Structured Questions Answers

1
Elements

Li

Be

Strong
metallic
bond
between
Nature of
positive ions and
bonding
delocalized
electrons
Structure

Giant metallic

Ne

Strong
covalent
bond
between
Weak van der Waals forces between nuclei and shared
molecules or atoms
electrons of the
bonded atoms
Giant covalent

Simple molecular

1
Each correct answer [ ]
2
(a) Periodicity is the recurrence of similar patterns at regular intervals [1] when elements are arranged
in increasing atomic number. [1]
(b) Across a period, the number of protons increases and new electrons enter the same shell. The
nuclear attraction to the new electrons increases. [1] The tendency for the outermost shell electrons
in elements to delocalize decreases, so metallic character decreases. [1]
(c) Down a group, the number of protons increases and the new electrons enter a new shell. The size
of atoms increases. [1] The tendency for the outermost shell electrons in elements to delocalize
increases, so metallic character increases. [1]

(a)

Melting point

Na Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

Correct sketching [1]

Correct labelling of axes [1]
(b) The melting point increases from Group I to Group III. [1] From Group I to III, the number of
delocalized electrons increases from one to three. [1] Thus, the strength of metallic bonds
increases. [1] Energy required to break the metallic bonds increases. [1]
(c) Silicon. [1] It has a giant covalent structure. [1]
4

(a)

Melting point

Na Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

Correct sketching [1]

Correct labelling [1]

Relative electrical
conductivity

(b)

Na Mg
Correct sketching [1]
Correct labelling [1]
(c)

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

Relative electrical
conductivity

Li

Be

Ne

Correct sketching [1]

Correct labelling [1]
In Period 2, only Li and Be can conduct electricity. [1] There are three elements in Period 3 which
can conduct electricity. [1]
5

1
(a) Element with a giant covalent structure (i.e. Si) has the highest melting point in the period. [ ]
2
1
Before melting can occur, most of the covalent bonds have to be broken [ ] and a large amount of
2
1
energy is needed to overcome the strong covalent bonds. [ ]
2
For elements with giant metallic structures (i.e. Na, Mg and Al), the metallic bonds do not have to
1
be substantially broken to form a liquid. [ ] Thus, the melting points of metals are not as high as
2
1
that of Si. [ ]
2
In melting simple molecular substances (i.e. P, S, Cl and Ar), much less energy is needed to
1
overcome the weak intermolecular forces. [ ] Therefore, they have much lower melting points.
2
[

1
]
2

(b) Metals in this period (i.e. Na, Mg and Al) contain delocalized electrons, [

1
] so they can conduct
2

1
1
electricity. [ ] With the increasing number of valence electrons, [ ] electrical conductivities
2
2
1
increase from Na to Al. [ ]
2
1
For elements with a giant covalent structure (i.e. Si) [ ] or a simple molecular structure (i.e. P, S,
2

1
1
Cl and Ar), [ ] the absence of delocalized electrons makes them insulators of electricity. [ ]
2
2
(a)

Melting point

Na Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

Correct trend of melting points from Na to Si [1]

Correct trend of melting points from P to Ar [1]
(b) Carbon has a giant covalent structure. The atoms are held by strong covalent bonds. [1] In melting,
most of the strong covalent bonds have to be broken. [1] A large amount of energy is needed, [1]
so the melting point is very high.
(a) Graphite. [1]
There are delocalized electrons in each layer of graphite. [1]
(b) In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other atoms, forming a
three-dimensional giant network. [1] To break the structure, numerous strong covalent bonds
between carbon atoms must be broken. [1] This makes diamond extremely hard.
In graphite, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other atoms. The carbon atoms are
arranged in flat, parallel layers. [1] Only weak van der Waals forces exist between adjacent layers.
[1] This makes graphite crystal easy to cleave.
(c) Giant covalent structure [1]

(a)

Melting point

Li

Be

Ne

Correct sketching [1]

Correct labelling [1]

Melting point

(b)

Na Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

Correct sketching [1]

