 N 1kg 1m/s2

1MPa=103kPa=106 Pa=10bar
=10.194at(kgf/cm2)10.2at
1at=1 kgf/cm2=98066.5 Pa
=98.0665 kPa=0.0980665 Mpa
,:
1MPa=10kgf/cm2=10at ( 2%)
1at=100 kPa=0.1 Mpa
1.3.2 British System-----psi
psi----pounds/inch2(pounds per square inch)
/ 2
1psi=6.895 kPa7 kPa=0.007 Mpa
1000psi7 Mpa
5000 psi=35 Mpa

2/Hydrostatic Pressure
2.1 /Definition

18

Hydrostatic Pressure is the force exerted

by the weight of static fluid.
hydro------water or liquid
static-------at rest
2.2 /Formula
Ph= gH= 0.00981H
Mpa
Ph= gH= 0. 0981H
bar
2.3 / Hydrostatic Pressure
of Drilling Fluid
,

Pm= 0.00981m H
Mpa
Where:
m---- density of drilling fluid.
g/cm3(kg/l)
H------TVD m
For example:
m =1.2 g/cm3 , H=2000m, kg/l
Calculate: Pm
Answer: Pm=0.00981m H
=0.00981*1.2*2000
=23.544(Mpa)
In drilling, hydrostatic pressure is the force
exerted by drilling fluid in the wellbore.
When formation pressure is greater than
hydrostatic pressure, formation fluid may
enter the wellbore. If formation fluid enter
19

the well bore because formation pressure is

higher than hydrostatic pressure, a kick
has occurred. If prompt action is not taken
to control the kick, or kill the well, a
blowout may occur. To control a well, a
proper balance between pressure in the
formation and pressure in wellbore must be
maintained; Hydrostatic pressure must be
equal to or slightly higher than formation
pressure.
/pressure gradient
3.1 /Definition

Pressure gradient is the amount pressure

changes with per unit true vertical depth.
3.

TVD&MD: TD
TVD and MD is differ, especially in
directionally drilled holes.
TVD is the length of a straight vertical line
from the surface to the bottom of the hole.
MD or total depth is the length of the well
as measured along the actual course of the
hole.
3.2 /formula
20

P
0.00981 ( MPa / m)
H

where:
G----- gradient, Mpa/m
P----- pressure, Mpa
H---- TVD,
m

Gm = Pm/H=0.00981m (Mpa/m)
For example:
m = 1.24g/cm3, H = 3353m.
calculate: Gm and Pm
answer: Gm = 0.00981m
=0.00981*1.24=0.0122(Mpa/m)
Pm = Gm H=0.0122*3353=40.8(Mpa)
3.3 /Expression Method of British
System
g=0.052ft/s2
Pm = 0.052m H
Where:
Pm ------ hydrostatic pressure,
psi---pounds per square inch.
m ------- density, ppg----pounds per
gallon./
H---------TVD, ftfoot.
/conversion relation:
1 g/cm3= 8.33ppg fresh water
21

1ft = 12 inch = 0.3048m

1m = 3.2808 ft
Gradient formula:
G = 0.052 (psi/ft)
For example: =8.33ppg
G = 0.052*8.33=0.433 (psi/ft)
/ 2/
/formation pressure
4.
4.1 /definition

Formation pressure is the force exerted by

fluids in a formation. It is measured at the
depth of the formation with the well shut in. It
is also called reservoir pressure or, since it is
usually measured at the bottom of the hole with
the well shut in, shut-in bottom hole pressure.
Pp = Pd + Pm SIDPP SICP
4.2 / Pp
The type of formation pressure
4.2.1 /normal formation pressure

Normal formation pressure

equal to the hydrostatic pressure from surface
to the formation.
Pp=Ph=0.00981 H
22

Gp=Gh=0.00981
=1.0----1.07g/cm3
Gp=0.00981-----0.010496Mpa/m
Gp=0.0098-----0.010486Mpa/m ()
4.2.2 /abnormally high pressure/
higher-than normal pressure

The formation pressure gradient which is

higher than that of fresh water or brine
column is called abnormally high
pressure.

