AC Power Tut Qns PDF

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns
Dr. J Kearney
Exam - Questions on Power circuit, P, Q, and S; Ind motor simple equiv cct; synch gen. simple
equiv. circuit
EX 1
A 318 mH inductor in series with a 200 resistor are connected across a 50 Hz, 1000o
supply.
(a) Calculate:
(i)
the impedance of the circuit
(ii)
the current in the circuit.
(iii) the voltage drops, vr and vL across R and L.
(b) Draw a phasor diagram showing e, vr, and vL .
(c) Det the active power, reactive powe and apparent power.
Soln.
(i)
the impedance of the circuit is

=
223.61 26.53o
(ii) the current is IT = e/ZT = 1000o

223.6126.53o
0.447 -26.56o A
Dr. J Kearney
V1 = 44.763.44oV
j axis
E =10060oV
IT =0.447-26.56oV
V1 = 89.4-26.56oV
Active power, P = V I cos

Or P = I2R = 0.4472200 = 40W
Reactive power Q = 20 VAR
Aparant power = S = 44.7VA.
= 40 W
Ex 2 ( )
M A coil of resistance 5 and inductive reactance 12 is connected across a supply
voltage of 52 30o volts. Determine the active power in the circuit.
Bird
Soln
I = V/Z
Z = 200 + j100 = 223.6 26.56o ohms

I = 100 0o /223.6 26.56o = 0.447 -26.56o
P = |I| 2R = 0.4472 200 = 40W
Ex 3 ( )
A coil of resistance R and inductive L henries is connected in series with a 50 F
capacitor. If the supply voltage is 225V at 50 Hz and the current flowing in the circuit is
1.5 -30oA, determine the values of R and L. Also determine the voltages across the coil,
vr and voltage across the capacitor vL, and draw a phasor diagram.
Bird
Dr. J Kearney
Soln.
Circuit impedance Z = V/I = 150 30o
Cap reactance Xc = 63.66
Circuit impedance Z = 129.9 + j(XL 63.66)
R = j75 XL = 138.66
Since XL = 2 fL , L = 0.441 H
Vcoil
285 16.87o V = 272.74 + j82.71 V
Voltage across cap VC = I jXc = -47.75 j82.7 V

Check Vs
= vL + vc = 225 0o V
VL = 20860oV
j axis
Vs = 2250oV
IT =1.5-30oA
Vc = 95.5-120oV
Vr = 194.85-30oV
Ex 4 A balanced three phase load of 8 kVA with power factor 0.85 lagging is connected to a
three phase 50Hz supply via a line of impedance 0.5+j1 per phase. The voltage at the load is
exactly 400V line to line.
Draw a per phase equivalent circuit of this system.
Calculate the line current in complex number form.
Calculate the impedance of the load.
Calculate the magnitude of the line to line voltage at the supply
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Dr. J Kearney
Calculate real power (P) and reactive power (Q) drawn from the supply.
Draw a phasor diagram of the real power (P), reactive power (Q) and apparent power
(S) supplied by the supply.
Soln (a)
ZLine = 0.5+j1
IL
Vn
Vload
Zload
(b) pf = 085, load 8 kva.

Vload = 400/3 = 230V
S = P+jQ = 8kVA
P = 3 VL IL cos = 6.8 kW
Q = 3 VL IL sin
IL =
6.8.10 3
= 11.54 A
3.400. cos
IL = 11.54 (cos - jsin ) = 11.54 (0.85 - j 0.527)
9.81 - j6.07 = 11.54 -31.75o
(c) Z2 = VL/IL =
16.94 + j10.49
(d) Van = VL + IL Z1 =
241 + j 6.81 = 241.1 1.62o V
(e) Z = Z1 + Z2 =
S = 3. V I* = 7008 + j 4659 VA
P = 7.008 kW and Q = 4.659 kVA
Dr. J Kearney
j axis
P=7008 (W)
Q =4659 (kVAr)
S = 8392(VA)
EX 5 A balanced three phase load of 10 MW with power factor 0.8 lagging is connected to a
three phase 50Hz supply via a line of impedance 0.2+j0.5 per phase. The voltage at the load is
exactly 10kV line to line.
Calculate the impedance of the load
Calculate the amount of power factor VARS (correcting capacitance) that would
need to be fitted at the supply end to achieve 0.95 power factor at the supply.
Soln (a)
IL
ZLine = 0.2 + j0.5
Vn
Vload
(b) Pf = cos = 0.8 = P/S