Correct labelling [1]
(c) Each lithium and sodium atom contributes one delocalized electron into the electron sea. [1] Due
to the smaller size, lithium ion has a stronger attraction on the delocalized electrons than sodium.
[1] Therefore, the metallic bonds in lithium are stronger. Lithium has a higher melting point. [1]
(d) Fluorine and chlorine have simple molecular structures. [1] Chlorine has a larger molecular size
than fluorine, so chlorine has stronger van der Waals forces between molecules. [1] Therefore,
chlorine has a higher melting point. [1]
(e) Carbon and silicon have giant covalent structures. [1] Since a CC bond is stronger than a SiSi
bond, [1] more energy is needed to break the covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Therefore,
carbon has a higher melting point. [1]
(a)

Relative electrical
conductivity

Na Mg
Correct sketching [1]
Correct labelling [1]

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

(b) Electrical conductivity depends on the number of delocalized electrons per atom. [1] Since
magnesium has two outermost shell electrons while sodium has only one, [1] magnesium has a
higher electrical conductivity. [1]
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

x = 6 [1]
The one with atomic number of x + 4. [1]
Si has a giant covalent structure [1] in which electrons are not free to move. [1]
Al has a larger number of delocalized electrons than Mg. [1] Therefore, the electrical conductivity
of Al is higher.

11

(a) Period 2 [1]

(b) No. [1] All the three elements have simple molecular structures and they have similar molecular
sizes. [1]
(c) The student is incorrect. [1] Although phosphorus (P 4 ) also has a simple molecular structure, the
molecular size of phosphorus is significantly larger [1] than the above three elements. The van der
Waals forces between phosphorus molecules are much stronger, so the melting point of
phosphorus is much higher. [1]

12

(a) Na, Mg, Al: giant metallic [1]

Si: giant covalent [1]
P, S, Cl, Ar: simple molecular [1]
(b) (i) The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a solid to a
liquid. [1]
(ii)

Melting point

10

Na Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

Correct sketching [1] , Correct labelling [1]

(iii) Si has a giant covalent structure and it has the highest melting point across the period. In
melting, most of the covalent bonds have to be broken. [1] A large amount of energy is
needed to overcome the strong covalent bonds. [1]
From Na to Al, they have giant metallic structures and the metallic bonds do not have to be
substantially broken to form a liquid. [1] Thus, the melting points of the metals are lower than
Si. [1] Due to the increase in number of delocalized electrons, melting point increases from
Na to Al. [1]

13

(a)
Element

Electronic
configuration

Physical state
at 25C

Melting point
(1-highest, 4-lowest)

Electrical
conductivity

2, 1

Solid

conductor

2, 3

Solid

depends on
temperature

2, 8, 6

Solid

insulator

2, 8, 8

Gas

insulator

1
Each correct answer [ ]
2
(b) (i)

1
W: Lithium [ ]
2
1
X: Boron [ ]
2
1
Y: Sulphur [ ]
2
Z: Argon [

1
]
2

1
(ii) Metal: W [ ]
2
Semi-metal: X [

1
]
2

Non-metal: Y, Z [1]
1
(c) X is a semi-metal and it has a giant covalent structure. [ ] Atoms of X are held together by strong
2
covalent bonds. A large amount of energy is needed to overcome the strong covalent bonds before
1
melting can occur, [ ] so it has the highest melting point.
2
1
W is a metal. It has a giant metallic structure [ ] and the atoms are held by strong metallic bonds.
2
1
However, the metallic bonds do not have to be substantially broken to form a liquid, [ ] so its
2
melting point is not as high as X.
For Y and Z, they have simple molecular structures. Much less energy is needed to overcome the
1
weak van der Waals forces, [ ] so they have lower melting points than X and W. Since Y has a
2
larger molecular size than Z, [

1
] Y has a higher melting point than Z.
2

1
(d) W is a metal, so it contains delocalized electrons to conduct electricity. [ ]
2

1
X is a semi-metal. Its electrons are not free to move at room temperature, [ ] so it is an insulator
2
at room temperature. However, at higher temperatures, it conducts electricity as the electrons are
free to move. [