Trap

4.2.3 /abnormally low pressure

lower-than normal pressure

The formation pressure gradient which is

lower than that of fresh water or brine column
is called abnormally low pressure.

outcrop/
23

Mpa

4.3 /
The expression method of formation pressure
4.3.1 /pressure unit, 20MPa
4.3.2 /pressure gradient
,

4.3.3 //equivalent density

.
Equivalent density is the drilling fluid
that can balance the formation pressure.

p = 102Pp/H = Pp/0.00981H

24

 p ---- equivalent
density g/cm3
Pp ---- formation pressure
MPa
H ---- TVD m
4.3.4 /pressure coefficient
non-dimension---/

Pressure coefficient is a ratio that the

pressure at a given depth is divided by
the hydrostatic pressure of fresh water
column at this depth.
Pp/0.00981*1*H = Pp/0.00981H
= 102Pp/H

H = 1000m
Pp = 11.76Mpa,

= 11.76/(0.00981*1*1000)
=1.2
H = 2000m
1.3, :
Pp = 0.00981*1.3*2000=25.48(Mpa)
5.

/overburden pressure
25

5.1 /definition

Overburden pressure is the pressure

exerted at any given depth by the weight of the
sediments, or rocks, and the weight of the fluids
that fill pore space in the rock. Overburden
pressure can vary in different areas because the
amount of pore space and the density of rocks
vary from place to place. Overburden pressure
is generally considered to be 1 pound (lb) per
square inch per foot (psi/ft)
5.2 /formula
P0

0.00981H [(1 ) r ]

P0-----overburden pressure,
Mpa
-----porosity, %
r-----density of rocks, g/cm3
-------density of formation fluid,
g/cm3
connate water
5.4 P0 Pp /
The relationship between P0 and Pp
P0 = M + Pp
G0 = G M + G p
M---- matrix gravity, Mpa
26

G0 =0.022625Mpa/m=1psi/ft
, Mpa

Pp

P0

/fracture pressure----Pf
6.1 /definition
.
Formation fracture pressure is the amount of
pressure that causes a formation to break down
or fracture.
6.2

Gf

6.3
6.

7.

Fracture
primary well control

secondary well control

27

tertiary well control

think of danger in time of peace

=10Bar()
7Mpa=1000psi
hydrostatic pressure
1foot=12inch
1foot =0.3048m
1m=3.2808ft
equivalent
:
:0.0098--0.010496Mpa/m

overburden pressure
fracture pressure Pf
BHP---bottom hole pressure

swabbing
surging
differential pressure
pressure loss
28

laminar flow
turbulent flow
pump pressure
hydraulic pressure

1
leak-off test
2
1 mmax
2
(MAASP)Pamax

1 ------

29

 3-----5
10
2 space out
3 0.8-----4 /

)
..\KickMonitor\CAI\AVI\ .avi

7
PL-------

PR--------

30

Pf = PL+ 0.00981 m Hf
Hf----
:
Gf= Pf/ Hf

:
f =102 Pf/ Hf = m+102 PL/ Hf=102 Gf
(9) mmax
: 1.221=1.23
mmax= f - 0.06 g/cm3
:
mmax= f - 0.12 g/cm3
(10) P amax
P amax= Pf Pm= Pf 0.00981 m Hf
P amax----------
Pf---------------
m---------Pm-------------
Hf---------
6. 58=6.59=6.5
31

1.2301=1.24

MAASP------maximum allowable
annular surface pressure
/BHP bottom hole pressure
7.1 BHA bottom hole assembly

.
BHP is the force exerted by surface
pressure and various pressure in the
hole.
7.1
2.1.1. :
Pb=Pm
Pb-----
Pm-----
7.1.2 :swab trip margin
Pb=Pm Psb - Pdp
Psb-----
8.

32

Pdp------

7.1.3 :
Pb=Pm + Psw
Psw------
7.1.4
Pb=Pm+ Pbp+ Pmr
Pm-----
Pbp-----
Pmr------
7.1.5 ream
Pb=Pm+ Pbp+ Psw
8. /differential pressure
8.1 positive/negative
.
P = Pb - Pp
8.2 ROP
Vm

33

8.3 P Vm
(1). P .
(2).
9.1 /pressure loss

10. swab-surge
----,,
,

-----,,
,

34

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
11.
12. :
1 1.3402=1.35
trip margin
m = p+ e = 102Pp/H + e
e= 0.05----0.10 g/cm3
Pe = 1.5-----3.5Mpa
: e= 0.07----0.15 g/cm3
Pe = 3.0-----5.0Mpa

13.
: Pb
Pp
1. ,
.
2. .
1 2
35

3. .
1 2
4.
5. .