5
Zload
S = P/pf
Dr. J Kearney
= 10 106 /0.8 = 12. 5 MVA
P = 3 VL IL cos = 10MW
I L = 721.69 A
IL = 721.69 -36.87o A
(c) Z2 = VL/IL =
6.4 + j4.8
6104.96 + j 202.1 V
=
6108.3 1.9o
|Van| = 6108.3 V
(e) pf orginal 0.8 new 0.95
P = 10 MW
S = P/pf = 10. 106/ 0.95 = 10.526 MVA
Old Q = >
cos-10.8 = 36.86o Old
Q = 10 .106 Tan 36.86 = 10 .106 0.75 = 7.5 MVar
New Q = >
cos-10.95 = 18.195o
Q = P tan 18.195o = 10 .106 0.32868 = 3.287 MVar
Diff in MVar = 7.5 3.287 = 4.213 MVar required

Ex 6 (Past Exam q)
A balanced three phase load of 8 kVA with power factor 0.85 lagging is connected to a three
phase 50Hz supply via a line of impedance 0.5+j1 per phase. The voltage at the load is exactly
400V line to line.

Calculate the impedance of the load
Calculate real power (P) and reactive power (Q) drawn from the supply.
Soln (a)
Dr. J Kearney
IL
ZLine = 0.5 + j1
Vn
Vload
(b) Pf = cos = 0.85 = P/S

P = S.pf = 8 103 . 0.85 = 6.8 kW
I L = 11.54 A
IL = 9.81 j6.07
= 11.54 -31.75o A
(c) Z2 = VL/IL =
19.9331.75 =
16.95 + j10.49
241.1 1.61o
|Van| = 241 V
(e) pf 0.85
S = 0.85 S = P/pf = 10.526 MVA
P = S . pf = 6.8 kW
S = P + jQ
Q = P tan 31.79o = 4.214 kVar
Ex 7
Delta to Star Transformation:
.
8kVA
Dr. J Kearney
Delta
Star
1
Z1
ZA
ZB
Z2
Z3
ZC
2
Z1 =
Z AZ B
Z A + Z B + ZC
Z2 =
Z B ZC
Z A + Z B + ZC
Z3 =
Z AZC
Z A + Z B + ZC
Star Delta Transformation

Star
Delta
1
Z1
ZA
Z3
ZB
Z2
ZC
3
ZA =
Z 1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
Z2
ZB =
Z 1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
Z3
8
ZC =
Dr. J Kearney
Z 1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
Z1
Ex 8 (a) Find the value of the total resistance RT between a and c in the figure.
6
RT
9
9
c
Since the resistors of the and are the same the equations are simplified.
Convert the delta to a star.
R = R/3 = 6/3 = 2
9-oV
Dr. J Kearney
RT
2
9
9
2
RT = 2.
[ 2.9/(2+9)]
= 36/12 = 3.2727
Ind Machines
Ex 9
Why does the rotor of an induction motor turn slower than the revolving field?
Ex 10
Describe briefly the key differences between a squirrel cage motor and wound-rotor motor,
in terms of construction and method of operation?
See lecture notes
Ex 11
Both the voltage and frequency induced in the rotor of an induction motor decrease as the
rotor speeds up. Briefly explain the reason for this and include the relationships between
slip, the applied stator angular velocity and rotor angular velocity.
Ex 12
A 3-phase, 400V, 6-pole 50Hz star-connected induction motor operates on full load at a speed of
1475 rev./min. Determine the slip s.
Ex 13
a) Calculate the synchronous speed of a 3-phase, 12-pole induction motor that is excited by a
50Hz source.
b) What is the nominal speed (speed at full load) is the slip at full load is 5%?
10
Dr. J Kearney
a) Synchronous speed: rpm