1
]
2

Y and Z are non-metals. Their electrons are not free to move, [

1
] so they cannot conduct
2

electricity.
(e) X:

[1]
Y:

[1]
14

(a) Li: alkali metal [1]

Be: alkaline earth metal [1]
F: halogen [1]
Ne: noble gas/inert gas [1]
(b) (i) Carbon can exist as diamond and graphite. For diamond, it has a giant covalent structure and
all four outermost shell electrons in each carbon atom are used for formation of covalent
bonds. [1] There are no delocalized electrons in its structure, so diamond is an insulator of
electricity. [1] On the other hand, graphite also has a giant covalent structure. Three of the
outermost shell electrons in each carbon atom are used for formation of covalent bonds. [1]
There is one electron left which is free to move and conduct electricity. [1] Therefore,
graphite is an conductor of electricity.
(ii) Diamond:

[1]
Graphite:

[1]
(c) (i)

Be has a larger number of delocalized electrons [1] than Li. The metallic bonds in Be are
stronger and more energy is needed to break the bonds, [1] so Be has a higher melting point
than Li.
(ii) F and Ne have simple molecular structures. [1] In melting the solid, much less energy is
needed to overcome the weak intermolecular forces. [1] Therefore, they have relatively lower
melting points.

15

(a) Both have giant metallic structures. [1] Beryllium has two outermost shell electrons while lithium
has only one. [1] Metallic bonds in beryllium are stronger than those in lithium. [1] Therefore,
beryllium has a higher melting point than lithium.
(b) Carbon has a giant covalent structure while nitrogen has a simple molecular structure. [1] The
covalent bonds between carbon atoms are much stronger than the weak van der Waals forces
between nitrogen molecules. [1] Much more energy is needed to break the strong covalent bonds
between carbon atoms, [1] so carbon has a higher melting point.
(c) Lithium has a giant metallic structure while fluorine has a simple molecular structure. [1] The
metallic bonds in lithium are much stronger than the weak van der Waals forces between fluorine
molecules. [1] Much more energy is needed to break the strong metallic bonds in lithium, [1] so
lithium has a higher melting point.

16

(a) Both of them have giant metallic structures. [1] They contain delocalized electrons to conduct
electricity. [1] Going from sodium to aluminium, the number of delocalized electrons increases. [1]
Therefore, the electrical conductivities also increase.
(b) Both have giant covalent structures. [1] Graphite has a layered structure in which each carbon
atom is bonded to three other atoms and delocalized electrons are present in each layer to conduct
electricity. [1] Diamond has a giant three-dimensional network in which each carbon atom is
bonded to four other atoms, so there are no delocalized electrons in diamond. [1]
(c) Boron has a giant covalent structure and it does not have delocalized electrons. [1] Aluminium has
a giant metallic structure and it contains delocalized electrons to conduct electricity. [1]

17

The student is partly correct. [1]

Metals contain delocalized electrons which are free to move [1]. Therefore, metals are conductors of
electricity.
For graphite, although it is a non-metal, [1] it contains delocalized electrons in each layer of its
structure. [1] These electrons are free to move along the layers. [1] Therefore, graphite is also an
electrical conductor.

18

(a) Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. [1]
(b) Na 2 O. [1] The difference in electronegative values between Na and O is larger than that between
Al and O. [1]
(c) Na 2 O 2 [1]
O.N. of O = 1 [1]
(d) 6Na(s) + 2O 2 (g) 2Na 2 O(s) + Na 2 O 2 (s) [1]

19
Oxide

Na 2 O

MgO

Al 2 O 3

Colour and
state at

SiO 2

P 4 O 10

White solid

25C

Giant
covalent

Giant ionic

Structure
Acid-base
property

Basic

Amphoteric

SO 2

Cl 2 O

Colourless
gas

Orange
gas

Simple molecular

Acidic

Each correct blank [1]