1. overflow sign
1.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) ,
(6)
(7)
8
5---6 ,
/.
5---6
/
2.
:

36

 3 1 displacement
:

3.
: trip tank

2.
1. ()

37

38

2. :
2. : ,
..\KickMonitor\avi\Choke.avi
..\KickMonitor\avi\ChokeOpen.avi

4. : ,
5. :
:
39

/ 4# HCR/
,(P a
P amax

/
. ?
1. ,
,.
2. .
3. (Pa)(Pd)
4. (Pp)
( m1)
Pp = Pd + Pm
. :
1. : 4 /
HCR, . soft
shut-in
: , ,
.

40

1 HCR
2
3

2. : .
: , ,
. hard shut-in
.
( shut-in procedure)
()
1
1

2
3
4 / HCR
5 BOP---

6
(
)
(7) Pd
Pa V
41

 trip
1
2
non-return valve
back pressure valve
3 4 / HCR
hydraulic control remote
4 BOP---

6 /
7 Pd
Pa V
strip
3
1
2

3 4 /
4 BOP
5

42

6 /
7 Pd
Pa V

1
2 /
3 .
4
5
6
supervisor

1
2
3

4 BOP

5
6
7

. :
43

 Pp m1
, Pd
1
Pp=Pd + 0.00981mH
: Pp=Pa + 0.00981m(H-hw)
+ 0.00981w hw
hw ----- m
w -----, g/cm3
hw =V/Va
w =m 102(Pa - Pd)/ hw
w = 1.07----1.20 g/cm3
brine influ
w = 0.12----0.36 g/cm3
gas influx
w = 0.36---1.07 g/cm3
oil influx or mixing influx
3. Pd

---
permeability
/trap pressure

44

10 8
3
2
a.

b.

3
40---80

Pd
5

Pci
a.

b. 0.5
1Mpa
45


Pd1 Pa1,
Pa = Pa1 - Pa
P d = Pd1 - Pa

PciSCR
a.

b.

PT

c. Pd
Pd = PT - Pci
Pci = PT - Pd
/
BHP constant method

46

1 U

BHP

Pa=Pd=0 0 0

2
1 BHP

BHP
2

3
47

4
3 /
//
1/2----1/390
1

2
.
(3).
,.
(4). -
. Poor boy mud-gas seperator
(5). .

4
1.,
hw =V /Va
V---- pit gain m3
Va----.
m3 / m

48

w = m - 102(Pa-Pd)/ hw
w = 1.07----1.20 g/cm3
brine influx
w = 0.12----0.36 g/cm3
gas influx
w = 0.36---1.07 g/cm3
oil influx or mixing influx
(2) m1
calculate killing fluid density
m1 = m+102Pd/ H +e
m1-------- 1.3502=1.36
+0.07-----0.15
Pd-------
H------
e ------
0.05----0.10 g/cm3
0.07----0.15 g/cm3
(3)
1
V1 = /4(D12L1+ D22L2++ Dn2Ln)
V1 = L1Vp1+ L2Vp2++ LnVpn
Vp---
D----- I.D---internal
diameter /m
49

L----- m
2 .
V2 = /4*[( Dh12 Dp12) L1+( Dh22 Dp22)
L2++

( Dhn2 Dpn2) Ln]

V2 = L1Vh1+ L2Vh2++ LnVhn
Vh-----

Dh----- m
Dp----- m
O.D-----out diameter
3 V
V = V1+V2
100---150/200
4
V = 1.5----2.0 V
(4).
t1
t1= 1000 V1/60Q min
Q----- / L/S
/
/
=V1/Q
Q----- /
50

t1=/
t2
t2= 1000 V2/60Q min
(5).
ICP----

PTi = Pd + Pci
initial circulating pressure
T-----total
I------initial active /current
PTi------ Mpa
Pd ----- Mpa
Pci----- /
Mpa
FCP
Final circulating pressure
PTf = m1/ m Pci
14.31MPa=
14.4
(6). Pamax
Pamax= Pf Pm = Pf 0.00981 m H f
Pf = 0.00981 m H f + PL
Pamax=( f - m)0.00981 H f
51

H f----

3.599 MPa = 3.5

MPa
Pamax-----
Pf------
4.