ns =
120 .f /p
rev./min
500 rev/min
(b) s
(s - r)/ s =
(ns - nr)/ ns
nr = ns(1 - s) = 475 rev/min
Ex 14
An 400 V, 50 Hz, six-pole, star connected induction machine operates with full load slip
of 0.05 pu and has the following per-phase equivalent circuit parameters:
stator resistance, Rs = 0.12, stator leakage reactance, Xs = 0.6 and magnetising
reactance, Xm = 22.15 . The rotor referred resistance Rr` = 0.15 , and the rotor referred
leakage reactance, Xr` = 0.586 .
The induction machine initially operates as a motor
on full load. Using an approximate per-phase equivalent circuit determine:
(i) synchronous speed and the speed of the motor at rated slip in rev./min and
rad/sec.
(ii) The approximate equivalent circuit per-phase input impedance.
(iii) The input current.
(iv) The developed torque.
(v)
The starting torque.
Soln.
Motoring mode:
Synchronous speed s = 2 f/p = 104.6 rad/s.

m = s(1 s) = 99.37 rad/s. = 948.9 rev./min.
0.12
is
j0.6
j0.586
i`r
j22.1515
Vs = 400/3 V
0.15/0.05
Rr` s =
0.15/0.05 =
Z = Rs + jXs+ Rr` s +jXr`)

=
3.122 + j 1.186
The total Z is Zin = ( jXm|| Z)
11
R`r/s
Dr. J Kearney
= 73.98110o 23.54 82.38 o

== 3.14327.62o
The input current:

Ii
73.18 -27.62o A
The rotor current

Ir
= 68.86 -20.8o A
68.86 A at a pf of 0.935 lagging

The developed torque:
T =
Pm / m =
3 | Ir `| 2 R ' r
.
ss
= 408 Nm
3 | Ir `| 2 R ' r
.
ss
with s=1
Starting Torque
20.4 Nm
Ex 15 A 4 pole induction motor running from a 3 phase ,400V line to line , 50 Hz

supply has the following parameters:
Stator Winding Resistance (Rs) = 0.05
Stator Leakage Inductance (Xs) = 0.1
Magnetising Inductance (Xm) = 20
Rotor Winding Resistance referred to stator (Rr) = 0.1
Rotor Leakage Inductance referred to stator (Xr) = 0.2
Rotational losses may be assumed to be negligible.
(i) Draw a per phase equivalent circuit of this machine.
(ii) Calculate the rotor speed at which the machine will have a slip of 2%.
(iii) Calculate the Power over the gap (Pog) in this machine when it is running at a slip of 2%.
(iv) Calculate the mechanical power (Pm) and the torque (Tm) delivered by the machine
running at a slip of 2%.
Soln.
12
Dr. J Kearney
j0.1
0.05
is
j0.2
i`r
j20
Vs = 400/3 V
0.1/0.02
R`r/s
Synchronous speed s = 2 f/p = 1500 rev./min.

m = s(1 s)
Rr` s =
0.1/0.02 =
= 153.86 rad/s. = 1469.25 rev./min.
Z = Rs + jXs+ Rr` s +jXr`)