20

(a) Across Period 3, the electronegativities of elements change from low values on the left to high
values on the right. [1]
(b) The difference in electonegativity values between the element and oxygen decreases across a
period, [1] so the bonding of the oxides becomes less ionic and more covalent. [1] Therefore, the
structure of the oxides changes from giant ionic to giant covalent, and then simple molecular. [1]
(c) Basic oxides react with water to form hydroxides and with dilute acids to form salts. [1] Example:
sodium oxide. [1]
Acidic oxides react with water to give acids and with dilute alkalis to form salts. [1] Example:
Sulphur dioxide. [1]

21

(a) X: Na [1]
Y: Al [1]
Z: Cl [1]
(b) Na 2 O reacts vigorously with water to form sodium hydroxide solution. [1]
Na 2 O(s) + H 2 O(l) 2NaOH(aq) [1]
Al 2 O 3 is insoluble in water. [1]
1
Cl 2 O reacts readily with water to form hypochlorous acid. [ ] Hypochlorous acid ionizes slightly
2
1
in water to form hydrogen ions and hypochlorite ions. [ ]
2
1
Cl 2 O(g) + H 2 O(l) 2HOCl(aq) [ ]
2
HOCl(aq)

1
H+(aq) + OCl(aq) [ ]
2

22

23

24

(a) Na 2 O, MgO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , P 4 O 10 , SO 2 [3]

(DO NOT accept Na 2 O 2 as one of the answers.)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

P 4 O 10 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) 4H 3 PO 4 (aq) [1]

4Al(s) + 3O 2 (g) 2Al 2 O 3 (s) [1]
SiO 2 (s) + 2OH(aq) SiO 3 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) [1]
Cl 2 O(g) + H 2 O(l) 2HOCl(aq) [1]

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

B. [1] It has the lowest melting point. [1]

Giant covalent structure [1]
SiO 2 [1]

Sodium oxide [1]

Giant ionic structure [1]

(a) (i)

Amphoteric oxide [1]

(ii) Al 2 O 3 (s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl 3 (aq) + 3H 2 O(l) [1]

Al 2 O 3 (s) + 2KOH(aq) + 3H 2 O(l) 2KAl(OH) 4 (aq) [1]
(iii) BeO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) BeSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) [1]
BeO(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H 2 O(l) Na 2 Be(OH) 4 [1]
(b) (i)

[1]
(ii) P 4 O 6 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) 4H 3 PO 3 (aq) [1]
P 4 O 10 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) 4H 3 PO 4 (aq) [1]
25

(a) Glass contains mainly silicon dioxide, [1] which is acidic and can react with sodium hydroxide. [1]
SiO 2 (s) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SiO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(b) Sodium silicate [1]
(c) Use dilute alkalis as titrant. [1]
Rinse the burette throughout after experiment. [1]
(d) Sodium hydroxide pellets absorb water from the air, [1] so it is not possible to accurately weigh
them. [1]

26

(a) (i)

Sulphur dioxide:
[1]
Sulphur trioxide:

[1]
(ii) 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
2SO 3 (g) [1]
Vanadium(V) oxide/V 2 O 5 [1]
(iii) Colourless [1]

(b) (i)

[1]

(ii) Orange [1]

27

(a) Na 2 O:
The compound is soluble in water. [1]
Na 2 O(s) + H 2 O(l) 2NaOH(aq) [1]
Al 2 O 3 :
The compound is insoluble in water. [1]
SiO 2 :
The compound is insoluble in water. [1]
(b) The solution made with Na 2 O is alkaline. [1]
The liquid obtained by mixing Al 2 O 3 with water is neutral. [1]
The liquid obtained by mixing SiO 2 with water is neutral. [1]
(c) Al 2 O 3 (s) + 6HNO 3 (aq) 2Al(NO 3 ) 3 (aq) + 3H 2 O(l) [1]
Al 2 O 3 (s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H 2 O(l) 2NaAl(OH) 4 (aq) [1]
(d) Amphoteric [1]

28

(a) Phosphorus pentoxide:

[1]
Sulphur dioxide:
[1]
(b) MgO: MgO(s) + H 2 O(l) Mg(OH) 2 (s) [1]
P 4 O 10 : P 4 O 10 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) 4H 3 PO 4 (aq) [1]
SO 2 : SO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) H 2 SO 3 (aq) [1]
(c) P 4 O 10 [1]
29

(a)

Correct ratio of elements [1]

Correct arrangement of elements [1]

(b) Statement (1) is correct. [1] SiO 2 is acidic, so it will react with alkalis to form salts. [1]
Statement (2) is incorrect [1] since SiO 2 will not react with acids. [1]
30

(a) The universal indicator turns red. [1] P 4 O 10 reacts with water to form phosphoric acid. [1]
P 4 O 10 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) 4H 3 PO 4 (aq) [1]
(b) As a desiccant/dehydrating agent. [1]
(c) The student is incorrect. [1] An intact molecule of P 4 O 10 consists of 4 phosphorus atoms and 10
oxygen atoms. [1]

[1]
31

(a) (i)
(ii)
(b) (i)
(ii)

Silicon dioxide [1]

Covalent [1]
Orange [1]
This indicates that the solution is acidic. [1] Glass contains mainly silicon dioxide, which

react with the alkaline solution. The reaction mixture becomes acidic since some OH(aq)
ions are removed. [1]
(iii) Metal oxides [1]
(c) (i) This is because sodium hydroxide will react with silicon oxide to corrode the glass bottle. [1]
(ii) Plastic bottle [1]
32

(a) Metal oxides: B, D [1]

1
Semi-metal oxide: C [ ]
2
1
Non-metal oxide: A [ ]
2
(b) Acidic oxides: A, C [1]
1
Amphoteric oxide: D [ ]
2
Basic oxide: B [

1
]
2

1
(c) C: Silicon dioxide/SiO 2 [ ]
2
1
D: Aluminium oxide/Al 2 O 3 [ ]
2
For oxides of the elements across Period 3, only Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 are insoluble in water. [1] Al 2 O 3
is amphoteric and it reacts with both dilute acids and alkalis. [1] SiO 2 is acidic and it reacts with
dilute alkalis. [1]

(d) A has the lowest melting point. [1] A is a non-metal oxide and it has a simple molecular structure.
[1] Its discrete molecules are held together by weak van der Waals forces only. In melting the
solid, small amount of energy is needed to overcome the weak intermolecular forces, [1] so it has a
relatively low melting point.
33

(a) The oxides changes from basic, through amphoteric, to acidic. [1]
(b) Al 2 O 3 [1]
Al 2 O 3 reacts with dilute acids to form salts.
Al 2 O 3 (s) + 3H 2 SO 4 (aq) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) + 3H 2 O(l) [1]
Al 2 O 3 reacts with dilute alkalis to form aluminate ions.
Al 2 O 3 (s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H 2 O(l) 2NaAl(OH) 4 (aq) [1]
(c) SO 2 and Cl 2 O [2]
(d) (i) P 4 O 10 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) 4H 3 PO 4 (aq) [1]
(ii) Molecules of H 3 PO 4 are held together by hydrogen bonds. [1]

hydrogen bond
[1]
(iii) It is a tribasic acid [1] because 3 hydrogen atoms from the three hydroxyl groups are capable
of ionization. [1]/H 3 PO 4 (aq) 3H(aq) + PO 4 3(aq) [1]
34

(a) X = Magnesium [1]

Y = Aluminium [1]
Z = Silicon [1]
(b) (i)

[1]
(ii) MgO(s) + H 2 O(l) Mg(OH) 2 (s) [1]
Mg(OH) 2 (s) + water
Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) [1]
(c) An amphoteric substance can act both as an acid and as a base. [1]
Al 2 O 3 (s) + 6H+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3H 2 O(l) [1]
Al 2 O 3 (s) + 2OH(aq) + 3H 2 O(l) 2Al(OH) 4 (aq) [1]
(d) SiO 2 has a giant covalent structure. [1]
35

