Differentiation Formulas

1. (f (x) g(x)) = f (x) g (x)

3. (f (x)g(x)) = f (x)g(x) + f (x)g (x)

5. (f (g(x))) = f (g(x)) g (x)

d x
(e ) = ex
8.
dx
d
(sin x) = cos x
11.
10.
dx
1
d
(arcsin x) =
13.
dx
1 x2
7.

d x
(a ) = ax ln a (a > 0)
dx
d
(cos x) = sin x
dx

2. (kf (x)) = kf (x)



f (x)g(x) f (x)g (x)
f (x)
4.
=
g(x)
(g(x))2
d n
(x ) = nxn1
6.
dx
1
d
(ln x) =
9.
dx
x
d
1
12.
(tan x) =
dx
cos2 x
1
d
(arctan x) =
14.
dx
1 + x2

A Short Table of Indefinite Integrals

I. Basic Functions
1.

xn dx =

1
xn+1 + C,
n+1

n 6= 1

1
dx = ln |x| + C
x
Z
1 x
3.
ax dx =
a + C, a > 0
ln a
Z
4.
ln x dx = x ln x x + C

2.

5.

sin x dx = cos x + C

6.

cos x dx = sin x + C

7.

tan x dx = ln | cos x| + C

II. Products of ex , cos x, and sin x

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

1
eax [a sin(bx) b cos(bx)] + C
+ b2
1
eax [a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)] + C
eax cos(bx) dx = 2
a + b2
1
sin(ax) sin(bx) dx = 2
[a cos(ax) sin(bx) b sin(ax) cos(bx)] + C, a 6= b
b a2
1
cos(ax) cos(bx) dx = 2
[b cos(ax) sin(bx) a sin(ax) cos(bx)] + C, a =
6 b
b a2
1
[b sin(ax) sin(bx) + a cos(ax) cos(bx)] + C, a 6= b
sin(ax) cos(bx) dx = 2
b a2

eax sin(bx) dx =

a2

III. Product of Polynomial p(x) with ln x, ex , cos x, sin x

1
1
xn+1 ln x
xn+1 + C, n 6= 1
n+1
(n + 1)2
Z
Z
1
1
p (x)eax dx
14.
p(x)eax dx = p(x)eax
a
a
1
1
1
= p(x)eax 2 p (x)eax + 3 p (x)eax
a
a
a
(+ + . . .)
(signs alternate)

13.

xn ln x dx =

Z
1
1
p (x) cos ax dx
15.
p(x) sin ax dx = p(x) cos ax +
a
a
1
1
1
= p(x) cos ax + 2 p (x) sin ax + 3 p (x) cos ax
a
a
a
( + + + + . . .)
(signs alternate in pairs after first term)
Z
Z
1
1
16.
p(x) cos ax dx = p(x) sin ax
p (x) sin ax dx
a
a
1
1
1
= p(x) sin ax + 2 p (x) cos ax 3 p (x) sin ax
a
a
a
(+ + + + . . .) (signs alternate in pairs)
Z

IV. Integer Powers of sin x and cos x

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

Z
1
n1
n1
sinn2 x dx, n positive
sin x dx = sin
x cos x +
n
n
Z
1
n1
cosn x dx = cosn1 x sin x +
cosn2 x dx, n positive
n
n
Z
m2
1
cos x
1
1
+
dx, m 6= 1, m positive
dx =
m
m1
m2
sin x
m 1 sin
m1
x
sin
x

1  (cos x) 1 
1
dx = ln 
+C
sin x
2
(cos x) + 1 
Z
sin x
1
1
1
m2
dx
=
+
dx, m 6= 1, m positive
cosm x
m 1 cosm1 x m 1
cosm2 x


1
1  (sin x) + 1 
dx = ln 
+C
cos x
2
(sin x) 1 
n

sinm x cosn x dx: If m is odd, let w = cos x. If n is odd, let w = sin x. If both m and n are even and

positive, convert all to sin x or all to cos x (using sin2 x + cos2 x = 1), and use IV-17 or IV-18. If m and n
are even and one of them is negative, convert to whichever function is in the denominator and use IV-19 or
IV-21. If both m and n are even and negative, substitute w = tan x, which converts the integrand to a rational
function that can be integrated by the method of partial fractions.

V. Quadratic in the Denominator

x
1
1
dx = arctan + C, a 6= 0
2
+a
a
a
Z
bx + c
x
b
c
25.
dx = ln |x2 + a2 | + arctan + C, a 6= 0
x2 + a2
2
a
a
Z
1
1
dx =
(ln |x a| ln |x b|) + C, a 6= b
26.
(x a)(x b)
ab
Z
cx + d
1
27.
dx =
[(ac + d) ln |x a| (bc + d) ln |x b|] + C,
(x a)(x b)
ab

24.

x2

VI. Integrands Involving

a 2 + x2 , a 2 x2 , x2 a 2 ,

a>0

1
x

dx = arcsin + C
2
2
a
a x
Z


p
1



29.
dx = ln x + x2 a2  + C
x2 a2
 p

Z p
Z
1
1

30.
x a2 x2 + a2
dx + C
a2 x2 dx =
2
a2 x2
 p

Z p
Z
1
1

31.
x x2 a2 a2
x2 a2 dx =
dx + C
2
x2 a2

28.

a 6= b