/Drillers Method
1 : ,
.

:
a.
b. ,

c.
: Cleaning well
a. ,
, ,
,
.(5 ) / 0-----

b. , ,
PTi, .
c. , , Pa = Pd

52

:
b. ,
, ,
,
.(5 )
c. , ,
()
, . ----t1
c. , ,
PTf, .-----t2
c. , , Pa=Pd=0.
d. , ,.
a.

PTi
PTf

Pa
Pd

53

T1

T2

T3

T4

0 T1
T1T2
T2T3
T3T4
..\kickmonitor\avi\ wellkilldriller.avi

7. wait-and-weight method

a.

driller
,
, ,
,
.(5 )

54

, ,

------t1
c. , ,
PTf, . --------t2
d. , , Pa=Pd=0.
e. , ,.
b.

55

P
PTi

PTf

Pa

0
T1

T2

T3

T4

0 T1
T1T2
T2T3
T3T4
..\kickmonitor\avi\wellkillnew.avi

56

1
2
3 H2S, CO

:
1
2
3
4
3
P1V1
PV
2 2
Z1T1
Z 2T2

P1V1 = P2V2

4
1

2
3

57

4
mh

a m
(1 a) ps
a
ps 0.00981 m H

----- h
a ------

--------
p ------
0.1MPa
5
1
2
3 degasser
5

mh

58

L2

L1

P
L
Pa = P - 0.00981
2

pressure inversion
Pb= P + 0.00981 L1
7
1

8 ()
1

59


Pd1
Pd 56 ---7
Pd
Pd1+Pd
Pd1

Pd1+Pd

top kill
1
2
3
4 volumetric method
2 BHP constant

60


1
2

3
0.7Mpa(=100psi)
(IADC )
0.5Mpa 1Mpa
1=0.00981* m* v/va
100=0.052* m* v/va
4
OK over kill
1Mpa5---6---7.089--10---11
5 1Mpa

6 4 5

7 Top
kill method
61

..\KickMonitor\AVI\v olumekill.avi
top kill top kill
method
1

9
1
2
:

0.5m3

Pa

OK

62

4 Riser Margin

Rotary Kelly bushing

RKB
sea level

ha Air gap

63

hw Water Depth
Sea bed

P = 0.00981(ha + hw) m 0.00981 hw w

[(ha + hw) m hw w]
m =102P/H=
H - ha - hw

m min =
===

H m - hw w
H - ha - hw

H------ m
hw ----------m
ha ---------m
m---------kg/l
w--------kg/l
64

 152 1829 1.41kg/l,

4.

..\KickMonitor\CAI\TUPIAN\ .bmp
:

1. :
(1). ,
(2)
(3)
(4) (
)
(5)
(6)
(7) ,
(8)

(9) : hang off

A.
space out
B.
C.
,.
D. ,
.
(10)
2.
(1) ,
65

(2)
(3) ,
()
(4)
(5)
(6) ,
(7)

(8)
3
1
2
3
3,
, :
, ,

?
()
2032
2031

2030

66

2029

2028

5
6
7 volumetric
method

1
2

3
0.7Mpa(=100psi)
(IADC )
0.5Mpa 1Mpa
0.5=0.00981* m* v/va
4
0.5Mpa5---5.5--6.06.57.0---7.5---8.0
67