(a) Put the three solids into distilled water [1] and measure the pH of the solutions by pH meter. [1]
1
Aluminium oxide is insoluble in water. [ ]
2

1
pH of the solution does not change./pH = 7 [ ]
2
Sodium oxide dissolves in water to give an alkaline solution. [

1
]
2

1
Na 2 O(s) + H 2 O(l) 2NaOH(aq) [ ]
2
1
Phosphorus pentoxide dissolves in water to give an acidic solution. [ ]
2
1
P 4 O 10 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) 4H 3 PO 4 (aq) [ ]
2
1
(b) Aluminium oxide and sodium oxide have giant ionic structures. [ ] Their ions are held together
2
1
by strong ionic bonds. [ ]
2
1
Phosphorus pentoxide has a simple molecular structure. [ ] The molecules are held together by
2
1
weak van der Waals forces. [ ]
2
36

(a) Assume that there are 100 g of gallium oxide,

Element

Ga

Mass (g)

74.4

25.6

Number of
moles (mol)

74.4
mol = 1.07 mol
69.7

25.6
mol = 1.60 mol
16.0

[1]

Mole ratio

[1]

1
Empirical formula of gallium oxide is Ga 2 O 3 . [ ]
2
Assume that there are 100 g of arsenic oxide,
Element

As

Mass (g)

65.2

34.8

Number of
moles (mol)

65.2
mol = 0.870 mol
74.9

34.8
mol = 2.18 mol
16.0

[1]

Mole ratio

[1]

1
Empirical formula of arsenic oxide is As 2 O 5 . [ ]
2
1
(b) Gallium oxide has a giant ionic structure. [ ] The ions are held together by strong ionic bonds.
2
[

1
]
2

1
Arsenic oxide has a simple molecular structure. [ ] The molecules are held together by weak van
2
1
der Waals forces. [ ]
2
37

(a) (i)

P 4 O 10 reacts with water to give phosphorus acid. [1]

P 4 O 10 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) 4H 3 PO 4 (aq) [1]
SO 2 reacts with water to give sulphurous acid. [1]

SO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) H 2 SO 3 (aq) [1]

(ii) Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure, so it cannot dissolve in water. [1] But it reacts
with dilute alkalis to form salts. [1]
SiO 2 (s) + 2OH(aq) SiO 3 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) [1]
1
(b) SiO 2 has a giant covalent structure. [ ] The atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds.
2
[

1
]
2

1
SO 2 has a simple molecular structure. [ ] The molecules are held together by weak van der
2
1
Waals forces. [ ]
2
(c) (i) Dehydrating agent [1]
(ii) Manufacture of sulphuric acid/Preservative [1]
38

(a) A substance is described as amphoteric if it can act both as an acid and as a base. [1]
(b) BeO/GeO 2 /SnO 2 /PbO 2 (Any ONE) [1]
(c) (i) 2Al(OH) 3 (s) + 3H 2 SO 4 (aq) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) + 6H 2 O(l) [1]
(ii) Al(OH) 3 (s) + NaOH(aq) NaAl(OH) 4 (aq) [1]
(d) Electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide [1]

39

(a) Generally, the outermost shells of the atoms of transition metals have either one or two electrons.
[1] Due to this similar outer electron arrangement, [1] transition metals across a period have
similar chemical properties.
(b) Sodium atoms only have one outermost shell electron that contributes to the sea of electrons. [1]
On the other hand, electrons in both the outermost shell and the next inner shell of copper atoms
contribute to the sea of electrons. [1] Therefore, the strength of metallic bonds in copper is much
stronger than that in sodium. [1] This makes copper much harder than sodium.
(c) Iron(III) ions [1]
(d) White [1]

40

(a) Green [1]

(b) (i)
(ii)
(c) (i)
(ii)

2V3+(aq) + Zn(s) 2V2+(aq) + Zn2+(aq) [1]

The solution changes from green to violet. [1]
Vanadium(V) oxide/V 2 O 5 [1]
The oxidation state of vanadium in V 2 O 5 is +5. [1]