=
5.05 + j 0.3
=
5.0593.4o
The rotor referred current

Ir
=
45.46 -3.4o A
45.46 A at a pf of 0.99 lagging

The air-gap power:
Pg =
3 | I r `| 2 R ' r
.
s
= 31kW
Prot = 0
no rotational losses
Pm = Pg (1-s) = 30.38 kW
30.38 . 103/153.86
= 197 Nm
Ex 16 A 6 pole induction motor running from a 3 phase ,400V line to line , 50 Hz supply has
the following parameters:
Stator Winding Resistance (Rs) = 0.15
Stator Leakage Inductance (Xs) = 0.3
Magnetising Inductance (Xm) = 60
13
Dr. J Kearney
Rotor Winding Resistance referred to stator (Rr) = 0.3

Rotor Leakage Inductance referred to stator (Xr) = 0.6
Rotational losses have previously been measured to be 1000W at 5% slip
Draw a per phase equivalent circuit of this machine.
Calculate the rotor speed at which the machine will have a slip of 5%.
Calculate the air-gap Power (Pg) in this machine when it is running at a slip of 5%.
Calculate the efficiency of the induction motor from electrical input to mechanical
output when the motor is running with a slip of 5%
Soln.
(a)
j0.3
0.15
is
j0.6
i`r
j60
Vs = 230V
0.3/0.05
(b) Synchronous speed s = 2 f/p = 1000 rev./min.
m = s(1 s) = 99.48 rad/s. = 950 rev./min.

Rr`/s = 0.3/0.05 = 6
Z = Rs + jXs+ Rr`/s +jXr`)
=
6.15 + j 0.9
=
6.228.32o
(d) The air-gap power:
(c)
Ir = 36.98
The rotor referred current

-3.03o A
Pg =
3 | I r `| 2 R ' r
. = 24.6 kW
s
400
3
(d) Ii =
Zin
Zin
I
Z in
= Xm || Z = j60 || 6.228.32o
=
6.097 14.09o
=
V/Z = 37.72 -14.09oA

14
R`r/s
Pelec
Dr. J Kearney
3 VL IL cos =
25.044 kW
Pm = Pg (1-s) Prot = 22.37 kW

= Pelec/Pm = 89.3s%
Ex 17
A large 3-phase, 4000V, 8-pole, 50Hz squirrel-cage induction motor draws a current of
380A and a total active power of 2344kW when operating at full load. The speed at full load
is accurately measured and found to be 742rpm. The stator is star-connected and the
resistance between two stator terminals is 0.1. The total iron losses are 23.4kW and the
windage and friction losses are 12kW.
Calculate:
a) The power factor at full load
b) The active power supplied to the rotor
c) The total i2R losses in the rotor
d) The mechanical power output to the load and torque delivered to the load
e) The motors net efficiency
a) The active power input to the motor is given as 2344kW. The apparent power is:
S = 3 VL IL = 2633kVA
Therefore pf
P/S
0.89 lagging
b) The active power supplied to the rotor is the active power input to the motor, minus the iron
losses and copper losses in the stator. The stator iron losses are given as 23.4kW. To calculate
the copper losses, note that the terminal resistance (0.1) is twice that of each phase for a wye
connection. Therefore, the copper losses are:
Stator copper losses Pcu = 21.7kW
Therefore, the active power supplied to the rotor is:
Pr = Input power stator copper loss iron losses
Pr =
=
2344 kW 23.4kW 21.7kW

2298kW
c) The copper losses in the rotor are proportional to the slip (see lecture notes): Pr.cu sP
Therefore, we must calculate the slip. Neither the synchronous speed nor number of poles are
explicitly stated in the problem, however by inspection we determine that the synchronous speed
must be 750rpm and the number of poles = 8. (For 50Hz supply, synchronous speeds occur at
discrete intervals corresponding to pole pairs: 2-pole: 3000rpm, 4-pole: 1500rpm, 6- pole:
1000rpm, 8-pole: 750rpm, etc We also know that induction motors operate near synchronous
speed the speed is given as 742 rpm which is close to synchronous speed for an
15
Dr. J Kearney
8-pole machine.)
Synchronous speed s = 2 f/p = 78.54 rad/s.
m = = 77.7 rad/s
s
0.0107
Therefore, the rotor copper losses are: Pr. cu = sPr = 24.56 kw