5 0.5Mpa
0.5Mpa

6 4 5
7 Top kill method
..\KickMonitor\AVI\volumekill.avi

10

1
2

0.5m3

Pa

OK

68

WELL-KILLING WORK SHEET

DRILLERS METHOD
1. Record information
a. Casing size_________Depth________ft
b. Rated casing burst_______________psi
Maximum allowable surface(MASP)
d. Pressure___g pressure
(1) ____________psi
Rate________spm
(2) ____________psi
Rate_________spm
active /current
e. Normal circulating pressure________psi
Pump rate ____________ stroke/min
Reduced circulatin e________spm
Time of shut-in__________________am/pm
f.
2. Stop pump and close well completely. Allow
pressure to stabilize
Do not let casing pressure exceed MASP. If
pressure builds to this value, circulate at
highest allowed casing pressure and use lowchoke pressure method to kill the well.
69

a. Shut-in drill pump pressure(SIDPP)_____psi

b. Shut-in casing pressure(SICP)__________psi
c. Mud weight _________________________ppg
d. True vertical depth ____________________ft
e. Pit gain______________________________bbl
f. Circulating time, surface to bit_________min
L/stroke-----displacement
Stroke /min
4. Set circulating rate and pressure to
clean the well
a. Start pump and open choke, as require.
Pressure on the choke initially should be the
shut-in casing pressure, and this pressure
should be maintained while the pump speed
comes up to the desired strokes per minute.
b. Adjust choke to obtain SICP or to obtain
SIDPP plus reduced circulating rate psi.
c. Record circulating SIDPP___________psi
Rate ____________________________spm
d. Maintain the pump rate constant at the
selected reduced speed and maintain
constant circulating SIDPP. If drill-pipe
pressure increase, open choke; if it decrease,
close the choke slightly. When the choke is
adjusted, observe change on casing gauge to
forecast magnitude of pressure on drill-pipe
gauge.
70

e.

f.

When well is free of gas, oil, or salt water,

stop pump and close well. At this time, the
annulus and drill-pipe pressure should be
the same as original SIDPP.
Record new SICP__________________psi

4. Calculate mud density to kill the well.

The mud density increase needed is
calculated from the information recorded in
step 2.
MWI = SIDPP TVD 0.052 ppg
5. Increase surface mud system to required
density.
If mud weighting can be done in separate
pit, it should be started at step 3.
6. Set circulating rate and pressures to kill well
a.. Start pump and open choke as require.
Pressure on the choke initially should be
the shut-in casing pressure 3f, and this
pressure should be maintained while the
pump speed comes up to the desired strokes
per minute.
b.Adjust choke to hold the new annulus
pressure and hold constant until the drillpipe is full of the required density mud.
c. After drill pipe is full of the required
density mud, record drill-pipe pressure and
71

hold pump rate and drill-pipe pressure

constant by varying choke size until the
annulus is filled with new mud.
d.When required weight reaches surface,
choke pressure, if any, is bled off. Stop
circulating and check for flow

ICP
SIDPP

FCP

SBSnumber of surface-to bit strokes

SBT---surface-to-bit time, min

72

WELL-KILL WORKSHEET
WAIT-AND-WEIGHT METHOD
1. PRERECORDED INFORMATION
Kill-rate pressure at ____strokes per minute _____psi.
Time of shut-in __________________________am/pm
2. RECORD AT TIME OF SHUT-IN
Circulating time, surface to bit ____ min ,____pump
strokes.
Shut-in drill pipe pressure(SIDPP)__________ psi
Shut-in casing pressure(SICP)______________ psi
Pit gain ________________________________bbl
3. DETEMINE INITIAL CIRCULATING PRESSURE
Kill-rate pressure + SIDPP _________________spi
4. CALCULATING MUD WEIGHT INCREASE
MWI = SIDPP TVD 0.052__________ ppg
Original mud weight _____________________ ppg
5. NEW MUD WEIGHT REQUIRED_________ ppg
6. DETERMINE FINAL CIRCULATING PRESSURE
Kill-rate pressurenew mud weight old mud weight
______________psi
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
1. Plot initial circulating pressure at left edge of
graph.
73

2. Plot final circulating pressure at right edge of

graph
3. connect the points with a straight line.

ICP
SBS
SBT

74

WELL-KILL WORKSHEET
CONCURRENT METHOD
7. PRERECORDED INFORMATION
Kill-rate pressure at ____strokes per minute _____psi.
Time of shut-in __________________________am/pm
8. RECORD AT TIME OF SHUT-IN
Circulating time, surface to bit ____ min ,____pump
strokes.
Shut-in drill pipe pressure(SIDPP)__________ psi
Shut-in casing pressure(SICP)______________ psi
9. DETEMINE INITIAL CIRCULATING PRESSURE
Kill-rate pressure + SIDPP _________________spi
10.CALCULATING MUD WEIGHT INCREASE
MWI = SIDPP TVD 0.052__________ ppg
Original mud weight _____________________ ppg
11.NEW MUD WEIGHT REQUIRED_________ ppg
12.DETERMINE FINAL CIRCULATING PRESSURE
Kill-rate pressurenew mud weight old mud weight
______________psi
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
4. Plot initial circulating pressure at left edge of
graph.