(iii) Contact Process [1]

41

(a) Fe2+ and Fe3+. [1]

(b) Fe2+ [1]
(c) The reaction mixture changes from green to yellow. [1]
(d) 2Fe2+(aq) + Cl 2 (aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) [1]

42

(a) (i)

Cr3+: +3 [1]

Cr 2 O 7 2: +6 [1]
(ii) Cr3+: green [1]
Cr 2 O 7 2: orange [1]
(b) (i) Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H 2 O(l) [1]
(ii) The solution changes from orange to green at the end point. [1]
(iii) K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (aq) + 4H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 3H 2 S(g)
Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) + K 2 SO 4 (aq) + 7H 2 O(l) + 3S(s) [1]
K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 3SO 2 (g)
Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) + K 2 SO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(iv) Iodide ion is oxidized to iodine which is brown in aqueous solution. [1] This makes the end
point difficult to be detected. [1]

43

(a) It is because a variable number of electrons can be removed from the outermost shell and the next
inner shell of the atoms of transition metals. [1]
(b) (i) Copper and iron [2]
(ii) Copper: Cu+ ion and Cu2+ ion [2]
Iron: Fe2+ ion and Fe3+ ion [2]
(c) Scandium and zinc [2]

44

(a) The orange dichromate ions (Cr 2 O 7 2(aq)) are reduced by ethanol to give chromium(III) ions
(Cr3+(aq)) which are green in colour. [2]
(b) The oxidation number of chromium in Cr3+(aq) is +3 [1] and that in Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) is +6. [1]

45

(a) The oxidation number of vanadium in VO 2 + is +5. [1]

The oxidation number of vanadium in VO2+ is +4. [1]
(b) V2+(aq) ion is violet [1] and V3+(aq) ion is green. [1]
(c) (i) 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
2SO 3 (g) [1]
(ii) The oxidation number of vanadium in V 2 O 5 is +5. [1]
(d) (i)

Stage 2: 2VO 2 (s) +

1
O 2 (g) V 2 O 5 (s) [1]
2

(ii) V 2 O 5 is considered to be a catalyst because it is regenerated at the end of the reactions. [1]
46

(a) Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide [1]

(b) (i) MnO 2 (s) + 4HCl(aq) MnCl 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) + Cl 2 (g) [1]
(ii) The colour of the resultant solution is very pale pink [1] due to the presence of Mn2+(aq) ions.
[1]
(c) (i) Purple [1]
(ii) MnO 4 (aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 4H 2 O(l) + 5Fe3+(aq) [1]

47

(a) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)

2NH 3 (g) [1]
Finely divided iron [1]
(b) 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
2SO 3 (g) [1]
Vanadium(V) oxide/V 2 O 5 [1]
(c) 2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N 2 (g) + 2CO 2 (g) [1]
Platinum/Pt and rhodium/Rh [1]
(d) 2H 2 O 2 (aq) 2H 2 O(l) + O 2 (g) [1]
Manganese(IV) oxide/MnO 2 [1]
(e)
[1]
Titanium(IV) chloride/TiCl 4 [1]

48

(a) A catalyst alters the rate of a chemical reaction [1] without being used up in the process. [1]
(b) (i) Vanadium(IV) oxide/VO 2 [1]
(ii) It oxidizes X (VO 2 ) to V 2 O 5 , [1] so the catalyst is regenerated and is available for further
catalysis. [1]
(c) A catalyst provides an alternative pathway [1] with lower energy barrier/activation energy, [1] so
more reactant particles can possess enough energy to have effective collisions. [1]

49

(a) A: Fe2+ [1]

B: Fe3+ [1]
(b) Fe2+, I and SO 4 2. [3]
(c) Firstly, S 2 O 8 2 ions are reduced by A.
2Fe2+(aq) + S 2 O 8 2(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2SO 4 2(aq) [1]
Secondly, I ions are oxidized by B.
2Fe3+(aq) + I(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + I 2 (aq) [1]