(d)
The mechanical power (Pm) delivered to the load is the active power delivered to the rotor,
minus rotor copper losses and windage and friction losses. The windage and friction losses are
given as 12kW. Therefore:
Pm =2298.9 kW 24.5kW-12 kW =2262.4 kW
2262.4
= 29.1kNm
2.
742.
60
P
2262.4kW
(e) the motors efficiency: = out =
= 96.5%
Pin
2344kW
TL =
Ex 18
A 3-phase, 440V, 8-pole 50Hz star-connected induction motor has the following equivalent
circuit per-phase parameters:
Rs = 0.1 , Rr` = 0.15, xs = xr` =0.6 , Rc = 100 , xm = 10 .
(a) Calculate using the equivalent circuit neglecting stator impedance, at a slip of 5%, the input
stator-current and power factor; the rotor current referred to the stator; the torque; the
mechanical output power and the efficiency. Calculate the starting torque. Assume the
mechanical loss is 1kW for all speeds.
Soln.
(a) Synchronous speed s = 2 f/p 78.54 rad/s.
m =
s(1 - s) = 76.18 rad/s.
Stator impedance neglected.

Vs
Ir`
400/3 =
230
0.1
0.05
+ j 0.6
68 -16.71
230
65.1 - j 19.54
16
Dr. J Kearney
Io
230
Is
Ir` + Io =
79.9 A at cos = 0.84
Ir`
68 A
529 Nm.
Pmech
Pelect.
Efficiency
Ts =
/100 + j230/10
2.3 j 23
67.4 - j42.94
39.365 kW.
46.5 kW
=
39.365/46.5
84.6%
396.27 Nm
Ex19
Tests conducted at 50 Hz on a three-phase star connected 45 kW, 2200V, six-pole 50Hz squirrel
cage induction motor are listed below.
No Load Test
Power Factor = 0.45
Line Voltage = 2.2kV
Line Current = 4.5A
Input Power = 1.6kW
Locked Rotor Test

Power Factor = 0.9
Line Voltage = 270V
Line Current = 25A
Input Power = 9kW
The average dc resistance per stator phase: Rs = 2.8

(a) Briefly describe the tests required to determine the per-phase equivalent circuit
impedance parameters of an induction machine.
(a) Determine the parameters of the per-phase equivalent circuit

(b) Determine the rotational losses of the machine. Core losses can be neglected.
load
I1
I0
Ic
VNo-load
Rc
Im
Xm
Figure 1 Equivalent Circuit during No-Load Test
I C = I 0 Power Factor
I m = I 02 I c2
Rc =
V
= 627
Ic
Xm =
= 2.025 A
4.019 A
V
= 317.5
Im
17
Dr. J Kearney
For the locked rotor test slip = 1
Is
Rs
jXs
I`r
Vs ph
jX`r
R`r/s
Z LR =
Vs
= 6.24
Is
Locked rotor reactance is
X 1 + X 2 ' = Z 2 (R1 + R2 ')
Rtotal = R1 + R 2 ' = Z cos = 5.616

R2 = Rtot - R1 = 2.816
X 1 + X 2 ' = 2.72
(a) From the no-load test, the no-load power is
PNL = 1.6kW
The no-load rotational loss is
Prot = PNL 3 Is2Rs
= 1429.9W
Synch Machines
Ex. 20
A 60 MVA, 20 kV three-phase 50 Hz synchronous generator has a synchronous reactance
of 8 per phase and negligible resistance,. The generator delivers rated power at a power
factor of 0.85 lagging at the rated terminal voltage to an infinite bus.
(a) Determine the excitation voltage per phase and the power angle .
(b) With the excitation voltage Eg of the synchronous generator held constant at the
value determined in part (a), the input driving torque is reduced until the generator
delivers 28 MW. Determine the armature current and the power factor.
(c) If the generator operates at the excitation voltage of Eg obtained in part (a), what is
the steady state maximum power the machine can deliver before losing
18
Dr. J Kearney
synchronism? Determine the armature current corresponding to this maximum