75

5. Plot final circulating pressure at right edge of

graph
6. connect the points with a straight line.

MUD WEIGHT
ICP
SBS
SBT

Procedure For The Concurrent Method

76

1. After the well is closed in and the

information recorded, calculate ICP,FCP,
and the mud-weight increase fill in kill sheet,
using increments of mud weight across the
bottom of the graph. Also calculate surfaceto-bit strokes and time and the drill pipe
pressure decrease with each of the mud
weights.
2. Start the pump and bring it up to kill-rate
speed while holding casing pressure
constant. When the pump is up to kill rate,
adjust drill pipe pressure to the calculated
value. Circulation can be started as soon as
ICP has been determined.
3. When circulating, have mud pit personnel
call up the mud weight each time mud
weight in the pits is increased. Each time
that the mud weight increases to one of the
values at the bottom of the chart, have the
choke operator adjust circulating pressure
to the drill pipe pressure show on the graph.
4. Continue circulating until mud of the
required kill weight comes back to surface
and the well is dead.

77

Well data (bar/litre)

Hole size: 8-1/2 inch
Hole depth: 4270m TVD, 4510MD
Casing: 9-5/8 inch, casing set at 3048
TVD/MD
Drill pipe: 4-1/2 inch,
capacity=7.4l/m,4205m long
:
1.
2.
3.
4.

5------6

LOW CHOKE PRESSURE METHOD

78

Definition: Any procedure to kill a kick in

which the choke is adjusted so
that SIDPP falls below the value
required to maintain bottomhole
pressure at or above formation
pressure is a low choke-pressure
method.
Application situation: Formation must be
tight---of low permeability.
When SICP begins to rise while circulating a
kick out and while holding
bottomhole pressure constant,
inexperienced personnel
sometimes believe that allowing
SICP to decrease is safer.
Unfortunately, opening the choke
to reduce SICP also reduced
bottomhole pressure and allows
formation fluids to flow once
again into the well. In some cases,
however, deliberately opening the
choke to reduce back-pressure on
the well can be used successfully
to control the flow of fluids from
well. In effect, the choke is
opened, casing pressure is
79

lowered, and additional formation

fluids continue to enter the well as
long as choke pressure is maintain
at a low value.
Low choke-pressure method are sometimes
employed in areas where it is
possible to drill underbalanced.
usually drilling underbalanced is
applied in tight, low-permeability
formations with which the
operator is very familiar. By
maintaining low-choke pressure,
the crew can continue to drill
underbalanced and keep the
drilling rate high. Low chokepressure methods have also been
used to avoid damaging tight but
fractured formations. For the
method to be successful, the
kicking formation must be tight--of low permeability. So that
influxes are of relatively low
volume---and the operator must
have drilled a sufficient number
of wells in the area to know the
characteristics of the kicking
formation.
80

In cases where the hole has penetrated a highpermeability formation or when

formation
Permeability is not know,
attempting to kill a kick with low
choke-pressure method is
uncertain.

5
6
7 H2S, CO2
:
1
2
3
8
11
P1V1
PV
2 2
Z1T1
Z 2T2

P1V1=P2V2

12
1

2
81

3
mh

a m
(1 a) p s
a
p s 0.00981 m H

----- H
a ------

--------
p ------
4
1
2
3
13
mh

82

14

L2

L1

P
Pa = P - 0.00981 L2
Pb= P + 0.00981 L1
15
1

16
1

83

Pd1
Pd
Pd
Pd1+Pd
Pd1

Pd1+Pd

8
9
10

8
9

84

10
0.7Mpa(=100psi)
(IADC )
0.5Mpa 1Mpa
11
0.5Mpa
12 0.5Mpa

3
13 4 5

14
..\KickMonitor\AVI\volumekill.avi

85

0.5m3

Pa

OK

86