50

(a) (i)
(ii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

51

A variable number of electrons [1] can be removed from the outermost shell and the next
inner shell of the atoms of transition metals. [1]
Electrons in both outermost shell and the next inner shell [1] of most transition metal atoms
contribute to the sea of electrons. [1]
Copper [1]
Iron [1]
Zinc [1]
Titanium [1]

(a) (i) 4Fe(s) + 2nH 2 O(l) + 3O 2 (g) 2Fe 2 O 3 nH 2 O(s) [1]

(ii) From 0 to +3 [1]
(b) (i) The solution changes from colourless to green. [1]
Gas bubbles are evolved. [1]
(ii) Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) FeCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) [1]
(iii) It is a redox reaction. [1]
The oxidation number of iron changes from 0 to +2. The oxidation number of hydrogen

changes from +1 to 0. [1]

(c) (i) A catalyst alters the rate of a chemical reaction [1] without being used up in the process. [1]
(ii) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)
2NH 3 (g) [1]
(d) (i) It oxidizes I to I 2 . [1]
(ii) Iron(II) ions reduce peroxodisulphate ions to sulphate ions. [1] Then the iron(III) ions formed
are reduced to iron(II) ions by iodide ions. [1]
(iii) 2I(aq) + S 2 O 8 2(aq) I 2 (aq) + 2SO 4 2(aq) [1]
52

(a) The oxidation state of manganese in MnSO 4 is +2. [1]

The oxidation state of manganese in MnO 2 is +4. [1]
The oxidation state of manganese in KMnO 4 is +7. [1]
(b) (i) Manganese(IV) oxide [1]
(ii) Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide [1]

53

(a) Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) FeCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) [1]

2Fe(s) + 3Cl 2 (g) 2FeCl 3 (aq) [1]
(b) Adding sodium hydroxide solution to the test tubes containing iron(II) chloride solution and
iron(III) chloride solution respectively. [1]
A green precipitate can be observed in the test tube containing iron(II) chloride solution. [1]
A yellow/brown precipitate can be observed in the test tube containing iron(III) chloride solution.
[1]
(c) Iodide ions reduce iron(III) ions to give iron(II) ions as the intermediate. Iodide ions are oxidized
to iodine as one of the products. [1]
2Fe3+(aq) + 2I(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + I 2 (aq) [1]
Iron(II) ions reduce peroxodisulphate ions to give sulphate ions. Iron(II) ions are oxidized to
iron(III) ions. [1]
2Fe2+(aq) + S 2 O 8 2(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2SO 4 2(aq) [1]

54

(a) 2I(aq) + S 2 O 8 2(aq) I 2 (aq) + 2SO 4 2(aq) [1]

(b) Firstly, iodide ions reduce iron(III) ions to give iron(II) ions as the intermediate. Iodide ions are
oxidized to iodine as one of the products. [1]
2Fe3+(aq) + I(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + I 2 (aq) [1]
Secondly, iron(II) ions reduce peroxodisulphate ions to give sulphate ions. Iron(II) ions are
oxidized to iron(III) ions. Thus, iron(III) ions are regenerated. [1]
2Fe2+(aq) + S 2 O 8 2(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2SO 4 2(aq) [1]
(c) It is essential for the synthesis of haemoglobin. [1]

55

(a) (i)

Displacement reaction [1]

(ii) Zn(s) + CuSO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu(s) [1]

(b) Zinc ribbons dissolve. [1]
Reddish brown solid is formed. [1]
Blue colour of the solution fades. [1]
(c) Zinc: making dry batteries/production of brass/as anti-corrosion coating for iron (Any ONE) [1]
Copper: making electrical cables and wirings/making water taps and pipes/production of alloys

(Any ONE) [1]

(Accept other reasonable answers.)
56

(a) Platinum [1] and rhodium. [1]

(b) 2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N 2 (g) + 2CO 2 (g) [1]
(c) Iron is essential for the synthesis of haemoglobin in human body. [1]
(d) High mechanical strength/low density/resistant to corrosion/can withstand extreme temperatures
(Any TWO) [2]