power.
(d) With real generated power at 42MW, compute the power angle , the stator
current Ia, and power factor when the field excitation current If is adjusted so that
the excitation voltage Eg is decreased to 79.19 % of the value determined in part
(a).
Soln.
(a) Apparent power S
Rated voltage per phase
51 MW j 31.6Mvar
= 11.54 0 kV
S 3V
1733
=
=
11540 + j9(1733) -31.78)

23792.2 33.86
33.86o
Rated current
Ia
Excitation voltage,
Eg
Power angle
-31.78 A
(b) When delivering 28 MW
28 .8
3(23.792)(11.54)
sin-1
Ia
13,06929.67o j8
1633.6-60.33o A
Power factor
3 Eg V
Xs
sin
cos(60.33)
0.495 lagging
(c) The maximum power occurs at = 90o
Pmax
=
Ia
15.78o
=
=
3 Eg V
Xs
102 MW
3248.8525.875o A
19
Dr. J Kearney
The power factor cos(25.875)
(d)
Eg
The power angle
0.899 leading
13463 V
42 . 8
3(18.843)(11.54)
sin-1
31o
=
Ia
=
-Power factor = 0.
866.740o A
Ex 21 (Aug 13) A 3 phase synchronous machine with negligible stator winding resistance and a
synchronous reactance of 2 per phase is connected to a 400V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply (infinite
bus) and operated as a generator. It is currently generating 50kW with power factor 0.8 lagging.
(i) Draw a single phase equivalent circuit of the machine connected as a generator.
(ii) What is the magnitude of the current being delivered.
(iii) Determine the excitation voltage (E) of the machine and the power angle ().
(iv) What is the maximum power the machine can generate with this value of excitation?
Soln.
(i)
jXs =2
Gen
Eg
Vt =400/3 V
(ii)
P = 50kW
Apparent power S
=

Rated current
Ia
=
=
62.5 -36.87o kVA
230 0 V
S 3V
90.58 -36.87 A
20
Load
Dr. J Kearney
|Ia| = 90.58 A
(iii)
Excitation voltage,
Eg
|Eg|
Power angle
=
=
=
=
230 0 + j2(90.58 -36.87)

368.4 23.18V
368.4 V
23.18o
(iv)
P
3. 368.4 . 230
sin 90
2
(max occurs when = 90o)

=
127.1 kW
Ex 22
A 3 phase 4 pole synchronous machine with negligible stator winding resistance and a
synchronous reactance of 2 per phase is connected to a 480V, 60 Hz, 3phase supply
(infinite bus) and operated as a generator. It is currently generating 80kW with power
factor 0.8 lagging.
(ii) What is the magnitude of the current being delivered.
(iv) What is the maximum power the machine can generate with this value
excitation?
(v) What is the rotational speed of this generator?
Soln. (i)
jXs =2
Gen
Eg
Vt = 480V
(ii)
P = 80kW Apparent power S

V
100 -36.87o kVA
277 0 V
21
Load
Dr. J Kearney
Rated current
Ia
S 3V
90.58 -36.87 A
|Ia| = 120.28 A
(iii)
Excitation voltage,
Eg
|Eg|
Power angle
277 0 + j2(120.28 -36.87)
=
=
=
463.2 24.55V
463.2 V
24.55o
(iv)
P
3. 463.2 . 277
sin 90
2
(max occurs when = 90o)

=
192.38 kW
(v)Synchronous speed s = 2 f/p = 188.5 rad/s.

