c


 
 

According to MLA style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. All entries in the Works
Cited page must correspond to the works cited in your main text.





—Ê 2egin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same
one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper.
—Ê Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center
the words Works Cited at the top of the page.
—Ê ¯ouble space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.
—Ê Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations five spaces so that you create a hanging indent.
—Ê List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages
225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225-50.

 

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—Ê @or every entry, you must determine the Medium of Publication. Most entries will likely be listed as Print or Web
sources, but other possibilities may include @ilm, C¯-ROM, or ¯ ¯.
—Ê p
   
  
  
 p
. However, if your instructor or publisher insists
on them, include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period. @or long URLs, break lines only at
slashes.
—Ê If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an
online database, you should type the online database name in italics. You do not need to provide subscription
information in addition to the database name.

    

—Ê Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles, short prepositions, or
conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: ¬
p
  p  


.
—Ê  c
: Use italics (instead of underlining) for titles of larger works (books, magazines) and quotation
marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles)

c

 



 

The first-give author͛s name or a book with a single author's name appears in last name, first name format. The basic
form for a book citation is:

Lastname, @irstname. 
 . Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.

  !
 

¬leick, James. ›


 !
!. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print.

Henley, Patricia. "##



". ¯enver: MacMurray, 1999. Print.
   c" !
 

The first given name appears in last name, first name format; subsequent author names appear in first name last name
format.

¬illespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner.  $ !¬
% 


. 2oston: Allyn, 2000. Print.

If there are more than three authors, you may choose to list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for
"and others") in place of the subsequent authors' names, or you may list all the authors in the order in which their
names appear on the title page. (Note that there is a period after ͞al͟ in ͞et al.͟ Also note that there is never a period
after the ͞et͟ in ͞et al.͟).

Wysocki, Anne @rances, et al. p




 $ 
!
 &'

!

›#

.

Logan, UT: Utah State UP, 2004. Print.

or

Wysocki, Anne @rances, Johndan Johnson-Eilola, Cynthia L. Selfe, and ¬eoffrey Sirc. p



 $ 


!
 &'


!

›#

. Logan, UT: Utah State UP, 2004. Print.

# $ 

There are two types of editions in book publishing: a book that has been published more than once in different editions
and a book that is prepared by someone other than the author (typically an editor).

%&
' # 

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the number of the edition after the title.

Crowley, Sharon, and ¯ebra Hawhee. !

! ›#  $  . 3rd ed. New York: Pearson/Longman,

2004. Print.

 &(# 

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the editor after the title.

2ronte, Charlotte. ñ&$ . Ed. Margaret Smith. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998. Print.

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 # %
)&& 
*

MLA lists electronic sources as p%
!
. Thus, when including the medium of publication for electronic sources, list

the medium as p.

     +
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MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations. 2ecause Web addresses are not static (i.e. they change often)
and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (e.g. on multiple databases), MLA explains
that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines.

@ 
 !  
 

 
, MLA suggests that the URL appear in angle brackets
after the date of access. 2reak URLs only after slashes.

Aristotle. %
!. Trans. S. H. 2utcher.  › 
! !
. Web Atomic and Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

13 Sept. 2007. Web. 4 Nov. 2008. <http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle.html>.

&&, 
(+
 # %


If publishing information is unavailable for entries that require publication information such as publisher (or sponsor)
names and publishing dates, MLA requires the use of special abbreviations to indicate that this information is not
available. Use (( to indicate that neither a publisher nor a sponsor name has been provided. Use n.d. when the Web
page does not provide a publication date.

When an entry requires that you provide a page but no pages are provided in the source (as in the case of an online-only
scholarly journal or a work that appears in an online-only anthology), use the abbreviation (
.


% ($  
$# %
)!- &

*

Here are some common features you should try and find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every Web
page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible
both for your citations and for your research notes:

—Ê Author and/or editor names (if available)

—Ê Article name in quotation marks (if applicable)
—Ê Title of the Website, project, or book in italics. (Remember that some Print publications have Web publications
with slightly different names. They may, for example, include the additional information or otherwise modified
information, like domain names [e.g. .com or .net].)
—Ê Any version numbers available, including revisions, posting dates, volumes, or issue numbers.
—Ê Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
—Ê Take note of any page numbers (if available).
—Ê ¯ate you accessed the material.
—Ê URL (if required, or for your own personal reference).

 # &% 

It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and information available on one date
may no longer be available later. 2e sure to include the complete address for the site.

Remember to use (( if no publisher name is available and ( ( if no publishing date is given.

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). #
. ersion number. Name of institution/organization affiliated

with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available). Medium of publication. ¯ate of access.
% )p@#
$
. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008. Web. 23 April 2008.

@elluga, ¯ino. ¬

  $ ›

!  $. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003. Web. 10 May 2006.

&% 

@or an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the information covered above for
entire Web sites. Remember to use (( if no publisher name is available and ( ( if no publishing date is given.

"How to Make egetarian Chili." "(!#. eHow, n.d. Web. 24 @eb. 2009.


$ 




Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate
and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your
reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" centered
at the top of the page (do NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced
just like the rest of your essay.





—Ê All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin.
This is called hanging indentation.
—Ê Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless
the work has more than six authors. If the work has more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al.
after the sixth author's name to indicate the rest of the authors.
—Ê Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
—Ê If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multiple-author references with
the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the
earliest.
—Ê When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page, capitalize only the first letter
of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. ¯o not
capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
—Ê Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
—Ê Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
—Ê ¯o not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited
collections.

$ 




 $


Author, A. A. (Year of publication). 
  ›
     
 . Location: Publisher.

 : @or "Location," you should always list the city and the state using the two letter postal abbreviation without
periods (New York, NY).

Calfee, R. C., & alencia, R. R. (1991). %


 

#!
 *  
!
. Washington, ¯C: American

Psychological Association.

# ! "  



Helfer, M. E., Keme, R. S., & ¯rugman, R. ¯. (1997).   !
(5th ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
 $ 
# %
)&& 
*

 !

Note: In 2007, the APA released several additions/modifications for documentation of electronic sources in the APA
Style ¬uide to Electronic References. These changes are reflected in the entries below. 
  that there are no
spaces used with brackets in APA.

Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the online host makes available,
including an issue number in parentheses.

Author, A. A., & Author, 2. 2. (¯ate of publication). Title of article. 
 )
%

!  ## (issue number if

available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

2ernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. 
 @ % pp
+,-. Retrieved from

http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

 - &


When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library), provide appropriate
print citation information (formatted just like a "normal" print citation would be for that type of work). This will allow
people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article. You
can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end, but the APA manual says that this is
not required. @or articles that are easily located, do not provide database information. If the article is difficult to locate,
then you can provide database information. Only use retrieval dates if the source could change, such as Wikis. @or more
about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see pages 187-192 of the Publication Manual.

Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, ¯. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. ñ   # &

.(3), 120-125.

&
 

If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online abstract as other online
citations, adding "[Abstract]" after the article or source name.

Paterson, P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in custody?: Two prison case studies

[Abstract]. 

ñ   


/



01(1), 54-58.

2ossong, ¬. Ergativity in 2asque. 




!22(3), 341-392.