= 1800 rev./min.
Ex 23
(Jan 14)
A 3 phase synchronous machine with negligible stator winding resistance and a synchronous
reactance of 2.5 per phase is connected to a 20kV, 50 Hz, 3phase supply (infinite bus) and
operated as a generator. It is currently generating 100MW with power factor 0.85 lagging.
(ii) What is the magnitude of the current being delivered?
(iv) What minimum value of excitation voltage (E) would be required for this machine to
deliver 200MW into a 20kV bus assuming a 20 stability margin must be maintained on
power angle ()?
Soln.
. (i)
22
Dr. J Kearney
jXs =2.5
Gen
Eg
Vt =11,547V
(ii)
P = 100 MW Apparent power S =
100/ 0.85
o
=
117.65 -31.79 MVA

V= 11,547 0 V
Rated current
Ia
S 3V
3.396 103 -31.79 A
|Ia| = 3.396 103A

(iii)
Excitation voltage,
Eg
|Eg|
Power angle
11,547 0 + j2.5(3.396 103 -31.79)
=
=
=
17570 24.25V
17570 V
24.25o V
(iv)
P
3. E gVt
2.5
sin(90 20)
(max occurs when = 90o

200 MW
200 MW
3. E g 11,547
2.5
stability margin 20o)
sin(90 20)
= E g 13,856.0.9397 = E g .13020.38
|Eg| = 15,360 V
23
Load
Dr. J Kearney
Ex 24
A manufacturing plant fed with a 400V 50Hz three phase runs from 09:00 to 18:00
Monday to Friday. The factorys load is normally 80kVA with power factor 0.8 lagging
during these hours. Once a month they need to run a special heating cycle which adds a
further 20kW to the factory load for a 2 hour period. This heating cycle is timer
controlled and fully automated but the timer is currently set to run on the third Friday
afternoon of the month. Outside of normal business hours and at weekends the factory
load is negligible. The firm has a contractually agreed Maximum Import Capacity (MIC)
of 120kVA.
Use the attached table of Low Voltage Maximum Demand charges to calculate the
firms electricity bill (exclusive of VAT) for the month of February (28 days).
Identify three steps that this firm could take to reduce their expenditure on
electricity assuming they stick with the same tariff. Calculate the potential
savings.
Low Voltage Maximum Demand Charges

Daily Standing Charge
PSO Levy
PSO Levy per KVA of MIC per day
3.02/day
0.0369/kVA/day
Maximum Import Capacity (MIC) Charges

Daily Charge per kVA of MIC
Demand Charges
0.072/kVA/day
Nov-Feb
Mar-Oct
Monthly Charge per kW of metered MD in a

monthly period (Subject to a minimum charge of
30kW)
Daytime kWh (Unit) Charge (08:00 - 19:59)
1.895/kW/month
14.80c/kWh
0.00
12.75c/kWh
Nightime kWh (Unit) Night Charges (20:00-07:59)
6.49c/kWh
6.49c/kWh
Wattless Unit Price (kVARh in excess of one third

of total kWh)
0.00714 / kVARh
0.00714 / kVARh
Table: Low Voltage Maximum Demand Charges (Q6)
24
Dr. J Kearney
Soln
Number of days in February = 28
Number of working hours = 4*5*9 = 180
Normal kW = 80kVA*0.8 = 64kW
Total kWh = 64kW*180 hours+20kW*2 hours = 11,560 kWh
Normal kvar =80kVA * sqrt(1-0.8^2) = 48kvar = sqrt(802-642) = 48 kVAr
Total kvarh = 48kvar*180 hours = 8640 kvarh
Chargeable kvarh = 8640-(11560)/3=4786 kvarh
Low Voltage Maximum Demand

Charges
Daily Standing Charge
per
3.02 /day
Rate
Qty
Period
Charge
3.02000
28
84.56
PSO Levy
PSO Levy per KVA per day
Maximum Import Capacity
(MIC) Charges
0.0369 /kVA/day
0.03690
120
28
123.98
Daily Charge per kVA of MIC
0.072 /kVA/day
0.07200
120
28
241.92
/kW/mont
1.895 h
1.89500
84
0.148 /kWh
0.14800
11560
159.18
1,710.8
8
0.0649 /kWh
0.06490
0.00714 /kVarh
0.00714
4787
34.18
Demand Charges
Monthly Charge per kW of
metered MD in a monthly
period (Subject to a
minimum charge of 30kW)
Daytime kWh (Unit) Charge
(08:00 - 19:59)
Nightime kWh (Unit) Night
Charges (20:00-07:59)
Wattless Unit Price (kVARh
in excess of one third of total
kWh)
Nov-Feb
Total Bill
for
February
2,354.7
0
[16 Marks]
25
Dr. J Kearney
Potential Savings
Use Power Factor correction to eliminate Watt less unit charge and to reduce MIC
Shift Heating load to night time or weekend.
Negotiate lower MIC
Potential savings from these measures:

Eliminate Wattless charge: save 34.17 /month
Shift heating cycle to night time.
Max demand it lowered by 20kW = saving of 20*1.895 = 37.90 / month
Saving by moving 20kW to night rate = 20kW*2 hours *(0.148-0.0649)= 3.32
Negotiating a reduced MIC

If power factor correction is employed and the heating cycle is shifted to night time the
then maximum VA of the plant drops to close to its maximum kW demand of 64kW. An
MIC of 80kVA should be sufficient to cover this. Potential Saving = 40kVA *
(0.072+0.0369)*28 = 121.96 per month
Total potential saving = 34.17+37.90+3.32+121.96=197.35/month
26

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DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

the impedance of the circuit is

(ii) the current is IT = e/ZT = 1000o

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

Active power, P = V I cos

Z = 200 + j100 = 223.6 26.56o ohms

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

285 16.87o V = 272.74 + j82.71 V

Voltage across cap VC = I jXc = -47.75 j82.7 V

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

(b) pf = 085, load 8 kva.

241 + j 6.81 = 241.1 1.62o V

P = 7.008 kW and Q = 4.659 kVA

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

ZLine = 0.2 + j0.5

(b) Pf = cos = 0.8 = P/S

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

= 10 106 /0.8 = 12. 5 MVA

S = P/pf = 10. 106/ 0.95 = 10.526 MVA

Diff in MVar = 7.5 3.287 = 4.213 MVar required

Draw a per phase equivalent circuit of this system.

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

(b) Pf = cos = 0.85 = P/S

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

Star Delta Transformation

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

a) Synchronous speed: rpm

nr = ns(1 - s) = 475 rev/min

Synchronous speed s = 2 f/p = 104.6 rad/s.

Z = Rs + jXs+ Rr` s +jXr`)

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

= 73.98110o 23.54 82.38 o

The input current:

The rotor current

68.86 A at a pf of 0.935 lagging

Ex 15 A 4 pole induction motor running from a 3 phase ,400V line to line , 50 Hz

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

Synchronous speed s = 2 f/p = 1500 rev./min.

= 153.86 rad/s. = 1469.25 rev./min.

Z = Rs + jXs+ Rr` s +jXr`)

The rotor referred current

45.46 A at a pf of 0.99 lagging

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

Rotor Winding Resistance referred to stator (Rr) = 0.3

(b) Synchronous speed s = 2 f/p = 1000 rev./min.

m = s(1 s) = 99.48 rad/s. = 950 rev./min.

The rotor referred current

V/Z = 37.72 -14.09oA

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

Pm = Pg (1-s) Prot = 22.37 kW

2344 kW 23.4kW 21.7kW

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

Therefore, the rotor copper losses are: Pr. cu = sPr = 24.56 kw

s(1 - s) = 76.18 rad/s.

Stator impedance neglected.

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns

79.9 A at cos = 0.84

Locked Rotor Test

The average dc resistance per stator phase: Rs = 2.8

(a) Determine the parameters of the per-phase equivalent circuit

Figure 1 Equivalent Circuit during No-Load Test

DT022/3 Electrical Engeneering Tut Qns